2019-03-15T13:29:42Z

Ceige: /* Texts */

==Texts==
===Schleicher's Fable===
====English====

[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses;
: one of them pulling a heavy wagon,
: one carrying a big load,
: and one carrying a man quickly.
The sheep said to the horses:
: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses."
The horses said:
:"Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this:
:: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool."
Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

====ʔermikós====

ʔeli tolóy, kébʰōs soy sowpós lóʔeyti sewsóms lóʔti;
: ʕestós kebʰdʰéħm ʕelgʰéħm séħbʰti,
: ʕestós kerbʰóm noldóm néʔsti,
: ʕestós ʔéynesom seʕród néʔsti we.
Kébʰōs sewsóybʰos ʔórmti:
: "noy leybʰóm ne ʔelmti, ʔéynesom leʔmónti sewsóms gewdóntim."
Sewsóy ʔórmtos:
: "Séħmo, kébʰesom: nóybʰos leybʰéħ nos ʔelmtos, skor léʔnos heǵʰóm:
::ʔéynōs, bʰeʕlós, kébʰesod sowpóm toy lébesoy póʕlti. Kébʰōs we soy sowpós lóʔeyti."
Heǵʰóm soħmónti, kébʰōs ʕerbʰéħy horbʰti.

====Ermikós====

Eli tolóy kébōs soy sowpós lōyti sewsóms lōti;
: astós kebʰtā́m algʰā́m sābʰti,
: astós kerbʰóm noldóm nḗsti,
: astós éynesom sāród nḗsti we.
Kébʰōs sewsóybʰos órmti:
: "noy leybʰóm ne elmti, éynesom lēmónti sewsóms gewdóntim."
Sewsóy órmtos:
: "Sā́mo, kébʰesom: nóybʰos leybā́ nos elmtos, skor lēnos eǵʰóm:
:: éynōs, bʰālós, kébʰesod sowpóm toy lébesoy pōlti. Kébʰōs we soy sowpós lōyti."
Eǵʰóm sōmónti, kébʰōs arbʰā́y orbʰti.

====Ärmig====
Il tali lóð kifur sleið saup syrar;
: sófið ast kifta alga,
: nárið ast kirfe nall,
: vi nárið ast ínnur sóra.
Kifur armið il syrar:
: "nei líf ilmið ni, lámann ínn gyðann syrar."
Syrar armiðar:
: "Sóma, kifur: neif lífar na ilmiðar, skar lánar eg:
:: ínnur, ból, fólið tei kifri saup láfri. Vi kifur sleið saup."
Sómann eg, kifur arfei arfið.

2019-01-25T09:53:09Z

Ceige: Ceige moved page User:Ceige/Pǝqyǝq to User:Ceige/Tossaq: Change of language name

Tossaq (Toqyaq) is an Indo-European language with aggressive assimilatory sound changes.

 

== Sound Changes ==
=== Pre-Proto-Tossaq ===
* Diphthongisation of e and o to ie and uo respectively
* Treatment of any vowel + h(1, 2, 3) as ʀǝ
* epenthetic vowels added before and after clusters, with:
:* liquids L and R assimilating to the adjacent consonant's manner of articulation e.g. tr- -> ǝtr- -> ǝtt-
:* nasals staying unassimilated.

Examples:
* tewt-eh2 -> tjewt-ʀǝ
* drukós -> ǝdduk-uos

=== Proto-Tossaq ===
* ie, uo, ʀǝ become ja, wa, ʀa respectively
* metathesis of any second liquid sound to the end of the word, e.g. tjewt- -> tjatw-
* general loss of word final vowels and inflectional endings

Examples
* tjewt-3a -> tjatw(-ʀa)
* ǝdduk-uos -> ǝdduk(-was)

=== Old-Tossaq ===
* consonants assimilate to the place of articulation of following liquids (or i/u):
:* for plosives: Pw, Pj, Pʀ -> p, t, k (b, d, g, bh, dh, gh etc)
:* for fricatives: Fw, Fj, Fʀ -> f, s, h
:* for liquids: Lw, Lj, Lʀ -> w, y, ʀ
:* for nasals: Nw, Nj, Nʀ -> m, n, ŋ
* front/back distinctions of vowels are lost, e.g. twa, tja, tʀa -> pa, ta, ka
:* for open vowels: a
:* for closed vowels: ɯ (ı, ǝ in writing)

Examples
* tjatw(-ʀa) -> tap(ʀa)
* ǝdduk(-was) -> ǝbbǝk(was)

=== Early-Middle Tossaq ===
* syllabe-final consonants colour the preceding vowel and merge together:
:* labials add the ring diacritic, dentals add the trema, e.g. ǝbbǝk -> ǝ̊bbǝk
:* in some dialects, velars add the macron, e.g. ǝ̊bbǝ̂k
:* voiceless plosives become {{smallcaps|-q}}
:* voiced plosives lengthen the preceding vowel
:* fricatives become {{smallcaps|-h}}
:* liquids still colour the final vowel, but leave no other direct trace
:* nasals become {{smallcaps|-n}}
:* in summary: -P, -V, -F, -L, -N -> {{smallcaps|-q, -:, -h, -ø, -n}}

Examples:
* tap(ʀa) -> tåq(ʀa)
* ǝbbǝk(was) -> ǝ̊ǝ̊bǝ̂q(wäh)

=== Late-Middle Tossaq ===
* Vowel colouring results in a new vowel system:
:* å ä â a -> o, e, a, æ (where a and æ are often merged)
:* ǝ̊ ǝ̈ ǝ̂ ǝ -> ü, i, u, ǝ (where ü and u are often merged, and i and ǝ are also often merged)

Examples:
* tåq(ʀa) -> toq(ʀa)
* ǝ̊ǝ̊bǝ̂q(wäh) -> üübuq(weh)

 

=== Early-Middle Tossaq ===
* Voiceless consonants preceded by {{smallcaps|-q}} become geminated
* In some dialects, long vowels before voiced consonants become -VN
:* in other dialects, vowels followed by {{smallcaps|-q}} and a voiced consonant become long
* In some dialects, liquids preceded by both {{smallcaps|-q & -h}} become voiceless
:* In other dialects, liquids and fricatives preceded by {{smallcaps|-q}} become plosives
* In some dialects, -{{smallcaps|q}}N- yields a geminate plosive, in others it just results in a prestopped consonant.
* Across most dialects, voiced ʀ becomes /l~r/

Examples:
* toq-yaq -> toqẙak (toççaq, toccaq)
* toq-fan -> toqfan (toffan, toppan)
* toq(ʀa) -> toq, toqʀ̊a
* uubůq(weh) -> unbůq, unbůqẘa

=== Modern Tossaq ===
* In some dialects, the following vowel mergers occur:
:* ü, u
:* i, ǝ
:* a, æ
* In most dialects, ç -> sh, c -> ch
:* In some dialects, hi, ʀ̊i and hu, ʀ̊u yield çi and fu, and these varying merge with other fricatives in behaviour here.
* -h is merged with -q in some dialects, and lengthens vowels in others
* In some dialects, -q disappears when it has nothing to interact with. Its assimilatory effects are still productive in those dialects.
:* This sometimes leads to an accent system forming, with -Vq vowels becoming -v̀.
:* This accent system then expands such that all closed syllables become low accents, and all open syllables become high accents.
* In some dialects, -qʀ- becomes -kk- ~ -qq-.

Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! P.Indo-European !! Proto-Tossaq !! Late-Middle Tossaq !! Modern Tossaq !! English
|-
| *tewtex-yekós || tyatwăʀă-yakwă || toq-yaq || tòcchà || national language
|-
| *tewtex-somos || tyatwăʀă-swamăs || toq-fan || tòppàn || union
|-
| *drukós || ǝddukwăs || üü-buq || únbù || trough
|-
| *wiḱpotís || wǝkpwatyǝ̆s || wůq-peq || ùppè || village head
|-
| *déḱos, -es- || dyakyăsă || deq, deteh || dè, détèè || right, proper, honourable; honours
|-
| *nébhos, -es- || nyab̈yăsă || nee, nedeh || néé, nédèè || cloud; clouds
|}

User:Ceige/Tossaq

2019-01-25T09:52:37Z

Ceige:

Tossaq (Toqyaq) is an Indo-European language with aggressive assimilatory sound changes.

 

== Sound Changes ==
=== Pre-Proto-Tossaq ===
* Diphthongisation of e and o to ie and uo respectively
* Treatment of any vowel + h(1, 2, 3) as ʀǝ
* epenthetic vowels added before and after clusters, with:
:* liquids L and R assimilating to the adjacent consonant's manner of articulation e.g. tr- -> ǝtr- -> ǝtt-
:* nasals staying unassimilated.

Examples:
* tewt-eh2 -> tjewt-ʀǝ
* drukós -> ǝdduk-uos

=== Proto-Tossaq ===
* ie, uo, ʀǝ become ja, wa, ʀa respectively
* metathesis of any second liquid sound to the end of the word, e.g. tjewt- -> tjatw-
* general loss of word final vowels and inflectional endings

Examples
* tjewt-3a -> tjatw(-ʀa)
* ǝdduk-uos -> ǝdduk(-was)

=== Old-Tossaq ===
* consonants assimilate to the place of articulation of following liquids (or i/u):
:* for plosives: Pw, Pj, Pʀ -> p, t, k (b, d, g, bh, dh, gh etc)
:* for fricatives: Fw, Fj, Fʀ -> f, s, h
:* for liquids: Lw, Lj, Lʀ -> w, y, ʀ
:* for nasals: Nw, Nj, Nʀ -> m, n, ŋ
* front/back distinctions of vowels are lost, e.g. twa, tja, tʀa -> pa, ta, ka
:* for open vowels: a
:* for closed vowels: ɯ (ı, ǝ in writing)

Examples
* tjatw(-ʀa) -> tap(ʀa)
* ǝdduk(-was) -> ǝbbǝk(was)

=== Early-Middle Tossaq ===
* syllabe-final consonants colour the preceding vowel and merge together:
:* labials add the ring diacritic, dentals add the trema, e.g. ǝbbǝk -> ǝ̊bbǝk
:* in some dialects, velars add the macron, e.g. ǝ̊bbǝ̂k
:* voiceless plosives become {{smallcaps|-q}}
:* voiced plosives lengthen the preceding vowel
:* fricatives become {{smallcaps|-h}}
:* liquids still colour the final vowel, but leave no other direct trace
:* nasals become {{smallcaps|-n}}
:* in summary: -P, -V, -F, -L, -N -> {{smallcaps|-q, -:, -h, -ø, -n}}

Examples:
* tap(ʀa) -> tåq(ʀa)
* ǝbbǝk(was) -> ǝ̊ǝ̊bǝ̂q(wäh)

=== Late-Middle Tossaq ===
* Vowel colouring results in a new vowel system:
:* å ä â a -> o, e, a, æ (where a and æ are often merged)
:* ǝ̊ ǝ̈ ǝ̂ ǝ -> ü, i, u, ǝ (where ü and u are often merged, and i and ǝ are also often merged)

Examples:
* tåq(ʀa) -> toq(ʀa)
* ǝ̊ǝ̊bǝ̂q(wäh) -> üübuq(weh)

 

=== Early-Middle Tossaq ===
* Voiceless consonants preceded by {{smallcaps|-q}} become geminated
* In some dialects, long vowels before voiced consonants become -VN
:* in other dialects, vowels followed by {{smallcaps|-q}} and a voiced consonant become long
* In some dialects, liquids preceded by both {{smallcaps|-q & -h}} become voiceless
:* In other dialects, liquids and fricatives preceded by {{smallcaps|-q}} become plosives
* In some dialects, -{{smallcaps|q}}N- yields a geminate plosive, in others it just results in a prestopped consonant.
* Across most dialects, voiced ʀ becomes /l~r/

Examples:
* toq-yaq -> toqẙak (toççaq, toccaq)
* toq-fan -> toqfan (toffan, toppan)
* toq(ʀa) -> toq, toqʀ̊a
* uubůq(weh) -> unbůq, unbůqẘa

=== Modern Tossaq ===
* In some dialects, the following vowel mergers occur:
:* ü, u
:* i, ǝ
:* a, æ
* In most dialects, ç -> sh, c -> ch
:* In some dialects, hi, ʀ̊i and hu, ʀ̊u yield çi and fu, and these varying merge with other fricatives in behaviour here.
* -h is merged with -q in some dialects, and lengthens vowels in others
* In some dialects, -q disappears when it has nothing to interact with. Its assimilatory effects are still productive in those dialects.
:* This sometimes leads to an accent system forming, with -Vq vowels becoming -v̀.
:* This accent system then expands such that all closed syllables become low accents, and all open syllables become high accents.
* In some dialects, -qʀ- becomes -kk- ~ -qq-.

Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! P.Indo-European !! Proto-Tossaq !! Late-Middle Tossaq !! Modern Tossaq !! English
|-
| *tewtex-yekós || tyatwăʀă-yakwă || toq-yaq || tòcchà || national language
|-
| *tewtex-somos || tyatwăʀă-swamăs || toq-fan || tòppàn || union
|-
| *drukós || ǝddukwăs || üü-buq || únbù || trough
|-
| *wiḱpotís || wǝkpwatyǝ̆s || wůq-peq || ùppè || village head
|-
| *déḱos, -es- || dyakyăsă || deq, deteh || dè, détèè || right, proper, honourable; honours
|-
| *nébhos, -es- || nyab̈yăsă || nee, nedeh || néé, nédèè || cloud; clouds
|}

User:Ceige/Tossaq

2019-01-25T08:10:52Z

Ceige: Created page with "Tossaq (Toqyaq) is an Indo-European language with aggressive assimilatory sound changes. == Sound Changes == === Pre-Proto-Tossaq === * Diphthongisation of e and o to..."

User:Ceige

2019-01-25T07:01:45Z

Ceige: /* Newer stuff */

Howdy.
 
''If you're after all my conlang sketches prior to 2019-01-05, they have been moved into new page so this one is easier to navigate. See [[#Artificilingu.C3.A6_Mer.C3.ADdi.C3.A1n.C3.AD | here]].''
 
='''{{smallcaps | Cætera Merídiání}}'''=
====Relay Temp====
* [[User:Ceige/6th Relay]]

====Non-conlanging stuff being stored here just to waste Chrysophylax's free space err I mean miscellaneous linguistics====
* [[User:Ceige/Manchu Grammar Overview]]
* [[User:Ceige/Korean Grammar Overview]]
* [[User:Ceige/Ainu stuff]]
* [[User:Ceige/Gallo-Iberian]]

====Conlang Sketch to be offered as tribute to language tree 'langers====
* [[User:Ceige/Sketch]]
* [[User:Ceige/Sketch v2]]

 
='''{{smallcaps | Artificilinguæ Merídiání}}'''=
===Archive of older sketchlangs===
* '''[[User:Ceige/Archive 1]]''' (~120 sketches) - [[User:Ceige|'''CEIGE''']][[User talk:Ceige|⟨TAWK⟩]] 06:41, 5 January 2019 (CET)

===Newer stuff===
* [[User:Ceige/Ceutch]] ([[User:Ceige/Ceuja]])
* [[User:Ceige/Taiwa]]
* [[User:Ceige/Pǝqyǝq]]

 

='''Σκῶρ Επιπλέον'''=
==Template Stuff==
Swadesh lists based off of/viciously stolen from here: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists
* [[User:Ceige/Template:Swadesh_list_207_plain]] - <nowiki>{{User:Ceige/Template:Swadesh list 207 plain}}</nowiki>
* [[User:Ceige/Template:Swadesh_list_207_pronunciation]] - <nowiki>{{User:Ceige/Template:Swadesh list 207 pronunciation}}</nowiki>

How to use the latter (from the [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Min_Dong_Swadesh_list| Min Dong (Eastern Min) Swadesh list] on Wiktionary):
<nowiki>{{Swadesh list 207 pronunciation
|language=[[w:Min Dong|Min Dong]]
|nativename=[[閩東語]]
|wrd001=[[我]]
|wrd002=[[汝]]
|wrd003=[[伊]]
[...]
|wrd207=[[名字]]
|pho001={{IPAchar|ŋuai˧˧}}
|pho002={{IPAchar|ny˧˧}}
|pho003={{IPAchar|i˥˥}}
[...]
|pho206={{IPAchar|iŋ˥˧ uoi˨˦˨}}
|pho207={{IPAchar|miɑŋ˨˩ ʒei˨˦˨}}
}}</nowiki>

You might be able to get away with putting the individual <code>|phoXYZ=____</code> parts ''after'' their corresponding <code>|wrdXYZ=____</code> parts, but I haven't tried that. ALso note that at the moment, links to the English definitions are obviously broken since they were written with Wiktionary in mind.

==Guide stuff==
[[User:Ceige/How_to_Linguifex_like_a_Semi-Pro]]

User:Ceige/Taiwa

2019-01-12T08:20:12Z

Ceige:

==Elements==
* fire = *paj 
:* burn = *maj
* water = *mǝt, *num, *nam 
:* river = *(k-)(l/r)ung ~ *(k-)(l/r)am 

==Eating==
* drink = num
* sip, suck = sup <!-- Japanese *supu -> suu, Thai *sùup

User:Ceige/Taiwa

2019-01-12T08:18:32Z

Ceige: Created page with "==Elements== * fire = *paj <!-- PA *Sapuy, JP *po, pu, pi, KO bul, PIE peh2-w(r/n), Ainu ape, Proto-Tai *ʰmajᶜ (burn), PIE bherwh1 boil/brew/burn Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-..."

==Elements==
* fire = *paj 
:* burn = *maj
* water = *num, *nam 
:* river = *(k-)(l/r)ung ~ *(k-)(l/r)am 

==Eating==
* drink
* sip, suck <!-- Japanese *supu -> suu, Thai *sùup

User:Ceige

2019-01-12T07:46:02Z

Ceige: /* {{smallcaps | Artificilinguæ Merídiání}} */

Howdy.
 
''If you're after all my conlang sketches prior to 2019-01-05, they have been moved into new page so this one is easier to navigate. See [[#Artificilingu.C3.A6_Mer.C3.ADdi.C3.A1n.C3.AD | here]].''
 
='''{{smallcaps | Cætera Merídiání}}'''=
====Relay Temp====
* [[User:Ceige/6th Relay]]

====Non-conlanging stuff being stored here just to waste Chrysophylax's free space err I mean miscellaneous linguistics====
* [[User:Ceige/Manchu Grammar Overview]]
* [[User:Ceige/Korean Grammar Overview]]
* [[User:Ceige/Ainu stuff]]
* [[User:Ceige/Gallo-Iberian]]

====Conlang Sketch to be offered as tribute to language tree 'langers====
* [[User:Ceige/Sketch]]
* [[User:Ceige/Sketch v2]]

 
='''{{smallcaps | Artificilinguæ Merídiání}}'''=
===Archive of older sketchlangs===
* '''[[User:Ceige/Archive 1]]''' (~120 sketches) - [[User:Ceige|'''CEIGE''']][[User talk:Ceige|⟨TAWK⟩]] 06:41, 5 January 2019 (CET)

===Newer stuff===
* [[User:Ceige/Ceutch]] ([[User:Ceige/Ceuja]])
* [[User:Ceige/Taiwa]]

 

='''Σκῶρ Επιπλέον'''=
==Template Stuff==
Swadesh lists based off of/viciously stolen from here: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists
* [[User:Ceige/Template:Swadesh_list_207_plain]] - <nowiki>{{User:Ceige/Template:Swadesh list 207 plain}}</nowiki>
* [[User:Ceige/Template:Swadesh_list_207_pronunciation]] - <nowiki>{{User:Ceige/Template:Swadesh list 207 pronunciation}}</nowiki>

How to use the latter (from the [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Min_Dong_Swadesh_list| Min Dong (Eastern Min) Swadesh list] on Wiktionary):
<nowiki>{{Swadesh list 207 pronunciation
|language=[[w:Min Dong|Min Dong]]
|nativename=[[閩東語]]
|wrd001=[[我]]
|wrd002=[[汝]]
|wrd003=[[伊]]
[...]
|wrd207=[[名字]]
|pho001={{IPAchar|ŋuai˧˧}}
|pho002={{IPAchar|ny˧˧}}
|pho003={{IPAchar|i˥˥}}
[...]
|pho206={{IPAchar|iŋ˥˧ uoi˨˦˨}}
|pho207={{IPAchar|miɑŋ˨˩ ʒei˨˦˨}}
}}</nowiki>

You might be able to get away with putting the individual <code>|phoXYZ=____</code> parts ''after'' their corresponding <code>|wrdXYZ=____</code> parts, but I haven't tried that. ALso note that at the moment, links to the English definitions are obviously broken since they were written with Wiktionary in mind.

==Guide stuff==
[[User:Ceige/How_to_Linguifex_like_a_Semi-Pro]]