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Contionary:quant

2026-02-04T02:41:00Z

Aqua: Created page with " <!-- Welcome to the new word template! To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things. 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised. 2 = is the actual word. POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”..."

==Ceticilian Cet==
===Alternative forms===

===Etymology===

===Pronunciation===
(''Ceticilian Cet'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /kwant/
===Noun===
'''quant'''

# definition
#:''example usage of '''quant''' here''
#:: ''italicised translation here.''

====Usage notes====
====Inflection====
====Synonyms====
====Derived terms====
====Related terms====

[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Ceticilian Cet nouns]] [[Category:Ceticilian Cet words]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-09-23T05:32:11Z

Aqua: /* Tenses */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"θ
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Ceticilian alphabet
|-
| Aa || Áá || Bb || Cc || Čč || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Éé || Ëë || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Ŋŋ || Ňň || Oo || Óó || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Šš || Tt || Þþ || Uu || Úú || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz || Žž
|-
| ä || ɑː || b || t͡s~k || t͡ʃ || d || ð || ɛ || ɛɪ || ə || f || ɡ || h~x || ɪ || iː || d͡ʒ || k || l || m || n || ŋ || ɲ || ɔ || ɔʊ || p || kw || r || s || ʃ || t || θ || ʊ || uː || v || w || ks || j || z || ʒ
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Grammar==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
|-
! 3rd
| on(æ/ë)
| në
|-
! 4th
| ol(æ/ë) || lë
|-
! 1st + 2nd
| colspan="100%" | mes
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| -n
|-
! 4th
| -t
| -ton/ten
|-
! 1/2
| colspan="2" | -r
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

Most of these cases can also act as verbs by adding a personal pronoun suffix. For example: "I sit down" can be rendered as "síttë" (seat + to + 1st person singular).

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -ŋ-
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -z
| -h-
| -het/hot
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Fársa !! ðat !! skínæ !! hehælg !! namæs !! hakom !! kingia !! hewilæs !! erþen !! as !! skín !! hoj !! mët !! dag bródëns !! a !! klæ !! šuldëns !! as !! klæën !! ðat !! mëm !! šuldom !! a !! haloktot më !! ðó !! ílex më !! as !! sens !! kingia, macht, pracht !! altíd !! Amín
|-
| O! Our parent || that (is) || in sky || may holy (be) || your name || may come || kingdom || may your will (act) || on Earth || as || in sky || today || to us (excl.) || daily; our bread || (linking) || clear || our blame || as || we clear || that || with us || with blame || (linking) || may (you) not into temptation lead us || though || keep ill away from us || as || yours || the kingdom, might, glory || always || Amen
|}

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-25T17:30:23Z

Aqua: /* Alphabet */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"θ
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Ceticilian alphabet
|-
| Aa || Áá || Bb || Cc || Čč || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Éé || Ëë || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Ŋŋ || Ňň || Oo || Óó || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Šš || Tt || Þþ || Uu || Úú || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz || Žž
|-
| ä || ɑː || b || t͡s~k || t͡ʃ || d || ð || ɛ || ɛɪ || ə || f || ɡ || h~x || ɪ || iː || d͡ʒ || k || l || m || n || ŋ || ɲ || ɔ || ɔʊ || p || kw || r || s || ʃ || t || θ || ʊ || uː || v || w || ks || j || z || ʒ
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Grammar==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
|-
! 3rd
| on(æ/ë)
| në
|-
! 4th
| ol(æ/ë) || lë
|-
! 1st + 2nd
| colspan="100%" | mes
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| -n
|-
! 4th
| -t
| -ton/ten
|-
! 1/2
| colspan="2" | -r
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

Most of these cases can also act as verbs by adding a personal pronoun suffix. For example: "I sit down" can be rendered as "síttë" (seat + to + 1st person singular).

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Fársa !! ðat !! skínæ !! hehælg !! namæs !! hakom !! kingia !! hewilæs !! erþen !! as !! skín !! hoj !! mët !! dag bródëns !! a !! klæ !! šuldëns !! as !! klæën !! ðat !! mëm !! šuldom !! a !! haloktot më !! ðó !! ílex më !! as !! sens !! kingia, macht, pracht !! altíd !! Amín
|-
| O! Our parent || that (is) || in sky || may holy (be) || your name || may come || kingdom || may your will (act) || on Earth || as || in sky || today || to us (excl.) || daily; our bread || (linking) || clear || our blame || as || we clear || that || with us || with blame || (linking) || may (you) not into temptation lead us || though || keep ill away from us || as || yours || the kingdom, might, glory || always || Amen
|}

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-13T10:29:34Z

Aqua: /* Example texts */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"θ
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Ceticilian alphabet
|-
| Aa || Áá || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ďď || Ee || Éé || Ëë || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Ŋŋ || Ňň || Oo || Óó || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Šš || Tt || Þþ || Ťť || Uu || Úú || Vv || Ww || Xx || Zz || Žž
|-
| ä || ɑː || b || t͡s~k || d || ð || d͡ʒ || ɛ || ɛɪ || ə || f || ɡ || h~x || ɪ || iː || j || k || l || m || n || ŋ || ɲ || ɔ || ɔʊ || p || kw || r || s || ʃ || t || θ || t͡ʃ || ʊ || uː || v || w || ks || z || ʒ
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Grammar==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
|-
! 3rd
| on(æ/ë)
| në
|-
! 4th
| ol(æ/ë) || lë
|-
! 1st + 2nd
| colspan="100%" | mes
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| -n
|-
! 4th
| -t
| -ton/ten
|-
! 1/2
| colspan="2" | -r
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

Most of these cases can also act as verbs by adding a personal pronoun suffix. For example: "I sit down" can be rendered as "síttë" (seat + to + 1st person singular).

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Fársa !! ðat !! skínæ !! hehælg !! namæs !! hakom !! kingia !! hewilæs !! erþen !! as !! skín !! hoj !! mët !! dag bródëns !! a !! klæ !! šuldëns !! as !! klæën !! ðat !! mëm !! šuldom !! a !! haloktot më !! ðó !! ílex më !! as !! sens !! kingia, macht, pracht !! altíd !! Amín
|-
| O! Our parent || that (is) || in sky || may holy (be) || your name || may come || kingdom || may your will (act) || on Earth || as || in sky || today || to us (excl.) || daily; our bread || (linking) || clear || our blame || as || we clear || that || with us || with blame || (linking) || may (you) not into temptation lead us || though || keep ill away from us || as || yours || the kingdom, might, glory || always || Amen
|}

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-13T10:29:20Z

Aqua: /* Example texts */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"θ
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Ceticilian alphabet
|-
| Aa || Áá || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ďď || Ee || Éé || Ëë || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Ŋŋ || Ňň || Oo || Óó || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Šš || Tt || Þþ || Ťť || Uu || Úú || Vv || Ww || Xx || Zz || Žž
|-
| ä || ɑː || b || t͡s~k || d || ð || d͡ʒ || ɛ || ɛɪ || ə || f || ɡ || h~x || ɪ || iː || j || k || l || m || n || ŋ || ɲ || ɔ || ɔʊ || p || kw || r || s || ʃ || t || θ || t͡ʃ || ʊ || uː || v || w || ks || z || ʒ
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Grammar==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
|-
! 3rd
| on(æ/ë)
| në
|-
! 4th
| ol(æ/ë) || lë
|-
! 1st + 2nd
| colspan="100%" | mes
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| -n
|-
! 4th
| -t
| -ton/ten
|-
! 1/2
| colspan="2" | -r
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

Most of these cases can also act as verbs by adding a personal pronoun suffix. For example: "I sit down" can be rendered as "síttë" (seat + to + 1st person singular).

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

ðó . as sens kingia, macht, pracht, altíd. Amín 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Fársa !! ðat !! skínæ !! hehælg !! namæs !! hakom !! kingia !! hewilæs !! erþen !! as !! skín !! hoj !! mët !! dag bródëns !! a !! klæ !! šuldëns !! as !! klæën !! ðat !! mëm !! šuldom !! a !! haloktot më !! ðó !! ílex më !! as !! sens !! kingia, macht, pracht !! altíd !! Amín
|-
| O! Our parent || that (is) || in sky || may holy (be) || your name || may come || kingdom || may your will (act) || on Earth || as || in sky || today || to us (excl.) || daily; our bread || (linking) || clear || our blame || as || we clear || that || with us || with blame || (linking) || may (you) not into temptation lead us || though || keep ill away from us || as || yours || the kingdom, might, glory || always || Amen
|}

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-13T09:36:06Z

Aqua: /* Cases */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"θ
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Ceticilian alphabet
|-
| Aa || Áá || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ďď || Ee || Éé || Ëë || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Ŋŋ || Ňň || Oo || Óó || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Šš || Tt || Þþ || Ťť || Uu || Úú || Vv || Ww || Xx || Zz || Žž
|-
| ä || ɑː || b || t͡s~k || d || ð || d͡ʒ || ɛ || ɛɪ || ə || f || ɡ || h~x || ɪ || iː || j || k || l || m || n || ŋ || ɲ || ɔ || ɔʊ || p || kw || r || s || ʃ || t || θ || t͡ʃ || ʊ || uː || v || w || ks || z || ʒ
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Grammar==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
|-
! 3rd
| on(æ/ë)
| në
|-
! 4th
| ol(æ/ë) || lë
|-
! 1st + 2nd
| colspan="100%" | mes
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| -n
|-
! 4th
| -t
| -ton/ten
|-
! 1/2
| colspan="2" | -r
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

Most of these cases can also act as verbs by adding a personal pronoun suffix. For example: "I sit down" can be rendered as "síttë" (seat + to + 1st person singular).

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-13T09:15:48Z

Aqua: /* Pronouns */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"θ
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Ceticilian alphabet
|-
| Aa || Áá || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ďď || Ee || Éé || Ëë || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Ŋŋ || Ňň || Oo || Óó || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Šš || Tt || Þþ || Ťť || Uu || Úú || Vv || Ww || Xx || Zz || Žž
|-
| ä || ɑː || b || t͡s~k || d || ð || d͡ʒ || ɛ || ɛɪ || ə || f || ɡ || h~x || ɪ || iː || j || k || l || m || n || ŋ || ɲ || ɔ || ɔʊ || p || kw || r || s || ʃ || t || θ || t͡ʃ || ʊ || uː || v || w || ks || z || ʒ
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Grammar==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
|-
! 3rd
| on(æ/ë)
| në
|-
! 4th
| ol(æ/ë) || lë
|-
! 1st + 2nd
| colspan="100%" | mes
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| -n
|-
! 4th
| -t
| -ton/ten
|-
! 1/2
| colspan="2" | -r
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-13T08:42:39Z

Aqua: Corrected title

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"θ
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Ceticilian alphabet
|-
| Aa || Áá || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ďď || Ee || Éé || Ëë || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Ŋŋ || Ňň || Oo || Óó || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Šš || Tt || Þþ || Ťť || Uu || Úú || Vv || Ww || Xx || Zz || Žž
|-
| ä || ɑː || b || t͡s~k || d || ð || d͡ʒ || ɛ || ɛɪ || ə || f || ɡ || h~x || ɪ || iː || j || k || l || m || n || ŋ || ɲ || ɔ || ɔʊ || p || kw || r || s || ʃ || t || θ || t͡ʃ || ʊ || uː || v || w || ks || z || ʒ
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Grammar==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural Inclusive !! Plural Exclusive
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
| mer
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
| ser
|-
! 3rd
| on/en/æn || æ || onor/ener/æner
|-
! 4th
| šon/šen/šæn || šæ || šnor/šner
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! SG !! PL !! PL.EX
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
| -ër
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| colspan="2" | -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| colspan="2" | -on/en
|-
! 4th
| -š
| colspan="2" | -šon/šen
|-
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T20:38:45Z

Aqua:

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"θ
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Ceticilian alphabet
|-
| Aa || Áá || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ďď || Ee || Éé || Ëë || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Ŋŋ || Ňň || Oo || Óó || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Šš || Tt || Þþ || Ťť || Uu || Úú || Vv || Ww || Xx || Zz || Žž
|-
| ä || ɑː || b || t͡s~k || d || ð || d͡ʒ || ɛ || ɛɪ || ə || f || ɡ || h~x || ɪ || iː || j || k || l || m || n || ŋ || ɲ || ɔ || ɔʊ || p || kw || r || s || ʃ || t || θ || t͡ʃ || ʊ || uː || v || w || ks || z || ʒ
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Syntax==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural Inclusive !! Plural Exclusive
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
| mer
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
| ser
|-
! 3rd
| on/en/æn || æ || onor/ener/æner
|-
! 4th
| šon/šen/šæn || šæ || šnor/šner
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! SG !! PL !! PL.EX
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
| -ër
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| colspan="2" | -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| colspan="2" | -on/en
|-
! 4th
| -š
| colspan="2" | -šon/šen
|-
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T20:25:17Z

Aqua: /* Pronouns */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Syntax==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural Inclusive !! Plural Exclusive
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
| mer
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
| ser
|-
! 3rd
| on/en/æn || æ || onor/ener/æner
|-
! 4th
| šon/šen/šæn || šæ || šnor/šner
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! SG !! PL !! PL.EX
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
| -ër
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| colspan="2" | -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| colspan="2" | -on/en
|-
! 4th
| -š
| colspan="2" | -šon/šen
|-
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T20:24:52Z

Aqua: /* Pronouns */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Syntax==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural Inclusive !! Plural Exclusive
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
| mer
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
| ser
|-
! 3rd
| on/en/æn || æ || onor/ener/æner
|-
! 4th
| šon/šen/šæn || šæ || šnor/šner
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Conjugation affixes !! SG !! PL !! PL.EX
|-
! 1st
| -ë
| -ën
| -ër
|-
! 2nd
| -æ
| colspan="2" | -æn
|-
! 3rd
| -
| colspan="2" | -on/en
|-
! 4th
| -š
| colspan="2" | -šon/šen
|-
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T20:13:52Z

Aqua: /* Syntax */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Syntax==

===Pronouns===
Because of polypersonal agreement in Cet, pronouns are seldom needed in written form.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural Inclusive !! Plural Exclusive
|-
! 1st
| men
| më
| mer
|-
! 2nd
| sen
| së
| ser
|-
! 3rd
| on/en/æn || æ || onor/ener/æner
|-
! 4th
| šon/šen/šæn || šæ || šnor/šner
|-
|}

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T19:52:47Z

Aqua: /* Mood */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Syntax==

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T19:51:17Z

Aqua: /* Syntax */

Ceticilian Cet is a variant of [[Cet]] specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! !! colspan="3" | Short !! colspan="2" | Long
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Cent.]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| ɪ || || ʊ || iː || uː
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ɛ || ə || ɔ || ɛɪ || ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="3" | ä || ai || ɑː
|}


==Morphology==
Ceticilian Cet's morphology is highly agglutinative, rendering smooth transitions between adjectives, nouns and verbs. Parts of speech may take on each other's role by affixation and word order.

==Syntax==

===Constituent order===
The most basic word order of Ceticilian Cet is Subject-Predicate-Object. Unlike English, the word order remains in questions and most relative clauses. Pronouns may be omitted in both subject and object position, if permitted by redundancy in the predicate.

===Cases===
Case endings marked in '''bold''' are required to replace the vowel of the root words with their own in case that word ends in a vowel sound. 
Case endings with a () around a vowel may have that vowel omitted if easily pronounceable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center";
|+ Case suffixes
|-
! Case !! Front !! Back !! Meaning
|-
| Nominative || - || - || Subject
|-
| Accusative || - || - || Direct object
|-
| Genitive || -(e)s || -(o)s || Possessor, Relation
|-
| Instrumental || -(e)m || -(o)m || Using
|-
| Vocative || colspan="2"| '''-a''' || Calling a name
|-
| Dative || -(e)t || -(o)t || Recipient, Direction to
|-
| Ablative || '''-ex''' || '''-ox''' || Sender, Direction from
|-
| Adessive || '''-é''' || '''-ó''' || By something or someone
|-
| Perlative || '''-í''' || '''-ú''' || Through something, Via
|-
| Locative || -(e)n || -(o)n || In something, on something
|}

===Tenses===
In their most basic form, the tenses of Ceticilian Cet are derived from noun cases regarding motion to and from. On top of the basic tenses there are a few grammatical aspects specifying how verbs act over time.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tense-Aspect pairs
|-
! || Past || Present || Future
|-
! Simple
| -ex/-ox
| -
| -(e)t/(o)t
|-
! Progressive
| -eŋx/oŋx
| -(e)ŋ/(o)ŋ
| -teŋ/toŋ
|-
! Habitual
| -éx/óx
| -é/ó
| -ét/ót
|}

===Mood===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mood affixes
|-
! Name || Affix || Meaning
|-
! colspan="100%" | Realis
|-
| Indicative || - || Reality as perceived
|-
| Gnomic || -a || Aphorisms
|-
| Evidential sensory || -s || Seen or heard firsthand
|-
| Inferential || -h || Heard
|-
! colspan="100%" | Irrealis ||
|-
| Hortative || l(e)/l(o)- || Encouragement
|-
| Jussive || h(e)/h(o)- || Command
|-
| Permissive || m(e)/m(o)- || Permission
|-
| Dynamic || k(e)/k(o)- || Ability
|}

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ceticilian Cet]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T19:28:46Z

Aqua: /* Tenses */

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T19:16:31Z

Aqua: /* Tenses */

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T19:13:48Z

Aqua: /* Tenses */

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T19:01:18Z

Aqua: /* Syntax */

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T18:57:03Z

Aqua: /* Cases */

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T18:56:43Z

Aqua: /* Cases */

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T18:53:43Z

Aqua:

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T17:58:10Z

Aqua:

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T17:53:51Z

Aqua: /* Vowels */

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T17:33:20Z

Aqua: /* Phonology */

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T16:57:05Z

Aqua:

Ceticilian Cet

2025-08-04T16:50:20Z

Aqua: Created page with "Ceticilian Cet is a variant of Cet specifically developed for and maintained by a community called Ceticilia. It is supposed to be a compact, fairly logical and culturally important language to be used in Ceticilia for both cultural and procedural issues. Its vocabulary is mostly derived from West Germanic roots, with a few loanwords from Turkish, Arabic, Hungarian and grammar inspired mostly by that of Hungarian and Turkish. --> ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| cl..."

User:Aqua

2025-05-13T18:22:33Z

Aqua: Created page with "== Conjugation table for Liling "tyat'" == тять {| class="wikitable" |+ Conjugations |- ! Person ! Masculine ! Feminine ! Epicene and Neuter |- ! colspan="100%" | First Person |- ! SING | тям | тяң | тян |- ! DUAL | тязәм | тязаң | тязан |- ! PAUC | тярәм | тяраң | тяран |- ! PLUR | colspan="100%" | тярран |- ! UNIV | colspan="100%" | тятан |- ! colspan="100%" | Second Person |- ! SING | тя | те | те (or ті) |..."

== Conjugation table for Liling "tyat'" ==
тять
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugations
|-
! Person
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Epicene and Neuter
|-
! colspan="100%" | First Person
|-
! SING
| тям
| тяң
| тян
|-
! DUAL
| тязәм
| тязаң
| тязан
|-
! PAUC
| тярәм
| тяраң
| тяран
|-
! PLUR
| colspan="100%" | тярран
|-
! UNIV
| colspan="100%" | тятан
|-
! colspan="100%" | Second Person
|-
! SING
| тя
| те
| те (or ті)
|-
! DUAL
| чя
| че
| че (or чі)
|-
! PAU
| colspan="100%" | тяра
|-
! PLUR
| colspan="100%" | тярар(а)
|-
! UNIV
| colspan="100%" | та
|}

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T16:35:08Z

Aqua: /* Plurals */

'''Rhinevalian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Rheinwellisch Kreol'', historically ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a [[conlang|constructed]] [[auxiliary language|auxiliary]] and [[creole language]] based on German and British and American English, with some influence by Ripuarian languages. The language was created for a now-defunct micronation known as Rheinwall as a neutral and, for speakers of both languages, trivially easy to understand national language, as the native languages in the nation were split almost evenly between English and German. Soon after its introduction as a national language, it was deemed an integral part of the nation's culture and an important language for policy.

{{Infobox language
|name = Rhinevalian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwellisch (Kreol), -wallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwelɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rhinevalian Creole
|state = Rhinevale
|setting = semi-fictional
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|creator = Lily Jane
|script1 = Latn
}}

==Etymology==
The language's exonym in English derives from the Rhine valley, the geographical position of Rheinwall's founding. The old name "Rheinwallisch Kreol" was named after the same but derived from the nation's name in Latin "Vallis Rheni", which became "Rheinwall". The new name "Rheinwellisch Kreol" was influenced by the English exonym's pronuciation of "vale", as well as being a wordplay on the German word for wave "Welle" and on the English "well".

==Orthography==
The alphabet of Rhinevalian Creole consist out of seven vowel letters, with ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨y⟩ being orthographical alternatives to ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ respectively, and 22 consonant letters, the digraph ⟨ch⟩ and trigraph ⟨sch⟩ counting as separate letters of the alphabet. Diacritics do not exist in coined words but may appear in loanwords such as café

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

The creole distinguishes vowels in length, with vowels always being long in stressed syllables without a final consonant (i.e. open syllables) and are unmarked (single vowel letter) unless the entire word is monosyllabic. In syllables that end with a consonant (i.e. closed syllables), short vowels are the default while long vowels are to be marked by doubling the vowel, except in the case of ⟨æ⟩ which becomes ⟨ae⟩, and ⟨i⟩ which becomes ⟨ie⟩ in such cases. Open syllables that are unstressed have short vowels by default as well.

Most consonant letters are fairly predictable, though some letters may pose a challenge due to high degrees of allophony. Those letters, ''for a given syllable'', are:

* ⟨c⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩ and after a vowel, /s/ or /ts/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩ and after a consonant. Examples: Carl /karl/, Cent /(t)sent/, Danc /dan(t)s/.
* ⟨ch⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩, /ʃ/ in French loanwords and /tʃ/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. /x/ or // after ⟨a, o, u⟩ and /ç/, /x/ or // after ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. Examples: Charakter/-cter /ka.ˈrak.ta~-ɛr/, Charade /ʃa.ˈraː.də/, Licht /lɪçt~xt/.
* ⟨j⟩, pronounced /j/, except for loanwords such as "Jakarta" or "Jungel", which may alternatively be spelled with ⟨dj⟩ for /dʒ/.
* ⟨r⟩, pronounced [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] in free variation. May behave like a vowel in its own right after another vowel, depending on speaker's preference.
* ⟨sch⟩, pronounced /ʃ/ in every context. Never /sk/.
* ⟨w⟩, pronounced /w/ or /v/.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|(ʒ)]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Rhotic|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

As Standard German devoices all final obstruents, which are in this language characterized as there being a voiced/unvoiced pair may be pronounced either voiced (often called soft) or unvoiced (often called hard), while their unvoiced counterpart remains unvoiced and unchanged at the end of a syllable or word. The sound /h/ is a special case, as its historic appearance after a vowel in the end of a syllable has moved to /x/ (after back and central vowels, or all vowels depending on preference) or /ç/ (only after front vowels).

While the sonorants /m/ and /l/ do not change, no matter where they are in a word or syllable, many other sonorants behave very differently depending on their context; Before a /k/ sound, /n/ turns into /ŋ/ while a word-final /ŋ/ may alternatively be pronounced /ŋk/ and an intervocalic /ŋ/ be pronounced /ŋ.ɡ/. Rheinwellisch Kreol makes use of extensive free variation in rhotic sounds: [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] are all valid pronunciations of intervocalic and initial /r/ sounds. The final /r/ sound may be the same, though a vocalic form of /r/ exists for after vowels in a syllable, with similar pronunciations to Standard German and RP English. The approximants /w/ and /j/ are analyzed as vocalic in syllable final positions, only allowed after the short vowels /a/, /ɛ/ and in some cases after /ɔ/, /w/ does not become /v/ under any circumstances here.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

If a syllable ends with a voiced obstruent, e.g. /b/, /d/, /v/, ⟨a⟩ may be pronounced /aː/. After a final voiced obstruent, an epenthetic [ᵊ] may be added, if this helps keep it voiced. So, "had" may be pronounced [haːd], [haːdᵊ], [hadᵊ], [had], [hat] and [haːt]. In unstressed open syllables /ɛ/ shifts to /ə/.

==Grammar==
A blend of grammatical features familiar to both English and German speakers, Rhinevalian Creole uses the common denominator between languages in its grammar, omitting some features from each side, leading to very regular and fairly simple conjugations and declensions, save for Latin loans. Nouns decline for number and definiteness with verbs conjugating for voice and tense. For nouns there is a vestigial genitive form similar to that in English, which is marked by -s.

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third singular is divided into three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Reflexive pronouns may be created by suffixing -self to any object personal pronoun.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
====Demonstrative pronouns====
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.

===Nouns===
====Articles====
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite. The indefinite articles are "a" and "an", the former being used before consonants and the latter before vowels. The definite article "de" may be used for both, but depending on style "d'" before a vowel is permissible as well.

====Plurals====
After nouns, generally an -s is added to mark the plural. In cases where this is not possible due to being hard or impossible to pronounce -es is added instead. A singular word ending with -s is suffixed -sses in the plural form. Some irregular forms exist but are not very common, such as words ending with -ix being -ices in the plural.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Overview over all plural classes
|-
! Singular !! Plural
|-
| -x || -ces
|-
| -um || -a
|-
| -us || -i
|-
| -s || -sses
|-
| etc. || -(e)s
|}

The vestigial genitive remains -s in all cases. Affixed as ' to plurals already ending in an -s otherwise suffixed as -s. Example: de Bakteriums (the bacterium's) -> de Bakterias (the bacteria's).

===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice. There are no strong verbs in this language, meaning all but the two irregular verbs hold their pattern universally.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

=== Vocabulary ====

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T16:26:29Z

Aqua:

'''Rhinevalian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Rheinwellisch Kreol'', historically ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a [[conlang|constructed]] [[auxiliary language|auxiliary]] and [[creole language]] based on German and British and American English, with some influence by Ripuarian languages. The language was created for a now-defunct micronation known as Rheinwall as a neutral and, for speakers of both languages, trivially easy to understand national language, as the native languages in the nation were split almost evenly between English and German. Soon after its introduction as a national language, it was deemed an integral part of the nation's culture and an important language for policy.

{{Infobox language
|name = Rhinevalian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwellisch (Kreol), -wallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwelɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rhinevalian Creole
|state = Rhinevale
|setting = semi-fictional
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|creator = Lily Jane
|script1 = Latn
}}

==Etymology==
The language's exonym in English derives from the Rhine valley, the geographical position of Rheinwall's founding. The old name "Rheinwallisch Kreol" was named after the same but derived from the nation's name in Latin "Vallis Rheni", which became "Rheinwall". The new name "Rheinwellisch Kreol" was influenced by the English exonym's pronuciation of "vale", as well as being a wordplay on the German word for wave "Welle" and on the English "well".

==Orthography==
The alphabet of Rhinevalian Creole consist out of seven vowel letters, with ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨y⟩ being orthographical alternatives to ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ respectively, and 22 consonant letters, the digraph ⟨ch⟩ and trigraph ⟨sch⟩ counting as separate letters of the alphabet. Diacritics do not exist in coined words but may appear in loanwords such as café

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

The creole distinguishes vowels in length, with vowels always being long in stressed syllables without a final consonant (i.e. open syllables) and are unmarked (single vowel letter) unless the entire word is monosyllabic. In syllables that end with a consonant (i.e. closed syllables), short vowels are the default while long vowels are to be marked by doubling the vowel, except in the case of ⟨æ⟩ which becomes ⟨ae⟩, and ⟨i⟩ which becomes ⟨ie⟩ in such cases. Open syllables that are unstressed have short vowels by default as well.

Most consonant letters are fairly predictable, though some letters may pose a challenge due to high degrees of allophony. Those letters, ''for a given syllable'', are:

* ⟨c⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩ and after a vowel, /s/ or /ts/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩ and after a consonant. Examples: Carl /karl/, Cent /(t)sent/, Danc /dan(t)s/.
* ⟨ch⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩, /ʃ/ in French loanwords and /tʃ/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. /x/ or // after ⟨a, o, u⟩ and /ç/, /x/ or // after ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. Examples: Charakter/-cter /ka.ˈrak.ta~-ɛr/, Charade /ʃa.ˈraː.də/, Licht /lɪçt~xt/.
* ⟨j⟩, pronounced /j/, except for loanwords such as "Jakarta" or "Jungel", which may alternatively be spelled with ⟨dj⟩ for /dʒ/.
* ⟨r⟩, pronounced [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] in free variation. May behave like a vowel in its own right after another vowel, depending on speaker's preference.
* ⟨sch⟩, pronounced /ʃ/ in every context. Never /sk/.
* ⟨w⟩, pronounced /w/ or /v/.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|(ʒ)]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Rhotic|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

As Standard German devoices all final obstruents, which are in this language characterized as there being a voiced/unvoiced pair may be pronounced either voiced (often called soft) or unvoiced (often called hard), while their unvoiced counterpart remains unvoiced and unchanged at the end of a syllable or word. The sound /h/ is a special case, as its historic appearance after a vowel in the end of a syllable has moved to /x/ (after back and central vowels, or all vowels depending on preference) or /ç/ (only after front vowels).

While the sonorants /m/ and /l/ do not change, no matter where they are in a word or syllable, many other sonorants behave very differently depending on their context; Before a /k/ sound, /n/ turns into /ŋ/ while a word-final /ŋ/ may alternatively be pronounced /ŋk/ and an intervocalic /ŋ/ be pronounced /ŋ.ɡ/. Rheinwellisch Kreol makes use of extensive free variation in rhotic sounds: [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] are all valid pronunciations of intervocalic and initial /r/ sounds. The final /r/ sound may be the same, though a vocalic form of /r/ exists for after vowels in a syllable, with similar pronunciations to Standard German and RP English. The approximants /w/ and /j/ are analyzed as vocalic in syllable final positions, only allowed after the short vowels /a/, /ɛ/ and in some cases after /ɔ/, /w/ does not become /v/ under any circumstances here.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

If a syllable ends with a voiced obstruent, e.g. /b/, /d/, /v/, ⟨a⟩ may be pronounced /aː/. After a final voiced obstruent, an epenthetic [ᵊ] may be added, if this helps keep it voiced. So, "had" may be pronounced [haːd], [haːdᵊ], [hadᵊ], [had], [hat] and [haːt]. In unstressed open syllables /ɛ/ shifts to /ə/.

==Grammar==
A blend of grammatical features familiar to both English and German speakers, Rhinevalian Creole uses the common denominator between languages in its grammar, omitting some features from each side, leading to very regular and fairly simple conjugations and declensions, save for Latin loans. Nouns decline for number and definiteness with verbs conjugating for voice and tense. For nouns there is a vestigial genitive form similar to that in English, which is marked by -s.

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third singular is divided into three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Reflexive pronouns may be created by suffixing -self to any object personal pronoun.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
====Demonstrative pronouns====
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.

===Nouns===
====Articles====
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite. The indefinite articles are "a" and "an", the former being used before consonants and the latter before vowels. The definite article "de" may be used for both, but depending on style "d'" before a vowel is permissible as well.

====Plurals====
After nouns, generally an -s is added to mark the plural. In cases where this is not possible due to being hard or impossible to pronounce -es is added instead. A singular word ending with -s is suffixed -sses in the plural form. Some irregular forms exist but are not very common, such as words ending with -ix being -ices in the plural.

===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice. There are no strong verbs in this language, meaning all but the two irregular verbs hold their pattern universally.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

=== Vocabulary ====

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T16:24:42Z

Aqua: /* Grammar */

'''Rhinevalian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Rheinwellisch Kreol'', historically ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a [[conlang|constructed]] [[auxiliary language|auxiliary]] and [[creole language]] based on German and British and American English, with some influence by Ripuarian languages. The language was created for a now-defunct micronation known as Rheinwall as a neutral and, for speakers of both languages, trivially easy to understand national language, as the native languages in the nation were split almost evenly between English and German. Soon after its introduction as a national language, it was deemed an integral part of the nation's culture and an important language for policy.

{{Infobox language
|name = Rhinevalian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwellisch (Kreol), -wallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwelɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rhinevalian Creole
|state = Rhinevale
|setting = semi-fictional
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|creator = Lily Jane
|script1 = Latn
}}

==Etymology==
The language's exonym in English derives from the Rhine valley, the geographical position of Rheinwall's founding. The old name "Rheinwallisch Kreol" was named after the same but derived from the nation's name in Latin "Vallis Rheni", which became "Rheinwall". The new name "Rheinwellisch Kreol" was influenced by the English exonym's pronuciation of "vale", as well as being a wordplay on the German word for wave "Welle" and on the English "well".

==Orthography==
The alphabet of Rhinevalian Creole consist out of seven vowel letters, with ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨y⟩ being orthographical alternatives to ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ respectively, and 22 consonant letters, the digraph ⟨ch⟩ and trigraph ⟨sch⟩ counting as separate letters of the alphabet. Diacritics do not exist in coined words but may appear in loanwords such as café

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

The creole distinguishes vowels in length, with vowels always being long in stressed syllables without a final consonant (i.e. open syllables) and are unmarked (single vowel letter) unless the entire word is monosyllabic. In syllables that end with a consonant (i.e. closed syllables), short vowels are the default while long vowels are to be marked by doubling the vowel, except in the case of ⟨æ⟩ which becomes ⟨ae⟩, and ⟨i⟩ which becomes ⟨ie⟩ in such cases. Open syllables that are unstressed have short vowels by default as well.

Most consonant letters are fairly predictable, though some letters may pose a challenge due to high degrees of allophony. Those letters, ''for a given syllable'', are:

* ⟨c⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩ and after a vowel, /s/ or /ts/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩ and after a consonant. Examples: Carl /karl/, Cent /(t)sent/, Danc /dan(t)s/.
* ⟨ch⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩, /ʃ/ in French loanwords and /tʃ/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. /x/ or // after ⟨a, o, u⟩ and /ç/, /x/ or // after ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. Examples: Charakter/-cter /ka.ˈrak.ta~-ɛr/, Charade /ʃa.ˈraː.də/, Licht /lɪçt~xt/.
* ⟨j⟩, pronounced /j/, except for loanwords such as "Jakarta" or "Jungel", which may alternatively be spelled with ⟨dj⟩ for /dʒ/.
* ⟨r⟩, pronounced [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] in free variation. May behave like a vowel in its own right after another vowel, depending on speaker's preference.
* ⟨sch⟩, pronounced /ʃ/ in every context. Never /sk/.
* ⟨w⟩, pronounced /w/ or /v/.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|(ʒ)]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Rhotic|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

As Standard German devoices all final obstruents, which are in this language characterized as there being a voiced/unvoiced pair may be pronounced either voiced (often called soft) or unvoiced (often called hard), while their unvoiced counterpart remains unvoiced and unchanged at the end of a syllable or word. The sound /h/ is a special case, as its historic appearance after a vowel in the end of a syllable has moved to /x/ (after back and central vowels, or all vowels depending on preference) or /ç/ (only after front vowels).

While the sonorants /m/ and /l/ do not change, no matter where they are in a word or syllable, many other sonorants behave very differently depending on their context; Before a /k/ sound, /n/ turns into /ŋ/ while a word-final /ŋ/ may alternatively be pronounced /ŋk/ and an intervocalic /ŋ/ be pronounced /ŋ.ɡ/. Rheinwellisch Kreol makes use of extensive free variation in rhotic sounds: [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] are all valid pronunciations of intervocalic and initial /r/ sounds. The final /r/ sound may be the same, though a vocalic form of /r/ exists for after vowels in a syllable, with similar pronunciations to Standard German and RP English. The approximants /w/ and /j/ are analyzed as vocalic in syllable final positions, only allowed after the short vowels /a/, /ɛ/ and in some cases after /ɔ/, /w/ does not become /v/ under any circumstances here.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

If a syllable ends with a voiced obstruent, e.g. /b/, /d/, /v/, ⟨a⟩ may be pronounced /aː/. After a final voiced obstruent, an epenthetic [ᵊ] may be added, if this helps keep it voiced. So, "had" may be pronounced [haːd], [haːdᵊ], [hadᵊ], [had], [hat] and [haːt]. In unstressed open syllables /ɛ/ shifts to /ə/.

==Grammar==
A blend of grammatical features familiar to both English and German speakers, Rhinevalian Creole uses the common denominator between languages in its grammar, omitting some features from each side, leading to very regular and fairly simple conjugations and declensions, save for Latin loans. Nouns decline for number and definiteness with verbs conjugating for voice and tense. For nouns there is a vestigial genitive form similar to that in English, which is marked by -s.

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third singular is divided into three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Reflexive pronouns may be created by suffixing -self to any object personal pronoun.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
====Demonstrative pronouns====
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.

===Nouns===
====Articles====
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite. The indefinite articles are "a" and "an", the former being used before consonants and the latter before vowels. The definite article "de" may be used for both, but depending on style "d'" before a vowel is permissible as well.

====Plurals====
After nouns, generally an -s is added to mark the plural. In cases where this is not possible due to being hard or impossible to pronounce -es is added instead. A singular word ending with -s is suffixed -sses in the plural form. Some irregular forms exist but are not very common, such as words ending with -ix being -ices in the plural.

===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

There are no strong verbs in this language.

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T16:00:50Z

Aqua: /* Vowels */

'''Rhinevalian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Rheinwellisch Kreol'', historically ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a [[conlang|constructed]] [[auxiliary language|auxiliary]] and [[creole language]] based on German and British and American English, with some influence by Ripuarian languages. The language was created for a now-defunct micronation known as Rheinwall as a neutral and, for speakers of both languages, trivially easy to understand national language, as the native languages in the nation were split almost evenly between English and German. Soon after its introduction as a national language, it was deemed an integral part of the nation's culture and an important language for policy.

{{Infobox language
|name = Rhinevalian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwellisch (Kreol), -wallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwelɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rhinevalian Creole
|state = Rhinevale
|setting = semi-fictional
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|creator = Lily Jane
|script1 = Latn
}}

==Etymology==
The language's exonym in English derives from the Rhine valley, the geographical position of Rheinwall's founding. The old name "Rheinwallisch Kreol" was named after the same but derived from the nation's name in Latin "Vallis Rheni", which became "Rheinwall". The new name "Rheinwellisch Kreol" was influenced by the English exonym's pronuciation of "vale", as well as being a wordplay on the German word for wave "Welle" and on the English "well".

==Orthography==
The alphabet of Rhinevalian Creole consist out of seven vowel letters, with ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨y⟩ being orthographical alternatives to ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ respectively, and 22 consonant letters, the digraph ⟨ch⟩ and trigraph ⟨sch⟩ counting as separate letters of the alphabet. Diacritics do not exist in coined words but may appear in loanwords such as café

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

The creole distinguishes vowels in length, with vowels always being long in stressed syllables without a final consonant (i.e. open syllables) and are unmarked (single vowel letter) unless the entire word is monosyllabic. In syllables that end with a consonant (i.e. closed syllables), short vowels are the default while long vowels are to be marked by doubling the vowel, except in the case of ⟨æ⟩ which becomes ⟨ae⟩, and ⟨i⟩ which becomes ⟨ie⟩ in such cases. Open syllables that are unstressed have short vowels by default as well.

Most consonant letters are fairly predictable, though some letters may pose a challenge due to high degrees of allophony. Those letters, ''for a given syllable'', are:

* ⟨c⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩ and after a vowel, /s/ or /ts/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩ and after a consonant. Examples: Carl /karl/, Cent /(t)sent/, Danc /dan(t)s/.
* ⟨ch⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩, /ʃ/ in French loanwords and /tʃ/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. /x/ or // after ⟨a, o, u⟩ and /ç/, /x/ or // after ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. Examples: Charakter/-cter /ka.ˈrak.ta~-ɛr/, Charade /ʃa.ˈraː.də/, Licht /lɪçt~xt/.
* ⟨j⟩, pronounced /j/, except for loanwords such as "Jakarta" or "Jungel", which may alternatively be spelled with ⟨dj⟩ for /dʒ/.
* ⟨r⟩, pronounced [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] in free variation. May behave like a vowel in its own right after another vowel, depending on speaker's preference.
* ⟨sch⟩, pronounced /ʃ/ in every context. Never /sk/.
* ⟨w⟩, pronounced /w/ or /v/.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|(ʒ)]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Rhotic|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

As Standard German devoices all final obstruents, which are in this language characterized as there being a voiced/unvoiced pair may be pronounced either voiced (often called soft) or unvoiced (often called hard), while their unvoiced counterpart remains unvoiced and unchanged at the end of a syllable or word. The sound /h/ is a special case, as its historic appearance after a vowel in the end of a syllable has moved to /x/ (after back and central vowels, or all vowels depending on preference) or /ç/ (only after front vowels).

While the sonorants /m/ and /l/ do not change, no matter where they are in a word or syllable, many other sonorants behave very differently depending on their context; Before a /k/ sound, /n/ turns into /ŋ/ while a word-final /ŋ/ may alternatively be pronounced /ŋk/ and an intervocalic /ŋ/ be pronounced /ŋ.ɡ/. Rheinwellisch Kreol makes use of extensive free variation in rhotic sounds: [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] are all valid pronunciations of intervocalic and initial /r/ sounds. The final /r/ sound may be the same, though a vocalic form of /r/ exists for after vowels in a syllable, with similar pronunciations to Standard German and RP English. The approximants /w/ and /j/ are analyzed as vocalic in syllable final positions, only allowed after the short vowels /a/, /ɛ/ and in some cases after /ɔ/, /w/ does not become /v/ under any circumstances here.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

If a syllable ends with a voiced obstruent, e.g. /b/, /d/, /v/, ⟨a⟩ may be pronounced /aː/. After a final voiced obstruent, an epenthetic [ᵊ] may be added, if this helps keep it voiced. So, "had" may be pronounced [haːd], [haːdᵊ], [hadᵊ], [had], [hat] and [haːt]. In unstressed open syllables /ɛ/ shifts to /ə/.

==Grammar==
A creole, Rheinwallian Creole does not conjugate verbs for person and uses conjugations and constructions familiar to both speakers of English and of German.

===Articles===
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles in Rheinwallian Creole
|-
! !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
! Before a vowel
| an
| rowspan="2" | de
|-
! Before a consonant
| a
|}

===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third person is gendered in the singular. There is no T-V distinction, meaning there are no levels of formality.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
===Demonstrative pronouns===
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.
===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

There are no strong verbs in this language.

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T15:59:15Z

Aqua: Added info about phono

'''Rhinevalian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Rheinwellisch Kreol'', historically ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a [[conlang|constructed]] [[auxiliary language|auxiliary]] and [[creole language]] based on German and British and American English, with some influence by Ripuarian languages. The language was created for a now-defunct micronation known as Rheinwall as a neutral and, for speakers of both languages, trivially easy to understand national language, as the native languages in the nation were split almost evenly between English and German. Soon after its introduction as a national language, it was deemed an integral part of the nation's culture and an important language for policy.

{{Infobox language
|name = Rhinevalian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwellisch (Kreol), -wallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwelɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rhinevalian Creole
|state = Rhinevale
|setting = semi-fictional
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|creator = Lily Jane
|script1 = Latn
}}

==Etymology==
The language's exonym in English derives from the Rhine valley, the geographical position of Rheinwall's founding. The old name "Rheinwallisch Kreol" was named after the same but derived from the nation's name in Latin "Vallis Rheni", which became "Rheinwall". The new name "Rheinwellisch Kreol" was influenced by the English exonym's pronuciation of "vale", as well as being a wordplay on the German word for wave "Welle" and on the English "well".

==Orthography==
The alphabet of Rhinevalian Creole consist out of seven vowel letters, with ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨y⟩ being orthographical alternatives to ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ respectively, and 22 consonant letters, the digraph ⟨ch⟩ and trigraph ⟨sch⟩ counting as separate letters of the alphabet. Diacritics do not exist in coined words but may appear in loanwords such as café

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

The creole distinguishes vowels in length, with vowels always being long in stressed syllables without a final consonant (i.e. open syllables) and are unmarked (single vowel letter) unless the entire word is monosyllabic. In syllables that end with a consonant (i.e. closed syllables), short vowels are the default while long vowels are to be marked by doubling the vowel, except in the case of ⟨æ⟩ which becomes ⟨ae⟩, and ⟨i⟩ which becomes ⟨ie⟩ in such cases. Open syllables that are unstressed have short vowels by default as well.

Most consonant letters are fairly predictable, though some letters may pose a challenge due to high degrees of allophony. Those letters, ''for a given syllable'', are:

* ⟨c⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩ and after a vowel, /s/ or /ts/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩ and after a consonant. Examples: Carl /karl/, Cent /(t)sent/, Danc /dan(t)s/.
* ⟨ch⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩, /ʃ/ in French loanwords and /tʃ/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. /x/ or // after ⟨a, o, u⟩ and /ç/, /x/ or // after ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. Examples: Charakter/-cter /ka.ˈrak.ta~-ɛr/, Charade /ʃa.ˈraː.də/, Licht /lɪçt~xt/.
* ⟨j⟩, pronounced /j/, except for loanwords such as "Jakarta" or "Jungel", which may alternatively be spelled with ⟨dj⟩ for /dʒ/.
* ⟨r⟩, pronounced [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] in free variation. May behave like a vowel in its own right after another vowel, depending on speaker's preference.
* ⟨sch⟩, pronounced /ʃ/ in every context. Never /sk/.
* ⟨w⟩, pronounced /w/ or /v/.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|(ʒ)]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Rhotic|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

As Standard German devoices all final obstruents, which are in this language characterized as there being a voiced/unvoiced pair may be pronounced either voiced (often called soft) or unvoiced (often called hard), while their unvoiced counterpart remains unvoiced and unchanged at the end of a syllable or word. The sound /h/ is a special case, as its historic appearance after a vowel in the end of a syllable has moved to /x/ (after back and central vowels, or all vowels depending on preference) or /ç/ (only after front vowels).

While the sonorants /m/ and /l/ do not change, no matter where they are in a word or syllable, many other sonorants behave very differently depending on their context; Before a /k/ sound, /n/ turns into /ŋ/ while a word-final /ŋ/ may alternatively be pronounced /ŋk/ and an intervocalic /ŋ/ be pronounced /ŋ.ɡ/. Rheinwellisch Kreol makes use of extensive free variation in rhotic sounds: [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] are all valid pronunciations of intervocalic and initial /r/ sounds. The final /r/ sound may be the same, though a vocalic form of /r/ exists for after vowels in a syllable, with similar pronunciations to Standard German and RP English. The approximants /w/ and /j/ are analyzed as vocalic in syllable final positions, only allowed after the short vowels /a/, /ɛ/ and in some cases after /ɔ/, /w/ does not become /v/ under any circumstances here.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

If a syllable ends with a voiced obstruent, e.g. /b/, /d/, /v/, ⟨a⟩ may be pronounced /aː/. After a final voiced obstruent, an epenthetic [ᵊ] may be added, if this helps keep it voiced. So, "had" may be pronounced [haːd], [haːdᵊ], [hadᵊ], [had], [hat] and [haːt]. Otherwise long vowels exist in

==Grammar==
A creole, Rheinwallian Creole does not conjugate verbs for person and uses conjugations and constructions familiar to both speakers of English and of German.

===Articles===
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles in Rheinwallian Creole
|-
! !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
! Before a vowel
| an
| rowspan="2" | de
|-
! Before a consonant
| a
|}

===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third person is gendered in the singular. There is no T-V distinction, meaning there are no levels of formality.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
===Demonstrative pronouns===
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.
===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

There are no strong verbs in this language.

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T15:04:27Z

Aqua: /* Consonants */

'''Rhinevalian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Rheinwellisch Kreol'', historically ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a [[conlang|constructed]] [[auxiliary language|auxiliary]] and [[creole language]] based on German and British and American English, with some influence by Ripuarian languages. The language was created for a now-defunct micronation known as Rheinwall as a neutral and, for speakers of both languages, trivially easy to understand national language, as the native languages in the nation were split almost evenly between English and German. Soon after its introduction as a national language, it was deemed an integral part of the nation's culture and an important language for policy.

{{Infobox language
|name = Rhinevalian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwellisch (Kreol), -wallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwelɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rhinevalian Creole
|state = Rhinevale
|setting = semi-fictional
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|creator = Lily Jane
|script1 = Latn
}}

==Etymology==
The language's exonym in English derives from the Rhine valley, the geographical position of Rheinwall's founding. The old name "Rheinwallisch Kreol" was named after the same but derived from the nation's name in Latin "Vallis Rheni", which became "Rheinwall". The new name "Rheinwellisch Kreol" was influenced by the English exonym's pronuciation of "vale", as well as being a wordplay on the German word for wave "Welle" and on the English "well".

==Orthography==
The alphabet of Rhinevalian Creole consist out of seven vowel letters, with ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨y⟩ being orthographical alternatives to ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ respectively, and 22 consonant letters, the digraph ⟨ch⟩ and trigraph ⟨sch⟩ counting as separate letters of the alphabet. Diacritics do not exist in coined words but may appear in loanwords such as café

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

The creole distinguishes vowels in length, with vowels always being long in stressed syllables without a final consonant (i.e. open syllables) and are unmarked (single vowel letter) unless the entire word is monosyllabic. In syllables that end with a consonant (i.e. closed syllables), short vowels are the default while long vowels are to be marked by doubling the vowel, except in the case of ⟨æ⟩ which renders as ⟨ae⟩ in such cases.

Most consonant letters are fairly predictable, though some letters may pose a challenge due to high degrees of allophony. Those letters, ''for a given syllable'', are:

* ⟨c⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩ and after a vowel, /s/ or /ts/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩ and after a consonant. Examples: Carl /karl/, Cent /(t)sent/, Danc /dan(t)s/.
* ⟨ch⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩, /ʃ/ in French loanwords and /tʃ/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. /x/ or // after ⟨a, o, u⟩ and /ç/, /x/ or // after ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. Examples: Charakter/-cter /ka.ˈrak.ta~-ɛr/, Charade /ʃa.ˈraː.də/, Licht /lɪçt~xt/.
* ⟨j⟩, pronounced /j/, except for loanwords such as "Jakarta" or "Jungel", which may alternatively be spelled with ⟨dj⟩ for /dʒ/.
* ⟨r⟩, pronounced [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] in free variation. May behave like a vowel in its own right after another vowel, depending on speaker's preference.
* ⟨sch⟩, pronounced /ʃ/ in every context. Never /sk/.
* ⟨w⟩, pronounced /w/ or /v/.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|(ʒ)]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Rhotic|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

==Grammar==
A creole, Rheinwallian Creole does not conjugate verbs for person and uses conjugations and constructions familiar to both speakers of English and of German.

===Articles===
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles in Rheinwallian Creole
|-
! !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
! Before a vowel
| an
| rowspan="2" | de
|-
! Before a consonant
| a
|}

===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third person is gendered in the singular. There is no T-V distinction, meaning there are no levels of formality.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
===Demonstrative pronouns===
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.
===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

There are no strong verbs in this language.

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T15:01:20Z

Aqua: /* Orthography */

'''Rhinevalian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Rheinwellisch Kreol'', historically ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a [[conlang|constructed]] [[auxiliary language|auxiliary]] and [[creole language]] based on German and British and American English, with some influence by Ripuarian languages. The language was created for a now-defunct micronation known as Rheinwall as a neutral and, for speakers of both languages, trivially easy to understand national language, as the native languages in the nation were split almost evenly between English and German. Soon after its introduction as a national language, it was deemed an integral part of the nation's culture and an important language for policy.

{{Infobox language
|name = Rhinevalian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwellisch (Kreol), -wallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwelɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rhinevalian Creole
|state = Rhinevale
|setting = semi-fictional
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|creator = Lily Jane
|script1 = Latn
}}

==Etymology==
The language's exonym in English derives from the Rhine valley, the geographical position of Rheinwall's founding. The old name "Rheinwallisch Kreol" was named after the same but derived from the nation's name in Latin "Vallis Rheni", which became "Rheinwall". The new name "Rheinwellisch Kreol" was influenced by the English exonym's pronuciation of "vale", as well as being a wordplay on the German word for wave "Welle" and on the English "well".

==Orthography==
The alphabet of Rhinevalian Creole consist out of seven vowel letters, with ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨y⟩ being orthographical alternatives to ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ respectively, and 22 consonant letters, the digraph ⟨ch⟩ and trigraph ⟨sch⟩ counting as separate letters of the alphabet. Diacritics do not exist in coined words but may appear in loanwords such as café

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

The creole distinguishes vowels in length, with vowels always being long in stressed syllables without a final consonant (i.e. open syllables) and are unmarked (single vowel letter) unless the entire word is monosyllabic. In syllables that end with a consonant (i.e. closed syllables), short vowels are the default while long vowels are to be marked by doubling the vowel, except in the case of ⟨æ⟩ which renders as ⟨ae⟩ in such cases.

Most consonant letters are fairly predictable, though some letters may pose a challenge due to high degrees of allophony. Those letters, ''for a given syllable'', are:

* ⟨c⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩ and after a vowel, /s/ or /ts/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩ and after a consonant. Examples: Carl /karl/, Cent /(t)sent/, Danc /dan(t)s/.
* ⟨ch⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩, /ʃ/ in French loanwords and /tʃ/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. /x/ or // after ⟨a, o, u⟩ and /ç/, /x/ or // after ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. Examples: Charakter/-cter /ka.ˈrak.ta~-ɛr/, Charade /ʃa.ˈraː.də/, Licht /lɪçt~xt/.
* ⟨j⟩, pronounced /j/, except for loanwords such as "Jakarta" or "Jungel", which may alternatively be spelled with ⟨dj⟩ for /dʒ/.
* ⟨r⟩, pronounced [r], [ɹ], [ʀ] or [ʁ] in free variation. May behave like a vowel in its own right after another vowel, depending on speaker's preference.
* ⟨sch⟩, pronounced /ʃ/ in every context. Never /sk/.
* ⟨w⟩, pronounced /w/ or /v/.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

==Grammar==
A creole, Rheinwallian Creole does not conjugate verbs for person and uses conjugations and constructions familiar to both speakers of English and of German.

===Articles===
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles in Rheinwallian Creole
|-
! !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
! Before a vowel
| an
| rowspan="2" | de
|-
! Before a consonant
| a
|}

===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third person is gendered in the singular. There is no T-V distinction, meaning there are no levels of formality.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
===Demonstrative pronouns===
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.
===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

There are no strong verbs in this language.

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T14:53:18Z

Aqua: /* Orthography */

'''Rhinevalian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Rheinwellisch Kreol'', historically ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a [[conlang|constructed]] [[auxiliary language|auxiliary]] and [[creole language]] based on German and British and American English, with some influence by Ripuarian languages. The language was created for a now-defunct micronation known as Rheinwall as a neutral and, for speakers of both languages, trivially easy to understand national language, as the native languages in the nation were split almost evenly between English and German. Soon after its introduction as a national language, it was deemed an integral part of the nation's culture and an important language for policy.

{{Infobox language
|name = Rhinevalian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwellisch (Kreol), -wallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwelɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rhinevalian Creole
|state = Rhinevale
|setting = semi-fictional
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|creator = Lily Jane
|script1 = Latn
}}

==Etymology==
The language's exonym in English derives from the Rhine valley, the geographical position of Rheinwall's founding. The old name "Rheinwallisch Kreol" was named after the same but derived from the nation's name in Latin "Vallis Rheni", which became "Rheinwall". The new name "Rheinwellisch Kreol" was influenced by the English exonym's pronuciation of "vale", as well as being a wordplay on the German word for wave "Welle" and on the English "well".

==Orthography==
The alphabet of Rhinevalian Creole consist out of seven vowel letters, with ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨y⟩ being orthographical alternatives to ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ respectively, and 22 consonant letters, the digraph ⟨ch⟩ and trigraph ⟨sch⟩ counting as separate letters of the alphabet. Diacritics do not exist in coined words but may appear in loanwords such as café

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

The creole distinguishes vowels in length, with vowels always being long in stressed syllables without a final consonant (i.e. open syllables) and are unmarked (single vowel letter) unless the entire word is monosyllabic. In syllables that end with a consonant (i.e. closed syllables), short vowels are the default while long vowels are to be marked by doubling the vowel, except in the case of ⟨æ⟩ which renders as ⟨ae⟩ in such cases.

Most consonant letters are fairly predictable, though some letters may pose a challenge due to high degrees of allophony. Those letters, ''for a given syllable'', are:

* ⟨c⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩ and after a vowel, /s/ or /ts/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩ and after a consonant. Examples: Carl /karl/, Cent /(t)sent/, Danc /dan(t)s/.
* ⟨ch⟩, pronounced /k/ before ⟨a, o, u⟩, /ʃ/ in French loanwords and /tʃ/ before ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. /x/ or // after ⟨a, o, u⟩ and /ç/, /x/ or // after ⟨æ, e, i, y⟩. Examples: Charakter/-cter /ka.ˈrak.ta~-ɛr/, Charade /ʃa.ˈraː.də/, Licht /lɪçt~xt/.
* ⟨j⟩, pronounced /j/, except for loanwords such as "Jakarta" or "Jungel", which may alternatively be spelled with ⟨dj⟩ for /dʒ/.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

==Grammar==
A creole, Rheinwallian Creole does not conjugate verbs for person and uses conjugations and constructions familiar to both speakers of English and of German.

===Articles===
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles in Rheinwallian Creole
|-
! !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
! Before a vowel
| an
| rowspan="2" | de
|-
! Before a consonant
| a
|}

===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third person is gendered in the singular. There is no T-V distinction, meaning there are no levels of formality.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
===Demonstrative pronouns===
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.
===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

There are no strong verbs in this language.

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T14:30:59Z

Aqua:

IPA for Rheinwallisch Kreol

2025-04-27T13:33:23Z

Aqua: Aqua moved page IPA for Rheinwallisch Kreol to IPA for Rhinevalian Creole

#REDIRECT [[IPA for Rhinevalian Creole]]

IPA for Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T13:33:23Z

Aqua: Aqua moved page IPA for Rheinwallisch Kreol to IPA for Rhinevalian Creole

The charts below show the way in which the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Rheinwallisch Kreol]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see [[w:Help:IPA|Help:IPA]].
{{IPA keys}}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |

{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent
|-
! colspan=4| [[wikipedia:Consonant|Consonants]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|b}}</big>
|'''b'''luum
|'''b'''loom
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|x}}</big>
|Li'''ch'''t
|Lo'''ch'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ç}}</big>
|Li'''ch'''t (allophone of coda /x/)
|'''h'''ue
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|∅}}</big>
|Li'''ch'''t (non-prounciation of /x/)
|phle'''g'''m
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|d}}</big>
|'''d'''ag
|'''d'''ay
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|(d)ʒ}}</big>
|'''J'''ungel
|'''j'''ungle
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|f}}</big>
|'''f'''ree
|'''f'''ree
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|g}}</big>
|'''g'''uud
|'''g'''ood
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|h}}</big>
|'''h'''allo
|'''h'''ello
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|j}}</big>
|'''j'''aer
|'''y'''ear
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|k}}</big>
|'''K'''abel
|'''c'''able
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|l}}</big>
|'''l'''iv
|'''l'''ive
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|m}}</big>
|'''M'''aus
|'''m'''ouse
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|n}}</big>
|'''N'''ord
|'''n'''orth
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ}}</big>
|Ri'''ng'''
|ri'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|p}}</big>
|Preis
|'''p'''rice
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|r}}</big>
|K'''r'''eol
|c'''r'''eole (all rhotics)
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|s}}</big>
|'''S'''port
|'''s'''port
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʃ}}</big>
|'''Sch'''ild, '''S'''port (variant)
|'''sh'''ield
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|t}}</big>
|'''T'''ick
|'''T'''ick
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|(t)s}}</big>
|Elektri'''c'''itie
|electri'''c'''ity
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|(t)ʃ}}</big>
|'''Ch'''ina
|'''ch'''ina
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|v}}</big>
|'''V'''iolin
|'''v'''iolin
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|w}}</big>
|'''W'''ater
|'''w'''ater
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|z}}</big>
|'''z'''ero
|'''z'''ero
|-
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! (nearest English) equivalent
|-
! colspan="3"| [[wikipedia:Vowel|Vowels]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|a}}</big>
|'''a'''ppel
|cl'''u'''b
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|a}}</big>
|F'''a'''der, Staan
|f'''a'''ther
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɛ}}</big>
|'''E'''lk
|'''e'''lk
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|eː~ɛɪ}}</big>
|J'''ee'''r, sl'''æ'''pen, h'''e'''ven
|caf'''é'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ə}}</big>
|d'''e'''
|th'''e''' (unstressed)
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɔ}}</big>
|St'''o'''p
|cl'''o'''th
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|oː~ɔʊ}}</big>
|Kr'''oo'''n, '''o'''pen
|cr'''ow'''n
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɪ}}</big>
|b'''i'''t
|b'''i'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|iː}}</big>
|d'''ie'''p, D'''i'''pool
|d'''ee'''p
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʊ}}</big>
|Gr'''u'''nd
|b'''oo'''k
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|uː}}</big>
|g'''uu'''d, Br'''u'''der
|b'''oo'''k
|-
!colspan=3| [[wikipedia:Semivowel|Semivowels]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|j}}</big>
|Ba'''y'''ern
|'''y'''awn
|-
!colspan=3| [[wikipedia:Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
| colspan=2|Primary stress
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˌ}}</big>
|colspan=2|Secondary stress
|}
|}
|}
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Rheinwallisch Kreol language]]

Rheinwallisch Kreol

2025-04-27T13:08:37Z

Aqua: Aqua moved page Rheinwallisch Kreol to Rhinevalian Creole: Endonym and exonym changed

#REDIRECT [[Rhinevalian Creole]]

Rhinevalian Creole

2025-04-27T13:08:37Z

Aqua: Aqua moved page Rheinwallisch Kreol to Rhinevalian Creole: Endonym and exonym changed

'''Rheinwallian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a constructed auxiliary creole based on English and German, highlighting linguistic similarities in grammar and vocabulary. It is used in Rheinwall, a nation with origins in the Rhine valley, where the most commonly spoken languages are now English and German.

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagecaption =
|name = Rheinwallian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwallisch Kreol, Rheinwallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwalɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rheinwallisch Kreol
|state = Rheinwall
|setting =
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|ancestor =
|creator = Lily Jane
|stand1 =
|script1 = Latn
|nation = Rheinwall
|agency = Royal Institut for de Rheinwallisch Spreek
|map =
|mapsize =
|mapcaption =
|notice = IPA
}}

==Etymology==
The language was named after the Queendom of Rheinwall, which in turn was named after being located in the Rhine valley (from Latin: vallis rheni).

==Orthography==
The dictionary of Rheinwallian Creole knows 28 letters, two of which are composed of more than one character. Diacritics are only found in non-Germanic loanwords like "café" and not part of the standard.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

==Grammar==
A creole, Rheinwallian Creole does not conjugate verbs for person and uses conjugations and constructions familiar to both speakers of English and of German.

===Articles===
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles in Rheinwallian Creole
|-
! !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
! Before a vowel
| an
| rowspan="2" | de
|-
! Before a consonant
| a
|}

===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third person is gendered in the singular. There is no T-V distinction, meaning there are no levels of formality.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
===Demonstrative pronouns===
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.
===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

There are no strong verbs in this language.

Cokkel

2024-09-10T18:01:47Z

Aqua:

'''Cokkel''' ([ˈtʃok.kel], formerly Cokjazik) is an artistic language that uses [[w:false cognate|false cognates]] to build its core vocabulary. Its grammar is mostly influenced by Uralic and Turkic - its flair might be best describes as "Central Asian".

==Etymology==
The name of this language derives from the words "cok", meaning "many, much" and "kel" meaning "language". This refers to the fact that this language derives its vocabulary and part of its grammar from many languages.

==Orthography==
The Cokkel alphabet contains all 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, each corresponding to one sound. Cokkel is analyzed as having 6 vowels and 20 consonants.
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="26" | Letters in Cokkel
|-
| Aa || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz
|}
</center>
All of these are pronounced exactly like their IPA counterpart except for ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ and ⟨x⟩.
* ⟨c⟩ is pronounced as /tʃ/, that is, like the "ch" in "'''Ch'''ina"
* ⟨q⟩ is pronounced as /ʔ/, that is like the pause of airflow in "uh'''-'''oh"
* ⟨x⟩ is pronounced as /ks/, that is like the "x" in "ta'''x'''i"

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
|
|
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
| [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| ks*
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
|
| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
|
|
|-
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> "ks" is technically not widely deemed an affricate. However it is analyzed in this language as such to fit phonotactical rules.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|}

===Prosody===
Stress falls on the penultimate syllable for non-compound words. In compound words the primary stress is on the first syllable and the secondary stress on the first syllable of the compound.

===Phonotactics===
Cokkel uses a strict (C)V(C) rule. That is, that a syllable must have at least one vowel, and may have an [[w:phonotactics|onset]] and a [[w:phonotactics|coda]] consonant.

==Grammar==
Cokkel's sentence structure is SVO. It is an nominative-accusative aligned language. It has aritcles for nouns and uses seven cases and three tenses.

===Verbs===
Verbs conjugate to tense and person.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Conjugation of "gez" (to go, to walk)
|-
!
! mi
! tu
! o
! mis
! tus
! os
|-
! Present
| gezem
| gezen
| gez
| gezemes
| gezenes
| gezes
|-
! Past
| gezdem
| gezden
| gezde
| gezdemes
| gezdenes
| gezdes
|-
! Future
| gezgem
| gezgen
| gezge
| gezgemes
| gezgenes
| gezges
|}

There are two affixes to indicate tense and six to indicate person, with the tense affix coming before the personal affix. These regular affixes are listed below:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Tense affixes
|-
! Future
! Past
|-
| -g-
| -d-
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Personal affixes
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! 1st
| -m
| -m-s
|-
! 2nd
| -n
| -n-s
|-
! 3rd
|
| -un
|}

===Nouns===
Nouns decline to number, definitiveness and case. The possessive can be constructed via noun + personal pronoun ending but isn't deemed a case in itself.

====Articles====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Articles
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Definite
| al
| las
|-
! Indefinite
| ixi
| -
|}

====Cases====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
|
| -s
|-
! Accusative
| -n
| -n-s
|-
! Genitive
| -s
| -s-s
|-
! Dative
| -t
| -t-s
|-
! Ablative
| -p
| -p-s
|-
! Locative
| d-
| d-s
|-
! Instrumental
| l-
| l-s
|}

==Swadesh list==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! English
! Cokkel
! Notes
|-
| I
| mi
| derived from English "me" and the Irish and Turkish -m ending.
|-
| you
| tu
| from Spanish "tú" and Hungarian "te".
|-
| we
| mis
| plural of "mi"
|-
| this
| kono
| from Japanese kono and Hmong no
|-
| that
| cono
| ''original''
|-
| what
| ha
| ''onomatopoeic'' (huh?)
|-
| who
| hu
| from English "who"
|-
| not
| ne
| from Dutch "nee" and Hungarian "nem"
|-
| all
| ol
| from Greek "ola" and English "all"
|-
| many
| cok
| from English "chock-full", Hungarian "sok" and Turkish "çok"
|-
| one
| ixi
| from Finnish "yksi" and Japanese "ichi"
|-
| two
| du
| from Korean "tul/dul" and Indonesian "dua"
|-
| big
| noi
| from Hawaiian "nui" and Hungarian "nagy"
|}

Lilin

2024-08-22T13:23:00Z

Aqua: /* Phonotactics */

'''Lilin''' (literally Lily Language) is a personal language with 18 consonants and 9 vowels created by Lily Jane, which was conceived on 27 May 2024. The number of consonants and vowels are a reference to Lily Jane's birthday; 18 September.

==Introduction==








==Phonology==
=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Lilin Alphabet
|-
| Aa || Åå || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ææ || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || ʻ || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Øø || Rr || Ss || Þþ || Uu || Vv || Yy || Zz
|}

If not otherwise specified, the letters are pronounced like in the IPA. Exceptions are the following:
* The letter '''å''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɒ}}/, similarly to Swedish.
* The letter '''c''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ç}}/, similar to the h in the English "hue".
* The '''f''' and '''v''' in Lilin are bilabial, created by bringing the lips close together instead of the upper teeth touching the lower lip. Pronounced /{{IPA|φ}}/ and {{IPA|β}}/.
* The letter '''j''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ʝ}}/, similar to the letter Gamma in Greek before front vowels.
* The letter '''ʻ''' stands for the glottal stop /{{IPA|ʔ}}/, like the break in uh-oh.
* '''o''' and '''u''' are "open" /{{IPA|ɔ}}/ and /{{IPA|ʊ}}/

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|φ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== Vowels ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]
| [[w:Near-close back rounded vowel|ʊ]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]
| [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]
|}

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress always falls unto the penultimate syllable.

===Phonotactics===
Following phonotactical rules apply:
* (C)(L)V(C).
* No two liquids in a row in the onset.
* No two nasals in a row in the onset.
* Liasion but no fusion between vowels in series.
* Special rule for nasals
** moraic n and m: always their own syllable, written as ʻn and ʻm
** syllabic n and m: can be rendered as their own syllable, written as n and m, otherwise behaves like any other letter.

==Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==



[[Category:Lilin]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Dunja Kel

2024-06-26T19:00:09Z

Aqua:

'''Dunja Kel''' ''(literally: world language)'' is an international auxiliary language created in 2023 by the Dunja Kel association. The language has a simple phonology with 15 consonants, 5 vowels and 2 diphthongs, with a syllable structure of an optional consonant before and after a mandatory vowel or diphthong. The vocabulary of Dunja Kel is, in theory, derived from ⅓ false cognates, similarly to [[Cokkel]], ⅓ from the ten most commonly spoken languages of unique language family branches (such as Spanish for Romance and English for Germanic) and ⅓ of onomatopoeic or made up origins. The word order is SVO.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! CONSONANTS
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dorsal
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
| ŋ
|-
! Plosive
| p b
| t d
| k ɡ
|-
! Fricative
| f
| s
| h
|-
! Approximant
| w~v
| l~r
| j
|}
===Vowels===
Dunjakel has five monophthongs and two diphthongs. For phonotactical reasons both monophthongs and diphthongs are considered single vowels each.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! MONOPHTH
! Front
! Back
|-
! Close
| i
| u
|-
! Mid
| e
| o
|-
! Open
| colspan=2 | a
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! DIPHTH
! Center-Front
! Center-Back
|-
! Open-Close
| ai
| au
|}
===Phonotactics===
With a (C)V(C) syllable structure, syllables may not begin with /ŋ/ nor may they end with voiced plosives, /w/, /j/ or /h/.

==Lexicon==
The lexicon of Dunja Kel is derived from false cognates (e.g. "kajak" from Inuktitut ᖃᔭᖅ (kayak) and Turkish kayık (caïque, type of fishing boat)), vocabulary from 10 source languages chosen to each represent a unique linguistic branch and based on prevalence of most commonly spoken languages, and original vocabulary mostly derived from onomatopoeia. Words that are loaned extensively in the source languages should be used, even if they aren't originally from that language (e.g. metro, which is a common term for subway systems worldwide). These sources of lexicon are planned to stand at about 33% each, so that there's an equal amount of false cognates, material from Dunja Kel's source languages and a priori word creations.

===Color Wheel===
Dunjakel recognizes 8 colors, 6 of which are cyclical so that either the first letter or anything but the first letter stays the same through each iteration. These cyclical colors are: let - het - hang - nang - nila - lila. The source of the names of the primary colors were derived from English (red), Mandarin (yellow/黄) and Hindi (blue/नीला). Purple being "lila", which is a common word for purple in some languages is coincidental. The two non-cyclical colors are white and black which ar bel and sut respectively. Gray is "bel sut" or "sut bel".

==Grammar==
===Sentence Structure===
The sentence structure is SPO, though more context may be added sentence initially using the -wa suffix on words, so that place, time and indirect objects may be included. Predicates can be any part of speech though they behave syntactically similarly to verbs so that for instance "mi bisis" becomes "I am a bee" where "bisi" is bee and the "-s" suffix marks the predicate (in other words "bisis" is a stative verb meaning "to be a bee". Transitive verbs can similary be created so that "mi kikis te" can mean "I stab you/I cut you" from "kiki" (sharp, pointy) becoming "kikis" (to be sharp/pointy OR to use something pointy on something or somone). Adjectives are initial to nouns (on the left side) and generally unmarked except to show intensity. Syntactically, personal pronouns may behave as adjectives so you can say "mi bisi" for "my bee".

===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PERSON
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|-
! Singular
| mi
| te
| on
|-
! Plural
| mimi
| tete
| onon
|}

IPA for Rhinevalian Creole

2024-06-26T16:39:22Z

Aqua: Created page with "The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Rheinwallisch Kreol pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see Help:IPA. {{IPA keys}} {| style="background: none" |- | valign="top" | {| style="background: none" |- | valign="top" | {| class="IPA wikitabl..."

Rhinevalian Creole

2024-06-26T16:07:17Z

Aqua: IPA link changed

Lilin

2024-05-27T19:02:53Z

Aqua: /* Phonotactics */

'''Lilin''' (literally Lily Language) is a personal language with 18 consonants and 9 vowels created by Lily Jane, which was conceived on 27 May 2024. The number of consonants and vowels are a reference to Lily Jane's birthday; 18 September.

==Introduction==








==Phonology==
=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Lilin Alphabet
|-
| Aa || Åå || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ææ || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || ʻ || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Øø || Rr || Ss || Þþ || Uu || Vv || Yy || Zz
|}

If not otherwise specified, the letters are pronounced like in the IPA. Exceptions are the following:
* The letter '''å''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɒ}}/, similarly to Swedish.
* The letter '''c''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ç}}/, similar to the h in the English "hue".
* The '''f''' and '''v''' in Lilin are bilabial, created by bringing the lips close together instead of the upper teeth touching the lower lip. Pronounced /{{IPA|φ}}/ and {{IPA|β}}/.
* The letter '''j''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ʝ}}/, similar to the letter Gamma in Greek before front vowels.
* The letter '''ʻ''' stands for the glottal stop /{{IPA|ʔ}}/, like the break in uh-oh.
* '''o''' and '''u''' are "open" /{{IPA|ɔ}}/ and /{{IPA|ʊ}}/

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|φ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== Vowels ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]
| [[w:Near-close back rounded vowel|ʊ]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]
| [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]
|}

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress always falls unto the penultimate syllable.

===Phonotactics===
Following phonotactical rules apply:
* (C)(L)V(N).
* No two liquids in a row in the onset.
* No two nasals in a row in the onset.
* Liasion but no fusion between vowels in series.
* Special rule for nasals
** moraic n and m: always their own syllable, written as ʻn and ʻm
** syllabic n and m: can be rendered as their own syllable, written as n and m, otherwise behaves like any other letter.

==Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==



[[Category:Lilin]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Lilin

2024-05-27T18:51:11Z

Aqua: /* Consonants */ Colspan correction

'''Lilin''' (literally Lily Language) is a personal language with 18 consonants and 9 vowels created by Lily Jane, which was conceived on 27 May 2024. The number of consonants and vowels are a reference to Lily Jane's birthday; 18 September.

==Introduction==








==Phonology==
=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Lilin Alphabet
|-
| Aa || Åå || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ææ || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || ʻ || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Øø || Rr || Ss || Þþ || Uu || Vv || Yy || Zz
|}

If not otherwise specified, the letters are pronounced like in the IPA. Exceptions are the following:
* The letter '''å''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɒ}}/, similarly to Swedish.
* The letter '''c''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ç}}/, similar to the h in the English "hue".
* The '''f''' and '''v''' in Lilin are bilabial, created by bringing the lips close together instead of the upper teeth touching the lower lip. Pronounced /{{IPA|φ}}/ and {{IPA|β}}/.
* The letter '''j''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ʝ}}/, similar to the letter Gamma in Greek before front vowels.
* The letter '''ʻ''' stands for the glottal stop /{{IPA|ʔ}}/, like the break in uh-oh.
* '''o''' and '''u''' are "open" /{{IPA|ɔ}}/ and /{{IPA|ʊ}}/

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|φ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== Vowels ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]
| [[w:Near-close back rounded vowel|ʊ]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]
| [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]
|}

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress always falls unto the penultimate syllable.

===Phonotactics===
Following phonotactical rules apply:
* (C)(L⊕N)V(N).
* No two liquids in a row in the onset.
* No two nasals in a row in the onset.
* Liasion but no fusion between vowels in series.
* Special rule for nasals
** moraic n and m: always their own syllable, written as ʻn and ʻm
** syllabic n and m: can be rendered as their own syllable, written as n and m, otherwise behaves like any other letter.

==Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==



[[Category:Lilin]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Lilin

2024-05-27T14:31:31Z

Aqua: Create Lilin

'''Lilin''' (literally Lily Language) is a personal language with 18 consonants and 9 vowels created by Lily Jane, which was conceived on 27 May 2024. The number of consonants and vowels are a reference to Lily Jane's birthday; 18 September.

==Introduction==








==Phonology==
=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="100%" | Letters of the Lilin Alphabet
|-
| Aa || Åå || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ææ || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || ʻ || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Øø || Rr || Ss || Þþ || Uu || Vv || Yy || Zz
|}

If not otherwise specified, the letters are pronounced like in the IPA. Exceptions are the following:
* The letter '''å''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɒ}}/, similarly to Swedish.
* The letter '''c''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ç}}/, similar to the h in the English "hue".
* The '''f''' and '''v''' in Lilin are bilabial, created by bringing the lips close together instead of the upper teeth touching the lower lip. Pronounced /{{IPA|φ}}/ and {{IPA|β}}/.
* The letter '''j''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ʝ}}/, similar to the letter Gamma in Greek before front vowels.
* The letter '''ʻ''' stands for the glottal stop /{{IPA|ʔ}}/, like the break in uh-oh.
* '''o''' and '''u''' are "open" /{{IPA|ɔ}}/ and /{{IPA|ʊ}}/

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="100%" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|φ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
=== Vowels ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]
| [[w:Near-close back rounded vowel|ʊ]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]
| [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]
|}

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress always falls unto the penultimate syllable.

===Phonotactics===
Following phonotactical rules apply:
* (C)(L⊕N)V(N).
* No two liquids in a row in the onset.
* No two nasals in a row in the onset.
* Liasion but no fusion between vowels in series.
* Special rule for nasals
** moraic n and m: always their own syllable, written as ʻn and ʻm
** syllabic n and m: can be rendered as their own syllable, written as n and m, otherwise behaves like any other letter.

==Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===

==Example texts==

==Other resources==



[[Category:Lilin]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Rhinevalian Creole

2024-04-03T11:45:10Z

Aqua: /* Orthography */ added Ash

'''Rheinwallian Creole''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''Rheinwallisch Kreol'') is a constructed auxiliary creole based on English and German, highlighting linguistic similarities in grammar and vocabulary. It is used in Rheinwall, a nation with origins in the Rhine valley, where the most commonly spoken languages are now English and German.

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagecaption =
|name = Rheinwallian Creole
|nativename = Rheinwallisch Kreol, Rheinwallisch
|pronunciation = ˈraɪnˌwalɪʃ kreɔl
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Rheinwallian Creole
|state = Rheinwall
|setting =
|created = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' German and English
|ancestor =
|creator = Lily Jane
|stand1 =
|script1 = Latn
|nation = Rheinwall
|agency = Royal Institut for de Rheinwallisch Spreek
|map =
|mapsize =
|mapcaption =
|notice = IPA
}}

==Etymology==
The language was named after the Queendom of Rheinwall, which in turn was named after being located in the Rhine valley (from Latin: vallis rheni).

==Orthography==
The dictionary of Rheinwallian Creole knows 28 letters, two of which are composed of more than one character. Diacritics are only found in non-Germanic loanwords like "café" and not part of the standard.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! colspan="100%";|Letters
|-
! Orthography
| A || Æ || B || C || CH || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || SCH || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z
|-
|}

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
! [[w:Rhotic|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long !! Short !! Long
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || [[w:close front unrounded vowel|iː]] || colspan="2" | || [[w:near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] || [[w:close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:open-mid near-front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] || [[w:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]~ɛɪ || [[w:mid central vowel|ə]] || || [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || [[w:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]~ɔʊ
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | || [[w:open central unrouded vowel|a]] || [[w:open central unrounded vowel|aː]] || colspan="2" |
|}

==Grammar==
A creole, Rheinwallian Creole does not conjugate verbs for person and uses conjugations and constructions familiar to both speakers of English and of German.

===Articles===
There are two sets of articles, indefinite and definite.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles in Rheinwallian Creole
|-
! !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
! Before a vowel
| an
| rowspan="2" | de
|-
! Before a consonant
| a
|}

===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns in Rheinwallian creole are divided into subject, object and possessive pronouns. The third person is gendered in the singular. There is no T-V distinction, meaning there are no levels of formality.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
|-
! !! Subject !! Object !! Possessive
|-
! First Singular
| i || mi || mein
|-
! Second singular
| du || di || dein
|-
! Third singular
| e/se/et || im/ir/et || sein/ir/sein
|-
! First plural
| wi || us || ur
|-
! Second plural
| ju || ji || jur
|-
! Third plural
| de || dem || der
|-
|}
===Demonstrative pronouns===
There are two demonstrative pronouns: "dis" and "dat", used in both singular and plural.
===Verbs===
All verbs in the language end with either -en or -n. There are two irregular verbs "sen" and "haven". Verbs conjugate for tense, of which there are four, two of which periphrastic and one default (present) and for voice.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: drinken
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| drink || drinkte || schall drinken || is drinken
|-
! Passive
| is drinkt || was drinkt || schall sen drinkt || is sen drinkt
|}

The irregular verbs are conjugated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ sen
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| is || was || schall sen || is sen
|-
! Passive
| - || - || - || -
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ haven
|-
! !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Progressive
|-
! Active
| hav || had || schall haven || is haven
|-
! Passive
| is had || was had || shall sen had || is sen had
|}

There are no strong verbs in this language.

IPA for Cet

2024-03-14T00:48:17Z

Aqua:

The charts below show the way in which the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Cet]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation.
{{IPA keys}}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |

{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! equivalent
|-
! colspan=4| [[wikipedia:Consonant|Consonants]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|b}}</big>
|'''b'''ród
|'''b'''read
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|p}}</big>
|a'''p'''l, '''p'''ík
|s'''p'''y
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|d}}</big>
|'''d'''úv
|'''d'''ove
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|t}}</big>
|s'''t'''ol'''t'''
|bes'''t'''ow
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɡ}}</big>
|'''g'''ift, '''c'''et
|'''g'''ift
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|k}}</big>
|'''k'''rón
|'''c'''rown
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|m}}</big>
|'''m'''ús
|'''m'''ouse
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|n}}</big>
|'''n'''ás
|'''n'''o
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ}}</big>
|þi'''ng'''
|thi'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|v}}</big>
|'''v'''ín
|'''v'''ineyard
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|f}}</big>
|'''f'''iś
|'''f'''ish
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ð}}</big>
|al'''ð'''ó
|al'''th'''ough
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|θ}}</big>
|'''þ'''rón
|'''th'''rone
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|z}}</big>
|sak'''z'''i
|'''z'''ap
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|s}}</big>
|hú'''s'''
|hou'''s'''e
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʒ}}</big>
|'''ź'''
|mea'''s'''ure
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʃ}}</big>
|'''ś'''op
|'''sh'''op
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|h}}</big>
|'''h'''ús
|'''h'''ouse
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|x}}</big>
|la'''ch''', la'''h''', la'''gh'''
|Lo'''ch''' (Scots)
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ç}}</big>
|fe'''ch''', fe'''h''', fe'''gh'''
|'''h'''ue
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|w}}</big>
|'''w'''atr
|'''w'''ater
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|l}}</big>
|'''l'''ó
|'''l'''ow
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|j}}</big>
|'''j'''a
|'''y'''es
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|r}}</big>
|'''r'''ód
|'''r'''ed, a'''rr'''oz (Spanish), '''r'''ot (German)
|-
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! equivalent
|-
! colspan="3"| [[wikipedia:Vowel|Vowels]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɑ}}</big>
|'''a'''ngs
|b'''a'''th (short; [[w:Received Pronunciation|RP]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|o(ː)}}</big>
|k'''á'''s
|y'''aw'''n ([[w:Received Pronunciation|RP]]), B'''oo'''t ([[w:German language|German]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɛ}}</big>
|tr'''e'''k
|b'''e'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|eɪ}}</big>
|p'''é'''sk
|bl'''a'''me
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɪ}}</big>
|l'''i'''v
|b'''i'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|i(ː)}}</big>
|l'''í'''d
|fr'''ee'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɔ}}</big>
|m'''o'''nd
|th'''ough'''t ([[w:Received pronunciation|RP]], [[w:GenAm|General American]]), P'''o'''st ([[w:German language|German]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|oʊ}}</big>
|l'''ó'''
|th'''ough''' ([[w:GenAm|General American]])
|-
!colspan=3| [[wikipedia:Semivowel|Semivowels]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|j}}</big>
|sov'''j'''a
|'''y'''oung
|-
!colspan=3| [[wikipedia:Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
| colspan=2|Primary stress
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˌ}}</big>
|colspan=2|Secondary stress
|}
|}
|}
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Cet]]