Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Gwapyeo

2026-03-01T19:40:23Z

Aenil2: /* Front vowels */

{{privatelang}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Gwapyeo
|altname = Gwapyuran
|nativename = 과펴 (Gwapyeo)
|pronunciation = kwa.pʰjʌ
|states = Gwacho
|creator = [[User:Aenil2|Koyeniru]]
|speakers = 10 million
|date = 2014-2018
|familycolor = toiran
|fam1 = Toiran
|fam2 = West Toiran
|ancestor1 = Old Gwapyeo
|ancestor2 = Middle Gwapyeo
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Gwapyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과펴), also sometimes referred to by the [[w:Endonym_and_Exonym|exonym]] '''Gwapyuran''', is a Toiran language spoken by about 10 million people, mostly in '''Gwacho''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과초). Gwapyeo has had a lot of influence on neighbouring languages, primarily thanks to its '''liturgical nature''', being the language in which the sacred texts of the '''Monghwa''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 몽화) religion were written more than 600 years ago. Similarly, modern Gwapyeo has also borrowed some words from neighbouring languages, mostly from '''Daichan''' (Gwapyeo: 댜챃 (Dyachā)), the most spoken language on the '''Ramija''' (Gwapyeo: 라미작 (Ramijak)) continent.

Modern Gwapyeo is written using the '''pinghyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 핑혀) alphabet, which is a derivative of the modern [[w:Hangul|Hangul]] system used for Korean. A romanization system is sometimes used alongside pinghyeo, especially in learning material, but also in old texts, from a time when pinghyeo was not yet as standardised as it is now.

__TOC__

==History==
The traditional periodization of Gwapyeo distinguishes:
* Old Gwapyeo (과펴·란; Gwapyeo Ran, 6th–11th century), the earliest attested stage of the language. Very little is known about it, but the consensus is to say it was the language in which very important authors like '''Wangsyo''' (왕쇼) and '''Hapyeo''' (핲여) wrote.
* Middle Gwapyeo (과펴·솅; Gwapyeo Syeng, 11th-17th century) was the language of the '''Monghwa''' religion. Thanks to the great extent of text written in this language, linguists have acquired a far more thorough knowledge of how Middle Gwapyeo worked and sounded.
* Modern Gwapyeo (과펴·뭍; Gwapyeo Mut, from the end of the 17th century) is the modern language, much more influenced by neighbouring languages than its earlier stages were.

==Phonology==
Gwapyeo's phonology is quite similar to that of Modern Korean, with some subtle differences. The main notable difference is the absence of tense consonants, yielding only a two-way distinction for plosives, between aspirated and plain plosives. The biggest divergence from modern Korean vowel-wise is the presence of the phoneme /ɒ/, also found in the [[w:Jeju_language|Jeju language]].

===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! style="width: 80px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 80px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 80px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 80px; " |Velar
! style="width: 80px; " |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| [m] ㅁ
| [n] ㄴ
|
| [ŋ] ㅇ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! aspirated
| [pʰ] ㅍ
| [tʰ] ㅌ
| [tɕʰ] ㅊ
| [kʰ] ㅋ
|
|-
! plain
| [p] ㅂ
| [t] ㄷ
| [tɕ] ㅈ
| [k] ㄱ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! aspirated
|
| [sʰ] ㅅ
|
|
| rowspan="2" | [h] ㅎ
|-
! plain
|
| [s] ㅆ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| [l~ɾ] ㄹ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| [w]
|
| [j]
|
|
|}

====Plain consonants====
/p, t, tɕ, k, s/ are often voiced [b, d, dʑ, ɡ, z] between sonorants (vowels, nasals and /l~ɾ/), and generally stay unvoiced outside this context.

====Aspirated consonants====
Contrary to plain consonants, the aspirated consonants do not undergo intervocalic voicing. However, the aspirated plosives /pʰ, tʰ, tɕʰ, kʰ/ become lenited [ɸ, s, ɕ, x] word-finally.

====Fricatives====
''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically.

The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch|Vowel pitch]]).

====Sonorants====
''ㄹ r'' is pronounced anywhere between /l/ and /ɾ/, with free variation between the two, although it is sometimes dropped in coda positions, especially for younger speakers.

''m ㅁ'', ''n ㄴ'', and ''ㅇ ng'' assimilate depending on the following phoneme:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Nasal assimilation
|-
! Following consonant
! Nasal realization
|-
! Labial
| /m/
|-
! Alveolar
| /n/
|-
! Palatal
| /ɲ/
|-
! Velar
| /ŋ/
|}

''ㅇ ng'' cannot be the onset of a syllable. The symbol is instead used to mark the absence of a consonantal onset, like in Korean.

====Positional allophony====
As mentioned previously, Gwapyeo consonants are pronounced differently depending on their position in the word. The '''initial''' form is found at the beginning of words and in non-leniting medial environments. The '''medial''' form is found in voiced environments (intervocalic, between sonorants). The '''final''' form is found at the end of words.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
! Phoneme
! m ㅁ
! n ㄴ
! ŋ ㅇ
! pʰ ㅍ
! tʰ ㅌ
! tɕʰ ㅊ
!kʰ ㅋ
!p ㅂ
!t ㄷ
!tɕ ㅈ
!k ㄱ
!sʰ ㅅ
!h ㅎ
!s ㅆ
!l~ɾ ㄹ
|-
! Initial
| rowspan="3" | /m/
| rowspan="3" | /n/
| Ø
| rowspan="2" | /pʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tɕʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /kʰ/
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| rowspan="3" | /sʰ/
| /h/
| /s/
| rowspan="3" | /l~ɾ/
|-
! Medial
| rowspan="2" | /ŋ/
| /b/
| /d/
| /dʑ/
| /g/
| /ɦ/
| /z/
|-
! Final
| /ɸ/
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /p̚/
| colspan="2" | /t̚/
| /k̚/
| Ø
| /s/
|}

====Palatalisation====
Before /i/ and its semivowel counterpart /j/, some of the consonants "palatalise". Most notably, the aspirated plosives /tʰ/ and /kʰ/ merge into [tɕʰ] in most dialects, although some dialects still maintain a distinct pronunciation (pronounced in the vicinity of [tʃʰ] and [cçʰ] respectively).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Palatalisation
|-
! Base consonant
! Palatalized realization
|-
! /t/
| [dʑ]
|-
! /tʰ/
| [tɕʰ~tʃʰ]
|-
! /s/
| [ʑ]
|-
! /sʰ/
| [ɕʰ]
|-
! /k/
| [dʑ~ɟʝ]
|-
! /kʰ/
| [tɕʰ~cçʰ]
|}

===Vowels===
Most Gwapyeo speakers have eight vowels. All of them have short and long versions, the latter being marked with a coda ''ㅎ h''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Back
|-
! Unrounded
! Rounded
|-
! Close
| /i/ ㅣ
| /ɯ/ ㅡ
| /u/ ㅜ
|-
! Mid
| /e/ ㅔ
| /ʌ/ ㅓ
| /o/ ㅗ
|-
! Open
| /a/ ㅏ
| colspan="2" | /ɑ~ɒ/ㆍ
|}

====Front vowels====
The front vowels are extremely stable in the speech of older people, but they are the subject of multiple mergers in younger people's speech:

* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.

* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in a few scattered areas of southern Băngdan (ᄇᆞᆼ단), the southernmost region of Gwacho. For instance, the pronoun 킆 (keup) is pronounced somewhere around [kɨp] or even around [kep] for some people in Băngdan.

====Back vowels====
The back unrounded vowels are often lower than their rounded equivalents. Due to this, the vowels /ɯ/ and /ʌ/ might also be transcribed as [ʊ̈] and [ɘ] respectively.

Gwapyeo

2026-03-01T15:39:02Z

Aenil2: /* Front vowels */

{{privatelang}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Gwapyeo
|altname = Gwapyuran
|nativename = 과펴 (Gwapyeo)
|pronunciation = kwa.pʰjʌ
|states = Gwacho
|creator = [[User:Aenil2|Koyeniru]]
|speakers = 10 million
|date = 2014-2018
|familycolor = toiran
|fam1 = Toiran
|fam2 = West Toiran
|ancestor1 = Old Gwapyeo
|ancestor2 = Middle Gwapyeo
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Gwapyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과펴), also sometimes referred to by the [[w:Endonym_and_Exonym|exonym]] '''Gwapyuran''', is a Toiran language spoken by about 10 million people, mostly in '''Gwacho''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과초). Gwapyeo has had a lot of influence on neighbouring languages, primarily thanks to its '''liturgical nature''', being the language in which the sacred texts of the '''Monghwa''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 몽화) religion were written more than 600 years ago. Similarly, modern Gwapyeo has also borrowed some words from neighbouring languages, mostly from '''Daichan''' (Gwapyeo: 댜챃 (Dyachā)), the most spoken language on the '''Ramija''' (Gwapyeo: 라미작 (Ramijak)) continent.

Modern Gwapyeo is written using the '''pinghyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 핑혀) alphabet, which is a derivative of the modern [[w:Hangul|Hangul]] system used for Korean. A romanization system is sometimes used alongside pinghyeo, especially in learning material, but also in old texts, from a time when pinghyeo was not yet as standardised as it is now.

__TOC__

==History==
The traditional periodization of Gwapyeo distinguishes:
* Old Gwapyeo (과펴·란; Gwapyeo Ran, 6th–11th century), the earliest attested stage of the language. Very little is known about it, but the consensus is to say it was the language in which very important authors like '''Wangsyo''' (왕쇼) and '''Hapyeo''' (핲여) wrote.
* Middle Gwapyeo (과펴·솅; Gwapyeo Syeng, 11th-17th century) was the language of the '''Monghwa''' religion. Thanks to the great extent of text written in this language, linguists have acquired a far more thorough knowledge of how Middle Gwapyeo worked and sounded.
* Modern Gwapyeo (과펴·뭍; Gwapyeo Mut, from the end of the 17th century) is the modern language, much more influenced by neighbouring languages than its earlier stages were.

==Phonology==
Gwapyeo's phonology is quite similar to that of Modern Korean, with some subtle differences. The main notable difference is the absence of tense consonants, yielding only a two-way distinction for plosives, between aspirated and plain plosives. The biggest divergence from modern Korean vowel-wise is the presence of the phoneme /ɒ/, also found in the [[w:Jeju_language|Jeju language]].

===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! style="width: 80px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 80px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 80px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 80px; " |Velar
! style="width: 80px; " |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| [m] ㅁ
| [n] ㄴ
|
| [ŋ] ㅇ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! aspirated
| [pʰ] ㅍ
| [tʰ] ㅌ
| [tɕʰ] ㅊ
| [kʰ] ㅋ
|
|-
! plain
| [p] ㅂ
| [t] ㄷ
| [tɕ] ㅈ
| [k] ㄱ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! aspirated
|
| [sʰ] ㅅ
|
|
| rowspan="2" | [h] ㅎ
|-
! plain
|
| [s] ㅆ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| [l~ɾ] ㄹ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| [w]
|
| [j]
|
|
|}

====Plain consonants====
/p, t, tɕ, k, s/ are often voiced [b, d, dʑ, ɡ, z] between sonorants (vowels, nasals and /l~ɾ/), and generally stay unvoiced outside this context.

====Aspirated consonants====
Contrary to plain consonants, the aspirated consonants do not undergo intervocalic voicing. However, the aspirated plosives /pʰ, tʰ, tɕʰ, kʰ/ become lenited [ɸ, s, ɕ, x] word-finally.

====Fricatives====
''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically.

The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch|Vowel pitch]]).

====Sonorants====
''ㄹ r'' is pronounced anywhere between /l/ and /ɾ/, with free variation between the two, although it is sometimes dropped in coda positions, especially for younger speakers.

''m ㅁ'', ''n ㄴ'', and ''ㅇ ng'' assimilate depending on the following phoneme:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Nasal assimilation
|-
! Following consonant
! Nasal realization
|-
! Labial
| /m/
|-
! Alveolar
| /n/
|-
! Palatal
| /ɲ/
|-
! Velar
| /ŋ/
|}

''ㅇ ng'' cannot be the onset of a syllable. The symbol is instead used to mark the absence of a consonantal onset, like in Korean.

====Positional allophony====
As mentioned previously, Gwapyeo consonants are pronounced differently depending on their position in the word. The '''initial''' form is found at the beginning of words and in non-leniting medial environments. The '''medial''' form is found in voiced environments (intervocalic, between sonorants). The '''final''' form is found at the end of words.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
! Phoneme
! m ㅁ
! n ㄴ
! ŋ ㅇ
! pʰ ㅍ
! tʰ ㅌ
! tɕʰ ㅊ
!kʰ ㅋ
!p ㅂ
!t ㄷ
!tɕ ㅈ
!k ㄱ
!sʰ ㅅ
!h ㅎ
!s ㅆ
!l~ɾ ㄹ
|-
! Initial
| rowspan="3" | /m/
| rowspan="3" | /n/
| Ø
| rowspan="2" | /pʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tɕʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /kʰ/
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| rowspan="3" | /sʰ/
| /h/
| /s/
| rowspan="3" | /l~ɾ/
|-
! Medial
| rowspan="2" | /ŋ/
| /b/
| /d/
| /dʑ/
| /g/
| /ɦ/
| /z/
|-
! Final
| /ɸ/
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /p̚/
| colspan="2" | /t̚/
| /k̚/
| Ø
| /s/
|}

====Palatalisation====
Before /i/ and its semivowel counterpart /j/, some of the consonants "palatalise". Most notably, the aspirated plosives /tʰ/ and /kʰ/ merge into [tɕʰ] in most dialects, although some dialects still maintain a distinct pronunciation (pronounced in the vicinity of [tʃʰ] and [cçʰ] respectively).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Palatalisation
|-
! Base consonant
! Palatalized realization
|-
! /t/
| [dʑ]
|-
! /tʰ/
| [tɕʰ~tʃʰ]
|-
! /s/
| [ʑ]
|-
! /sʰ/
| [ɕʰ]
|-
! /k/
| [dʑ~ɟʝ]
|-
! /kʰ/
| [tɕʰ~cçʰ]
|}

===Vowels===
Most Gwapyeo speakers have eight vowels. All of them have short and long versions, the latter being marked with a coda ''ㅎ h''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Back
|-
! Unrounded
! Rounded
|-
! Close
| /i/ ㅣ
| /ɯ/ ㅡ
| /u/ ㅜ
|-
! Mid
| /e/ ㅔ
| /ʌ/ ㅓ
| /o/ ㅗ
|-
! Open
| /a/ ㅏ
| colspan="2" | /ɑ~ɒ/ㆍ
|}

====Front vowels====
The front vowels are extremely stable in the speech of older people, but they are the subject of multiple mergers in younger people's speech:

* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.

* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in a few scattered areas of southern Băngdan (ᄇᆞᆼ단), the southernmost region of Gwacha. For instance, the pronoun 킆 (keup) is pronounced somewhere around [kɨp] or even around [kep] for some people in Băngdan.

Gwapyeo

2026-03-01T15:27:47Z

Aenil2: /* Front vowels */

Gwapyeo

2026-03-01T15:25:18Z

Aenil2: /* Vowels */

Gwapyeo

2026-03-01T12:20:25Z

Aenil2: /* Front vowels */

Gwapyeo

2026-03-01T12:17:14Z

Aenil2: /* Vowels */

{{privatelang}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Gwapyeo
|altname = Gwapyuran
|nativename = 과펴 (Gwapyeo)
|pronunciation = kwa.pʰjʌ
|states = Gwacho
|creator = [[User:Aenil2|Koyeniru]]
|speakers = 10 million
|date = 2014-2018
|familycolor = toiran
|fam1 = Toiran
|fam2 = West Toiran
|ancestor1 = Old Gwapyeo
|ancestor2 = Middle Gwapyeo
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Gwapyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과펴), also sometimes referred to by the [[w:Endonym_and_Exonym|exonym]] '''Gwapyuran''', is a Toiran language spoken by about 10 million people, mostly in '''Gwacho''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과초). Gwapyeo has had a lot of influence on neighbouring languages, primarily thanks to its '''liturgical nature''', being the language in which the sacred texts of the '''Monghwa''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 몽화) religion were written more than 600 years ago. Similarly, modern Gwapyeo has also borrowed some words from neighbouring languages, mostly from '''Daichan''' (Gwapyeo: 댜챃 (Dyachā)), the most spoken language on the '''Ramija''' (Gwapyeo: 라미작 (Ramijak)) continent.

Modern Gwapyeo is written using the '''pinghyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 핑혀) alphabet, which is a derivative of the modern [[w:Hangul|Hangul]] system used for Korean. A romanization system is sometimes used alongside pinghyeo, especially in learning material, but also in old texts, from a time when pinghyeo was not yet as standardised as it is now.

__TOC__

==History==
The traditional periodization of Gwapyeo distinguishes:
* Old Gwapyeo (과펴·란; Gwapyeo Ran, 6th–11th century), the earliest attested stage of the language. Very little is known about it, but the consensus is to say it was the language in which very important authors like '''Wangsyo''' (왕쇼) and '''Hapyeo''' (핲여) wrote.
* Middle Gwapyeo (과펴·솅; Gwapyeo Syeng, 11th-17th century) was the language of the '''Monghwa''' religion. Thanks to the great extent of text written in this language, linguists have acquired a far more thorough knowledge of how Middle Gwapyeo worked and sounded.
* Modern Gwapyeo (과펴·뭍; Gwapyeo Mut, from the end of the 17th century) is the modern language, much more influenced by neighbouring languages than its earlier stages were.

==Phonology==
Gwapyeo's phonology is quite similar to that of Modern Korean, with some subtle differences. The main notable difference is the absence of tense consonants, yielding only a two-way distinction for plosives, between aspirated and plain plosives. The biggest divergence from modern Korean vowel-wise is the presence of the phoneme /ɒ/, also found in the [[w:Jeju_language|Jeju language]].

===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! style="width: 80px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 80px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 80px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 80px; " |Velar
! style="width: 80px; " |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| [m] ㅁ
| [n] ㄴ
|
| [ŋ] ㅇ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! aspirated
| [pʰ] ㅍ
| [tʰ] ㅌ
| [tɕʰ] ㅊ
| [kʰ] ㅋ
|
|-
! plain
| [p] ㅂ
| [t] ㄷ
| [tɕ] ㅈ
| [k] ㄱ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! aspirated
|
| [sʰ] ㅅ
|
|
| rowspan="2" | [h] ㅎ
|-
! plain
|
| [s] ㅆ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| [l~ɾ] ㄹ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| [w]
|
| [j]
|
|
|}

====Plain consonants====
/p, t, tɕ, k, s/ are often voiced [b, d, dʑ, ɡ, z] between sonorants (vowels, nasals and /l~ɾ/), and generally stay unvoiced outside this context.

====Aspirated consonants====
Contrary to plain consonants, the aspirated consonants do not undergo intervocalic voicing. However, the aspirated plosives /pʰ, tʰ, tɕʰ, kʰ/ become lenited [ɸ, s, ɕ, x] word-finally.

====Fricatives====
''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically.

The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch|Vowel pitch]]).

====Sonorants====
''ㄹ r'' is pronounced anywhere between /l/ and /ɾ/, with free variation between the two, although it is sometimes dropped in coda positions, especially for younger speakers.

''m ㅁ'', ''n ㄴ'', and ''ㅇ ng'' assimilate depending on the following phoneme:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Nasal assimilation
|-
! Following consonant
! Nasal realization
|-
! Labial
| /m/
|-
! Alveolar
| /n/
|-
! Palatal
| /ɲ/
|-
! Velar
| /ŋ/
|}

''ㅇ ng'' cannot be the onset of a syllable. The symbol is instead used to mark the absence of a consonantal onset, like in Korean.

====Positional allophony====
As mentioned previously, Gwapyeo consonants are pronounced differently depending on their position in the word. The '''initial''' form is found at the beginning of words and in non-leniting medial environments. The '''medial''' form is found in voiced environments (intervocalic, between sonorants). The '''final''' form is found at the end of words.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
! Phoneme
! m ㅁ
! n ㄴ
! ŋ ㅇ
! pʰ ㅍ
! tʰ ㅌ
! tɕʰ ㅊ
!kʰ ㅋ
!p ㅂ
!t ㄷ
!tɕ ㅈ
!k ㄱ
!sʰ ㅅ
!h ㅎ
!s ㅆ
!l~ɾ ㄹ
|-
! Initial
| rowspan="3" | /m/
| rowspan="3" | /n/
| Ø
| rowspan="2" | /pʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tɕʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /kʰ/
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| rowspan="3" | /sʰ/
| /h/
| /s/
| rowspan="3" | /l~ɾ/
|-
! Medial
| rowspan="2" | /ŋ/
| /b/
| /d/
| /dʑ/
| /g/
| /ɦ/
| /z/
|-
! Final
| /ɸ/
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /p̚/
| colspan="2" | /t̚/
| /k̚/
| Ø
| /s/
|}

====Palatalisation====
Before /i/ and its semivowel counterpart /j/, some of the consonants "palatalise". Most notably, the aspirated plosives /tʰ/ and /kʰ/ merge into [tɕʰ] in most dialects, although some dialects still maintain a distinct pronunciation (pronounced in the vicinity of [tʃʰ] and [cçʰ] respectively).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Palatalisation
|-
! Base consonant
! Palatalized realization
|-
! /t/
| [dʑ]
|-
! /tʰ/
| [tɕʰ~tʃʰ]
|-
! /s/
| [ʑ]
|-
! /sʰ/
| [ɕʰ]
|-
! /k/
| [dʑ~ɟʝ]
|-
! /kʰ/
| [tɕʰ~cçʰ]
|}

===Vowels===
Most Gwapyeo speakers have eight vowels. All of them have short and long versions, the latter being marked with a coda ''ㅎ h''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Back
|-
! Unrounded
! Rounded
|-
! Close
| /i/ ㅣ
| /ɯ/ ㅡ
| /u/ ㅜ
|-
! Mid
| /e/ ㅔ
| /ʌ/ ㅓ
| /o/ ㅗ
|-
! Open
| /a/ ㅏ
| colspan="2" | /ɑ~ɒ/ㆍ
|}

====Front vowels====
The front vowels are extremely stable in the speech of older people, but they are the subject of multiple mergers in younger people's speech:

* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as any of the two original vowels.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 300px; " | Different realisations of 폫 (pyē)
|-
! Standard realisation
| Example
|-
! Example
| Example
|-
! Example
| Example
|-
! Example
| Example
|}

Gwapyeo

2026-03-01T00:12:02Z

Aenil2: /* Phonology */

{{privatelang}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Gwapyeo
|altname = Gwapyuran
|nativename = 과펴 (Gwapyeo)
|pronunciation = kwa.pʰjʌ
|states = Gwacho
|creator = [[User:Aenil2|Koyeniru]]
|speakers = 10 million
|date = 2014-2018
|familycolor = toiran
|fam1 = Toiran
|fam2 = West Toiran
|ancestor1 = Old Gwapyeo
|ancestor2 = Middle Gwapyeo
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Gwapyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과펴), also sometimes referred to by the [[w:Endonym_and_Exonym|exonym]] '''Gwapyuran''', is a Toiran language spoken by about 10 million people, mostly in '''Gwacho''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과초). Gwapyeo has had a lot of influence on neighbouring languages, primarily thanks to its '''liturgical nature''', being the language in which the sacred texts of the '''Monghwa''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 몽화) religion were written more than 600 years ago. Similarly, modern Gwapyeo has also borrowed some words from neighbouring languages, mostly from '''Daichan''' (Gwapyeo: 댜챃 (Dyachā)), the most spoken language on the '''Ramija''' (Gwapyeo: 라미작 (Ramijak)) continent.

Modern Gwapyeo is written using the '''pinghyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 핑혀) alphabet, which is a derivative of the modern [[w:Hangul|Hangul]] system used for Korean. A romanization system is sometimes used alongside pinghyeo, especially in learning material, but also in old texts, from a time when pinghyeo was not yet as standardised as it is now.

__TOC__

==History==
The traditional periodization of Gwapyeo distinguishes:
* Old Gwapyeo (과펴·란; Gwapyeo Ran, 6th–11th century), the earliest attested stage of the language. Very little is known about it, but the consensus is to say it was the language in which very important authors like '''Wangsyo''' (왕쇼) and '''Hapyeo''' (핲여) wrote.
* Middle Gwapyeo (과펴·솅; Gwapyeo Syeng, 11th-17th century) was the language of the '''Monghwa''' religion. Thanks to the great extent of text written in this language, linguists have acquired a far more thorough knowledge of how Middle Gwapyeo worked and sounded.
* Modern Gwapyeo (과펴·뭍; Gwapyeo Mut, from the end of the 17th century) is the modern language, much more influenced by neighbouring languages than its earlier stages were.

==Phonology==
Gwapyeo's phonology is quite similar to that of Modern Korean, with some subtle differences. The main notable difference is the absence of tense consonants, yielding only a two-way distinction for plosives, between aspirated and plain plosives. The biggest divergence from modern Korean vowel-wise is the presence of the phoneme /ɒ/, also found in the [[w:Jeju_language|Jeju language]].

===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! style="width: 80px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 80px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 80px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 80px; " |Velar
! style="width: 80px; " |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| [m] ㅁ
| [n] ㄴ
|
| [ŋ] ㅇ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! aspirated
| [pʰ] ㅍ
| [tʰ] ㅌ
| [tɕʰ] ㅊ
| [kʰ] ㅋ
|
|-
! plain
| [p] ㅂ
| [t] ㄷ
| [tɕ] ㅈ
| [k] ㄱ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! aspirated
|
| [sʰ] ㅅ
|
|
| rowspan="2" | [h] ㅎ
|-
! plain
|
| [s] ㅆ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| [l~ɾ] ㄹ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| [w]
|
| [j]
|
|
|}

====Plain consonants====
/p, t, tɕ, k, s/ are often voiced [b, d, dʑ, ɡ, z] between sonorants (vowels, nasals and /l~ɾ/), and generally stay unvoiced outside this context.

====Aspirated consonants====
Contrary to plain consonants, the aspirated consonants do not undergo intervocalic voicing. However, the aspirated plosives /pʰ, tʰ, tɕʰ, kʰ/ become lenited [ɸ, s, ɕ, x] word-finally.

====Fricatives====
''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically.

The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch|Vowel pitch]]).

====Sonorants====
''ㄹ r'' is pronounced anywhere between /l/ and /ɾ/, with free variation between the two, although it is sometimes dropped in coda positions, especially for younger speakers.

''m ㅁ'', ''n ㄴ'', and ''ㅇ ng'' assimilate depending on the following phoneme:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Nasal assimilation
|-
! Following consonant
! Nasal realization
|-
! Labial
| /m/
|-
! Alveolar
| /n/
|-
! Palatal
| /ɲ/
|-
! Velar
| /ŋ/
|}

''ㅇ ng'' cannot be the onset of a syllable. The symbol is instead used to mark the absence of a consonantal onset, like in Korean.

====Positional allophony====
As mentioned previously, Gwapyeo consonants are pronounced differently depending on their position in the word. The '''initial''' form is found at the beginning of words and in non-leniting medial environments. The '''medial''' form is found in voiced environments (intervocalic, between sonorants). The '''final''' form is found at the end of words.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
! Phoneme
! m ㅁ
! n ㄴ
! ŋ ㅇ
! pʰ ㅍ
! tʰ ㅌ
! tɕʰ ㅊ
!kʰ ㅋ
!p ㅂ
!t ㄷ
!tɕ ㅈ
!k ㄱ
!sʰ ㅅ
!h ㅎ
!s ㅆ
!l~ɾ ㄹ
|-
! Initial
| rowspan="3" | /m/
| rowspan="3" | /n/
| Ø
| rowspan="2" | /pʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tɕʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /kʰ/
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| rowspan="3" | /sʰ/
| /h/
| /s/
| rowspan="3" | /l~ɾ/
|-
! Medial
| rowspan="2" | /ŋ/
| /b/
| /d/
| /dʑ/
| /g/
| /ɦ/
| /z/
|-
! Final
| /ɸ/
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /p̚/
| colspan="2" | /t̚/
| /k̚/
| Ø
| /s/
|}

====Palatalisation====
Before /i/ and its semivowel counterpart /j/, some of the consonants "palatalise". Most notably, the aspirated plosives /tʰ/ and /kʰ/ merge into [tɕʰ] in most dialects, although some dialects still maintain a distinct pronunciation (pronounced in the vicinity of [tʃʰ] and [cçʰ] respectively).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Palatalisation
|-
! Base consonant
! Palatalized realization
|-
! /t/
| [dʑ]
|-
! /tʰ/
| [tɕʰ~tʃʰ]
|-
! /s/
| [ʑ]
|-
! /sʰ/
| [ɕʰ]
|-
! /k/
| [dʑ~ɟʝ]
|-
! /kʰ/
| [tɕʰ~cçʰ]
|}

===Vowels===
Most Gwapyeo speakers have eight vowels.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Back
|-
! Unrounded
! Rounded
|-
! Close
| [i] ㅣ
| [ɯ] ㅡ
| [u] ㅜ
|-
! Mid
| [e] ㅔ
| [ʌ] ㅓ
| [o] ㅗ
|-
! Open
| [a] ㅏ
| colspan="2" | [ɑ~ɒ]ㆍ
|}

Gwapyeo

2026-02-28T19:12:21Z

Aenil2:

{{privatelang}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Gwapyeo
|altname = Gwapyuran
|nativename = 과펴 (Gwapyeo)
|pronunciation = kwa.pʰjʌ
|states = Gwacho
|creator = [[User:Aenil2|Koyeniru]]
|speakers = 10 million
|date = 2014-2018
|familycolor = toiran
|fam1 = Toiran
|fam2 = West Toiran
|ancestor1 = Old Gwapyeo
|ancestor2 = Middle Gwapyeo
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Gwapyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과펴), also sometimes referred to by the [[w:Endonym_and_Exonym|exonym]] '''Gwapyuran''', is a Toiran language spoken by about 10 million people, mostly in '''Gwacho''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과초). Gwapyeo has had a lot of influence on neighbouring languages, primarily thanks to its '''liturgical nature''', being the language in which the sacred texts of the '''Monghwa''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 몽화) religion were written more than 600 years ago. Similarly, modern Gwapyeo has also borrowed some words from neighbouring languages, mostly from '''Daichan''' (Gwapyeo: 댜챃 (Dyachā)), the most spoken language on the '''Ramija''' (Gwapyeo: 라미작 (Ramijak)) continent.

Modern Gwapyeo is written using the '''pinghyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 핑혀) alphabet, which is a derivative of the modern [[w:Hangul|Hangul]] system used for Korean. A romanization system is sometimes used alongside pinghyeo, especially in learning material, but also in old texts, from a time when pinghyeo was not yet as standardised as it is now.

__TOC__

==History==
The traditional periodization of Gwapyeo distinguishes:
* Old Gwapyeo (과펴·란; Gwapyeo Ran, 6th–11th century), the earliest attested stage of the language. Very little is known about it, but the consensus is to say it was the language in which very important authors like '''Wangsyo''' (왕쇼) and '''Hapyeo''' (핲여) wrote.
* Middle Gwapyeo (과펴·솅; Gwapyeo Syeng, 11th-17th century) was the language of the '''Monghwa''' religion. Thanks to the great extent of text written in this language, linguists have acquired a far more thorough knowledge of how Middle Gwapyeo worked and sounded.
* Modern Gwapyeo (과펴·뭍; Gwapyeo Mut, from the end of the 17th century) is the modern language, much more influenced by neighbouring languages than its earlier stages were.

==Phonology==
Gwapyeo's phonology is quite similar to that of Modern Korean, with some subtle differences. The main notable difference is the absence of tense consonants, yielding only a two-way distinction for plosives, between aspirated and plain plosives. The biggest divergence from modern Korean vowel-wise is the presence of the phoneme /ɒ/, also found in the [[w:Jeju_language|Jeju language]], though it is written with "ㅐ", a character which, in [[w:Koreanic_languages|Koreanic languages]] where it has not merged with another vowel, represents sounds close to /æ/.

===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! style="width: 80px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 80px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 80px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 80px; " |Velar
! style="width: 80px; " |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m ㅁ
| n ㄴ
|
| ŋ ㅇ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! aspirated
| pʰ ㅍ
| tʰ ㅌ
| tɕʰ ㅊ
| kʰ ㅋ
|
|-
! plain
| p ㅂ
| t ㄷ
| tɕ ㅈ
| k ㄱ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! aspirated
|
| sʰ ㅅ
|
|
| rowspan="2" | h ㅎ
|-
! plain
|
| s ㅆ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| l~ɾ ㄹ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| w
|
| j
|
|
|}

====Plain consonants====
/p, t, tɕ, k, s/ are often voiced [b, d, dʑ, ɡ, z] between sonorants (vowels, nasals and /l~ɾ/), and generally stay unvoiced outside this context.

====Aspirated consonants====
Contrary to plain consonants, the aspirated consonants do not undergo intervocalic voicing. However, the aspirated plosives /pʰ, tʰ, tɕʰ, kʰ/ become lenited [ɸ, s, ɕ, x] word-finally.

====Fricatives====
''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically.

The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch|Vowel pitch]]).

====Sonorants====
''ㄹ r'' is pronounced anywhere between /l/ and /ɾ/, with free variation between the two, although it is sometimes dropped in coda positions, especially for younger speakers.

''m ㅁ'', ''n ㄴ'', and ''ㅇ ng'' assimilate depending on the following phoneme:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Nasal assimilation
|-
! Following consonant
! Nasal realization
|-
! Labial
| /m/
|-
! Alveolar
| /n/
|-
! Palatal
| /ɲ/
|-
! Velar
| /ŋ/
|}

''ㅇ ng'' cannot be the onset of a syllable. The symbol is instead used to mark the absence of a consonantal onset, like in Korean.

====Positional allophony====
As mentioned previously, Gwapyeo consonants are pronounced differently depending on their position in the word. The '''initial''' form is found at the beginning of words and in non-leniting medial environments. The '''medial''' form is found in voiced environments (intervocalic, between sonorants). The '''final''' form is found at the end of words.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
! Phoneme
! m ㅁ
! n ㄴ
! ŋ ㅇ
! pʰ ㅍ
! tʰ ㅌ
! tɕʰ ㅊ
!kʰ ㅋ
!p ㅂ
!t ㄷ
!tɕ ㅈ
!k ㄱ
!sʰ ㅅ
!h ㅎ
!s ㅆ
!l~ɾ ㄹ
|-
! Initial
| rowspan="3" | /m/
| rowspan="3" | /n/
| Ø
| rowspan="2" | /pʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tɕʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /kʰ/
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| rowspan="3" | /sʰ/
| /h/
| /s/
| rowspan="3" | /l~ɾ/
|-
! Medial
| rowspan="2" | /ŋ/
| /b/
| /d/
| /dʑ/
| /g/
| /ɦ/
| /z/
|-
! Final
| /ɸ/
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /p̚/
| colspan="2" | /t̚/
| /k̚/
| Ø
| /s/
|}

====Palatalisation====
Before /i/ and its semivowel counterpart /j/, some of the consonants "palatalise". Most notably, the aspirated plosives /tʰ/ and /kʰ/ merge into [tɕʰ] in most dialects, although some dialects still maintain a distinct pronunciation (pronounced in the vicinity of [tʃʰ] and [cçʰ] respectively).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Palatalisation
|-
! Base consonant
! Palatalized realization
|-
! /t/
| [dʑ]
|-
! /tʰ/
| [tɕʰ~tʃʰ]
|-
! /s/
| [ʑ]
|-
! /sʰ/
| [ɕʰ]
|-
! /k/
| [dʑ~ɟʝ]
|-
! /kʰ/
| [tɕʰ~cçʰ]
|}

===Vowels===

Gwapyeo

2026-02-28T12:59:05Z

Aenil2:

Gwapyeo

2026-02-27T15:56:41Z

Aenil2:

Gwapyeo

2026-02-27T13:06:11Z

Aenil2: /* History */

Gwapyeo

2026-02-27T12:59:36Z

Aenil2:

Gwapyeo

2026-02-27T12:58:21Z

Aenil2:

Gwapyeo

2026-02-26T19:55:15Z

Aenil2: Created page with "{{privatelang}} {{Infobox language |name = Gwapyeo |altname = Gwapyuran |nativename = 과펴 (Gwapyeo) |pronunciation = kwa.pʰjʌ |states = Gwacho |creator = User:Aenil2 |speakers = 10 million |date = 2014-2018 |familycolor = toiran |fam1 = Toiran |fam2 = West Toiran |ancestor1 = Old Gwapyeo |ancestor2 = Middle Gwapyeo |notice = IPA }} '''Gwapyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과펴), also sometimes designated by the exonym ''..."

{{privatelang}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Gwapyeo
|altname = Gwapyuran
|nativename = 과펴 (Gwapyeo)
|pronunciation = kwa.pʰjʌ
|states = Gwacho
|creator = User:Aenil2
|speakers = 10 million
|date = 2014-2018
|familycolor = toiran
|fam1 = Toiran
|fam2 = West Toiran
|ancestor1 = Old Gwapyeo
|ancestor2 = Middle Gwapyeo
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Gwapyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과펴), also sometimes designated by the [[w:Endonym_and_Exonym|exonym]] '''Gwapyuran''' is a Toiran language spoken by about 10 million people, mostly in '''Gwacho''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 과초). Gwapyeo has had a lot of influence on neighbouring languages, primarly thanks to its '''liturgical nature''', being the language in which the sacred texts of the '''Monghwa''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 몽화) religion were written in, more than 600 years ago. Similarly, modern Gwapyeo has also loaned some words from neighbouring languages, mostly from '''Daichan''' (Gwapyeo: 댜챃 (Dyachā)), the most spoken language on the '''Ramija''' (Gwapyeo: 라미작 (Ramijak)) continent.

Modern Gwapyeo is written using the '''pinghyeo''' (Gwapyeo pinghyeo: 핑혀) alphabet, which is a derivative of the modern [[w:Hangul|Hangul]] system used for Korean. A romanization system is sometimes used along pinghyeo, especially in learning material, but also in old texts, when pinghyeo wasn't as developped as now.

Template:Infobox language/family-color

2026-02-26T19:18:40Z

Aenil2:

{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}}

| afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = /**/#faecc8
| algic | algonkian = lightskyblue
| alopian = /**/#abc6bf
| altaic = yellowgreen
| american | american (areal) = /**/#c0dde6
| andamanese = /**/#c99fee
| australian | australian (areal) = /**/#eba9ee
| austroasiatic | austro-asiatic | mon-khmer = lightcoral
| austronesian = pink
| caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen
| conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black
| toiran = lightblue
| creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan
| chattic = /**/#32cdcd
| dodellic | pategic | idavic | idet | idavo-etalocian = /**/#00e1c6
| dravidian = mediumspringgreen
| dynic = /**/#93ccea
| ehmc = /**/#ed8594
| eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan
| glaeglo-hyudrontic = /**/#5a9bb9
| hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = /**/#f2ceee
| indo-european = /**/#c9ffd9
| indo-korinthic = /**/#ff8e1c
| isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | /**/#dddddd | apriori | a priori = /**/#dddddd
| khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod
| kra-dai | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | kra–dai | tai–kadai = lavender
| lakovic | tergetic = /**/#ff7133
| na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = /**/#99ddff
| niger-congo | niger–congo = /**/#ffddaa
| nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold
| oronaic | alpatho-hirtic = /**/#80ee80
| palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen
| papuan | papuan (areal) = /**/#fd79da
| quame | quihum | pfeuno-k'aitian | pfk = /**/#d7ec4c
| sign | sign language = silver
| sino-tibetan = salmon
| tsimulh | tsimulh-naquic | tsn = /**/#bfafff
| tygenoci = /**/#f2dc77
| uralic = lime
| uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = /**/#80bfff
| unclassified | superfamily = white
| wasc | was = /**/#df0000
| nentammmi | nen = /**/#00a000
| slaq = /**/#4040f0
| vekanda | vek = /**/#609c33
| ogbami | ogb = /**/#ed6402
| axwan | axwa = /**/#1d84a1
| #default =
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox language/family-color

2026-02-26T19:16:11Z

Aenil2:

{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}}

| afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = /**/#faecc8
| algic | algonkian = lightskyblue
| alopian = /**/#abc6bf
| altaic = yellowgreen
| american | american (areal) = /**/#c0dde6
| andamanese = /**/#c99fee
| australian | australian (areal) = /**/#eba9ee
| austroasiatic | austro-asiatic | mon-khmer = lightcoral
| austronesian = pink
| caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen
| conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black
| toiran = black
| creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan
| chattic = /**/#32cdcd
| dodellic | pategic | idavic | idet | idavo-etalocian = /**/#00e1c6
| dravidian = mediumspringgreen
| dynic = /**/#93ccea
| ehmc = /**/#ed8594
| eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan
| glaeglo-hyudrontic = /**/#5a9bb9
| hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = /**/#f2ceee
| indo-european = /**/#c9ffd9
| indo-korinthic = /**/#ff8e1c
| isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | /**/#dddddd | apriori | a priori = /**/#dddddd
| khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod
| kra-dai | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | kra–dai | tai–kadai = lavender
| lakovic | tergetic = /**/#ff7133
| na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = /**/#99ddff
| niger-congo | niger–congo = /**/#ffddaa
| nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold
| oronaic | alpatho-hirtic = /**/#80ee80
| palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen
| papuan | papuan (areal) = /**/#fd79da
| quame | quihum | pfeuno-k'aitian | pfk = /**/#d7ec4c
| sign | sign language = silver
| sino-tibetan = salmon
| tsimulh | tsimulh-naquic | tsn = /**/#bfafff
| tygenoci = /**/#f2dc77
| uralic = lime
| uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = /**/#80bfff
| unclassified | superfamily = white
| wasc | was = /**/#df0000
| nentammmi | nen = /**/#00a000
| slaq = /**/#4040f0
| vekanda | vek = /**/#609c33
| ogbami | ogb = /**/#ed6402
| axwan | axwa = /**/#1d84a1
| #default =
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

User:Aenil2

2025-07-16T00:03:31Z

Aenil2:

Howdy! I'm Koyeniru (or Koye for short), and I'm a math and language enjoyer :3

Rikane

2025-02-02T21:33:33Z

Aenil2: /* Nouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Rikane
|nativename = Rikano
|pronunciation = ɹikanɒ
|creator = User:Aenil2
|created = 2025
|ethnicity = Rikivan
|speakers = 20,000
|date = 2018
|familycolor = Constructed language
}}

Rikane ([[w:Ethnonym|ethnonym]]: Rikano [[Help:IPA|/ɹikanɒ/]]) is a member of the Parno-Rikane language family, primarily spoken in the Parnian subcontinent, which corresponds to the region around present-day Mongolia. The Rikivan people migrated from differents parts of the world, mainly from Parvikia (Levant) and and Sirka (Wu region of China), and regrouped themselves in Parnia, which lead to the development of Rikane, at the expense of the other languages that were brought by people who came from outside of the Parnian subcontinent. Because of this, we could technically say that Rikane is a [[w:Lingua Franca|lingua franca]] in the Parnian subcontinent

__TOC__

==Phonology==
Because of the high numbers of indigenous languages in Parnia, the phonology of Rikune is really simple, with very few sounds and allophony
===Vowels===
Rikune has between 3 and 4 vowels, depending on the dialect :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 15em"
|+ Vowel chart of Rikune
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Close
| i
| rowspan="2" | o~ɒ, (ʌ)
|-
! Open
| a
|}

/ʌ/ is debated, as most speakers do not consider it part of their phonemic inventory. Only a few dialects acknowledge its presence (such as Standard East Rikane), and even in those, it is not frequently used in basic vocabulary.
===Consonants===
Rikane has a quite simple consonant chart, composed of 13 consonants, with very few allophony rules, listed under the table
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 25em"
|-
!
! Labials
! Coronals
! Dorsals
! Glottals
|-
! Nasals
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! Plosives
| p
| t
| k
| ʔ
|-
! Fricatives
| f~ɸ
| s
|
| h
|-
! Others
| w
| l, r
| j
|
|}

Allophony :
* /t/ becomes /tʃ/ before /i/
* /w/ becomes :
** /ɰ/ before back vowels
** /w̃/ before/after a nasal
** /ɰ̃/ before back vowels and after a nasal

===Stress===
Like present-day Swedish, Rikane has a system of pitch accent, to mark different words. This pitch can change depending on the form of the word.

Compare "aroni" /a.rɒ̂.ni/ - spider and "aroni" /a.rɒ̌.ni/ - skull
===Phonotactics===
The basic syllable shape of Rikane is (C)V(H), where H denotes nasals, semivowels and /ɹ/

==Morphology==
Just like the phonology, the morphology is quite simple and minimal, but it has his few weird quirks
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Nouns in Rikane can belong to one of 3 genders:
* Spatial
* Astral
* Terral
The gender of a noun modifies almost all of the marking of the sentence, as every word (except prepositions and adverbs) should be marked for gender (except in very informal speech, where those gender markings are often omitted)

The rules to determine the gender of a noun are really simple :
* The noun is an '''astral noun''' if its radical ends in a vowel or a semivowel
* The noun is a '''terral noun''' if its radical ends in a plosive or the trill
* The noun is a '''spatial noun''' if its radical ends in a nasal or a fricative
====Cases====
Rikane has a really small amount of cases, and thus a quite large amount of case syncretism :

; Direct
: The direct case acts like a nominative, except it can act as an accusative if the verb is in the passive voice
; Indirect
: The indirect case is the complete opposite of the direct case : it acts like an accusative, except when the verb is in the passive voice
; Oblique
: The oblique case marks every noun which isn't in the Direct nor in the Indirect
; Genitive
: The genitive case is used to indicate the possessor of an object. It can be completed by a particle, to show if the possession is either alienable or inalienable
====Numbers====
Rikane doesn't really have numbers, they are just denoted using numerals

Rikane

2025-02-02T17:31:40Z

Aenil2: /* Cases */

Category:Rikane words

2025-02-02T15:00:13Z

Aenil2: Created blank page

Contionary:ita

2025-02-02T14:59:30Z

Aenil2: Created page with "==Rikane== ===Particle=== '''ita''' /ita/ # Particle showing inalienable possession Category:ContionaryCategory:Rikane words"

==Rikane==

===Particle===
'''ita''' [[Help:IPA|/ita/]]

# Particle showing inalienable possession

[[Category:Contionary]][[Category:Rikane words]]

Rikane

2025-02-02T14:55:24Z

Aenil2: /* Morphology */

Rikane

2025-01-31T05:49:26Z

Aenil2: /* Phonotactics */

Rikane

2025-01-29T07:51:08Z

Aenil2: /* Gender */

{{Infobox language
|name = Rikane
|nativename = Rikano
|pronunciation = ɹikanɒ
|creator = User:Aenil2
|created = 2025
|ethnicity = Rikivan
|speakers = 20,000
|date = 2018
|familycolor = Constructed language
}}

Rikane ([[w:Ethnonym|ethnonym]]: Rikano [[Help:IPA|/ɹikanɒ/]]) is a member of the Parno-Rikane language family, primarily spoken in the Parnian subcontinent, which corresponds to the region around present-day Mongolia. The Rikivan people migrated from differents parts of the world, mainly from Parvikia (Levant) and and Sirka (Wu region of China), and regrouped themselves in Parnia, which lead to the development of Rikane, at the expense of the other languages that were brought by people who came from outside of the Parnian subcontinent. Because of this, we could technically say that Rikane is a [[w:Lingua Franca|lingua franca]] in the Parnian subcontinent

__TOC__

==Phonology==
Because of the high numbers of indigenous languages in Parnia, the phonology of Rikune is really simple, with very few sounds and allophony
===Vowels===
Rikune has between 3 and 4 vowels, depending on the dialect :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 15em"
|+ Vowel chart of Rikune
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Close
| i
| rowspan="2" | o~ɒ, (ʌ)
|-
! Open
| a
|}

/ʌ/ is debated, as most speakers do not consider it part of their phonemic inventory. Only a few dialects acknowledge its presence (such as Standard East Rikane), and even in those, it is not frequently used in basic vocabulary.
===Consonants===
Rikane has a quite simple consonant chart, composed of 13 consonants, with very few allophony rules, listed under the table
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 25em"
|-
!
! Labials
! Coronals
! Dorsals
! Glottals
|-
! Nasals
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! Plosives
| p
| t
| k
| ʔ
|-
! Fricatives
| f~ɸ
| s
|
| h
|-
! Others
| w
| l, r
| j
|
|}

Allophony :
* /t/ becomes /tʃ/ before /i/
* /w/ becomes :
** /ɰ/ before back vowels
** /w̃/ before/after a nasal
** /ɰ̃/ before back vowels and after a nasal

===Stress===
Like present-day Swedish, Rikane has a system of pitch accent, to mark different words. This pitch can change depending on the form of the word.

Compare "aroni" /a.rɒ̂.ni/ - spider and "aroni" /a.rɒ̌.ni/ - skull
===Phonotactics===
The basic syllable shape of Rikane is (C)V(N)(S), where S denotes semivowels
==Morphology==
Just like the phonology, the morphology is quite simple and minimal, but it has his few weird quirks
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Nouns in Rikane can belong to one of 3 genders:
* Spatial
* Astral
* Terral
The gender of a noun modifies almost all of the marking of the sentence, as every word (except prepositions and adverbs) should be marked for gender (except in very informal speech, where those gender markings are often omitted)

The rules to determine the gender of a noun are really simple :
* The noun is an '''astral noun''' if its radical ends in a vowel or a semivowel
* The noun is a '''terral noun''' if its radical ends in a plosive or the trill
* The noun is a '''spatial noun''' if its radical ends in a nasal or a fricative

Rikane

2025-01-29T07:50:24Z

Aenil2:

{{Infobox language
|name = Rikane
|nativename = Rikano
|pronunciation = ɹikanɒ
|creator = User:Aenil2
|created = 2025
|ethnicity = Rikivan
|speakers = 20,000
|date = 2018
|familycolor = Constructed language
}}

Rikane ([[w:Ethnonym|ethnonym]]: Rikano [[Help:IPA|/ɹikanɒ/]]) is a member of the Parno-Rikane language family, primarily spoken in the Parnian subcontinent, which corresponds to the region around present-day Mongolia. The Rikivan people migrated from differents parts of the world, mainly from Parvikia (Levant) and and Sirka (Wu region of China), and regrouped themselves in Parnia, which lead to the development of Rikane, at the expense of the other languages that were brought by people who came from outside of the Parnian subcontinent. Because of this, we could technically say that Rikane is a [[w:Lingua Franca|lingua franca]] in the Parnian subcontinent

__TOC__

==Phonology==
Because of the high numbers of indigenous languages in Parnia, the phonology of Rikune is really simple, with very few sounds and allophony
===Vowels===
Rikune has between 3 and 4 vowels, depending on the dialect :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 15em"
|+ Vowel chart of Rikune
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Close
| i
| rowspan="2" | o~ɒ, (ʌ)
|-
! Open
| a
|}

/ʌ/ is debated, as most speakers do not consider it part of their phonemic inventory. Only a few dialects acknowledge its presence (such as Standard East Rikane), and even in those, it is not frequently used in basic vocabulary.
===Consonants===
Rikane has a quite simple consonant chart, composed of 13 consonants, with very few allophony rules, listed under the table
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 25em"
|-
!
! Labials
! Coronals
! Dorsals
! Glottals
|-
! Nasals
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! Plosives
| p
| t
| k
| ʔ
|-
! Fricatives
| f~ɸ
| s
|
| h
|-
! Others
| w
| l, r
| j
|
|}

Allophony :
* /t/ becomes /tʃ/ before /i/
* /w/ becomes :
** /ɰ/ before back vowels
** /w̃/ before/after a nasal
** /ɰ̃/ before back vowels and after a nasal

===Stress===
Like present-day Swedish, Rikane has a system of pitch accent, to mark different words. This pitch can change depending on the form of the word.

Compare "aroni" /a.rɒ̂.ni/ - spider and "aroni" /a.rɒ̌.ni/ - skull
===Phonotactics===
The basic syllable shape of Rikane is (C)V(N)(S), where S denotes semivowels
==Morphology==
Just like the phonology, the morphology is quite simple and minimal, but it has his few weird quirks
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Nouns in Rikane can belong to one of 3 genders:
* Spatial
* Astral
* Terral
The gender of a noun modifies almost all of the marking of the sentence, as every word (except prepositions and adverbs) should be marked for gender (except in very informal speech, where those gender markings are often omitted)

The rules to determine the gender of a noun are really simple :
* The noun is an '''astral noun''' if its radical ends in a vowel or a semivowel
* The noun is a '''terral noun''' if its radical ends in a plosive
* The noun is a '''spatial noun''' if its radical ends in a nasal or a fricative

User:Aenil2

2025-01-29T07:50:13Z

Aenil2:

{|class="userboxes" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 248px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #000000; float: right; "
|<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold;">[[w:Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userboxes]]</div><includeonly></includeonly>
{{UBX|id=[[w:English language|en]]-B2|info=This user has a solid level of English.}}
{{UBX|id=[[w:French language|fr]]-N|info=Cet utilisateur a le niveau d'un natif Français}}
|}

Rikane

2025-01-29T07:40:45Z

Aenil2: /* Morphology */

{{Infobox language
|name = Rikane
|nativename = Rikano
|pronunciation = ɹikanɒ
|creator = User:Aenil2
|created = 2025
|ethnicity = Rikivan
|speakers = 20,000
|date = 2018
|familycolor = Constructed language
}}

Rikane ([[w:Ethnonym|ethnonym]]: Rikano [[Help:IPA|/ɹikanɒ/]]) is a member of the Parno-Rikane language family, primarily spoken in the Parnian subcontinent, which corresponds to the region around present-day Mongolia. The Rikivan people migrated from differents parts of the world, mainly from Parvikia (Levant) and and Sirka (Wu region of China), and regrouped themselves in Parnia, which lead to the development of Rikane, at the expense of the other languages that were brought by people who came from outside of the Parnian subcontinent. Because of this, we could technically say that Rikane is a [[w:Lingua Franca|lingua franca]] in the Parnian subcontinent

__TOC__

==Phonology==
Because of the high numbers of indigenous languages in Parnia, the phonology of Rikune is really simple, with very few sounds and allophony
===Vowels===
Rikune has between 3 and 4 vowels, depending on the dialect :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 15em"
|+ Vowel chart of Rikune
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Close
| i
| rowspan="2" | o~ɒ, (ʌ)
|-
! Open
| a
|}

/ʌ/ is debated, as most speakers do not consider it part of their phonemic inventory. Only a few dialects acknowledge its presence (such as Standard East Rikane), and even in those, it is not frequently used in basic vocabulary.
===Consonants===
Rikane has a quite simple consonant chart, composed of 13 consonants, with very few allophony rules, listed under the table
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 25em"
|-
!
! Labials
! Coronals
! Dorsals
! Glottals
|-
! Nasals
| m
| n
|
|
|-
! Plosives
| p
| t
| k
| ʔ
|-
! Fricatives
| f~ɸ
| s
|
| h
|-
! Others
| w
| l, r
| j
|
|}

Allophony :
* /t/ becomes /tʃ/ before /i/
* /w/ becomes :
** /ɰ/ before back vowels
** /w̃/ before/after a nasal
** /ɰ̃/ before back vowels and after a nasal

===Stress===
Like present-day Swedish, Rikane has a system of pitch accent, to mark different words. This pitch can change depending on the form of the word.

Compare "aroni" /a.rɒ̂.ni/ - spider and "aroni" /a.rɒ̌.ni/ - skull
==Morphology==
Just like the phonology, the morphology is quite simple and minimal, but it has his few weird quirks
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Nouns in Rikane can belong to one of 3 genders:
* Spatial
* Astral
* Terral
The gender of a noun modifies almost all of the marking of the sentence, as every word (except prepositions and adverbs) should be marked for gender (except in very informal speech, where those gender markings are often omitted)

The rules to determine the gender of a noun are really simple :
* The noun is an '''astral noun''' if its radical ends in a vowel or a semivowel
* The noun is a '''terral noun''' if its radical ends in a plosive
* The noun is a '''spatial noun''' if its radical ends in a nasal or a fricative

Rikane

2025-01-29T07:21:12Z

Aenil2: /* Nasalisation */

Rikane

2025-01-29T07:17:03Z

Aenil2: /* Vowels */

Rikane

2025-01-29T07:15:10Z

Aenil2: /* Consonants */

Rikane

2025-01-29T05:57:20Z

Aenil2: /* Phonology */

Rikane

2025-01-27T20:59:23Z

Aenil2:

Rikane

2025-01-27T16:46:26Z

Aenil2:

Rikane

2025-01-26T22:34:30Z

Aenil2:

Rikane

2025-01-26T19:36:38Z

Aenil2: Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Rikane |nativename = Rikane |pronunciation = ɹikanʌ |creator = User:Aenil2 |created = 2025 |ethnicity = Rikivan |speakers = 20,000 |date = 2018 |familycolor = Constructed language }} Rikane (ethnonym: Rikane /ɹikanʌ/) is a member of the Parno-Rikane language family, primarily spoken in the Parnian subcontinent, which corresponds to the region around present-day Mongolia. The Rikivan people migrated from differen..."

{{Infobox language
|name = Rikane
|nativename = Rikane
|pronunciation = ɹikanʌ
|creator = User:Aenil2
|created = 2025
|ethnicity = Rikivan
|speakers = 20,000
|date = 2018
|familycolor = Constructed language
}}

Rikane ([[w:Ethnonym|ethnonym]]: Rikane [[Help:IPA|/ɹikanʌ/]]) is a member of the Parno-Rikane language family, primarily spoken in the Parnian subcontinent, which corresponds to the region around present-day Mongolia. The Rikivan people migrated from differents parts of the world, mainly from Parvikia (Levant) and and Sirka (Wu region of China), and regrouped themselves in Parnia, which lead to the development of Rikane, at the expense of the other languages that were brought by people outside of the Parnian subcontinent

Quavinoi

2025-01-18T08:24:00Z

Aenil2: /* Vowel inventory */

{{Infobox language
|name=Quavinoi
|nativename=Ḱavino
|pronunciation=kʷavino
|creator=Aenil2
|created=2025
|states=Quivan Republic, Mareta
|familycolor=Constructed language
|dia1=Quivan dialect
|dia2=Maretan dialect
|dia3=City dialect
|dia4=Setivian dialect
|agency=Ḱavino sireǵin
|nation=Quivan Republic
|minority=Mareta, Setivi Free state
}}

==Introduction==
Quavinoi ([[w:Ethnonym|ethnonym]]: Ḱavino [[Help:IPA|[kʷavino]]]) is the official language of the Quivan republic, but is also spoken as a minority language in Mareta (official language: Maretan) and in the Setivi Free state (official language: Slevin). Quavinoi is the language of the pleb and the language used in national broadcasts and in music
, whereas Sikalon is the language of the kings and of the higher-classes. The origin of this language is relatively unknown, even though one of the most well-known theories about the provenance of this language is that it could come from '''Ǵarinārḱe''', which is one the prophets of the Quinvan religion that, according to the sayings, brought the sacred speech to the old Quanivian people, who interpreted the text as they understood it.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
The vowel inventory of Quavinoi is quite simple, even though most studies don't really agree on the real vowel inventory of the language.
{| class="multicol" style="text-align: center; margin: auto;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
|+ Raunēir estimation (1992)
|-
! !! Front !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || u
|-
! Mid
| ɛe̯ || ɔə̯
|-
! Open
| colspan="2" | ɑ~a
|}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
|+ Evieltō estimation (2009)
|-
! !! Front !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || u
|-
! Mid
| ɛ || ʌ̜
|-
! Open
| colspan="2" | ɑ
|}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
|+ Siḱara estimation (2017)
|-
! !! Front !! Back
|-
! Close
| iy̯ || u
|-
! Mid
| ɛ || ɔ̜
|-
! Open
| colspan="2" | ɑ
|}
|}

===Consonant inventory===
===Syllable structure===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Orthography===
===Phonotactics===
===Morphophonology===

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
===Derivational morphology===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==

[[Category:Quavinoi]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Quavinoi

2025-01-18T08:14:32Z

Aenil2: /* Vowel inventory */

{{Infobox language
|name=Quavinoi
|nativename=Ḱavino
|pronunciation=kʷavino
|creator=Aenil2
|created=2025
|states=Quivan Republic, Mareta
|familycolor=Constructed language
|dia1=Quivan dialect
|dia2=Maretan dialect
|dia3=City dialect
|dia4=Setivian dialect
|agency=Ḱavino sireǵin
|nation=Quivan Republic
|minority=Mareta, Setivi Free state
}}

==Introduction==
Quavinoi ([[w:Ethnonym|ethnonym]]: Ḱavino [[Help:IPA|[kʷavino]]]) is the official language of the Quivan republic, but is also spoken as a minority language in Mareta (official language: Maretan) and in the Setivi Free state (official language: Slevin). Quavinoi is the language of the pleb and the language used in national broadcasts and in music
, whereas Sikalon is the language of the kings and of the higher-classes. The origin of this language is relatively unknown, even though one of the most well-known theories about the provenance of this language is that it could come from '''Ǵarinārḱe''', which is one the prophets of the Quinvan religion that, according to the sayings, brought the sacred speech to the old Quanivian people, who interpreted the text as they understood it.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
The vowel inventory of Quavinoi is quite simple, even though most studies don't really agree on the real vowel inventory of the language.
{| class="multicol" style="text-align: center; margin: auto;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
|+ Raunēir estimation (1992)
|-
! !! Front !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || u
|-
! Mid
| ɛe̯ || ɔə̯
|-
! Open
| Example || Example
|}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
|+ Evieltō estimation (2009)
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Mid
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Open
| Example || Example || Example
|}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
|+ Siḱara estimation (2017)
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Mid
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Open
| Example || Example || Example
|}
|}

===Consonant inventory===
===Syllable structure===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Orthography===
===Phonotactics===
===Morphophonology===

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
===Derivational morphology===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==

[[Category:Quavinoi]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Quavinoi

2025-01-17T12:55:18Z

Aenil2:

{{Infobox language
|name=Quavinoi
|nativename=Ḱavino
|pronunciation=kʷavino
|creator=Aenil2
|created=2025
|states=Quivan Republic, Mareta
|familycolor=Constructed language
|dia1=Quivan dialect
|dia2=Maretan dialect
|dia3=City dialect
|dia4=Setivian dialect
|agency=Ḱavino sireǵin
|nation=Quivan Republic
|minority=Mareta, Setivi Free state
}}

==Introduction==
Quavinoi ([[w:Ethnonym|ethnonym]]: Ḱavino [[Help:IPA|[kʷavino]]]) is the official language of the Quivan republic, but is also spoken as a minority language in Mareta (official language: Maretan) and in the Setivi Free state (official language: Slevin). Quavinoi is the language of the pleb and the language used in national broadcasts and in music
, whereas Sikalon is the language of the kings and of the higher-classes. The origin of this language is relatively unknown, even though one of the most well-known theories about the provenance of this language is that it could come from '''Ǵarinārḱe''', which is one the prophets of the Quinvan religion that, according to the sayings, brought the sacred speech to the old Quanivian people, who interpreted the text as they understood it.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
The vowel inventory of Quavinoi is quite simple, even though most studies don't really agree on the real vowel inventory of the language.
{| class="multicol" style="text-align: center; margin: auto;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
|+ Raunēir estimation (1992)
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Mid
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Open
| Example || Example || Example
|}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
|+ Evieltō estimation (2009)
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Mid
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Open
| Example || Example || Example
|}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
|+ Siḱara estimation (2017)
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Mid
| Example || Example || Example
|-
! Open
| Example || Example || Example
|}
|}
===Consonant inventory===
===Syllable structure===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Orthography===
===Phonotactics===
===Morphophonology===

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
===Derivational morphology===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==

[[Category:Quavinoi]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Vairish

2025-01-17T07:36:47Z

Aenil2:

{{Infobox language
|name = Vairish
|image = [[File:Vairish flag.jpg|200px]]
|nativename = Varišö
|pronunciation = vɑriˈʃø
|creator = User:Aenil2
|created = 2024
|speakers = 400k
|date = 1894 CC
|familycolor = Constructed language
|dia1 = Aonir Vairish ('''Varišaüniž''')
|dia2 = Oira Vairish ('''Varisoir''')
|dia3 = Taritren Vairish ('''Värištriten''')
|ietf = avr-vi-vrs
|iso2 = vrs
|clcr = qir
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Vairish
}}

'''Vairish''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: Varišö; Vairish : [[Help:IPA|[vɑriˈʃø]]]) is an Ano-Vaire language spoken in Aonir (Riukish : ''Aüniž'' [[Help:IPA|[ɑyniʒ]]]). Vairish can be considered as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] in Aonir and the surrounding regions such as Oira and Taritren, which have different pronunciations, but are almost entirely mutually intelligible. Unless indicated, this article will focus on Varišaüniž (Aonir Vairish).

__TOC__

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following table is the consonant inventory of Vairish. Dialectal allophones will be indicated in dark cells :

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 40em"
|-
!
! Labials
! Dentals/Alveolars
! Post-Alveolars
! Dorsals
|-
! Nasals
| '''m''' <m>
| '''n''' <n>
|
| '''ŋ''' <ň>
|-
! Plosives
| '''p''' <nowiki></nowiki>, '''b''' <nowiki></nowiki>
| '''t''' <t>, '''d''' <d>
|
| '''k''' <k>, '''g''' <g>
|-
! Affricates
|
|
| style="background-color:#dddddd; color:#343434;" | '''t͡ʃ''' <č>, '''d͡ʒ''' <ž>
|
|-
! Fricatives
| style="background-color:#dddddd; color:#343434;" | '''f''' <f>, '''v''' <v>
| '''s''' <nowiki><s></nowiki>, '''z''' <z>
| style="background-color:#dddddd; color:#343434;" | '''ʃ''' <š>
|
|-
! Approximants
| '''w''' <w>
| '''l''' <l>
|
| '''j''' <j>
|-
! Trills
|
| style="background-color:#dddddd; color:#343434;" | '''r''' <r>
|
|
|}

Dialectal variation :
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ and /ʃ/ are pronounced /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/ and /ɕ/ in Värištriten (Tariten Vairish)
* /f/ and /v/ are pronounced /ɸ/ and /β/ in Varisoir (Oira Vairish) and Varišaüniž

===Vowels===
There are 9 vowels in Vairish, with no length distinction :

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 30em"
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Close
| '''i''' <nowiki></nowiki>, '''y''' <ü>
|
| '''u''' <nowiki></nowiki>
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' <e>, '''ø''' <ö>
| '''ɵ~ə''' <ë>
| '''o''' <o>
|-
! Open
| colspan="3" | '''ɑ''' <a>, '''æ''' <ä>
|}

===Morphophonology===
====Final devoicing====
When a word-final consonant is voiced, it's pronounced as its voiceless equivalent, and when inflected, the consonant becomes voiced again.
====Diaeresis====
When 2 "non-close" vowels are in hiatus, the hiatus is broken down using a glide (the use of one preferably from another depends on the hiatus constituents)

===Stress and pitch===
Primary stress falls on the last syllable of a word, except if the last syllable is composed of a single vowel. In this case, the stress falls on the second-to-last syllable

==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns can be inflected for number, case and possession.
====Numbers====
Nouns can be inflected for 4 numbers : Singulative ({{smallcaps|sgv}}), Dual ({{smallcaps|du}}), Plurative ({{smallcaps|plv}}) and Collective ({{smallcaps|col}}). Depending on the noun, the unmarked number can be either the Singulative or the Collective
=====Singulative=====
The singulative is the default, unmarked form of count nouns. When put into the singulative, mass nouns define the smallest unit of the noun, which is translated into English as a measure word (e.g. water → drop of water).
: '''tolvä'''
: "cloud"
=====Dual=====
The dual is only fully productive for body parts, kinship and animals. The dual still exists for other count nouns (as mass nouns can't take it), but is considered archaic by many.
: '''örpa-man-it''' teiliä
: eye-{{sc|1s.poss-du}} brown
: "My eyes are brown"
=====Plurative=====
The plurative is formed by affixing -ide. When a voiced plosive comes just before the affix, it is pronounced as its voiceless equivalent
: '''sëid-jon-ide''' Äirade ö Olsü
: name-{{sc|3p.poss-plv}} Äirade and Olsü
: "They are called Äirade and Olsü" (litt. "Their names are Äirade and Olsü")

=====Collective=====
The collective is the default, unmarked form of mass nouns. Count nouns can't inflect for the collective
: '''siöre'''
: water
====Cases====
Vairish nouns can be using a set of 8 noun cases :

; Nominative and Accusative
: Simple morphosyntactic cases. The nominative can also be used for marking the predicate.
; Dative
;: Dative proper
::: The dative proper is used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence
;: Dative of measure
::: The dative of measure is used to indicate the difference of measure between 2 objects
; Instrumental
: The instrumental is used to indicate the instrument of an action
; Lative
: The lative is used to indicate motion to a location
; Ablative
;: Ablative proper
::: The ablative proper is used to indicate motion away from a location
;: Ablative of location
::: The ablative of location is used to indicate a location
; Causal
: The causal indicates that the noun is the cause/reason of the action
; Essive
;: Essive proper
::: The essive proper is used to indicate that the noun is a state of being
;: Essive of location
::: The essive of location is used to indicate that the noun is a temporary location
;: Essive of equality
::: The essive of equality is used to indicate the first noun is equal to the second
;: Past essive
::: The past essive is used when wanting to conjugate a verb in the past tense

====Possession====
Nouns in Vairish can be marked for possession. The basic suffixes are -mVn, -sVn, -ňVn and -jVn.

E.g.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4" | Possession markers of raväi "hope"
|-
! Person !! Singulative !! Dual !! Plurative
|-
! 1st (exclusive)
| rowspan="2" | raväiman
| raväimën || raväimon
|-
! 1st (inclusive)
| raväisin || raväison
|-
! 2nd
| raväiňän || raväiňen || raväiňön
|-
! 3rd
| raväijan || raväiin || raväijön
|}

====Paradigms====
{| class="multicol"
| {{template:Vairish Count Noun declension|1=sëid|2=name}}
| {{template:Vairish Mass Noun declension|1=siöre|2=water}}
|}

===Pronouns===
Pronouns can be inflected for number, case and modality
====Numbers====
Pronouns numbers are the same as noun numbers (minus the collective and the dual)

====Case====
Vairish pronouns are inflected with a limited array of cases, those cases being :
* Nominative
* Accusative
* Dative (proper)

The last case for pronouns is the [[w:Pegative case|Pegative]] case, which is inexistant everywhere else in the language.

====Modality====
In Vairish, pronouns use a system of nominal mood to convey more informations. Pronouns can inflect for 5 modal usages, as follows :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" | Modality inflections
|-
! Vairish suffix !! English translation
|-
| -tta || should/shall
|-
| -lve || can
|-
| -rë || want
|-
| -šče || ought
|-
| -orü || may/wish
|}

====Paradigms====
=====1st person pronouns=====
{| class="multicol"
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=mä|2=I}}
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=të|2=we}}
|}

=====2nd person pronouns=====
{| class="multicol"
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=sä|2=you}}
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=ü|2=you}}
|}

=====3rd person pronouns=====
{| class="multicol"
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=häi|2=he/she/it}}
| {{Template:Vairish Pronoun declension|1=ina|2=they}}
|}

===Verbs===
Verbs can inflect for tense, aspect, mood, politeness and inverse marking
====Tenses and aspects====
Tenses and aspects are intricately linked in Vairish, as one cannot exist without the other.

The Vairish language uses a set of 3 tenses (more on that later) and 3 aspects :

; Non-Future
;: Perfective non-future
::: The perfective non-future indicates that the action is occuring/occured
;: Gnomic non-future
::: The gnomic non-future indicated that the action is/was a general truth
;: Episodic non-future
::: The episodic non-future is the contrary of the gnomic non-future
; Future
;: Perfective future
::: The perfective future indicates that the action will occur
;: Gnomic future
::: The gnomic future indicated that the action will be a general truth
;: Episodic future
::: The episodic future is the contrary of the gnomic non-future

The past is not marked on the verb but rather on the object, as its construction is : Non-Future Verb + Object in the Essive

====Moods====
Vairish verbs can inflect for 7 moods, which are the following :
; Indicative
: The indicative is the default, unmarked mood of verbs. It is used to indicate that the action is a statement for the speaker.
; Optative
: The optative can be used to indicate wishes or hopes. It can also be used to indicate that the action is encouraged.
; Imprecative
: The imprecative can be used to indicate misfortune upon another person/thing. It can also be used to indicate that the action is discouraged.
; Imperative
: The imperative is used to create commands/requests. More rarely, it could also be used to indicate that the action is a requirement.
; Hypothetical
: The hypothetical mood is used to indicate that an action could have happened, but didn't. It is only used in the Non-Future tense.
; Deductive
: The deductive mood is used to indicate that the statement was deducted from another source, and wasn't known beforehand.
; Inferential
: The inferential mood is used to report a non-witnessed action without confirming it.

====Politeness====
Vairish verbs change roots depending on the listener's hierarchy :
; Higher
: When speaking to a person higher in the hierarchy, you must infix -ka- after the first syllable
; Same
: If the listener is from the same hierarchy level as yours, you can just use the "basic" root
; Lower
: You have two options if the person listening to you is from lower hierarchy : you can used the "basic" root, or add -še- to form a sort of pejorative root (which is often use to mock someone)

====Inverse marking====
Sometimes, the inverse marker "-a" is affixed onto the verb root to indicate that the object is the main focus of the sentence

====Paradigm====
{{Template:Vairish Verb conjugation|1=čenita|2=to see|fs=če|end=nita}}

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Vairish do not inflect at all

===Copulae===
Vairish has multiple deictic copulae, that are used depending on the proximity to the object.
; äo
: ''äo'' is the proximal copula, it is used to describe an object close to the speaker
; i
: ''i'' is the descriptive copula, it is used when the object doesn't have a specific distance to the speaker.
; rëi
: ''rëi'' is the medial copula, it is used when the object is close to the listener
; kärui
: ''kärui'' is the distal copula, it is used when describing an object far away from both the speaker and listener
===Correlatives===
Like Ancient Greek and Esperanto, Vairish also has a correlative system, based on 4 roles and 9 "qualifiers".
====Roles====
The correlative's role is what indicates the function that it fulfills. Here are 4 roles of the correlatives :
; Negative
: The negative role corresponds to adding "no"/"not" before the qualifier
; Interrogative
: The interrogative role more or less corresponds to English interrogative pronouns
; Universal
: The universal role corresponds to adding "every" before the qualifier
; Indefinite
: The indefinite role corresponds to adding "some" before the qualifier
====Qualifiers====
The qualifier of a correlative specifies the type of question it addresses or the kind of information it conveys. There are 9 qualifiers :
;Reason
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "why", indicating a cause or explanation.
;Time
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "when", indicating a point or period in time.
;Individual
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "who", referring to a person or entity.
;Object
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "what", reffering to an object
;Place
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "where", reffering to locations
;Amount
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "how much", reffering to quantities
;Manner
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "how", indicating ways or methods
;Frequency
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "how often", reffering to regularity or recurrence
;Direction
:This qualifier corresponds to the question word "which direction", indicating movement and orientation
====Table====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! !! Interrogative !! Negative !! Indefinite !! Universal
|-
! Reason
| kirä why ? || serä for no reason || ürä for some reasons || torä for every reasons
|-
! Time
| kidö when ? || sedö never || üdö sometime || todö always
|-
! Individual
| kilda who ? || selda no one || ülda someone || tolda everyone
|-
! Object
| kiňu what ? || seňu nothing || üňu something || toňu everything
|-
! Place
| kijë where ? || sejë nowhere || üje somewhere || tojë everywhere
|-
! Amount
| kipo how much? || sepo none || üpo some || topo all of it
|-
! Manner
| kiki how ? || seki in no way || üki in some way || toki in every way
|-
! Frequency
| kivü how often ? || sevü never || üvü often || tovü always
|-
! Direction
| kiše in which direction? || seše in no direction || üše in some direction || toše in every direction
|}

==Syntax==
===Word order===
The most used word orders are VSO and SOV, even though VOS is also used to indicate a passive-like construction, and might also be used to replace the inverse marker.

For exemple : "karë ronän čenitaa" and "čenita ronän karë" both mean "The citizen looks at the king", but the second sentence doesn't need an inverse marker.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Vairish]]

Quavinoi

2025-01-17T07:21:02Z

Aenil2: /* Introduction */

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T21:14:58Z

Aenil2: Lore addition

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T20:51:55Z

Aenil2: /* Introduction */

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T20:36:37Z

Aenil2:

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T20:32:38Z

Aenil2:

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T08:23:39Z

Aenil2: /* Other resources */

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T08:23:22Z

Aenil2: /* Example texts */

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T08:22:56Z

Aenil2: /* Morphology */

==Introduction==








==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
===Consonant inventory===
===Syllable structure===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Orthography===
===Phonotactics===
===Morphophonology===

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
===Derivational morphology===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Quavinoi]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T08:22:39Z

Aenil2: /* Phonology */

==Introduction==








==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
===Consonant inventory===
===Syllable structure===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Orthography===
===Phonotactics===
===Morphophonology===

==Morphology==


===Nouns===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
===Derivational morphology===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Quavinoi]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T08:22:01Z

Aenil2:

==Introduction==








==Phonology==



===Vowel inventory===
===Consonant inventory===
===Syllable structure===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Orthography===

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==


===Nouns===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
===Derivational morphology===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Quavinoi]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Quavinoi

2025-01-16T07:48:53Z

Aenil2: Created page with "  ==Introduct..."

==Introduction==








==Phonology==



===Vowel inventory===
===Consonant inventory===
===Syllable structure===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Orthography===

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==


===Nouns===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
===Derivational morphology===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Quavinoi]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]