Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Manish Languages

2020-03-04T03:26:53Z

Andenor: Andenor moved page Manish Languages to Manish languages

#REDIRECT [[Manish languages]]

Manish languages

2020-03-04T03:26:53Z

Andenor: Andenor moved page Manish Languages to Manish languages

{{Infobox language family
| name = Manish
| setting = [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]
| ethnicity = Men
| region = All over Aior, especially the central and eastern portions
| familycolor = Constructed Language
| family = One of the primary language families
| proto = [[Ancient Manish]]
| child1 = [[Southern Manish]] {{small|([[Jungle Manish]] families)}}
| child2 = [[Western Manish]] {{small|([[Modern Manish]], [[Aiden]], [[Umnan]], and [[Plains Manish]]}}
| child3 = [[Eastern Manish]] {{small|(Including [[Mountain Manish]])}}
}}

The '''Manish language family''' is the most widely spoken in [[Aior]]. [[Modern Manish]] is the language with the largest number of native speakers and the language with the largest number of speakers overall.

==History==
[[Ancient Manish]] is one of the five primary languages given by the gods to the people of Aior shortly after the creation of the world. However, sometime near the year 500, a group of Men left for the southern jungle, which lead to the first split in the family tree between [[Southern Manish|Southern]] and [[Central Manish]]. Southern Manish has since split many more times, leading to the [[Jungle Manish|various languages and families]] of the Jungle Men of the south. Central Manish split shortly thereafter into [[Eastern Manish|Eastern]] and [[Western Manish]].

Eastern Manish is the ancestor of modern [[Mountain Manish]] languages. While none of these languages has received the prominence or prestige of the Western Manish languages, they have served as a heavy influence on many of the modern Western languages.

Western Manish, the ancestor of the most widely spoken Manish languages, broke up into many dialects and languages throughout the plains of central Aior. Most of these went on to become the [[Plains Manish]] languages of today. By the year 2000, [[Old Manish]], the ancestor of Modern Manish, was being spoken in Cartondin. Users of magic were banished to the Great Desert in southeast Aior and began to develop their own language, which would become [[Umnan]]. Old Manish as spoken in Aidenvelle in the northeastern mountains was heavily influenced by Mountain Manish, and ultimately the dialect spoken there developed into a new language, known as [[Aiden]].

Manish languages

2020-03-04T03:25:30Z

Andenor:

Verse:Aior

2020-02-25T22:54:59Z

Andenor: Created page

{{User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld
|name = Aior
|nativename = Aîori
|pronunciation = [aˈjo.ɾi]
|inhabitants = Men, Elves, Dwarves, Orcs, Gremlins, Dragons, Angels
|fam1 = [[Manish languages|Manish]]
|fam2 = [[Elvish languages|Elvish]]
|fam3 = [[Orcish languages|Orcish]]
|fam4 = [[Dwarfish languages|Dwarfish]]
|fam5 = [[Angelic languages|Angelic]]
|lang1 = [[Gremlin Sign Language]]
|lang2 = [[Draconic language|Draconic]]
|lang3 = [[Mermish language|Mermish]] (name subject to change)
|creator = [[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
|image = AiorMap.jpg
|imagecaption = A map of Aior
|notice = IPA}}
'''Aior''' is the Anglicized name of a fictional world known by most who live there as ''Aîori''. The term ''Aior'' can also refer specifically to the continent on which most of the major races live, as opposed to Verasia, the other major continent on the world.

==Out-of-universe origin==
==In-universe creation==
==History==
==Major groups of sentient beings==
===Humans===
===Elves===
===Dwarves===
===Orcs===
===Gremlins===
===Dragons===
===Angels===
==Countries==
==Languages and language families==
===Manish language family===
===Elvish language family===
===Dwarfish language family===
===Orcish language family===
===Angelic language family===
===Language isolates===
====Draconic====
====Gremlin sign language====
====Mermish====
[[Category:Settings]]

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld/doc

2020-02-25T22:35:00Z

Andenor:

Most of this documentation was pulled directly from the documentation for [[Template:Infobox language]], the template upon which this template is based.

This template is used create an infobox detailing a constructed world or setting.
==Usage==
<pre>
{{infobox conworld
| name = Name of World
| altname = Alternate name of world
| nativename = The name of the world in a native language or a second additional name
| pronunciation = An IPA pronunciation of the name
| inhabitants = A list of the inhabitants of the world (races, species, etc.)
| fam1 = A family of languages spoken there
| ...
| fam10 = A family of languages spoken there
| lang1 = A specific language spoken there
| ...
| lang10 = A specific language spoken there
| creator = Name of the creator of the world
| created = Date of creation
|image = image at top of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets.
|imagesize = override default image size (currently 250px). Use units ("123px", "12em")
|imagealt = alt text for the image
|imagecaption = caption to appear under image
|imageheader = brief header for image (appears in the left-hand column)
|map = image at bottom of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets.
|mapsize = override default map size (currently 350px). Use units ("123px", "12em"). Affects both maps.
|mapalt = alt text for the map
|mapcaption = caption to appear under map
|map2 = a second map
|mapalt2 = alt text for the second map
|mapcaption2 = caption to appear under both maps
|boxsize = overrides default width of infobox, currently set at 22em. Format must include units ("12em" or "123px").
Useful when an article has various infoboxes aligned in a column. (Box will automatically expand to fix map wider than default box width.)
|notice = IPA/ipa [adds notice for IPA notation]
|notice = Indic/indic [adds notice for Indic scripts]
|notice = signnotice [adds links for sign languages]
|notice2 = [adds a 2nd notice]
}}
</pre>

=== Placement ===
The template should placed at the very top of the wikitext of the article, before any text. The absolute basic syntax is as shown below:
:'''<nowiki>{{Infobox conworld</nowiki>''' ← this calls the template
:'''|name='''name of conworld ← the name of the language needs to be given
:'''<nowiki>}}</nowiki>''' ← this ends the template call

However, you will probably want to add more than just this. Other parameters are listed below, they can be incorporated anywhere between the first and last lines, and in any order.

=== Additional parameters ===

There are several more parameters that can be defined between the opening and closing lines. These are:
:'''|altname='''additional name of the language [not every one, but one a reader would be likely to look for]
:'''|nativename='''native name, or a second alternative name [most cases as of 2012 not actually the native name]

=== Optional parameters ===

Some parts of the template remain invisible unless they are specifically called. Only use these parameters if they are required.
:'''|pronunciation='''pronunciation of the native name of the language in [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] → remember to enclose the transcription

=== Images in the template ===

You cannot put large images into the language template: they just make it very messy. You can place a small image at the top of the template using the following parameters:
:'''|image='''image name.png
:'''|imagesize='''200px ← overrides the default image size
:'''|imagealt='''alt text
:'''|imagecaption='''caption
:'''|imageheader='''very simple description of image ('logo', 'map', 'script', etc.) ← this is placed in the left-hand column, and so needs to be short

If you have a slightly larger image or two, such as a map, you can place at the bottom of the template, spanning both columns, with the following parameter:
:'''|map(2)='''image name.png
:'''|mapsize='''300px ← overrides the default image size
:'''|mapalt(2)='''alt text
:'''|mapcaption(2)='''caption

The [[w:WP:EIS|usual image markup]] applies for both images. [[w:Alt text|Alt text]] is for visually impaired readers, and the [[w:WP:CAPTION|caption]] is for all readers; typically they should have little in common (see [[w:WP:ALT|WP:ALT]]).

=== Footer notice ===
A notice or notices may be placed at the bottom of the infobox:
:'''|notice(2)=ipa''' ← places a notice about the [[w:Unicode|Unicode]] fonts used for displaying [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
:'''|notice(2)=signnotice''' ← adds various links for [[w:sign language|sign language]]s
:'''|notice(2)=Indic''' ← places a notice about Indic-font support

<noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld/doc

2020-02-25T22:34:05Z

Andenor: Changed links to go to Wikipedia rather than linguifex (most of the pages don't exist here)

Most of this documentation was pulled directly from the documentation for [[Template:Infobox language]], the template upon which this template is based.

This template is used create an infobox detailing a constructed world or setting.
==Usage==
<pre>
{{infobox conworld
| name = Name of World
| altname = Alternate name of world
| nativename = The name of the world in a native language or a second additional name
| pronunciation = An IPA pronunciation of the name
| inhabitants = A list of the inhabitants of the world (races, species, etc.)
| fam1 = A family of languages spoken there
| ...
| fam10 = A family of languages spoken there
| lang1 = A specific language spoken there
| ...
| lang10 = A specific language spoken there
| creator = Name of the creator of the world
| created = Date of creation
|image = image at top of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets.
|imagesize = override default image size (currently 250px). Use units ("123px", "12em")
|imagealt = alt text for the image
|imagecaption = caption to appear under image
|imageheader = brief header for image (appears in the left-hand column)
|map = image at bottom of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets.
|mapsize = override default map size (currently 350px). Use units ("123px", "12em"). Affects both maps.
|mapalt = alt text for the map
|mapcaption = caption to appear under map
|map2 = a second map
|mapalt2 = alt text for the second map
|mapcaption2 = caption to appear under both maps
|boxsize = overrides default width of infobox, currently set at 22em. Format must include units ("12em" or "123px").
Useful when an article has various infoboxes aligned in a column. (Box will automatically expand to fix map wider than default box width.)
|notice = IPA/ipa [adds notice for IPA notation]
|notice = Indic/indic [adds notice for Indic scripts]
|notice = signnotice [adds links for sign languages]
|notice2 = [adds a 2nd notice]
}}
</pre>

=== Placement ===
The template should placed at the very top of the wikitext of the article, before any text. The absolute basic syntax is as shown below:
:'''<nowiki>{{Infobox conworld</nowiki>''' ← this calls the template
:'''|name='''name of conworld ← the name of the language needs to be given
:'''<nowiki>}}</nowiki>''' ← this ends the template call

However, you will probably want to add more than just this. Other parameters are listed below, they can be incorporated anywhere between the first and last lines, and in any order.

=== Additional parameters ===

There are several more parameters that can be defined between the opening and closing lines. These are:
:'''|altname='''additional name of the language [not every one, but one a reader would be likely to look for]
:'''|nativename='''native name, or a second alternative name [most cases as of 2012 not actually the native name]

=== Optional parameters ===

Some parts of the template remain invisible unless they are specifically called. Only use these parameters if they are required.
:'''|pronunciation='''pronunciation of the native name of the language in [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] → remember to enclose the transcription

=== Images in the template ===

You cannot put large images into the language template: they just make it very messy. You can place a small image at the top of the template using the following parameters:
:'''|image='''image name.png
:'''|imagesize='''200px ← overrides the default image size
:'''|imagealt='''alt text
:'''|imagecaption='''caption
:'''|imageheader='''very simple description of image ('logo', 'map', 'script', etc.) ← this is placed in the left-hand column, and so needs to be short

If you have a slightly larger image or two, such as a map, you can place at the bottom of the template, spanning both columns, with the following parameter:
:'''|map(2)='''image name.png
:'''|mapsize='''300px ← overrides the default image size
:'''|mapalt(2)='''alt text
:'''|mapcaption(2)='''caption

The [[w:WP:EIS|usual image markup]] applies for both images. [[w:Alt text]] is for visually impaired readers, and the [[w:WP:CAPTION|caption]] is for all readers; typically they should have little in common (see [[w:WP:ALT]]).

=== Footer notice ===
A notice or notices may be placed at the bottom of the infobox:
:'''|notice(2)=ipa''' ← places a notice about the [[w:Unicode]] fonts used for displaying [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
:'''|notice(2)=signnotice''' ← adds various links for [[w:sign language]]s
:'''|notice(2)=Indic''' ← places a notice about Indic-font support

<noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

Modern Manish

2020-02-24T23:37:39Z

Andenor:

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a [[Manish Languages|Manish]] language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in [[Verse:Aior/Cartondin|Cartondin]] and [[Verse:Aior/Terithius|Terithius]]. In addition, there is a group of [[Verse:Aior/Katorias|Katorian]] pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to [[Old Manish]], which in turn derives from [[Ancient Manish]], one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the [[Verse:Aior/Creation|creation]]. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.

Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a [[w:Lingua franca|lingua franca]]. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The [[w:Phoneme|phoneme]] inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*[[w:Syllable|Syllable]] structure is fairly simple. Every [[w:Vowel|vowel]] is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a [[w:Consonant|consonant]] and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a [[w:Stop consonant|stop]], /v/, or /s/ and a [[w:Liquid consonant|liquid]].
*The basic [[w:Word order|constituent order]] is [[w:subject–verb–object|subject–verb–object]]. The language is almost entirely [[w:Head-directionality parameter|head-initial]].
*The language is mostly [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutinative]], but there are also a few [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] aspects.
*[[w:Verb|Verbs]] are [[w:Inflection|inflected]] for [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the subject, [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]]/[[w:Grammatical aspect|aspect]], [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]], and [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]]. Each element is marked with an agglutinative [[w:Prefix|prefix]].
*[[w:Noun|Nouns]] and [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]] are marked for gender and [[w:Grammatical number|number]] but not for [[w:Grammatical case|case]].

===Changes since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from [[w:subject–object–verb|subject–object–verb]] to subject–verb–object
#Loss of [[w:vowel length|vowel length]]
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#[[w:debuccalization|Debuccalization]] of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of [[w:Syntax|syntax]] such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the [[w:Dual number|dual]] marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the [[w:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]] ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older [[w:Construct state|construct state]]
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite [[w:Article (grammar)|article]] ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the [[w:Past tense|remote and recent past tenses]] into past [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] and past [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective]]
#[[w:Reduplication|Reduplication]] of the past perfective to produce a [[w:Habitual aspect|habitual aspect]]
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean [[w:Passive voice|passive]] and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of [[w:Grammatical particle|particle]] ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in [[Verse:Aior/Rowesburg|Rowesburg]] and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with [[Verse:Aior/Aidenvelle|Aidenvelle]] have opened the way for many of the sound changes of [[Aiden]] to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of [[w:Diphthong|diphthongs]]. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead [[w:Nasalization|nasalizing]] and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes [[w:Aspirated consonant|aspirate]] voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /ɾ/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
Compared to the nouns of Old Manish, Modern Manish noun morphology has been heavily simplified over the course of time. The old dual marker has been all but lost in most dialects, and case marking has been lost. The Old Manish collective suffix is no longer productive, but continues to be used on a few nouns. In all but the Royal dialect and a few fixed phrases, the construct state has also been lost. Marking on nouns is now limited to gender, number, and augmentatives or diminutives.

====Gender====
All Manish nouns belong either to the masculine or the feminine gender. On native Manish nouns, this is usually indicated by the presence of a final ''-o'' or ''-i'' for masculine and feminine, respectively. The gender of a noun affects adjective and verb agreement. Nouns borrowed from other languages may or may not end in ''-o'' or ''-i''. Typically, if a noun was borrowed that already ended in ''-o'' or ''-i'', it simply took the respective gender. Nouns that did not end in ''-o'' or ''-i'' are unpredictable. Some have since had ''-o'' or ''-i'' appended, belonging to the respective gender. This is especially common when there was a semantic connection between the word and a masculine or feminine referent. However, in other cases the original ending is kept intact. Most often, these words are considered masculine, but there are many exceptions.

====Number====
Manish nouns without modification are typically singular. In order to pluralize a noun ending in a vowel, it is simply necessary to add the suffix ''-n''. If the word ends in /m/ or a liquid, it is replaced by an ''-n''. If the word ends in a fricative, ''-en'' is appended. No words end in stops. Words that already end in ''-n'' in the singular have identical singular and plural forms, and context or an explicit number is required to disambiguate it.

Old Manish had a dual marker, ''-qim'', which is reflected in Modern Manish as ''-kîn''. However, it is not commonly used except in the Royal dialect and with a few words that naturally come in pairs, such as eyes. Because the Old Manish form began with a uvular, vowels often undergo ablaut when this suffix is used. Since this form only exists for a few nouns, they are typically considered irregular.

Old Manish also had a collective marker ''-kale'', which has fallen out of use in all standard dialects of Modern Manish. However, a few standard Modern Manish words derive historically from this form. For example, ''brîkale'' 'council of gods' from ''brîko'' 'a god'. These forms are typically irregular in meaning.

====Augmentative and diminutive suffixes====
Only one diminutive suffix and one augmentative suffix remain common in every modern dialect of Manish. The endings are dependent on the gender of the noun. Masculine nouns take the suffix ''-rono'' for diminutives and ''-ro'' for augmentatives. Feminine nouns take ''-rini'' for diminutives and ''-ri'' for augmentatives. These suffixes can only be applied to native Manish nouns and loan nouns that have been assimilated with an ''-o'' or ''-i'' ending. There are also some dialect-specific augmentatives and diminutives.



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-24T23:15:31Z

Andenor: /* Gender */ Italics added

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to [[Old Manish]], which in turn derives from [[Ancient Manish]], one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /ɾ/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
Compared to the nouns of Old Manish, Modern Manish noun morphology has been heavily simplified over the course of time. The old dual marker has been all but lost in most dialects, and case marking has been lost. The Old Manish collective suffix is no longer productive, but continues to be used on a few nouns. In all but the Royal dialect and a few fixed phrases, the construct state has also been lost. Marking on nouns is now limited to gender, number, and augmentatives or diminutives.

====Gender====
All Manish nouns belong either to the masculine or the feminine gender. On native Manish nouns, this is usually indicated by the presence of a final ''-o'' or ''-i'' for masculine and feminine, respectively. The gender of a noun affects adjective and verb agreement. Nouns borrowed from other languages may or may not end in ''-o'' or ''-i''. Typically, if a noun was borrowed that already ended in ''-o'' or ''-i'', it simply took the respective gender. Nouns that did not end in ''-o'' or ''-i'' are unpredictable. Some have since had ''-o'' or ''-i'' appended, belonging to the respective gender. This is especially common when there was a semantic connection between the word and a masculine or feminine referent. However, in other cases the original ending is kept intact. Most often, these words are considered masculine, but there are many exceptions.

====Number====
Manish nouns without modification are typically singular. In order to pluralize a noun ending in a vowel, it is simply necessary to add the suffix ''-n''. If the word ends in /m/ or a liquid, it is replaced by an ''-n''. If the word ends in a fricative, ''-en'' is appended. No words end in stops. Words that already end in ''-n'' in the singular have identical singular and plural forms, and context or an explicit number is required to disambiguate it.

Old Manish had a dual marker, ''-qim'', which is reflected in Modern Manish as ''-kîn''. However, it is not commonly used except in the Royal dialect and with a few words that naturally come in pairs, such as eyes. Because the Old Manish form began with a uvular, vowels often undergo ablaut when this suffix is used. Since this form only exists for a few nouns, they are typically considered irregular.

Old Manish also had a collective marker ''-kale'', which has fallen out of use in all standard dialects of Modern Manish. However, a few standard Modern Manish words derive historically from this form. For example, ''brîkale'' 'council of gods' from ''brîko'' 'a god'. These forms are typically irregular in meaning.

====Augmentative and diminutive suffixes====
Only one diminutive suffix and one augmentative suffix remain common in every modern dialect of Manish. The endings are dependent on the gender of the noun. Masculine nouns take the suffix ''-rono'' for diminutives and ''-ro'' for augmentatives. Feminine nouns take ''-rini'' for diminutives and ''-ri'' for augmentatives. These suffixes can only be applied to native Manish nouns and loan nouns that have been assimilated with an ''-o'' or ''-i'' ending. There are also some dialect-specific augmentatives and diminutives.



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-24T23:14:17Z

Andenor: /* Syllable structure */ Corrected slight mistake

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to [[Old Manish]], which in turn derives from [[Ancient Manish]], one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /ɾ/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
Compared to the nouns of Old Manish, Modern Manish noun morphology has been heavily simplified over the course of time. The old dual marker has been all but lost in most dialects, and case marking has been lost. The Old Manish collective suffix is no longer productive, but continues to be used on a few nouns. In all but the Royal dialect and a few fixed phrases, the construct state has also been lost. Marking on nouns is now limited to gender, number, and augmentatives or diminutives.

====Gender====
All Manish nouns belong either to the masculine or the feminine gender. On native Manish nouns, this is usually indicated by the presence of a final -o or -i for masculine and feminine, respectively. The gender of a noun does not affect its morphology, but it does require adjective and verb agreement. Nouns borrowed from other languages may or may not end in -o or -i. Typically, if a noun was borrowed that already ended in -o or -i, it simply took the respective gender. Nouns that did not end in -o or -i are unpredictable. Some have since had -o or -i appended, belonging to the respective gender. This is especially common when there was a semantic connection between the word and a masculine or feminine referent. However, in other cases the original ending is kept intact. Most often, these words are considered masculine, but there are many exceptions.

====Number====
Manish nouns without modification are typically singular. In order to pluralize a noun ending in a vowel, it is simply necessary to add the suffix ''-n''. If the word ends in /m/ or a liquid, it is replaced by an ''-n''. If the word ends in a fricative, ''-en'' is appended. No words end in stops. Words that already end in ''-n'' in the singular have identical singular and plural forms, and context or an explicit number is required to disambiguate it.

Old Manish had a dual marker, ''-qim'', which is reflected in Modern Manish as ''-kîn''. However, it is not commonly used except in the Royal dialect and with a few words that naturally come in pairs, such as eyes. Because the Old Manish form began with a uvular, vowels often undergo ablaut when this suffix is used. Since this form only exists for a few nouns, they are typically considered irregular.

Old Manish also had a collective marker ''-kale'', which has fallen out of use in all standard dialects of Modern Manish. However, a few standard Modern Manish words derive historically from this form. For example, ''brîkale'' 'council of gods' from ''brîko'' 'a god'. These forms are typically irregular in meaning.

====Augmentative and diminutive suffixes====
Only one diminutive suffix and one augmentative suffix remain common in every modern dialect of Manish. The endings are dependent on the gender of the noun. Masculine nouns take the suffix ''-rono'' for diminutives and ''-ro'' for augmentatives. Feminine nouns take ''-rini'' for diminutives and ''-ri'' for augmentatives. These suffixes can only be applied to native Manish nouns and loan nouns that have been assimilated with an ''-o'' or ''-i'' ending. There are also some dialect-specific augmentatives and diminutives.



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-24T23:13:00Z

Andenor: /* Number */ Corrected a spelling mistake

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to [[Old Manish]], which in turn derives from [[Ancient Manish]], one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
Compared to the nouns of Old Manish, Modern Manish noun morphology has been heavily simplified over the course of time. The old dual marker has been all but lost in most dialects, and case marking has been lost. The Old Manish collective suffix is no longer productive, but continues to be used on a few nouns. In all but the Royal dialect and a few fixed phrases, the construct state has also been lost. Marking on nouns is now limited to gender, number, and augmentatives or diminutives.

====Gender====
All Manish nouns belong either to the masculine or the feminine gender. On native Manish nouns, this is usually indicated by the presence of a final -o or -i for masculine and feminine, respectively. The gender of a noun does not affect its morphology, but it does require adjective and verb agreement. Nouns borrowed from other languages may or may not end in -o or -i. Typically, if a noun was borrowed that already ended in -o or -i, it simply took the respective gender. Nouns that did not end in -o or -i are unpredictable. Some have since had -o or -i appended, belonging to the respective gender. This is especially common when there was a semantic connection between the word and a masculine or feminine referent. However, in other cases the original ending is kept intact. Most often, these words are considered masculine, but there are many exceptions.

====Number====
Manish nouns without modification are typically singular. In order to pluralize a noun ending in a vowel, it is simply necessary to add the suffix ''-n''. If the word ends in /m/ or a liquid, it is replaced by an ''-n''. If the word ends in a fricative, ''-en'' is appended. No words end in stops. Words that already end in ''-n'' in the singular have identical singular and plural forms, and context or an explicit number is required to disambiguate it.

Old Manish had a dual marker, ''-qim'', which is reflected in Modern Manish as ''-kîn''. However, it is not commonly used except in the Royal dialect and with a few words that naturally come in pairs, such as eyes. Because the Old Manish form began with a uvular, vowels often undergo ablaut when this suffix is used. Since this form only exists for a few nouns, they are typically considered irregular.

Old Manish also had a collective marker ''-kale'', which has fallen out of use in all standard dialects of Modern Manish. However, a few standard Modern Manish words derive historically from this form. For example, ''brîkale'' 'council of gods' from ''brîko'' 'a god'. These forms are typically irregular in meaning.

====Augmentative and diminutive suffixes====
Only one diminutive suffix and one augmentative suffix remain common in every modern dialect of Manish. The endings are dependent on the gender of the noun. Masculine nouns take the suffix ''-rono'' for diminutives and ''-ro'' for augmentatives. Feminine nouns take ''-rini'' for diminutives and ''-ri'' for augmentatives. These suffixes can only be applied to native Manish nouns and loan nouns that have been assimilated with an ''-o'' or ''-i'' ending. There are also some dialect-specific augmentatives and diminutives.



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-24T23:11:32Z

Andenor: /* Syllable Structure */ corrected capitalization

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to [[Old Manish]], which in turn derives from [[Ancient Manish]], one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
Compared to the nouns of Old Manish, Modern Manish noun morphology has been heavily simplified over the course of time. The old dual marker has been all but lost in most dialects, and case marking has been lost. The Old Manish collective suffix is no longer productive, but continues to be used on a few nouns. In all but the Royal dialect and a few fixed phrases, the construct state has also been lost. Marking on nouns is now limited to gender, number, and augmentatives or diminutives.

====Gender====
All Manish nouns belong either to the masculine or the feminine gender. On native Manish nouns, this is usually indicated by the presence of a final -o or -i for masculine and feminine, respectively. The gender of a noun does not affect its morphology, but it does require adjective and verb agreement. Nouns borrowed from other languages may or may not end in -o or -i. Typically, if a noun was borrowed that already ended in -o or -i, it simply took the respective gender. Nouns that did not end in -o or -i are unpredictable. Some have since had -o or -i appended, belonging to the respective gender. This is especially common when there was a semantic connection between the word and a masculine or feminine referent. However, in other cases the original ending is kept intact. Most often, these words are considered masculine, but there are many exceptions.

====Number====
Manish nouns without modification are typically singular. In order to pluralize a noun ending in a vowel, it is simply necessary to add the suffix -n. If the word ends in /m/ or a liquid, it is replaced by an -n. If the word ends in a fricative, -en is appended. No words end in stops. Words that already end in -n in the singular have identical singular and plural forms, and context or an explicit number is required to disambiguate it.

Old Manish had a dual marker, ''-qim'', which is reflected in Modern Manish as ''-kin''. However, it is not commonly used except in the Royal dialect and with a few words that naturally come in pairs, such as eyes. Because the Old Manish form began with a uvular, vowels often undergo ablaut when this suffix is used. Since this form only exists for a few nouns, they are typically considered irregular.

Old Manish also had a collective marker ''-kale'', which has fallen out of use in all standard dialects of Modern Manish. However, a few standard Modern Manish words derive historically from this form. For example, ''brîkale'' 'council of gods' from ''brîko'' 'a god'. These forms are typically irregular in meaning.

====Augmentative and diminutive suffixes====
Only one diminutive suffix and one augmentative suffix remain common in every modern dialect of Manish. The endings are dependent on the gender of the noun. Masculine nouns take the suffix ''-rono'' for diminutives and ''-ro'' for augmentatives. Feminine nouns take ''-rini'' for diminutives and ''-ri'' for augmentatives. These suffixes can only be applied to native Manish nouns and loan nouns that have been assimilated with an ''-o'' or ''-i'' ending. There are also some dialect-specific augmentatives and diminutives.



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-24T23:11:06Z

Andenor: Added section on augmentative and diminutive suffixes. Also corrected capitalization of section titles.

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to [[Old Manish]], which in turn derives from [[Ancient Manish]], one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
Compared to the nouns of Old Manish, Modern Manish noun morphology has been heavily simplified over the course of time. The old dual marker has been all but lost in most dialects, and case marking has been lost. The Old Manish collective suffix is no longer productive, but continues to be used on a few nouns. In all but the Royal dialect and a few fixed phrases, the construct state has also been lost. Marking on nouns is now limited to gender, number, and augmentatives or diminutives.

====Gender====
All Manish nouns belong either to the masculine or the feminine gender. On native Manish nouns, this is usually indicated by the presence of a final -o or -i for masculine and feminine, respectively. The gender of a noun does not affect its morphology, but it does require adjective and verb agreement. Nouns borrowed from other languages may or may not end in -o or -i. Typically, if a noun was borrowed that already ended in -o or -i, it simply took the respective gender. Nouns that did not end in -o or -i are unpredictable. Some have since had -o or -i appended, belonging to the respective gender. This is especially common when there was a semantic connection between the word and a masculine or feminine referent. However, in other cases the original ending is kept intact. Most often, these words are considered masculine, but there are many exceptions.

====Number====
Manish nouns without modification are typically singular. In order to pluralize a noun ending in a vowel, it is simply necessary to add the suffix -n. If the word ends in /m/ or a liquid, it is replaced by an -n. If the word ends in a fricative, -en is appended. No words end in stops. Words that already end in -n in the singular have identical singular and plural forms, and context or an explicit number is required to disambiguate it.

Old Manish had a dual marker, ''-qim'', which is reflected in Modern Manish as ''-kin''. However, it is not commonly used except in the Royal dialect and with a few words that naturally come in pairs, such as eyes. Because the Old Manish form began with a uvular, vowels often undergo ablaut when this suffix is used. Since this form only exists for a few nouns, they are typically considered irregular.

Old Manish also had a collective marker ''-kale'', which has fallen out of use in all standard dialects of Modern Manish. However, a few standard Modern Manish words derive historically from this form. For example, ''brîkale'' 'council of gods' from ''brîko'' 'a god'. These forms are typically irregular in meaning.

====Augmentative and diminutive suffixes====
Only one diminutive suffix and one augmentative suffix remain common in every modern dialect of Manish. The endings are dependent on the gender of the noun. Masculine nouns take the suffix ''-rono'' for diminutives and ''-ro'' for augmentatives. Feminine nouns take ''-rini'' for diminutives and ''-ri'' for augmentatives. These suffixes can only be applied to native Manish nouns and loan nouns that have been assimilated with an ''-o'' or ''-i'' ending. There are also some dialect-specific augmentatives and diminutives.



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-24T23:05:33Z

Andenor: /* Origin */

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to [[Old Manish]], which in turn derives from [[Ancient Manish]], one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
Compared to the nouns of Old Manish, Modern Manish noun morphology has been heavily simplified over the course of time. The old dual marker has been all but lost in most dialects, and case marking has been lost. The Old Manish collective suffix is no longer productive, but continues to be used on a few nouns. In all but the Royal dialect and a few fixed phrases, the construct state has also been lost. Marking on nouns is now limited to gender, number, and augmentatives or diminutives.

====Gender====
All Manish nouns belong either to the masculine or the feminine gender. On native Manish nouns, this is usually indicated by the presence of a final -o or -i for masculine and feminine, respectively. The gender of a noun does not affect its morphology, but it does require adjective and verb agreement. Nouns borrowed from other languages may or may not end in -o or -i. Typically, if a noun was borrowed that already ended in -o or -i, it simply took the respective gender. Nouns that did not end in -o or -i are unpredictable. Some have since had -o or -i appended, belonging to the respective gender. This is especially common when there was a semantic connection between the word and a masculine or feminine referent. However, in other cases the original ending is kept intact. Most often, these words are considered masculine, but there are many exceptions.

====Number====
Manish nouns without modification are typically singular. In order to pluralize a noun ending in a vowel, it is simply necessary to add the suffix -n. If the word ends in /m/ or a liquid, it is replaced by an -n. If the word ends in a fricative, -en is appended. No words end in stops. Words that already end in -n in the singular have identical singular and plural forms, and context or an explicit number is required to disambiguate it.

Old Manish had a dual marker, ''-qim'', which is reflected in Modern Manish as ''-kin''. However, it is not commonly used except in the Royal dialect and with a few words that naturally come in pairs, such as eyes. Because the Old Manish form began with a uvular, vowels often undergo ablaut when this suffix is used. Since this form only exists for a few nouns, they are typically considered irregular.

Old Manish also had a collective marker ''-kale'', which has fallen out of use in all standard dialects of Modern Manish. However, a few standard Modern Manish words derive historically from this form. For example, ''brîkale'' 'council of gods' from ''brîko'' 'a god'. These forms are typically irregular in meaning.



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld/doc

2020-02-19T23:35:38Z

Andenor: Created page with "Most of this documentation was pulled directly from the documentation for Template:Infobox language, the template upon which this template is based. This template is used..."

Most of this documentation was pulled directly from the documentation for [[Template:Infobox language]], the template upon which this template is based.

This template is used create an infobox detailing a constructed world or setting.
==Usage==
<pre>
{{infobox conworld
| name = Name of World
| altname = Alternate name of world
| nativename = The name of the world in a native language or a second additional name
| pronunciation = An IPA pronunciation of the name
| inhabitants = A list of the inhabitants of the world (races, species, etc.)
| fam1 = A family of languages spoken there
| ...
| fam10 = A family of languages spoken there
| lang1 = A specific language spoken there
| ...
| lang10 = A specific language spoken there
| creator = Name of the creator of the world
| created = Date of creation
|image = image at top of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets.
|imagesize = override default image size (currently 250px). Use units ("123px", "12em")
|imagealt = alt text for the image
|imagecaption = caption to appear under image
|imageheader = brief header for image (appears in the left-hand column)
|map = image at bottom of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets.
|mapsize = override default map size (currently 350px). Use units ("123px", "12em"). Affects both maps.
|mapalt = alt text for the map
|mapcaption = caption to appear under map
|map2 = a second map
|mapalt2 = alt text for the second map
|mapcaption2 = caption to appear under both maps
|boxsize = overrides default width of infobox, currently set at 22em. Format must include units ("12em" or "123px").
Useful when an article has various infoboxes aligned in a column. (Box will automatically expand to fix map wider than default box width.)
|notice = IPA/ipa [adds notice for IPA notation]
|notice = Indic/indic [adds notice for Indic scripts]
|notice = signnotice [adds links for sign languages]
|notice2 = [adds a 2nd notice]
}}
</pre>

=== Placement ===
The template should placed at the very top of the wikitext of the article, before any text. The absolute basic syntax is as shown below:
:'''<nowiki>{{Infobox conworld</nowiki>''' ← this calls the template
:'''|name='''name of conworld ← the name of the language needs to be given
:'''<nowiki>}}</nowiki>''' ← this ends the template call

However, you will probably want to add more than just this. Other parameters are listed below, they can be incorporated anywhere between the first and last lines, and in any order.

=== Additional parameters ===

There are several more parameters that can be defined between the opening and closing lines. These are:
:'''|altname='''additional name of the language [not every one, but one a reader would be likely to look for]
:'''|nativename='''native name, or a second alternative name [most cases as of 2012 not actually the native name]

=== Optional parameters ===

Some parts of the template remain invisible unless they are specifically called. Only use these parameters if they are required.
:'''|pronunciation='''pronunciation of the native name of the language in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] → remember to enclose the transcription

=== Images in the template ===

You cannot put large images into the language template: they just make it very messy. You can place a small image at the top of the template using the following parameters:
:'''|image='''image name.png
:'''|imagesize='''200px ← overrides the default image size
:'''|imagealt='''alt text
:'''|imagecaption='''caption
:'''|imageheader='''very simple description of image ('logo', 'map', 'script', etc.) ← this is placed in the left-hand column, and so needs to be short

If you have a slightly larger image or two, such as a map, you can place at the bottom of the template, spanning both columns, with the following parameter:
:'''|map(2)='''image name.png
:'''|mapsize='''300px ← overrides the default image size
:'''|mapalt(2)='''alt text
:'''|mapcaption(2)='''caption

The [[WP:EIS|usual image markup]] applies for both images. [[Alt text]] is for visually impaired readers, and the [[WP:CAPTION|caption]] is for all readers; typically they should have little in common (see [[WP:ALT]]).

=== Footer notice ===
A notice or notices may be placed at the bottom of the infobox:
:'''|notice(2)=ipa''' ← places a notice about the [[Unicode]] fonts used for displaying [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
:'''|notice(2)=signnotice''' ← adds various links for [[sign language]]s
:'''|notice(2)=Indic''' ← places a notice about Indic-font support

<noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld

2020-02-19T23:14:35Z

Andenor:

{{Infobox
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}}

| abovestyle = color: white; background-color: black;
| above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
| aboveclass = above

| headerstyle = color: white; background-color: black;

| subheaderstyle = font-weight: bold; color: white; background-color: black;
| subheader = {{{altname|}}}{{#if:{{{altname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nativename|}}}|<br/>}}}}{{{nativename|}}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|[[File:{{{image}}}|200px{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]]
}}
| caption = {{{imagecaption|}}}

| label1 = Pronunciation
| data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''will be added''}}}}}
| label2 = Created by
| data2 = {{{creator|–}}}
| label3 = Date
| data3 = {{{created|}}}
| label4 = Inhabitants
| data4 = {{#if:{{{inhabitants|}}}|{{{inhabitants}}}}}
| label5 = {{#if:{{{fam1|}}}|[[w:Language family|Language families]]}}
| data5 = {{#if:{{{fam1|}}}|*{{{fam1}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam2|}}}|*{{{fam2}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam3|}}}|*{{{fam3}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam4|}}}|*{{{fam4}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam5|}}}|*{{{fam5}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam6|}}}|*{{{fam6}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam7|}}}|*{{{fam7}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam8|}}}|*{{{fam8}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam9|}}}|*{{{fam9}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam10|}}}|*{{{fam10}}}}}
| label6 = {{#if:{{{lang1|}}}|Languages}}
| data6 = {{#if:{{{lang1|}}}|*{{{lang1}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang2|}}}|*{{{lang2}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang3|}}}|*{{{lang3}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang4|}}}|*{{{lang4}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang5|}}}|*{{{lang5}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang6|}}}|*{{{lang6}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang7|}}}|*{{{lang7}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang8|}}}|*{{{lang8}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang9|}}}|*{{{lang9}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang10|}}}|*{{{lang10}}}}}
| data7 = {{#if:{{{map|}}}
| [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}}
}}
| data8 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}}
| [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}}
}}
| data9 = {{#if:{{{notice|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
| data10 = {{#if:{{{notice2|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice2|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
}}<includeonly>[[Category:Settings]]</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld

2020-02-19T23:04:59Z

Andenor:

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld

2020-02-19T23:03:29Z

Andenor:

{{Infobox
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}}

| abovestyle = color: white; background-color: black;
| above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
| aboveclass = above

| headerstyle = color: white; background-color: black;

| subheaderstyle = font-weight: bold; color: white; background-color: black;
| subheader = {{{altname|}}}{{#if:{{{altname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nativename|}}}|<br/>}}}}{{{nativename|}}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|[[File:{{{image}}}|200px{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]]
}}
| caption = {{{imagecaption|}}}

| label1 = Pronunciation
| data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''will be added''}}}}}
| label2 = Created by
| data2 = {{{creator|–}}}
| label3 = Date
| data3 = {{{created|}}}
| label4 = Inhabitants
| data4 = {{#if:{{{inhabitants|}}}|{{{inhabitants}}}}}
| label5 = {{#if:{{{fam1|}}}|[[w:Language family|Language families]]}}
| data5 = {{#if:{{{fam1|}}}|*{{{fam1}}}
{{#if:{{{fam2}}}|*{{{fam2}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam3}}}|*{{{fam3}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam4}}}|*{{{fam4}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam5}}}|*{{{fam5}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam6}}}|*{{{fam6}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam7}}}|*{{{fam7}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam8}}}|*{{{fam8}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam9}}}|*{{{fam9}}}}}
{{#if:{{{fam10}}}|*{{{fam10}}}}}}}
| label6 = {{#if:{{{lang1|}}}|Languages}}
| data6 = {{#if:{{{lang1|}}}|*{{{lang1}}}
{{#if:{{{lang2}}}|*{{{lang2}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang3}}}|*{{{lang3}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang4}}}|*{{{lang4}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang5}}}|*{{{lang5}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang6}}}|*{{{lang6}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang7}}}|*{{{lang7}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang8}}}|*{{{lang8}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang9}}}|*{{{lang9}}}}}
{{#if:{{{lang10}}}|*{{{lang10}}}}}}}
| data7 = {{#if:{{{map|}}}
| [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}}
}}
| data8 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}}
| [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}}
}}
| data9 = {{#if:{{{notice|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
| data10 = {{#if:{{{notice2|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice2|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld

2020-02-19T23:00:17Z

Andenor:

{{Infobox
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}}

| abovestyle = color: white; background-color: black;
| above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
| aboveclass = above

| headerstyle = color: white; background-color: black;

| subheaderstyle = font-weight: bold; color: white; background-color: black;
| subheader = {{{altname|}}}{{#if:{{{altname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nativename|}}}|<br/>}}}}{{{nativename|}}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|[[File:{{{image}}}|200px{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]]
}}
| caption = {{{imagecaption|}}}

| label1 = Pronunciation
| data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''will be added''}}}}}
| label2 = Created by
| data2 = {{{creator|–}}}
| label3 = Date
| data3 = {{{created|}}}
| label4 = Inhabitants
| data4 = {{#if:{{{inhabitants|}}}|{{{inhabitants}}}}}
| label5 = {{#if:{{{fam1|}}}|[[w:Language family|Language families]]}}
| data5 = {{#if:{{{fam1|}}}|*{{{fam1}}}
*{{{fam2}}}
*{{{fam3}}}
*{{{fam4}}}
*{{{fam5}}}
*{{{fam6}}}
*{{{fam7}}}
*{{{fam8}}}
*{{{fam9}}}
*{{{fam10}}}}}
| label6 = {{#if:{{{lang1|}}}|Languages}}
| data6 = {{#if:{{{lang1|}}}|*{{{lang1}}}
*{{{lang2}}}
*{{{lang3}}}
*{{{lang4}}}
*{{{lang5}}}
*{{{lang6}}}
*{{{lang7}}}
*{{{lang8}}}
*{{{lang9}}}
*{{{lang10}}}}}
| data7 = {{#if:{{{map|}}}
| [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}}
}}
| data8 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}}
| [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}}
}}
| data9 = {{#if:{{{notice|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
| data10 = {{#if:{{{notice2|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice2|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld

2020-02-19T22:58:16Z

Andenor:

{{Infobox
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}}

| abovestyle = color: white; background-color: black;
| above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
| aboveclass = above

| headerstyle = color: white; background-color: black;

| subheaderstyle = font-weight: bold; color: white; background-color: black;
| subheader = {{{altname|}}}{{#if:{{{altname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nativename|}}}|<br/>}}}}{{{nativename|}}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|[[File:{{{image}}}|200px{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]]
}}
| caption = {{{imagecaption|}}}

| label1 = Pronunciation
| data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''will be added''}}}}}
| label2 = Created by
| data2 = {{{creator|–}}}
| label3 = Date
| data3 = {{{created|}}}
| label4 = Inhabitants
| data4 = {{#if:{{{inhabitants|}}}|{{{inhabitants}}}}}
| label5 = {{#if:{{{fam1|}}}|[[w:Language family|Language families]]}}
| data5 = *{{{fam1}}}
*{{{fam2}}}
*{{{fam3}}}
*{{{fam4}}}
*{{{fam5}}}
*{{{fam6}}}
*{{{fam7}}}
*{{{fam8}}}
*{{{fam9}}}
*{{{fam10}}}
| label6 = {{#if{{{lang1|}}}|Languages}}
| data6 = *{{{lang1}}}
*{{{lang2}}}
*{{{lang3}}}
*{{{lang4}}}
*{{{lang5}}}
*{{{lang6}}}
*{{{lang7}}}
*{{{lang8}}}
*{{{lang9}}}
*{{{lang10}}}
| data6 = {{#if:{{{map|}}}
| [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}}
}}
| data7 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}}
| [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}}
}}
| data8 = {{#if:{{{notice|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
| data27 = {{#if:{{{notice2|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice2|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld

2020-02-19T22:46:31Z

Andenor:

{{Infobox
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}}

| abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{#ifeq:{{Infobox conworld/world-color|{{{worldcolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{Infobox conworld/world-color|{{{worldcolor|Default}}} }};
| above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
| aboveclass = above

| headerstyle = color: white; background-color: black;

| subheaderstyle = font-weight: bold; color: white; background-color: black;
| subheader = {{{altname|}}}{{#if:{{{altname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nativename|}}}|<br/>}}}}{{{nativename|}}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|[[File:{{{image}}}|200px{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]]
}}
| caption = {{{imagecaption|}}}

| label1 = Pronunciation
| data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''will be added''}}}}}
| label2 = Created by
| data2 = {{{creator|–}}}
| label3 = Date
| data3 = {{{created|}}}
| label4 = [[w:Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]
| data4 = {{#if:{{{latd|}}}
| <small style="white-space: nowrap">{{coord|{{{latd}}}|{{{latm}}}|{{{latNS}}}|{{{longd}}}|{{{longm}}}|{{{longEW}}}|type:landmark|display=inline}}</small>
}}
| label5 = Inhabitants
| data5 = {{#if:{{{inhabitants|}}}|{{{inhabitants}}}}}
| data6 ={{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{extinct}}}|?|(date unknown)|{{{extinct}}}}}|{{#if:{{{era|}}}|{{{era}}}
|{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{speakers|–}}}
|{{#ifeq: {{{date}}}|no date|{{{speakers|–}}}  (no date)|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|?|(unknown)
|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|none|''None''
|{{{speakers|–}}}  ({{#if:{{{date}}}|{{{date}}}|no date}})
}} }}}}}}|}}}} }}

| label10 = [[w:Language family|Language family]]
| data10 = <div style="text-align:left;">{{{family|{{{fam1|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}
|''Unknown''<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without classification]]</includeonly>
|{{Infobox language/genetic|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}
}}}}}
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li>
{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|isolate||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Isolate||{{#if:{{{fam2|}}}
| {{{fam2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam3|}}}
| {{{fam3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam4|}}}
| {{{fam4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam5|}}}
| {{{fam5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam6|}}}
| {{{fam6}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam7|}}}
| {{{fam7}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam8|}}}
| {{{fam8}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam9|}}}
| {{{fam9}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam10|}}}
| {{{fam10}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam11|}}}
| {{{fam11}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam12|}}}
| {{{fam12}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam13|}}}
| {{{fam13}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam14|}}}
| {{{fam14}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam15|}}}
| {{{fam15}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul>
| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>
}}}}}}}}}}}</div>
| label11 = Early forms:
| data11 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}}
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}}
| {{{ancestor2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}}
| {{{ancestor3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}}
| {{{ancestor4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}}
| {{{ancestor5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul>
| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul> </div>
}}
| label12 = Standard forms
| data12 = {{#if:{{{standards|}}}|{{{standards}}}
|{{#if:{{{stand1|}}}|
<div>{{{stand1|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand2|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand3|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand4|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand5|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand6|}}}</div>
}}}}
| label13 = Dialects
| data13 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}|{{{dialects}}}
|{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}|
<div>{{{dia1|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia2|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia3|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia4|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia5|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia6|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia7|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia8|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia9|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia10|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia11|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia12|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia13|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia14|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia15|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia16|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia17|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia18|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia19|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia20|}}}</div>
}}}}
| label14 = [[w:Writing system|Writing system]]
| data14 = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{script|}}}}}
| latin
| [[w:latin|Latin]]
| latin alphabet
| [[w:latin alphabet|latin alphabet]]
| [[w:latin alphabet|latin]] = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
| #default = {{{script|}}}
}}
| header15 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{agency|}}}|Official status}}
| label16 = Official language in
| data16 = {{{nation|}}}
| label17 = Recognised minority language in
| data17 = {{{minority|}}}
| label18 = [[w:List of language regulators|Regulated by]]
| data18 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}}
| ''None''

}}}}}
| label23 = [[w:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]
| data23 = {{#if:{{{iso3|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{#if:{{{iso3comment|}}}|{{{iso3comment}}}|''None''}}|<tt>[[w:ISO639-3:{{{iso3}}}|{{{iso3}}}]]</tt> {{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| – [[w:ISO 639 macrolanguage|inclusive code]]}} {{{iso3comment|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| |–}}}}{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|1|0}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual codes|{{#if:{{{lc3|}}}|Variously|Either}}}}:{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc1|}}}|{{{ld1|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc2|}}}|{{{ld2|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc3|}}}|{{{ld3|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc4|}}}|{{{ld4|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc5|}}}|{{{ld5|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc6|}}}|{{{ld6|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc7|}}}|{{{ld7|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc8|}}}|{{{ld8|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc9|}}}|{{{ld9|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc10|}}}|{{{ld10|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc11|}}}|{{{ld11|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc12|}}}|{{{ld12|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc13|}}}|{{{ld13|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc14|}}}|{{{ld14|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc15|}}}|{{{ld15|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc16|}}}|{{{ld16|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc17|}}}|{{{ld17|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc18|}}}|{{{ld18|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc19|}}}|{{{ld19|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc20|}}}|{{{ld20|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc21|}}}|{{{ld21|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc22|}}}|{{{ld22|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc23|}}}|{{{ld23|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc24|}}}|{{{ld24|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc25|}}}|{{{ld25|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc26|}}}|{{{ld26|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc27|}}}|{{{ld27|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc28|}}}|{{{ld28|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc29|}}}|{{{ld29|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc30|}}}|{{{ld30|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc31|}}}|{{{ld31|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc32|}}}|{{{ld32|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc33|}}}|{{{ld33|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc34|}}}|{{{ld34|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc35|}}}|{{{ld35|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc36|}}}|{{{ld36|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc37|}}}|{{{ld37|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc38|}}}|{{{ld38|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc39|}}}|{{{ld39|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc40|}}}|{{{ld40|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc41|}}}|{{{ld41|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc42|}}}|{{{ld42|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc43|}}}|{{{ld43|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc44|}}}|{{{ld44|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc45|}}}|{{{ld45|}}} }}
|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual code:}}{{Infobox language/codelist|code={{{lc1}}}|2={{{ld1|}}} }} }} }}

| data24 = {{#if:{{{map|}}}
| [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}}
}}
| data25 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}}
| [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}}
}}
| data26 = {{#if:{{{notice|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
| data27 = {{#if:{{{notice2|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice2|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld

2020-02-19T22:45:47Z

Andenor:

{{Infobox
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}}

| abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{#ifeq:{{Infobox conworld/world-color|{{{worldcolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{Infobox conworld/world-color|{{{worldcolor|Default}}} }};
| above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
| aboveclass = above

| headerstyle = color: white; background-color: black;

| subheaderstyle = font-weight: bold; color: white; background-color: black;
| subheader = {{{altname|}}}{{#if:{{{altname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nativename|}}}|<br/>}}}}{{{nativename|}}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|[[File:{{{image}}}|200px{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]]
}}
| caption = {{{imagecaption|}}}

| label1 = Pronunciation
| data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''will be added''}}}}}
| label2 = Created by
| data2 = {{{creator|–}}}
| label5 = Date
| data3 = {{{created|}}}
| label7 = [[w:Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]
| data4 = {{#if:{{{latd|}}}
| <small style="white-space: nowrap">{{coord|{{{latd}}}|{{{latm}}}|{{{latNS}}}|{{{longd}}}|{{{longm}}}|{{{longEW}}}|type:landmark|display=inline}}</small>
}}
| label8 = Inhabitants
| data5 = {{#if:{{{inhabitants|}}}|{{{inhabitants}}}}}
| data6 ={{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{extinct}}}|?|(date unknown)|{{{extinct}}}}}|{{#if:{{{era|}}}|{{{era}}}
|{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{speakers|–}}}
|{{#ifeq: {{{date}}}|no date|{{{speakers|–}}}  (no date)|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|?|(unknown)
|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|none|''None''
|{{{speakers|–}}}  ({{#if:{{{date}}}|{{{date}}}|no date}})
}} }}}}}}|}}}} }}

| label10 = [[w:Language family|Language family]]
| data10 = <div style="text-align:left;">{{{family|{{{fam1|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}
|''Unknown''<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without classification]]</includeonly>
|{{Infobox language/genetic|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}
}}}}}
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li>
{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|isolate||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Isolate||{{#if:{{{fam2|}}}
| {{{fam2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam3|}}}
| {{{fam3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam4|}}}
| {{{fam4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam5|}}}
| {{{fam5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam6|}}}
| {{{fam6}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam7|}}}
| {{{fam7}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam8|}}}
| {{{fam8}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam9|}}}
| {{{fam9}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam10|}}}
| {{{fam10}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam11|}}}
| {{{fam11}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam12|}}}
| {{{fam12}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam13|}}}
| {{{fam13}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam14|}}}
| {{{fam14}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam15|}}}
| {{{fam15}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul>
| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>
}}}}}}}}}}}</div>
| label11 = Early forms:
| data11 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}}
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}}
| {{{ancestor2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}}
| {{{ancestor3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}}
| {{{ancestor4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}}
| {{{ancestor5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul>
| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul> </div>
}}
| label12 = Standard forms
| data12 = {{#if:{{{standards|}}}|{{{standards}}}
|{{#if:{{{stand1|}}}|
<div>{{{stand1|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand2|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand3|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand4|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand5|}}}</div>
<div>{{{stand6|}}}</div>
}}}}
| label13 = Dialects
| data13 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}|{{{dialects}}}
|{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}|
<div>{{{dia1|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia2|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia3|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia4|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia5|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia6|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia7|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia8|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia9|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia10|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia11|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia12|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia13|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia14|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia15|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia16|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia17|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia18|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia19|}}}</div>
<div>{{{dia20|}}}</div>
}}}}
| label14 = [[w:Writing system|Writing system]]
| data14 = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{script|}}}}}
| latin
| [[w:latin|Latin]]
| latin alphabet
| [[w:latin alphabet|latin alphabet]]
| [[w:latin alphabet|latin]] = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
| #default = {{{script|}}}
}}
| header15 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{agency|}}}|Official status}}
| label16 = Official language in
| data16 = {{{nation|}}}
| label17 = Recognised minority language in
| data17 = {{{minority|}}}
| label18 = [[w:List of language regulators|Regulated by]]
| data18 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}}
| ''None''

}}}}}
| label23 = [[w:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]
| data23 = {{#if:{{{iso3|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{#if:{{{iso3comment|}}}|{{{iso3comment}}}|''None''}}|<tt>[[w:ISO639-3:{{{iso3}}}|{{{iso3}}}]]</tt> {{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| – [[w:ISO 639 macrolanguage|inclusive code]]}} {{{iso3comment|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| |–}}}}{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|1|0}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual codes|{{#if:{{{lc3|}}}|Variously|Either}}}}:{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc1|}}}|{{{ld1|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc2|}}}|{{{ld2|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc3|}}}|{{{ld3|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc4|}}}|{{{ld4|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc5|}}}|{{{ld5|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc6|}}}|{{{ld6|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc7|}}}|{{{ld7|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc8|}}}|{{{ld8|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc9|}}}|{{{ld9|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc10|}}}|{{{ld10|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc11|}}}|{{{ld11|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc12|}}}|{{{ld12|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc13|}}}|{{{ld13|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc14|}}}|{{{ld14|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc15|}}}|{{{ld15|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc16|}}}|{{{ld16|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc17|}}}|{{{ld17|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc18|}}}|{{{ld18|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc19|}}}|{{{ld19|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc20|}}}|{{{ld20|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc21|}}}|{{{ld21|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc22|}}}|{{{ld22|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc23|}}}|{{{ld23|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc24|}}}|{{{ld24|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc25|}}}|{{{ld25|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc26|}}}|{{{ld26|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc27|}}}|{{{ld27|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc28|}}}|{{{ld28|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc29|}}}|{{{ld29|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc30|}}}|{{{ld30|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc31|}}}|{{{ld31|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc32|}}}|{{{ld32|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc33|}}}|{{{ld33|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc34|}}}|{{{ld34|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc35|}}}|{{{ld35|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc36|}}}|{{{ld36|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc37|}}}|{{{ld37|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc38|}}}|{{{ld38|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc39|}}}|{{{ld39|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc40|}}}|{{{ld40|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc41|}}}|{{{ld41|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc42|}}}|{{{ld42|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc43|}}}|{{{ld43|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc44|}}}|{{{ld44|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist
|{{{lc45|}}}|{{{ld45|}}} }}
|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual code:}}{{Infobox language/codelist|code={{{lc1}}}|2={{{ld1|}}} }} }} }}

| data24 = {{#if:{{{map|}}}
| [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}}
}}
| data25 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}}
| [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}}
}}
| data26 = {{#if:{{{notice|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
| data27 = {{#if:{{{notice2|}}}|
{{{!}} style="text-align:left;"
{{Infobox language/{{{notice2|}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}</noinclude>

User:Andenor/Template:Infobox conworld

2020-02-19T22:43:51Z

Andenor: TESTING

{{Infobox
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}}

| abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{#ifeq:{{Infobox conworld/world-color|{{{worldcolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{Infobox conworld/world-color|{{{worldcolor|Default}}} }};
| above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
| aboveclass = above

| headerstyle = color: white; background-color: black;

| subheaderstyle = font-weight: bold; color: white; background-color: black;
| subheader = {{{altname|}}}{{#if:{{{altname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nativename|}}}|<br/>}}}}{{{nativename|}}}

| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
|[[File:{{{image}}}|200px{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]]
}}
| caption = {{{imagecaption|}}}

| label1 = Pronunciation
| data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''will be added''}}}}}
| label2 = Created by
| data2 = {{{creator|–}}}
| label5 = Date
| data3 = {{{created|}}}
| label7 = [[w:Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]
| data4 = {{#if:{{{latd|}}}
| <small style="white-space: nowrap">{{coord|{{{latd}}}|{{{latm}}}|{{{latNS}}}|{{{longd}}}|{{{longm}}}|{{{longEW}}}|type:landmark|display=inline}}</small>
}}
| data5 = {{#if:{{{inhabitants|}}}|{{{inhabitants}}}}}
| data6 ={{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{extinct}}}|?|(date unknown)|{{{extinct}}}}}|{{#if:{{{era|}}}|{{{era}}}
|{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{speakers|–}}}
|{{#ifeq: {{{date}}}|no date|{{{speakers|–}}}  (no date)|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|?|(unknown)
|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|none|''None''
|{{{speakers|–}}}  ({{#if:{{{date}}}|{{{date}}}|no date}})
}} }}}}}}|}}}} }}

| label10 = [[w:Language family|Language family]]
| data10 = <div style="text-align:left;">{{{family|{{{fam1|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}
|''Unknown''<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without classification]]</includeonly>
|{{Infobox language/genetic|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}
}}}}}
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li>
{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|isolate||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Isolate||{{#if:{{{fam2|}}}
| {{{fam2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam3|}}}
| {{{fam3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam4|}}}
| {{{fam4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam5|}}}
| {{{fam5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam6|}}}
| {{{fam6}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam7|}}}
| {{{fam7}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam8|}}}
| {{{fam8}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam9|}}}
| {{{fam9}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam10|}}}
| {{{fam10}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam11|}}}
| {{{fam11}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam12|}}}
| {{{fam12}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam13|}}}
| {{{fam13}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam14|}}}
| {{{fam14}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{fam15|}}}
| {{{fam15}}}<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul>
| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''
}}</li></ul>
}}}}}}}}}}}</div>
| label11 = Early forms:
| data11 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}}
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}}
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User:Andenor/Template:disambig

2020-02-18T23:20:53Z

Andenor:

:''This is a disambiguation page.''

'''{{{1}}}''' may refer to:
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User:Andenor/templatetest

2020-02-18T23:15:15Z

Andenor: Created page with "{{User:Andenor/Template:disambig|Manish|Modern Manish| a Manish language}}"

{{User:Andenor/Template:disambig|Manish|[[Modern Manish]]| a Manish language}}

User:Andenor/Template:disambig

2020-02-18T23:13:18Z

Andenor: Created

:''This is a disambiguation page.''

'''{{{1}}}''' may refer to:
{{#if: {{{2|}}} | *{{{2}}}, {{{3|}}} |}}

Modern Manish

2020-02-18T23:09:35Z

Andenor: Added Noun morphology section

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===
Compared to the nouns of Old Manish, Modern Manish noun morphology has been heavily simplified over the course of time. The old dual marker has been all but lost in most dialects, and case marking has been lost. The Old Manish collective suffix is no longer productive, but continues to be used on a few nouns. In all but the Royal dialect and a few fixed phrases, the construct state has also been lost. Marking on nouns is now limited to gender, number, and augmentatives or diminutives.

====Gender====
All Manish nouns belong either to the masculine or the feminine gender. On native Manish nouns, this is usually indicated by the presence of a final -o or -i for masculine and feminine, respectively. The gender of a noun does not affect its morphology, but it does require adjective and verb agreement. Nouns borrowed from other languages may or may not end in -o or -i. Typically, if a noun was borrowed that already ended in -o or -i, it simply took the respective gender. Nouns that did not end in -o or -i are unpredictable. Some have since had -o or -i appended, belonging to the respective gender. This is especially common when there was a semantic connection between the word and a masculine or feminine referent. However, in other cases the original ending is kept intact. Most often, these words are considered masculine, but there are many exceptions.

====Number====
Manish nouns without modification are typically singular. In order to pluralize a noun ending in a vowel, it is simply necessary to add the suffix -n. If the word ends in /m/ or a liquid, it is replaced by an -n. If the word ends in a fricative, -en is appended. No words end in stops. Words that already end in -n in the singular have identical singular and plural forms, and context or an explicit number is required to disambiguate it.

Old Manish had a dual marker, ''-qim'', which is reflected in Modern Manish as ''-kin''. However, it is not commonly used except in the Royal dialect and with a few words that naturally come in pairs, such as eyes. Because the Old Manish form began with a uvular, vowels often undergo ablaut when this suffix is used. Since this form only exists for a few nouns, they are typically considered irregular.

Old Manish also had a collective marker ''-kale'', which has fallen out of use in all standard dialects of Modern Manish. However, a few standard Modern Manish words derive historically from this form. For example, ''brîkale'' 'council of gods' from ''brîko'' 'a god'. These forms are typically irregular in meaning.



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-18T22:40:59Z

Andenor: Added to category 'A priori'

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]

Manish

2020-02-18T22:39:44Z

Andenor: Created page, redirected to disambiguation page

#REDIRECT [[Manish (disambiguation)]]

Bjeheond

2020-02-18T22:36:59Z

Andenor: Andenor moved page Bjeheond to Bjeheond (disambiguation): Added the word (disambiguation) to make clear that the page is for disambiguation

#REDIRECT [[Bjeheond (disambiguation)]]

Bjeheond (disambiguation)

2020-02-18T22:36:59Z

Andenor: Andenor moved page Bjeheond to Bjeheond (disambiguation): Added the word (disambiguation) to make clear that the page is for disambiguation

:''This is a disambiguation page.''
'''Bjeheond''' may refer to:

*the [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] region of [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]
*the Trician country [[Verse:Tricin/USB|United States of Bjeheond]] (USB)
*the Trician country [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]], also known as the Republic of Bjeheond

[[Category:Disambiguation pages]]

Category:Disambiguation pages

2020-02-18T22:35:36Z

Andenor: Created page

This is a category containing all disambiguation pages.

Manish (disambiguation)

2020-02-18T22:35:00Z

Andenor: Added 'this is a disambiguation page' and put in the 'disambiguation pages' category

:''This is a disambiguation page.''
'''Manish''' may refer to:
*[[Mannish]], a Germanic conlang created by [[User:Kóði|Kóði]]
*[[Manish Languages]], a family of languages spoken on the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]] (created by [[User:Andenor|Andenor]])
**[[Modern Manish]], the most widely spoken of the Manish languages
**[[Old Manish]], [[Ancient Manish]], or [[Middle Manish]], earlier stages of Modern Manish
[[Category:Disambiguation pages]]

Manish (disambiguation)

2020-02-18T22:31:16Z

Andenor: Andenor moved page Manish to Manish (disambiguation) without leaving a redirect: This is a disambiguation page

'''Manish''' may refer to:
*[[Mannish]], a Germanic conlang created by [[User:Kóði|Kóði]]
*[[Manish Languages]], a family of languages spoken on the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]] (created by [[User:Andenor|Andenor]])
**[[Modern Manish]], the most widely spoken of the Manish languages
**[[Old Manish]], [[Ancient Manish]], or [[Middle Manish]], earlier stages of Modern Manish

Manish (disambiguation)

2020-02-18T22:30:31Z

Andenor: Changed page from a redirect to a disambiguation page after discovering that Manish could refer to various conlangs

Modern Manish

2020-02-17T22:54:50Z

Andenor: bolded title

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

'''Modern Manish''' (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Manish languages

2020-02-17T22:54:29Z

Andenor: Bolded title

{{Infobox language family
| name = Manish
| setting = [[Aior]]
| ethnicity = Men
| region = All over Aior, especially the central and eastern portions
| familycolor = Constructed Language
| family = One of the primary language families
| proto = [[Ancient Manish]]
| child1 = [[Southern Manish]] {{small|([[Jungle Manish]] families)}}
| child2 = [[Western Manish]] {{small|([[Modern Manish]], [[Aiden]], [[Umnan]], and [[Plains Manish]]}}
| child3 = [[Eastern Manish]] {{small|(Including [[Mountain Manish]])}}
}}

The '''Manish language family''' is the most widely spoken in [[Aior]]. [[Modern Manish]] is the language with the largest number of native speakers and the language with the largest number of speakers overall.

==History==
[[Ancient Manish]] is one of the five primary languages given by the gods to the people of Aior shortly after the creation of the world. However, sometime near the year 500, a group of Men left for the southern jungle, which lead to the first split in the family tree between [[Southern Manish|Southern]] and [[Central Manish]]. Southern Manish has since split many more times, leading to the [[Jungle Manish|various languages and families]] of the Jungle Men of the south. Central Manish split shortly thereafter into [[Eastern Manish|Eastern]] and [[Western Manish]].

Eastern Manish is the ancestor of modern [[Mountain Manish]] languages. While none of these languages has received the prominence or prestige of the Western Manish languages, they have served as a heavy influence on many of the modern Western languages.

Western Manish, the ancestor of the most widely spoken Manish languages, broke up into many dialects and languages throughout the plains of central Aior. Most of these went on to become the [[Plains Manish]] languages of today. By the year 2000, [[Old Manish]], the ancestor of Modern Manish, was being spoken in Cartondin. Users of magic were banished to the Great Desert in southeast Aior and began to develop their own language, which would become [[Umnan]]. Old Manish as spoken in Aidenvelle in the northeastern mountains was heavily influenced by Mountain Manish, and ultimately the dialect spoken there developed into a new language, known as [[Aiden]].

User:Andenor

2020-02-17T22:54:03Z

Andenor: /* My Conlangs */

Hello! I am known around here as Andenor. At this point, the languages I will be putting up all have to do with the fictional world called "[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]," invented by my brother. I am currently studying linguistics and find it incredibly fascinating.

==Languages I'm Familiar With==
My native language is English. I would consider myself fluent in Spanish (although I probably ought to keep studying it.) I am currently studying Japanese, but my actual ability to use it is pretty limited for now. Other languages I have dabbled in, to varying degrees, include:
*Italian (I can actually read and understand a fair amount of Italian, but I'm nowhere near fluent)
*Catalan (Same as Italian)
*Portuguese (Basically, I just know two songs)
*Persian (I like this one a lot, and I know the alphabet, but I can't understand much)
*Swahili (Possibly my favorite language, but I can't speak it very well)

==My Conlangs==
[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]:
*[[Manish Languages]]
**[[Modern Manish]] (The only one I've done much work on)
**Umnan (I don't know much about it yet, but I've done a little bit of work)
**Aiden (Very closely related to Modern Manish, but not mutually intelligible)
**Plains Manish (Source of many loanwords into Modern Manish, but I don't have plans to develop it much further than phonology)

Modern Manish

2020-02-17T22:46:15Z

Andenor: Updated link to 'manish languages' following name change to that page

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Languages]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

Modern Manish (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-17T22:45:36Z

Andenor: Updated link to 'manish languages' following name change to that page

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Language Family]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Languages|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

Modern Manish (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Manish Language Family

2020-02-17T22:44:52Z

Andenor: Andenor moved page Manish Language Family to Manish Languages: Conformity with other language family page names

#REDIRECT [[Manish Languages]]

Manish languages

2020-02-17T22:44:52Z

Andenor: Andenor moved page Manish Language Family to Manish Languages: Conformity with other language family page names

{{Infobox language family
| name = Manish
| setting = [[Aior]]
| ethnicity = Men
| region = All over Aior, especially the central and eastern portions
| familycolor = Constructed Language
| family = One of the primary language families
| proto = [[Ancient Manish]]
| child1 = [[Southern Manish]] {{small|([[Jungle Manish]] families)}}
| child2 = [[Western Manish]] {{small|([[Modern Manish]], [[Aiden]], [[Umnan]], and [[Plains Manish]]}}
| child3 = [[Eastern Manish]] {{small|(Including [[Mountain Manish]])}}
}}

The Manish language family is the most widely spoken in [[Aior]]. [[Modern Manish]] is the language with the largest number of native speakers and the language with the largest number of speakers overall.

==History==
[[Ancient Manish]] is one of the five primary languages given by the gods to the people of Aior shortly after the creation of the world. However, sometime near the year 500, a group of Men left for the southern jungle, which lead to the first split in the family tree between [[Southern Manish|Southern]] and [[Central Manish]]. Southern Manish has since split many more times, leading to the [[Jungle Manish|various languages and families]] of the Jungle Men of the south. Central Manish split shortly thereafter into [[Eastern Manish|Eastern]] and [[Western Manish]].

Eastern Manish is the ancestor of modern [[Mountain Manish]] languages. While none of these languages has received the prominence or prestige of the Western Manish languages, they have served as a heavy influence on many of the modern Western languages.

Western Manish, the ancestor of the most widely spoken Manish languages, broke up into many dialects and languages throughout the plains of central Aior. Most of these went on to become the [[Plains Manish]] languages of today. By the year 2000, [[Old Manish]], the ancestor of Modern Manish, was being spoken in Cartondin. Users of magic were banished to the Great Desert in southeast Aior and began to develop their own language, which would become [[Umnan]]. Old Manish as spoken in Aidenvelle in the northeastern mountains was heavily influenced by Mountain Manish, and ultimately the dialect spoken there developed into a new language, known as [[Aiden]].

Modern Manish

2020-02-17T22:35:46Z

Andenor: Corrected 'Mountain Manish' to 'Plains Manish'

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Language Family]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Language Family|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Plains Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

Modern Manish (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Manish languages

2020-02-17T22:34:40Z

Andenor: Created page, added history and infobox

{{Infobox language family
| name = Manish
| setting = [[Aior]]
| ethnicity = Men
| region = All over Aior, especially the central and eastern portions
| familycolor = Constructed Language
| family = One of the primary language families
| proto = [[Ancient Manish]]
| child1 = [[Southern Manish]] {{small|([[Jungle Manish]] families)}}
| child2 = [[Western Manish]] {{small|([[Modern Manish]], [[Aiden]], [[Umnan]], and [[Plains Manish]]}}
| child3 = [[Eastern Manish]] {{small|(Including [[Mountain Manish]])}}
}}

The Manish language family is the most widely spoken in [[Aior]]. [[Modern Manish]] is the language with the largest number of native speakers and the language with the largest number of speakers overall.

==History==
[[Ancient Manish]] is one of the five primary languages given by the gods to the people of Aior shortly after the creation of the world. However, sometime near the year 500, a group of Men left for the southern jungle, which lead to the first split in the family tree between [[Southern Manish|Southern]] and [[Central Manish]]. Southern Manish has since split many more times, leading to the [[Jungle Manish|various languages and families]] of the Jungle Men of the south. Central Manish split shortly thereafter into [[Eastern Manish|Eastern]] and [[Western Manish]].

Eastern Manish is the ancestor of modern [[Mountain Manish]] languages. While none of these languages has received the prominence or prestige of the Western Manish languages, they have served as a heavy influence on many of the modern Western languages.

Western Manish, the ancestor of the most widely spoken Manish languages, broke up into many dialects and languages throughout the plains of central Aior. Most of these went on to become the [[Plains Manish]] languages of today. By the year 2000, [[Old Manish]], the ancestor of Modern Manish, was being spoken in Cartondin. Users of magic were banished to the Great Desert in southeast Aior and began to develop their own language, which would become [[Umnan]]. Old Manish as spoken in Aidenvelle in the northeastern mountains was heavily influenced by Mountain Manish, and ultimately the dialect spoken there developed into a new language, known as [[Aiden]].

User:Andenor

2020-02-17T22:05:15Z

Andenor: Linked Aior to Verse:Aior

Hello! I am known around here as Andenor. At this point, the languages I will be putting up all have to do with the fictional world called "[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]," invented by my brother. I am currently studying linguistics and find it incredibly fascinating.

==Languages I'm Familiar With==
My native language is English. I would consider myself fluent in Spanish (although I probably ought to keep studying it.) I am currently studying Japanese, but my actual ability to use it is pretty limited for now. Other languages I have dabbled in, to varying degrees, include:
*Italian (I can actually read and understand a fair amount of Italian, but I'm nowhere near fluent)
*Catalan (Same as Italian)
*Portuguese (Basically, I just know two songs)
*Persian (I like this one a lot, and I know the alphabet, but I can't understand much)
*Swahili (Possibly my favorite language, but I can't speak it very well)

==My Conlangs==
[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]:
*[[Manish Language Family]]
**[[Modern Manish]] (The only one I've done much work on)
**Umnan (I don't know much about it yet, but I've done a little bit of work)
**Aiden (Very closely related to Modern Manish, but not mutually intelligible)
**Plains Manish (Source of many loanwords into Modern Manish, but I don't have plans to develop it much further than phonology)

Modern Manish

2020-02-17T22:04:44Z

Andenor: Linked Aior to Verse:Aior

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Language Family]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Language Family|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Mountain Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

Modern Manish (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of [[Verse:Aior|Aior]]. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-17T21:56:30Z

Andenor: /* Stress */ Filled out section on stress

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Language Family]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Language Family|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Mountain Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

Modern Manish (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of Aior. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Primary stress most often occurs on the penultimate syllable of a root if its nucleus is not a lax vowel, or if the penultimate nucleus is lax, on the last tense vowel in the word. However, many words which have lost a final syllable since Old Manish now retain stress on the final syllable. This is most often the case when the word ends in a consonant, although some words which previously ended in ''-te'' also have this stress pattern. In these cases, stress may be marked in the romanized orthography, but the native system does not mark stress, so it must be memorized.

Stress is used in a few marginal cases to distinguish between what would otherwise be homophones. However, in most cases there is a tense-lax vowel distinction that is only accompanied by stress, so it is disputed whether stress can actually distinguish homophones.

Secondary stress typically occurs every other syllable, starting on either the first or second syllable such that the primary stress also falls on what would be a secondarily stressed syllable.

Primary stress is normally found on a word stem or derivational affixes, not on inflectional affixes. The word ''kîn'' 'to be' is an exception. When conjugated, stress may fall on the prefix to avoid stressing the lax vowel, /ɪ/.

Words which are written as compounds orthographically often retain multiple stressed syllables, being pronounced as separate words. This is most common in verbs, which often combine in writing.

====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-17T21:48:35Z

Andenor: /* Major Dialects */ Corrected mistake, replacing 'terithius' with 'Cartondin'

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Language Family]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Language Family|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Mountain Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

Modern Manish (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of Aior. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Cartondin. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.





==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-17T21:40:07Z

Andenor: Removed accidental italics

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Language Family]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Language Family|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Mountain Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

Modern Manish (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of Aior. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Terithius. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.




==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Modern Manish

2020-02-17T21:37:49Z

Andenor: Added the native name of the language to infobox and introduction text

''Manish redirects here. For other stages of the Manish language, see [[Old Manish]] and [[Ancient Manish]]. For the language family as a whole, see [[Manish Language Family]].''

{{Construction}}

{{Infobox language
| image=AiorMap.jpg
| imagesize=
| name=''Modern Manish''
| nativename=''Kîndokâkosthev''
| pronunciation=''[ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]''
|-
| creator=[[User:Andenor|Andenor]]
| setting=''[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]''
|-
| familycolor=Manish
| fam1=[[Manish Language Family|Manish]]
| fam2=[[Central Manish]]
| fam3=[[Western Manish]]
| fam4=[[Mountain Manish]]
| ancestor=[[Ancient Manish]]
| ancestor2=[[Old Manish]]
| ancestor3=[[Middle Manish]]
| script=[[Modern Manish Script]]
|-
| notice=IPA
}}

Modern Manish (''kîndokâkosthev'' [ˌkɪn.doˌkɑ.kosˈθev]) is a language spoken in the fictional world of Aior. It is the most widely spoken language on Aior, both by number of native speakers and by total number of speakers. Work on the language began in 2017, and it continues to be updated.

==Introduction==

Modern Manish as a native language is spoken primarily in Cartondin and Terithius. In addition, there is a group of Katorian pirates that use it. In addition to its use as a native language, the prominence of Cartondin in the world as a military and economic power has led to the use of Manish as a lingua franca in many interactions by educated people from nearly all nations. Typically, this usage is heavily influenced by the native language of the speaker.

===Origin===

The Modern Manish language as spoken in Cartondin and Terithius traces its origins back to Old Manish, one of the five languages given to Aior by the gods near the time of the creation. Since then, several languages have branched off from the original tongue, but none has such a large group of speakers as Modern Manish.
Over the course of just over two thousand years, various groups have used Manish either as a native language or even more commonly as a lingua franca. This has led to the simplification of many of the morphological and phonological features of the language.

===Typology===

Some of the typological features of Modern Manish include:
*The phoneme inventory consists of fifteen consonants and seven vowels.
*Syllable structure is fairly simple. Every vowel is considered the nucleus of its own syllable, optionally followed by a consonant and optionally preceded by a consonant or a cluster consisting of a stop, /v/, or /s/ and a liquid.
*The basic constituent order is Subject -- Verb -- Object. The language is almost entirely head-initial.
*The language is mostly agglutinative, but there are also a few fusional aspects.
*Verbs are inflected for gender of the subject, tense/aspect, mood, and voice. Each element is marked with an agglutinative prefix.
*Nouns and pronouns are marked for gender and number but not for case.

===Changes Since Old Manish===

Partly due to its usage as an international lingua franca, Modern Manish has lost much of the complexity of the Old Manish verbal and nominal systems. However, it has also innovated various new features. Phonetically, it is one of the more conservative Manish languages. A list of various changes and innovations includes:
#Change of unmarked constituent order from Subject-Object-Verb to Subject-Verb-Object
#Loss of vowel length
#Loss of /ə/ in all positions
#Debuccalization of /f/ to /h/ followed by loss of /h/ in all positions
#Redistribution of the phonemes /ɾ/ and /l/
#Simplification of syllable structure
#Regularization of syntax such that the language is almost entirely head-initial
#Loss of the dual marker in all but the most formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Development of the prepositions ''perte'' and ''perite'' 'of' to replace the older construct state
#Loss of the construct state except in very formal speech and the Royal dialect
#Reanalysis of the definite state marker ''ra-'' as a definite article ''la''
#Change of most postpositions to prepositions following loss of the construct state
#Loss of case on nouns and the simplification of case on pronouns
#Change of the remote and recent past tenses into past perfective and past imperfective
#Reduplication of the past perfective to produce a habitual aspect
#Change of the middle voice prefix ''pef-'' to mean passive and loss of older ''tôqâ-''
#Use of particle ''po'' (from Old Manish ''pô'' 'yes') to ask questions

===Major Dialects===

There are four major dialects of Modern Manish. Cartondish, the dialect of the majority of Cartondin, is by far the most spoken, but it is also the most divided. The Royal dialect is the form of the language spoken by the Royal Family of Cartondin as well as the dialect affected by those in the presence of royalty. The Terithian dialect is spoken by the majority of Terithius, the smaller country to the east of Terithius. The Southern dialect is spoken by pirates from Katorias.

====Cartondish====

The Cartondish dialect (more specifically, the dialect as spoken in Rowesburg and surrounding areas) is typically considered the standard. As such, except when otherwise noted, descriptions of the language in this work refer specifically to the Cartondish dialect. While most common people write the way they pronounce words, scholars and other trained writers typically follow Cartondish orthography.

====Royal====

The Royal dialect is an interesting one because it is largely artificial. It is mostly based on the Cartondish dialect but makes use of many words and constructions considered archaic in other dialects. It is characterized by careful pronunciation and very few loanwords. It also revived the use of states in place of the definite article and the preposition ''perte''.

====Terithian====

The Terithian dialect is mostly very similar to the Cartondish dialect, but it has typically been more open to external influences. Relations with Aidenvelle have opened the way for many of the sound changes of Aiden to begin to affect Terithian Manish as well, particularly those that have affected the pronunciation of diphthongs. Some Terithians may not pronounce syllable-final nasals, instead nasalizing and slightly lengthening preceding vowels.

====Southern====

The Southern dialect is characterized by heavy use of loanwords and calques from other languages, especially the various Manish and Elvish languages of Katorias. This dialect tends to be very innovative, but due to its perceived lack of prestige most of its innovations never carry back to the other dialects, making it at times difficult to understand. Despite this, it is generally still considered to be a dialect of Modern Manish as it has been shown that speakers of Southern Manish can understand the other dialects very well. Phonologically, the Southern dialect is simpler than other dialects. /a/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/, and /i/ and /ɪ/ have merged into /i/. /θ/ is pronounced by some speakers as a dental stop, but others pronounce it as [t], losing the phonemic distinction. Speakers who use a dental stop often pronounce /t/ as post-alveolar. In addition, Southern speakers sometimes aspirate voiceless stops.




==Phonology==
Modern Manish phonology has remained largely faithful to that of Old Manish. The most noticeable difference is the loss of long vowels and the simplification of many consonant clusters. In addition, the system of stress has become much more regular.
While some dialects have further simplified the phoneme inventory, they have typically done so in a mostly regular fashion. Because of that, specific dialectical pronunciations will be touched upon only briefly.

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" |bilabial
! style="width: 68px;" |labiodental
! style="width: 68px;" |alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px;" |velar
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |stop
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |fricative
| v
| θ
| s z
| (ʃ) (ʒ)
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|
|
|-
! style="width: 68px;" |nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|}
====Notes====
*/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ only occur in loanwords, mostly from Umnan. Some speakers (particularly less educated speakers) do not pronounce them differently from /s/ and /z/, which occur natively.
*/n/ is pronounced [ŋ] before velars.

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 680px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px;" |
! style="width: 68px;" | front
! style="width: 68px;" | back
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | close
| i ɪ
| u
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | mid
| e
| o
|-
! style="width: 68px;" | open
| a
| ɑ
|}
====Notes====
*The major distinction between /i/ /ɪ/ and /a/ /ɑ/ is tense-lax. The Southern dialect merges /ɪ/ and /ɑ/ into their tense counterparts.
*Some speakers, especially in Cartondin, pronounce /ɑ/ a bit higher and more front, leading some to transcribe it /ɐ/ or even /ə/.

===Orthography===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
====Consonant Clusters====
The only allowed consonant clusters in Modern Manish are /s/, /v/, or a plosive followed by a liquid. The only exceptions are the clusters /dl/ and /tl/, which never occur. These clusters are found only in syllable onsets.
====Syllable Structure====
The syllable structure in Modern Manish is simple. Every syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong, optionally preceded by a consonant or allowed cluster and optionally followed by a single non-stop consonant other than /r/.

In most cases, a sequence of two vowels is considered to consist of two syllables. However, if one of the two vowels is /ɪ/, it is pronounced as [j], and the sequence is considered a diphthong.

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Modern Manish]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Andenor

2020-02-17T21:21:22Z

Andenor: Created page

Hello! I am known around here as Andenor. At this point, the languages I will be putting up all have to do with the fictional world called "Aior," invented by my brother. I am currently studying linguistics and find it incredibly fascinating.

==Languages I'm Familiar With==
My native language is English. I would consider myself fluent in Spanish (although I probably ought to keep studying it.) I am currently studying Japanese, but my actual ability to use it is pretty limited for now. Other languages I have dabbled in, to varying degrees, include:
*Italian (I can actually read and understand a fair amount of Italian, but I'm nowhere near fluent)
*Catalan (Same as Italian)
*Portuguese (Basically, I just know two songs)
*Persian (I like this one a lot, and I know the alphabet, but I can't understand much)
*Swahili (Possibly my favorite language, but I can't speak it very well)

==My Conlangs==
[[Verse:Aior|Aior]]:
*[[Manish Language Family]]
**[[Modern Manish]] (The only one I've done much work on)
**Umnan (I don't know much about it yet, but I've done a little bit of work)
**Aiden (Very closely related to Modern Manish, but not mutually intelligible)
**Plains Manish (Source of many loanwords into Modern Manish, but I don't have plans to develop it much further than phonology)