Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Ada

2013-12-28T05:56:45Z

Ceresz: /* Background */

{{construction}}

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|name = Ada
|nativename = ''Boku da ada''
|pronunciation= /ˈbokʉ da ˈada/
|region = [[Great Plains of Ada]]
|familycolor= American
|family=Yotan languages
* Western-Yotan
** Adic
*** '''Ada'''
|ancestor=Old Ada
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[Adan syllabary]]
|agency=
|notice=IPA
}}



'''Ada''' (natively "''boku ki ada''," [[w:IPA|IPA]]: /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/) is the name of a constructed language, spoken in the region known as the [[Great Plains of Ada]] in my conworld. The project is an attempt to create something that will be able to contrast with my main project, [[Proto Halisian]] and its daughter languages.

The language is constructed to be fairly analytical, with some degree of fusion. Its alignment will be ergative-absolutive, in contrast to Proto-Halian's nominative-accusative alignment. The phonology is fairly simple, consisting of a minimal consonant inventory and an average vowel inventory.

==Background==



Ada is spoken by roughly a million people in the grasslands and plains of Ada. It is descended from Old Ada, which is attested 954 years ago. This was the first text written in the Old Adan syllabary, and it detailed a law on trade. In modern Ada, this sentence reads:

{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = dakur nama asu yi soe da rava o hoko
|IPA = [ˈdakʏr ˈnamə ˈasʏ jɪ ˈsoɛ də ˈraʋə ɔ ˈhokɔ]
|gloss = trade be.allowed NEG INST.ANIM skin GEN wolf ERG man
|translation = A man may not trade with wolf skin, because the wolf is holy.
|index = 1.1
}}







==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Ada has an inventory of 13 consonants, displayed in the table below along with their romanization. Historically, /p/ became /f/ in all instances, leaving a voicing gap in the plosives.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Bilabial
! style="" |Alveolar
! style="" |Palatal
! style="" |Velar
! style="" |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/1
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| '''b''' /b/2
| '''t d''' /t d/2
|
| '''k g''' /k g/2
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/3
|
|
| '''h''' /h/4
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| '''v''' /ʋ/5
|
| '''j''' /j/5
|
|
|-
! style"" |Trill
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|}
#The nasal /n/ is realized as [ŋ] when preceding /k/ or /g/, and as [ɱ] when preceding /f/ or /ʋ/. Along with /r/, this sound is also devoiced when preceding a voiceless consonant, as in '''darti''' [ˈdar̥tɪ].
#The voiced plosives /b/, /d/ and /g/ lenite to [ʋ], [ð̞] and [ɰ] intervocalically.
#The sibilant fricative /s/ is realized as [ʃ] when preceding [i].
#The glottal fricative is usually dropped-word initially in the eastern dialects. When preceding /i/ it is realized as [ç].
#The sounds listed as /j/ and /ʋ/ often vary between being fricatives and approximants. Fricatives are generally more common in careful speech than relaxed, everyday conversation.

===Vowels===
The standard dialect distinguished between five vowels. All of them are reduced to [ɪ ʏ ɛ ɔ ə] in unstressed positions. In stressed positions, /o/ may be realized as [ʊ] rather than [o]. Along with the monophthongal phonemes, there are also four distinct diphthongs /ai/, /oi/, /ei/ and /ʉi/ (generally realized with the second segment reduced to [ɪ]. These diphthongs will be written using <ı> to distinguish them from instances of vowel hiatus.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Front
! style="" |Central
! style="" |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ʉ/
|
|-
! style="" | Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Low
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}

==Stress==
Stress in Ada is highly regular, except in the case of lonewords. Normally stress falls on the penultimate syllable of a root, but when it comes to a loneword, the stress always falls on the same syllable as the source language. In this case, stress is marked using an acute accent.

===Phonotactics===


Ada has a very basic syllable structure, generally prefering syllables of the CV type. The maximum structure is CVR, where R stands for /n/ or /r/. Vowel hiatus is allowed in all instances, except for one diphthong following another, or two vowels being exactly the same.

===Orthography===


==Morphology==




===Nouns===
====Grammatical markers====
Nominal inflection is limited to the case markers, which agrees with the head noun's gender (animate or inanimate), but only in the singular. It also has plural and paucal forms, with plurality of inanimate nouns being optional. The only other morphological process as far as the nouns are concerned is the reduplication of the the roots stressed syllable: ''yikar'' → ''yikaryi''. The words used to demonstrate this below are ''hoko'' (man) and ''anbi'' (chair).

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="" |
! style="" |Animate
! style="" |Inanimate
! style="" |Paucal
! style="" |Plural
|-
! style="" |Erg
| ''o hoku''
| ''ki anbi''
| ''dara hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Abs
| ''hoku''
| ''anbi''
| ''seri hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Gen
| ''da hoku''
| ''ro anbi''
| ''da seri hoku/anbi''
| ''da hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Inst
| ''yi hoku''
| ''na anbi''
| ''bahe hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|}

==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Ada

2013-12-28T05:51:37Z

Ceresz: /* Background */

{{construction}}

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|name = Ada
|nativename = ''Boku da ada''
|pronunciation= /ˈbokʉ da ˈada/
|region = [[Great Plains of Ada]]
|familycolor= American
|family=Yotan languages
* Western-Yotan
** Adic
*** '''Ada'''
|ancestor=Old Ada
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[Adan syllabary]]
|agency=
|notice=IPA
}}



'''Ada''' (natively "''boku ki ada''," [[w:IPA|IPA]]: /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/) is the name of a constructed language, spoken in the region known as the [[Great Plains of Ada]] in my conworld. The project is an attempt to create something that will be able to contrast with my main project, [[Proto Halisian]] and its daughter languages.

The language is constructed to be fairly analytical, with some degree of fusion. Its alignment will be ergative-absolutive, in contrast to Proto-Halian's nominative-accusative alignment. The phonology is fairly simple, consisting of a minimal consonant inventory and an average vowel inventory.

==Background==



Ada is spoken by roughly a million people in the grasslands and plains of Ada. It is descended from Old Ada, which is attested 954 years ago. This was the first text written in the Old Adan syllabary, and it detailed a law on trade. In modern Ada, this sentence reads:

{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = daruk nama asu yi soe da rava o hoko
|IPA = [ˈdarʏk ˈnamə ˈasʏ jɪ ˈsoɛ də ˈraʋə ɔ ˈhokɔ]
|gloss = trade be.allowed NEG INST.ANIM skin GEN wolf ERG man
|translation = A man may not trade with wolf skin, because the wolf is holy.
|index = 2.1
}}







==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Ada has an inventory of 13 consonants, displayed in the table below along with their romanization. Historically, /p/ became /f/ in all instances, leaving a voicing gap in the plosives.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Bilabial
! style="" |Alveolar
! style="" |Palatal
! style="" |Velar
! style="" |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/1
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| '''b''' /b/2
| '''t d''' /t d/2
|
| '''k g''' /k g/2
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/3
|
|
| '''h''' /h/4
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| '''v''' /ʋ/5
|
| '''j''' /j/5
|
|
|-
! style"" |Trill
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|}
#The nasal /n/ is realized as [ŋ] when preceding /k/ or /g/, and as [ɱ] when preceding /f/ or /ʋ/. Along with /r/, this sound is also devoiced when preceding a voiceless consonant, as in '''darti''' [ˈdar̥tɪ].
#The voiced plosives /b/, /d/ and /g/ lenite to [ʋ], [ð̞] and [ɰ] intervocalically.
#The sibilant fricative /s/ is realized as [ʃ] when preceding [i].
#The glottal fricative is usually dropped-word initially in the eastern dialects. When preceding /i/ it is realized as [ç].
#The sounds listed as /j/ and /ʋ/ often vary between being fricatives and approximants. Fricatives are generally more common in careful speech than relaxed, everyday conversation.

===Vowels===
The standard dialect distinguished between five vowels. All of them are reduced to [ɪ ʏ ɛ ɔ ə] in unstressed positions. In stressed positions, /o/ may be realized as [ʊ] rather than [o]. Along with the monophthongal phonemes, there are also four distinct diphthongs /ai/, /oi/, /ei/ and /ʉi/ (generally realized with the second segment reduced to [ɪ]. These diphthongs will be written using <ı> to distinguish them from instances of vowel hiatus.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Front
! style="" |Central
! style="" |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ʉ/
|
|-
! style="" | Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Low
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}

==Stress==
Stress in Ada is highly regular, except in the case of lonewords. Normally stress falls on the penultimate syllable of a root, but when it comes to a loneword, the stress always falls on the same syllable as the source language. In this case, stress is marked using an acute accent.

===Phonotactics===


Ada has a very basic syllable structure, generally prefering syllables of the CV type. The maximum structure is CVR, where R stands for /n/ or /r/. Vowel hiatus is allowed in all instances, except for one diphthong following another, or two vowels being exactly the same.

===Orthography===


==Morphology==




===Nouns===
====Grammatical markers====
Nominal inflection is limited to the case markers, which agrees with the head noun's gender (animate or inanimate), but only in the singular. It also has plural and paucal forms, with plurality of inanimate nouns being optional. The only other morphological process as far as the nouns are concerned is the reduplication of the the roots stressed syllable: ''yikar'' → ''yikaryi''. The words used to demonstrate this below are ''hoko'' (man) and ''anbi'' (chair).

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="" |
! style="" |Animate
! style="" |Inanimate
! style="" |Paucal
! style="" |Plural
|-
! style="" |Erg
| ''o hoku''
| ''ki anbi''
| ''dara hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Abs
| ''hoku''
| ''anbi''
| ''seri hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Gen
| ''da hoku''
| ''ro anbi''
| ''da seri hoku/anbi''
| ''da hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Inst
| ''yi hoku''
| ''na anbi''
| ''bahe hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|}

==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Ada

2013-12-28T05:05:48Z

Ceresz:

{{construction}}

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|name = Ada
|nativename = ''Boku da ada''
|pronunciation= /ˈbokʉ da ˈada/
|region = [[Great Plains of Ada]]
|familycolor= American
|family=Yotan languages
* Western-Yotan
** Adic
*** '''Ada'''
|ancestor=Old Ada
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[Adan syllabary]]
|agency=
|notice=IPA
}}



'''Ada''' (natively "''boku ki ada''," [[w:IPA|IPA]]: /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/) is the name of a constructed language, spoken in the region known as the [[Great Plains of Ada]] in my conworld. The project is an attempt to create something that will be able to contrast with my main project, [[Proto Halisian]] and its daughter languages.

The language is constructed to be fairly analytical, with some degree of fusion. Its alignment will be ergative-absolutive, in contrast to Proto-Halian's nominative-accusative alignment. The phonology is fairly simple, consisting of a minimal consonant inventory and an average vowel inventory.

==Background==



Ada is spoken by roughly a million people in the grasslands and plains of Ada. It is descended from Old Ada, which is attested 954 years ago. This was the first text written in the Old Adan syllabary, and it detailed a law on trade. In modern Ada, this sentence reads:

{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = doruka nama asu yi rava da soe o hoko
|IPA = [dɔˈrʉkə ˈnamə ˈasʏ jɪ ˈraʋə də ˈsoɛ ɔ ˈhokɔ]
|gloss = trade be.allowed NEG INST.ANIM skin GEN wolf ERG man
|translation = A man may not trade with wolf skin, because the wolf is holy.
|index = 2.1
}}






==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Ada has an inventory of 13 consonants, displayed in the table below along with their romanization. Historically, /p/ became /f/ in all instances, leaving a voicing gap in the plosives.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Bilabial
! style="" |Alveolar
! style="" |Palatal
! style="" |Velar
! style="" |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/1
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| '''b''' /b/2
| '''t d''' /t d/2
|
| '''k g''' /k g/2
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/3
|
|
| '''h''' /h/4
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| '''v''' /ʋ/5
|
| '''j''' /j/5
|
|
|-
! style"" |Trill
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|}
#The nasal /n/ is realized as [ŋ] when preceding /k/ or /g/, and as [ɱ] when preceding /f/ or /ʋ/. Along with /r/, this sound is also devoiced when preceding a voiceless consonant, as in '''darti''' [ˈdar̥tɪ].
#The voiced plosives /b/, /d/ and /g/ lenite to [ʋ], [ð̞] and [ɰ] intervocalically.
#The sibilant fricative /s/ is realized as [ʃ] when preceding [i].
#The glottal fricative is usually dropped-word initially in the eastern dialects. When preceding /i/ it is realized as [ç].
#The sounds listed as /j/ and /ʋ/ often vary between being fricatives and approximants. Fricatives are generally more common in careful speech than relaxed, everyday conversation.

===Vowels===
The standard dialect distinguished between five vowels. All of them are reduced to [ɪ ʏ ɛ ɔ ə] in unstressed positions. In stressed positions, /o/ may be realized as [ʊ] rather than [o]. Along with the monophthongal phonemes, there are also four distinct diphthongs /ai/, /oi/, /ei/ and /ʉi/ (generally realized with the second segment reduced to [ɪ]. These diphthongs will be written using <ı> to distinguish them from instances of vowel hiatus.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Front
! style="" |Central
! style="" |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ʉ/
|
|-
! style="" | Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Low
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}

==Stress==
Stress in Ada is highly regular, except in the case of lonewords. Normally stress falls on the penultimate syllable of a root, but when it comes to a loneword, the stress always falls on the same syllable as the source language. In this case, stress is marked using an acute accent.

===Phonotactics===


Ada has a very basic syllable structure, generally prefering syllables of the CV type. The maximum structure is CVR, where R stands for /n/ or /r/. Vowel hiatus is allowed in all instances, except for one diphthong following another, or two vowels being exactly the same.

===Orthography===


==Morphology==




===Nouns===
====Grammatical markers====
Nominal inflection is limited to the case markers, which agrees with the head noun's gender (animate or inanimate), but only in the singular. It also has plural and paucal forms, with plurality of inanimate nouns being optional. The only other morphological process as far as the nouns are concerned is the reduplication of the the roots stressed syllable: ''yikar'' → ''yikaryi''. The words used to demonstrate this below are ''hoko'' (man) and ''anbi'' (chair).

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="" |
! style="" |Animate
! style="" |Inanimate
! style="" |Paucal
! style="" |Plural
|-
! style="" |Erg
| ''o hoku''
| ''ki anbi''
| ''dara hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Abs
| ''hoku''
| ''anbi''
| ''seri hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Gen
| ''da hoku''
| ''ro anbi''
| ''da seri hoku/anbi''
| ''da hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Inst
| ''yi hoku''
| ''na anbi''
| ''bahe hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|}

==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Ada

2013-12-28T03:20:11Z

Ceresz: /* Nouns */

{{construction}}

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|name = Ada
|nativename = ''Boku ki ada''
|pronunciation= /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/
|region = [[Great Plains of Ada]]
|familycolor= American
|family=Yotan languages
* Western-Yotan
** Adic
*** '''Ada'''
|ancestor=Old Ada
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[Adan syllabary]]
|agency=
|notice=IPA
}}



'''Ada''' (natively "''boku ki ada''," [[w:IPA|IPA]]: /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/) is the name of a constructed language, spoken in the region known as the [[Great Plains of Ada]] in my conworld. The project is an attempt to create something that will be able to contrast with my main project, [[Proto Halisian]] and its daughter languages.

The language is constructed to be fairly analytical, with some degree of fusion. Its alignment will be ergative-absolutive, in contrast to Proto-Halian's nominative-accusative alignment. The phonology is fairly simple, consisting of a minimal consonant inventory and an average vowel inventory.

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Ada has an inventory of 13 consonants, displayed in the table below along with their romanization. Historically, /p/ became /f/ in all instances, leaving a voicing gap in the plosives.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Bilabial
! style="" |Alveolar
! style="" |Palatal
! style="" |Velar
! style="" |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/1
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| '''b''' /b/2
| '''t d''' /t d/2
|
| '''k g''' /k g/2
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/3
|
|
| '''h''' /h/4
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| '''v''' /ʋ/5
|
| '''j''' /j/5
|
|
|-
! style"" |Trill
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|}
#The nasal /n/ is realized as [ŋ] when preceding /k/ or /g/, and as [ɱ] when preceding /f/ or /ʋ/. Along with /r/, this sound is also devoiced when preceding a voiceless consonant, as in '''darti''' [ˈdar̥tɪ].
#The voiced plosives /b/, /d/ and /g/ lenite to [ʋ], [ð̞] and [ɰ] intervocalically.
#The sibilant fricative /s/ is realized as [ʃ] when preceding [i].
#The glottal fricative is usually dropped-word initially in the eastern dialects. When precedig /i/ it is realized as [ç].
#The sounds listed as /j/ and /ʋ/ often vary between being fricatives and approximants. Fricatives are generally more common in careful speech than relaxed, everyday conversation.

===Vowels===
The standard dialect distinguished between five vowels. All of them are reduced to [ɪ ʏ ɛ ɔ ə] in unstressed positions. In stressed positions, /o/ may be realized as [ʊ] rather than [o]. Along with the monophthongal phonemes, there are also four distinct diphthongs /ai/, /oi/, /ei/ and /ʉi/ (generally realized with the second segment reduced to [ɪ]. These diophthongs will be written using <ı> to distinguish them from instances of vowel hiatus.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Front
! style="" |Central
! style="" |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ʉ/
|
|-
! style="" | Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Low
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}

==Stress==
Stress in Ada is highly regular, except in the case of lonewords. Normally stress falls on the penultimate syllable of a root, but when it comes to a loneword, the stress always falls on the same syllable as the source language. In this case, stress is marked using an acute accent.

===Phonotactics===


Ada has a very basic syllable structure, generally prefering syllables of the CV type. The maximum structure is CVR, where R stands for /n/ or /r/. Vowel hiatus is allowed in all instances, except for one diphthong following another, or two vowels being exactly the same.

===Orthography===


==Morphology==




===Nouns===
====Grammatical markers====
Nominal inflection is limited to the case markers, which agrees with the head noun's gender (animate or inanimate), but only in the singular. It also has plural and paucal forms, with plurality of inanimate nouns being optional. The only other morphological process as far as the nouns are concerned is the reduplication of the the roots stressed syllable: ''yikar'' → ''yikaryi''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="" |
! style="" |Animate
! style="" |Inanimate
! style="" |Paucal
! style="" |Plural
|-
! style="" |Erg
| ''o hoku''
| ''ki anbi''
| ''dara hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Abs
| ''hoku''
| ''anbi''
| ''seri hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Gen
| ''da hoku''
| ''ro anbi''
| ''da seri hoku/anbi''
| ''da hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Inst
| ''yi hoku''
| ''na anbi''
| ''bahe hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|}

==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ada

2013-12-28T03:12:36Z

Ceresz:

{{construction}}

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|name = Ada
|nativename = ''Boku ki ada''
|pronunciation= /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/
|region = [[Great Plains of Ada]]
|familycolor= American
|family=Yotan languages
* Western-Yotan
** Adic
*** '''Ada'''
|ancestor=Old Ada
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[Adan syllabary]]
|agency=
|notice=IPA
}}



'''Ada''' (natively "''boku ki ada''," [[w:IPA|IPA]]: /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/) is the name of a constructed language, spoken in the region known as the [[Great Plains of Ada]] in my conworld. The project is an attempt to create something that will be able to contrast with my main project, [[Proto Halisian]] and its daughter languages.

The language is constructed to be fairly analytical, with some degree of fusion. Its alignment will be ergative-absolutive, in contrast to Proto-Halian's nominative-accusative alignment. The phonology is fairly simple, consisting of a minimal consonant inventory and an average vowel inventory.

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Ada has an inventory of 13 consonants, displayed in the table below along with their romanization. Historically, /p/ became /f/ in all instances, leaving a voicing gap in the plosives.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Bilabial
! style="" |Alveolar
! style="" |Palatal
! style="" |Velar
! style="" |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/1
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| '''b''' /b/2
| '''t d''' /t d/2
|
| '''k g''' /k g/2
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/3
|
|
| '''h''' /h/4
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| '''v''' /ʋ/5
|
| '''j''' /j/5
|
|
|-
! style"" |Trill
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|}
#The nasal /n/ is realized as [ŋ] when preceding /k/ or /g/, and as [ɱ] when preceding /f/ or /ʋ/. Along with /r/, this sound is also devoiced when preceding a voiceless consonant, as in '''darti''' [ˈdar̥tɪ].
#The voiced plosives /b/, /d/ and /g/ lenite to [ʋ], [ð̞] and [ɰ] intervocalically.
#The sibilant fricative /s/ is realized as [ʃ] when preceding [i].
#The glottal fricative is usually dropped-word initially in the eastern dialects. When precedig /i/ it is realized as [ç].
#The sounds listed as /j/ and /ʋ/ often vary between being fricatives and approximants. Fricatives are generally more common in careful speech than relaxed, everyday conversation.

===Vowels===
The standard dialect distinguished between five vowels. All of them are reduced to [ɪ ʏ ɛ ɔ ə] in unstressed positions. In stressed positions, /o/ may be realized as [ʊ] rather than [o]. Along with the monophthongal phonemes, there are also four distinct diphthongs /ai/, /oi/, /ei/ and /ʉi/ (generally realized with the second segment reduced to [ɪ]. These diophthongs will be written using <ı> to distinguish them from instances of vowel hiatus.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Front
! style="" |Central
! style="" |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ʉ/
|
|-
! style="" | Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Low
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}

==Stress==
Stress in Ada is highly regular, except in the case of lonewords. Normally stress falls on the penultimate syllable of a root, but when it comes to a loneword, the stress always falls on the same syllable as the source language. In this case, stress is marked using an acute accent.

===Phonotactics===


Ada has a very basic syllable structure, generally prefering syllables of the CV type. The maximum structure is CVR, where R stands for /n/ or /r/. Vowel hiatus is allowed in all instances, except for one diphthong following another, or two vowels being exactly the same.

===Orthography===


==Morphology==




===Nouns===
Nominal inflection is limited to the case markers, which agrees with the head noun's gender (animate or inanimate), but only in the singular. It also has plural and paucal forms, with plurality of inanimate nouns being optional.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="" |
! style="" |Animate
! style="" |Inanimate
! style="" |Paucal
! style="" |Plural
|-
! style="" |Erg
| ''o hoku''
| ''ki anbi''
| ''dara hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Abs
| ''hoku''
| ''anbi''
| ''seri hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Gen
| ''da hoku''
| ''ro anbi''
| ''da seri hoku/anbi''
| ''da hokuho/anbian''
|-
! style="" |Inst
| ''yi hoku''
| ''na anbi''
| ''bahe hoku/anbi''
| ''hokuho/anbian''
|}

==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ada

2013-12-28T02:48:29Z

Ceresz: Created page with "{{construction}} {{Infobox language |image = |imagesize = |name = Ada |nativename = ''Boku ki ada'' |pronunciation= /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/ |region = Great Plains of Ada |f..."

{{construction}}

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|name = Ada
|nativename = ''Boku ki ada''
|pronunciation= /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/
|region = [[Great Plains of Ada]]
|familycolor= American
|family=Yotan languages
* Western-Yotan
** Adic
*** '''Ada'''
|ancestor=Old Ada
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[Adan syllabary]]
|agency=
|notice=IPA
}}



'''Ada''' (natively "''boku ki ada''," [[w:IPA|IPA]]: /ˈbokʉ ki ˈada/) is the name of a constructed language, spoken in the region known as the [[Great Plains of Ada]] in my conworld. The project is an attempt to create something that will be able to contrast with my main project, [[Proto Halisian]] and its daughter languages.

The language is constructed to be fairly analytical, with some degree of fusion. Its alignment will be ergative-absolutive, in contrast to Proto-Halian's nominative-accusative alignment. The phonology is fairly simple, consisting of a minimal consonant inventory and an average vowel inventory.

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Ada has an inventory of 13 consonants, displayed in the table below along with their romanization. Historically, /p/ became /f/ in all instances, leaving a voicing gap in the plosives.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Bilabial
! style="" |Alveolar
! style="" |Palatal
! style="" |Velar
! style="" |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/1
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| '''b''' /b/2
| '''t d''' /t d/2
|
| '''k g''' /k g/2
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/3
|
|
| '''h''' /h/4
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| '''v''' /ʋ/5
|
| '''j''' /j/5
|
|
|-
! style"" |Trill
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|}
#The nasal /n/ is realized as [ŋ] when preceding /k/ or /g/, and as [ɱ] when preceding /f/ or /ʋ/. Along with /r/, this sound is also devoiced when preceding a voiceless consonant, as in '''darti''' [ˈdar̥tɪ].
#The voiced plosives /b/, /d/ and /g/ lenite to [ʋ], [ð̞] and [ɰ] intervocalically.
#The sibilant fricative /s/ is realized as [ʃ] when preceding [i].
#The glottal fricative is usually dropped-word initially in the eastern dialects. When precedig /i/ it is realized as [ç].
#The sounds listed as /j/ and /ʋ/ often vary between being fricatives and approximants. Fricatives are generally more common in careful speech than relaxed, everyday conversation.

===Vowels===
The standard dialect distinguished between five vowels. All of them are reduced to [ɪ ʏ ɛ ɔ ə] in unstressed positions. In stressed positions, /o/ may be realized as [ʊ] rather than [o]. Along with the monophthongal phonemes, there are also four distinct diphthongs /ai/, /oi/, /ei/ and /ʉi/ (generally realized with the second segment reduced to [ɪ]. These diophthongs will be written using <ı> to distinguish them from instances of vowel hiatus.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Front
! style="" |Central
! style="" |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ʉ/
|
|-
! style="" | Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Low
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}

==Stress==
Stress in Ada is highly regular, except in the case of lonewords. Normally stress falls on the penultimate syllable of a root, but when it comes to a loneword, the stress always falls on the same syllable as the source language. In this case, stress is marked using an acute accent.

===Phonotactics===


Ada has a very basic syllable structure, generally prefering syllables of the CV type. The maximum structure is CVR, where R stands for /n/ or /r/. Vowel hiatus is allowed in all instances, except for one diphthong following another, or two vowels being exactly the same.

===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Classical Elisian

2013-12-28T01:55:00Z

Ceresz:

{{construction}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Classical Elisian
|nativename = Elis
|pronunciation= /ˈelɪs/
|region = [[Elisia]]
|speakers = 0
|date = 2013
|familycolor= American
|family=Elic languages
|ancestor=Proto-Halisian
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[Elisian abugida]]
|notice=IPA
}}



This project was created as an attempt to fully flesh out a daughter language derived from Proto-Halisian, the main language family of my world so far. Said proto-language is itself in the early stages, albeit it has appeared in varying forms over the last two or three years.

'''Classical Elisian''' was the literary language of Elisian Antiquity, spanning roughly five centuries of activity. Since then it has spawned into several daughter languages, known as the ''Elic'' language family. It also remained a liturgical languages in former Elisian states where the old religion is still practiced. During its hayday, Classical Elisian was considered a rich and culturally ''exquisite'' language, which was the birth tongue of the elite. The literary language presented here is based on the dialect spoken in and around the Elisian capitol, as it was spoken at the time. The actual spoken language of much of the Classical Elisian most likely differed significantly from the actual spoken language during its final years.

==Background==





The Classical Elesian language developed from Proto-Halisian during a period of roughly 1000 years, during which a number of significant changes occur. First of all, the palatals merged with their alveolar counterparts, along with an epenthetic 'y' if the preceding syllable contained *'e'; Proto-Halisian *''teši'' became Classical Elisian ''teys'' "city." Second of all, fricatives developed through the lenition of the Proto-Halisian aspirated plosive series. After the disappearance of the aspirate series, the weaking and eventually loss of *''h'' proceeded at a more rapid pace. First, only word-initial *''h'' was lost, but only a hundred or so years later the glottal was lost in all positions.




==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Bilabial
! style="" |Alveolar
! style="" |Dental
! style="" |Palatal
! style="" |Velar
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| f v
| θ
| s
|
| x
|-
! style="" |Rhotic
|
|
| r
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
|
| l
| j
|
|}

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Front
! style="" |Central
! style="" |Back
|-
! style="" |High
| i y
|
| u
|-
! style="" |Mid
| e ẽ
|
| o õ
|-
! style="" |Low
|
|a ã
|
|}
===Phonotactics===


===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Classical Elisian

2013-12-28T01:08:24Z

Ceresz:

Classical Elisian

2013-12-28T01:07:33Z

Ceresz:

{{construction}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Classical Elisian
|nativename = Elis
|pronunciation= /ˈelɪs/
|region = [[Elisia]]
|speakers = 0
|date = 2013
|familycolor= American
|family=Elic languages
|ancestor=Proto-Halisian
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[Elisian abugida]]
|notice=IPA
}}



This project was created as an attempt to fully flesh out a daughter language derived from Proto-Halisian, the main language family of my world so far. Said proto-language is itself in the early stages, albeit it has appeared in varying forms over the last two or three years.

'''Classical Elisian''' was the literary language of Elisian Antiquity, spanning roughly five centuries of activity. Since then it has spawned into several daughter languages, known as the ''Elic'' language family. It also remained a liturgical languages in former Elisian states where the old religion is still practiced. During its hayday, Classical Elisian was considered a rich and culturally ''exquisite'' language, which was the birth tongue of the elite. The literary language presented here is based on the dialect spoken in and around the Elisian capitol, as it was spoken at the time. The actual spoken language of much of the Classical Elisian most likely differed significantly from the actual spoken language during its final years.

==Background==





The Classical Elesian language developed from Proto-Halisian during a period of roughly 1000 years, during which a number of significant changes occur. First of all, the palatals merged with their alveolar counterparts, along with an epenthetic 'y' if the preceding syllable contained *'e'; Proto-Halisian *''teši'' became Classical Elisian ''teys'' "city." Second of all, fricatives developed through the lenition of the Proto-Halisian aspirated plosive series. After the disappearance of the aspirate series, the weaking and eventually loss of *''h'' proceeded at a more rapid pace. First, only word-initial *''h'' was lost, but only a hundred or so years later the glottal was lost in all positions.




==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Bilabial
! style="" |Alveolar
! style="" |Dental
! style="" |Palatal
! style="" |Velar
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| f v
| θ
| s
|
| x
|-
! style="" |Rhotic
|
|
| r
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
|
| l
| j
|
|}

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style=""|
! style="" |Front
! style="" |Central
! style="" |Back
|-
! style="" |High
| i y
| e ẽ
| u
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
|
| o õ
|-
! style="" |Low
|
|a ã
|
|}
===Phonotactics===


===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Classical Elisian

2013-12-28T00:59:30Z

Ceresz: Created page with "{{construction}} {{Infobox language |name = Classical Elisian |nativename = Elis |pronunciation= /ˈelɪs/ |region = Elisia |speakers = 0 |date = 2013 |familycolor= Ameri..."

{{construction}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Classical Elisian
|nativename = Elis
|pronunciation= /ˈelɪs/
|region = [[Elisia]]
|speakers = 0
|date = 2013
|familycolor= American
|family=Elic languages
|ancestor=Proto-Halisian
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[Elisian abugida]]
|notice=IPA
}}



This project was created as an attempt to fully flesh out a daughter language derived from Proto-Halisian, the main language family of my world so far. Said proto-language is itself in the early stages, albeit it has appeared in varying forms over the last two or three years.

'''Classical Elisian''' was the literary language of Elisian Antiquity, spanning roughly five centuries of activity. Since then it has spawned into several daughter languages, known as the ''Elic'' language family. It also remained a liturgical languages in former Elisian states where the old religion is still practiced. During its hayday, Classical Elisian was considered a rich and culturally ''exquisite'' language, which was the birth tongue of the elite. The literary language presented here is based on the dialect spoken in and around the Elisian capitol, as it was spoken at the time. The actual spoken language of much of the Classical Elisian most likely differed significantly from the actual spoken language during its final years.

==Background==





The Classical Elesian language developed from Proto-Halisian during a period of roughly 1000 years, during which a number of significant changes occur. First of all, the palatals merged with their alveolar counterparts, along with an epenthetic 'y' if the preceding syllable contained *'e'; Proto-Halisian *''teši'' became Classical Elisian ''teys'' "city." Second of all, fricatives developed through the lenition of the Proto-Halisian aspirated plosive series. After the disappearance of the aspirate series, the weaking and eventually loss of *''h'' proceeded at a more rapid pace. First, only word-initial *''h'' was lost, but only a hundred or so years later the glottal was lost in all positions.




==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t d
|
| k g
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| f v
| θ
| s
|
| x
|-
! style="" |Rhotic
|
|
| r
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
|
| l
| j
|
|}

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |High
| i y
|
| u
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
|
| o
|-
! style="" |Low
|
|a
|
|}
===Phonotactics===


===Orthography===


==Grammar==
==Morphology==




==Syntax==



[[Category:Conlangs]]

Category:Languages

2013-12-28T00:18:35Z

Ceresz:

{{header
| file= spoken.png
| filesize= 100
| title1 = Languages
| title2 = This is the project page for all languages on the wiki.
}}
This Project page details the constructed languages and their subpages on this wiki and discussion regarding the project in general should be kept on this page's discussion page.

Please insert the names of pages relevant to this project, including templates and subpages:

Category:Languages

2013-12-28T00:18:19Z

Ceresz: