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		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=90115</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=90115"/>
		<updated>2017-10-29T18:10:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Numerals */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic &lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= Para-Samoyedic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic subgroups is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] languages, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring contemporary Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. They are gradually assimilating into the Muslim majority religiously and linguistically. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley because Lower Yassis take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ͡ʂ [č̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ͡ʐ [ǰ̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [ṣ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ẓ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || || špaẓ̌&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven ||  || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight ||  || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine ||  || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten ||  || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;heart&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śiδä|*śiδä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sə&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän|| süda || &lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| śeďej&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śe̮le̮m || &lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| śej&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| yeh&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pa(h)&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| [əl]cəl&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| an&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| raw&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| war&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mas&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I don&#039;t know. &#039;&#039;&#039;Na rtlam.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are you reading? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām ṣ̌awal?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I read the book which my father gave me. &#039;&#039;&#039;Pwaštay ṣ̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=90114</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=90114"/>
		<updated>2017-10-29T18:07:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Loanwords */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic &lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= Para-Samoyedic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic subgroups is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] languages, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring contemporary Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. They are gradually assimilating into the Muslim majority religiously and linguistically. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley because Lower Yassis take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ͡ʂ [č̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ͡ʐ [ǰ̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [ṣ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ẓ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špaẓ̌&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;heart&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śiδä|*śiδä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sə&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän|| süda || &lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| śeďej&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śe̮le̮m || &lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| śej&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| yeh&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pa(h)&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| [əl]cəl&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| an&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| raw&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| war&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mas&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I don&#039;t know. &#039;&#039;&#039;Na rtlam.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are you reading? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām ṣ̌awal?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I read the book which my father gave me. &#039;&#039;&#039;Pwaštay ṣ̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=90113</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=90113"/>
		<updated>2017-10-29T17:49:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Comparison with other Uralic languages */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic &lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= Para-Samoyedic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic subgroups is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] languages, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring contemporary Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. They are gradually assimilating into the Muslim majority religiously and linguistically. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley because Lower Yassis take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ͡ʂ [č̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ͡ʐ [ǰ̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [ṣ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ẓ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there&#039;s a high degree of synonymity in Yassi vocabulary, i.e.:&lt;br /&gt;
*eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)&lt;br /&gt;
*liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)&lt;br /&gt;
*love: anə (genuine) išq (Arabic)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It goes without saying that Wakhi loans are far more widespread amoung Lower Yas Valley muslims than Upper Yas Valley non-muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špaẓ̌&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;heart&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śiδä|*śiδä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sə&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän|| süda || &lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| śeďej&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śe̮le̮m || &lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| śej&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| yeh&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pa(h)&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| [əl]cəl&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| an&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| raw&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| war&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mas&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I don&#039;t know. &#039;&#039;&#039;Na rtlam.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are you reading? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām ṣ̌awal?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I read the book which my father gave me. &#039;&#039;&#039;Pwaštay ṣ̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=70730</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=70730"/>
		<updated>2017-04-09T17:41:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Loanwords */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic &lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= Para-Samoyedic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic subgroups is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] languages, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring contemporary Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. They are gradually assimilating into the Muslim majority religiously and linguistically. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley because Lower Yassis take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ͡ʂ [č̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ͡ʐ [ǰ̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [ṣ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ẓ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there&#039;s a high degree of synonymity in Yassi vocabulary, i.e.:&lt;br /&gt;
*eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)&lt;br /&gt;
*liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)&lt;br /&gt;
*love: anə (genuine) išq (Arabic)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It goes without saying that Wakhi loans are far more widespread amoung Lower Yas Valley muslims than Upper Yas Valley non-muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špaẓ̌&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;heart&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śiδä|*śiδä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| šəl&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän|| süda || &lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| śeďej&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śe̮le̮m || &lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| śej&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| muṣ̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I don&#039;t know. &#039;&#039;&#039;Na rtlam.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are you reading? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām ṣ̌awal?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I read the book which my father gave me. &#039;&#039;&#039;Pwaštay ṣ̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=54847</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=54847"/>
		<updated>2016-07-27T12:04:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic &lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= Para-Samoyedic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic subgroups is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] languages, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring contemporary Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. They are gradually assimilating into the Muslim majority religiously and linguistically. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley because Lower Yassis take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ͡ʂ [č̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ͡ʐ [ǰ̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [ṣ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ẓ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there&#039;s a high degree of synonymity in Wakhi vocabulary, i.e.:&lt;br /&gt;
*eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)&lt;br /&gt;
*liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)&lt;br /&gt;
*love: anə (genuine) išq (Arabic)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It goes without saying that Wakhi loans are far more widespread amoung Lower Yas Valley muslims than Upper Yas Valley non-muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špaẓ̌&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;heart&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śiδä|*śiδä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| šəl&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän|| süda || &lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| śeďej&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śe̮le̮m || &lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| śej&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| muṣ̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I don&#039;t know. &#039;&#039;&#039;Na rtlam.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are you reading? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām ṣ̌awal?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I read the book which my father gave me. &#039;&#039;&#039;Pwaštay ṣ̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=54405</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=54405"/>
		<updated>2016-07-17T13:07:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ͡ʂ [č̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ͡ʐ [ǰ̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [ṣ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ẓ̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;iṣ̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there&#039;s a high degree of synonymity in Wakhi vocabulary, i.e.:&lt;br /&gt;
*eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)&lt;br /&gt;
*liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)&lt;br /&gt;
*love: anə (genuine) išq (Arabic)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It goes without saying that Wakhi loans are far more widespread amoung Lower Yas Valley muslims than Upper Yas Valley non-muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špaẓ̌&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;heart&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śiδä|*śiδä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| šəl&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän|| süda || &lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| śeďej&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śe̮le̮m || &lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| śej&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| muṣ̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I don&#039;t know. &#039;&#039;&#039;Na rtlam.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are you reading? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām ṣ̌awal?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I read the book which my father gave me. &#039;&#039;&#039;Pwaštay ṣ̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=54311</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=54311"/>
		<updated>2016-07-15T21:16:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Loanwords */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ͡ʂ [č̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ͡ʐ [ǰ̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [x̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ğ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there&#039;s a high degree of synonymity in Wakhi vocabulary, i.e.:&lt;br /&gt;
eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)&lt;br /&gt;
liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)&lt;br /&gt;
love: anə (genuine) išq (Arabic)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It goes without saying that Wakhi loans are far more widespread amoung Lower Yas Valley muslims than Upper Yas Valley non-muslims.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mux̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I don&#039;t know. &#039;&#039;&#039;Na rtlam.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are you reading? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām x̌awal?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I read the book which my father gave me. &#039;&#039;&#039;Pwaštay x̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=54310</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=54310"/>
		<updated>2016-07-15T20:57:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Consonants */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ͡ʂ [č̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ͡ʐ [ǰ̣]&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [x̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ğ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted (via Wakhi and other adjacent languages) some Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley.&lt;br /&gt;
*dust: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitob: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mux̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I don&#039;t know. &#039;&#039;&#039;Na rtlam.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are you reading? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām x̌awal?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I read the book which my father gave me. &#039;&#039;&#039;Pwaštay x̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52344</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52344"/>
		<updated>2016-06-19T08:30:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Phrases */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [x̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ğ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted (via Wakhi and other adjacent languages) some Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley.&lt;br /&gt;
*dust: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitob: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mux̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I don&#039;t know. &#039;&#039;&#039;Na rtlam.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are you reading? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām x̌awal?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I read the book which my father gave me. &#039;&#039;&#039;Pwaštay x̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52336</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52336"/>
		<updated>2016-06-19T07:53:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Vocabulary */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [x̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ğ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yǝn: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted (via Wakhi and other adjacent languages) some Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley.&lt;br /&gt;
*dust: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitob: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. Yassi uses a vigesimal system. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  || laswišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || || calwex̌t&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mux̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52301</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52301"/>
		<updated>2016-06-18T22:28:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Phrases */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [x̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ğ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mux̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Where are you from? &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān knal re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am from Kǝzerm. &#039;&#039;&#039;Ān waral Kǝzermǝy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What are they looking for? &#039;&#039;&#039;Mām srel?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52300</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52300"/>
		<updated>2016-06-18T22:08:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy cor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ [ā]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ [ṇ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ [n]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪ [t]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ [ṭ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ [&#039;]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪ [d]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ [ḍ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s [c]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ [č]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z [j]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ [ǰ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ [x̌]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ [š]&lt;br /&gt;
|ç [x]&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ [ğ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ [ž]&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ [γ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j [y]&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ [ṛ]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;consonants&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kac&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kce&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kcel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*cun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝc ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nac ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kcorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || cowr, cwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝcwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || || wišt&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ər&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mux̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə cuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* What is your name? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tənəy ləm ma re?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* How old are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Maləy purcorəy ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am twenty four years old. &#039;&#039;&#039;Perwištəy purcorəy ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52278</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52278"/>
		<updated>2016-06-18T15:06:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Comparison with other Uralic languages */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kše&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*šun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kaš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || naš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kšorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || šowr, šwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝšwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[w:Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[w:Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| rwə&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mux̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə šuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52277</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52277"/>
		<updated>2016-06-18T14:59:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Vocabulary */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kše&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Loanwords ===&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*šun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kaš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || naš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kšorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || šowr, šwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝšwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Comparison with other Uralic languages ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| māš&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| mux̌t&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phrases ==&lt;br /&gt;
* How are you? &#039;&#039;&#039;Tə kal ral?&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* I am fine. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mə šuk ram.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* My name is Tərgam [male name]. &#039;&#039;&#039;Mənəy ləm Tərgam re.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52264</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52264"/>
		<updated>2016-06-18T14:28:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Vocabulary */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kše&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*šun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kaš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || naš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kšorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || šowr, šwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝšwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| ar&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52260</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=52260"/>
		<updated>2016-06-18T14:07:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kaš&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kše&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;kšel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*šun: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kaš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || naš ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || kšorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || šowr, šwor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝšwit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | [[Proto-Uralic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Sami languages|Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Permic languages|Permic]]&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Mansi language|Mansi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot;| [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Southern Sami|South]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Northern&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Kazym&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Vakh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fire&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| tər&lt;br /&gt;
| tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tule-) || tuli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(tulõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| dålle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll&lt;br /&gt;
| tol&lt;br /&gt;
| tul&lt;br /&gt;
| tɨl- || tɨl&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for &amp;quot;fire&amp;quot;.--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| tuu&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;water&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| wal&lt;br /&gt;
| vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vete-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vee-) || vesi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(vii-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| ved´&lt;br /&gt;
| wüt&lt;br /&gt;
| va || vu&lt;br /&gt;
| víz&lt;br /&gt;
| wit&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jiʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;ice&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| yan&lt;br /&gt;
| jää || jää || ijä&lt;br /&gt;
| jïenge&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ&lt;br /&gt;
| ej&lt;br /&gt;
| i&lt;br /&gt;
| ji || jə&lt;br /&gt;
| jég&lt;br /&gt;
| jaaŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| jeŋk&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fish&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| kar&lt;br /&gt;
| kala || kala || kala&lt;br /&gt;
| guelie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’&lt;br /&gt;
| kal&lt;br /&gt;
| kol&lt;br /&gt;
| – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| hal&lt;br /&gt;
| xuul&lt;br /&gt;
| xŭɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| kul&lt;br /&gt;
| xalʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;nest&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| pā&lt;br /&gt;
| pesä || pesa || pesä&lt;br /&gt;
| biesie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’&lt;br /&gt;
| pize&lt;br /&gt;
| pəžaš&lt;br /&gt;
| poz&lt;br /&gt;
| puz &amp;lt;!--&amp;quot;egg&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| fészek&lt;br /&gt;
| pitʲi&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| pĕl&lt;br /&gt;
| pʲidʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;hand, arm&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käte-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-) || käsi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(käe-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gïete&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt&lt;br /&gt;
| ked´&lt;br /&gt;
| kit&lt;br /&gt;
| ki || ki&lt;br /&gt;
| kéz&lt;br /&gt;
| kaat&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| köt&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;eye&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| sirm&lt;br /&gt;
| silmä || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silma-) || silm&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(silmä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| tjelmie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m&lt;br /&gt;
| śeĺme&lt;br /&gt;
| šinča&lt;br /&gt;
| śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-) || śin&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(śinm-)&lt;br /&gt;
| szem&lt;br /&gt;
| sam&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sem&lt;br /&gt;
| sæwə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;fathom&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| syli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(syle-) || süli&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(süle-) || –&lt;br /&gt;
| sïlle&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll&lt;br /&gt;
| seĺ&lt;br /&gt;
| šülö&lt;br /&gt;
| sɨl || sul&lt;br /&gt;
| öl(el) &amp;lt;!-- &amp;quot;öl&amp;quot; as in &amp;quot;lap&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;; made clear by adding verbal derivative --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| tal&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬăɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| lö̆l&lt;br /&gt;
| tʲíbʲa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;vein / sinew&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| un&lt;br /&gt;
| suoni&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(suone-) || soon&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soone-) || suuń&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(soonõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| soene&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn&lt;br /&gt;
| san&lt;br /&gt;
| šün&lt;br /&gt;
| sən || sən&lt;br /&gt;
| ín&lt;br /&gt;
| taan&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬɔn&lt;br /&gt;
| lan&lt;br /&gt;
| teʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;bone&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| luu || luu || luu&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| lovaža&lt;br /&gt;
| lu&lt;br /&gt;
| lɨ || lɨ&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: csont--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| luw&lt;br /&gt;
| ɬŭw&lt;br /&gt;
| lŏγ&lt;br /&gt;
| le&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;blood&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| veri || veri || veri&lt;br /&gt;
| vïrre&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr&lt;br /&gt;
| veŕ&lt;br /&gt;
| wür&lt;br /&gt;
| vur || vir&lt;br /&gt;
| vér&lt;br /&gt;
| wiɣr&lt;br /&gt;
| wŭr&lt;br /&gt;
| wər&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;liver&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| maksa || maks&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(maksa-) || mass&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(massa-)&lt;br /&gt;
| mueksie&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| makso&lt;br /&gt;
| mokš&lt;br /&gt;
| mus || mus&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(musk-)&lt;br /&gt;
| máj&lt;br /&gt;
| maat&lt;br /&gt;
| mŏxəɬ&lt;br /&gt;
| muγəl&lt;br /&gt;
| mudə&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;urine&#039; /&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&#039;to urinate&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuse-) || kusi&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kusõ-)&lt;br /&gt;
| gadtjedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gadtje-)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(gožža-) || kōnnče&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| kəž&lt;br /&gt;
| kudź || kɨź&lt;br /&gt;
| húgy&lt;br /&gt;
| xuńś-&lt;br /&gt;
| xŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| kŏs-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to go&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| mennä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(men-) || minema || minemä&lt;br /&gt;
| mïnnedh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| mija-&lt;br /&gt;
| mun-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨn-&lt;br /&gt;
| menni&lt;br /&gt;
| men-&lt;br /&gt;
| măn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mĕn-&lt;br /&gt;
| mʲin-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to live&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| elää&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elama&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ela-)&lt;br /&gt;
| elämä&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(elä-)&lt;br /&gt;
| jieledh&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{IPA|[jielə]}}-&lt;br /&gt;
| eallit&lt;br /&gt;
| jēll’e&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| ila-&lt;br /&gt;
| ol- || ul-&lt;br /&gt;
| él-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| jilʲe-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to die&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kuolla&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(kool-)&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| kulo-&lt;br /&gt;
| kola-&lt;br /&gt;
| kul- || kul-&lt;br /&gt;
| hal-&lt;br /&gt;
| xool-&lt;br /&gt;
| xăɬ-&lt;br /&gt;
| kăla-&lt;br /&gt;
| xa-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &#039;to wash&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #E0E0FF&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pestä--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| – &amp;lt;!--Not cognate: pesema--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| mõskma&lt;br /&gt;
| – || – || –&lt;br /&gt;
| muśke-&lt;br /&gt;
| muška-&lt;br /&gt;
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-&lt;br /&gt;
| mos-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| masø-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--(based on the &#039;&#039;Encyclopædia Britannica&#039;&#039; and Hakkinen 1979)&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border-collapse: collapse&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;wikitable IPA&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Mari language|Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&amp;quot;background-color: #EFEFFF&amp;quot; | Finno-Ugric reconstruction&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| heart&lt;br /&gt;
| sydän, &#039;&#039;sydäm&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| süda, &#039;&#039;südam&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
| –&lt;br /&gt;
| šüm&lt;br /&gt;
| śələm&lt;br /&gt;
| səm&lt;br /&gt;
| szív&lt;br /&gt;
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| louse&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| täi&lt;br /&gt;
| dihkki&lt;br /&gt;
| tij&lt;br /&gt;
| toj&lt;br /&gt;
| tögtəm&lt;br /&gt;
| tetű&lt;br /&gt;
| *täje&lt;br /&gt;
|}--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47957</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47957"/>
		<updated>2016-03-29T19:02:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Grammar */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An old dual is conserved in natural pairs like sirmǝy &amp;lt; *śilmä-k (&#039;eyes&#039;) instead of something like †sirmǝl &amp;lt; *śilmä-t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Nouns ===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cases ====&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Singular =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===== Plural =====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Verbs ===&lt;br /&gt;
The inflection of verbs includes:&lt;br /&gt;
* three persons: first, second and third.&lt;br /&gt;
* two numbers: singular and plural.&lt;br /&gt;
* three moods: indicative, imperative and optative (in addition to infinitive)&lt;br /&gt;
* two voices: active and passive. &lt;br /&gt;
* two tenses: present and past. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Present indicative ====&lt;br /&gt;
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): &#039;&#039;&#039;kas&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;ksam&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;ksal&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person singular: &#039;&#039;&#039;kse&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* first person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;ksamǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* second person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;ksalǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* third person plural: &#039;&#039;&#039;ksel&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*son: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47801</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47801"/>
		<updated>2016-03-21T11:52:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*son: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Category:Uralic_languages&amp;diff=47800</id>
		<title>Category:Uralic languages</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Category:Uralic_languages&amp;diff=47800"/>
		<updated>2016-03-21T11:51:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Created page with &amp;quot;Category:Languages&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Category:Yassi&amp;diff=47799</id>
		<title>Category:Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Category:Yassi&amp;diff=47799"/>
		<updated>2016-03-21T11:51:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Created page with &amp;quot;Category:Uralic languages&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Literature:Schleicher%27s_fable/Yassi&amp;diff=47798</id>
		<title>Literature:Schleicher&#039;s fable/Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Literature:Schleicher%27s_fable/Yassi&amp;diff=47798"/>
		<updated>2016-03-21T11:50:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Created page with &amp;quot;When &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Yassi&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; was discovered by Western linguists, they first thought it was an Iranian, at least Indo-Iranian, language and therefore translated the Sch...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;When &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Yassi language|Yassi]]&#039;&#039;&#039; was discovered by Western linguists, they first thought it was an Iranian, at least Indo-Iranian, language and therefore translated the Schleicher&#039;s fable into Yassi for comparison purposes. Though it was then discovered that Yassi rather belongs to the Uralic family, a significant part of its vocabulary remains Iranian: Words like ās (horse), maz (big), wazan (wagon, cart) and wok (sheep) are loanwords from (Eastern?) Proto or Old Iranian. &lt;br /&gt;
{{Library translation sidebar}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Yassi==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;Wok au sǝl&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wok kǝ yiṇ ow na wrase, sal ksase. Əs ās man wazan wyan, ǝs ās maz kāṇ twan, ǝs ās man kim twan. Wok mnase: &amp;quot;Mǝnǝy sǝl mǝx̌k kte kǝ ksam kǝ kim sǝl pse&amp;quot;. Sal mnasel: &amp;quot;Kǝr, yo wok! Mǝlk sǝl mǝx̌k kte tar ksǝsamǝl kǝ kim ow nme aw qati yǝl pew rām ce. Au wokal ow maš na wrase.&amp;quot; Wok yǝ krab wṇal wamnase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==English==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;The Sheep and the Horses&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: &amp;quot;My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses&amp;quot;. The horses said: &amp;quot;Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool&amp;quot;. Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PIE (Schleicher, 1868)==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;Avis akvāsas ka&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Avis, jasmin varnā na ā ast, dadarka akvams, tam, vāgham garum vaghantam, tam, bhāram magham, tam, manum āku bharantam. Avis akvabhjams ā vavakat: kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam. Akvāsas ā vavakant: krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas: manus patis varnām avisāms karnauti svabhjam gharmam vastram avibhjams ka varnā na asti. Tat kukruvants avis agram ā bhugat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PIE (Hirt, 1939)==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;Owis ek’wōses-kʷe&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Owis, jesmin wьlənā ne ēst, dedork’e ek’wons, tom, woghom gʷьrum weghontm̥, tom, bhorom megam, tom, gh’ьmonm̥ ōk’u bherontm̥. Owis ek’womos ewьwekʷet: k’ērd aghnutai moi widontei gh’ьmonm̥ ek’wons ag’ontm̥. Ek’wōses ewьwekʷont: kl’udhi, owei!, k’ērd aghnutai vidontmos: gh’ьmo, potis, wьlənām owjôm kʷr̥neuti sebhoi ghʷermom westrom; owimos-kʷe wьlənā ne esti. Tod k’ek’ruwos owis ag’rom ebhuget.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PIE (Lühr, 2008)==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ówis h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ék’wōsk&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;e&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ówis, (H)jésmin h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;wlh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;néh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; ne éh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;est, dedork’e (h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;)ék’wons, tóm, wóg’&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;om g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;érh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;um wég’&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;ontm, tóm, b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;órom még’oh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;m, tóm, d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;g’&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;émonm h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;oHk’ú b&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;érontm. h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ówis (h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;)ék’wob&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;os ewewk&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;e(t): k’ḗrd h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;nutoj moj widntéj d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;g’&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;mónm (h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;)ék’wons h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ég’ontm. (h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;)ék’wōs ewewk&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;: k’lud&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;í, h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ówi! k’ḗrd h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;nutoj widntb&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;ós: d&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;g’&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;émō(n), pótis, h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;wlnéh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;m h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ówjom k&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;newti séb&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;oj g&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;wh&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;érmom wéstrom; h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;éwib&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;osk&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;w&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;e h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;wlh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;néh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; né h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;esti. Tód k’ek’luwṓs h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ówis h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ég’rom eb&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;uge(t).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lehmann and Zgusta (1979)==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;Owis eḱwōskʷe&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Gʷərēi owis, kʷesjo wl̥hnā ne ēst, eḱwōns espeḱet, oinom ghe gʷr̥um woǵhom weǵhontm̥, oinomkʷe meǵam bhorom, oinomkʷe ǵhm̥enm̥ ōḱu bherontm̥. Owis nu eḱwobh(j)os (eḱwomos) ewewkʷet: &amp;quot;Ḱēr aghnutoi moi eḱwōns aǵontm̥ nerm̥ widn̥tei&amp;quot;. Eḱwōs tu ewewkʷont: &amp;quot;Ḱludhi, owei, ḱēr ghe aghnutoi n̥smei widn̥tbh(j)os (widn̥tmos): nēr, potis, owiōm r̥ wl̥hnām sebhi gʷhermom westrom kʷrn̥euti. Neǵhi owiōm wl̥hnā esti&amp;quot;. Tod ḱeḱluwōs owis aǵrom ebhuget.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Adams (1997)==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;óu̯is h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ék̂u̯ōs-kʷe&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Gʷr̥h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;x&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ḗi] h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;óu̯is, kʷési̯o u̯lh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;néh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; ne (h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;é) est, h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ék̂u̯ons spék̂et, h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;oinom ghe gʷr̥h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;x&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;úm u̯óĝhom u̯éĝhontm̥ h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;oinom-kʷe ĝ méĝh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;m bhórom, h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;oinom-kʷe ĝhménm̥ h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;x&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ṓk̂u bhérontm̥. h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;óu̯is tu h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ek̂u̯oibh(i̯)os u̯eukʷét: &#039;k̂ḗr h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;eghnutór moi h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ék̂u̯ons h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;éĝontm̥ h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;nérm̥ u̯idn̥téi. h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ék̂u̯ōs tu u̯eukʷónt: &#039;k̂ludhí, h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;óu̯ei, k̂ḗr ghe h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;eghnutór n̥sméi u̯idn̥tbh(i̯)ós. h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;nḗr, pótis, h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;éu̯i̯om r̥ u̯l̥h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;néh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;m sebhi kʷr̥néuti nu gʷhérmom u̯éstrom néĝhi h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;éu̯i̯om u̯l̥h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;néh&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;ésti.&#039; Tód k̂ek̂luu̯ṓs h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;óu̯is h&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;éĝrom bhugét.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Kortlandt (2007)==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;ʕʷeuis ʔkeuskʷe&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:ʕʷeuis iosmi ʕuelʔn neʔst ʔekuns ʔe &#039;dērkt, tom &#039;gʷrʕeum uogom ugentm, tom m&#039;geʕm borom, tom dgmenm ʔoʔku brentm. ʔe uēukʷt ʕʷeuis ʔkumus: kʷntske ʔmoi kērt ʕnerm ui&#039;denti ʔekuns ʕ&#039;gentm. ʔe ueukʷnt ʔkeus: kludi ʕʷuei, kʷntske nsmi kērt ui&#039;dntsu: ʕnēr potis ʕʷuiom ʕulʔenm subi gʷormom uestrom kʷrneuti, ʕʷuimus kʷe ʕuelʔn neʔsti. To&#039;d kekluus ʕʷeuis ʕe&#039;grom ʔe bēu&#039;gd.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Categories --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Yassi]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Translated works in Yassi]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary_talk:%C4%9Firm&amp;diff=47770</id>
		<title>Contionary talk:ğirm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary_talk:%C4%9Firm&amp;diff=47770"/>
		<updated>2016-03-20T15:52:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Created page with &amp;quot;PLEASE DELETE THIS PAGE&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;PLEASE DELETE THIS PAGE&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47769</id>
		<title>Contionary:sirm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47769"/>
		<updated>2016-03-20T15:51:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Yassi */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Yassi ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
From Proto-Uralic *śilmä. Cognates include Estonian silm, Finnish silmä and Hungarian szem. The plural obviously does not represent an old Uralic plural, but a dual *śilmä-k.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pronunciation ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Upper Yas River: [sirm]&lt;br /&gt;
* Lower Yas River: [sirm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Noun ===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;sirm&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;sirmǝy&#039;&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
# eye&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Yassi nouns]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:%C4%9Firm&amp;diff=47768</id>
		<title>Contionary:ğirm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:%C4%9Firm&amp;diff=47768"/>
		<updated>2016-03-20T15:50:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Ciray Khan moved page Contionary:ğirm to Contionary:sirm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;#REDIRECT [[Contionary:sirm]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47767</id>
		<title>Contionary:sirm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47767"/>
		<updated>2016-03-20T15:50:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Ciray Khan moved page Contionary:ğirm to Contionary:sirm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Yassi ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
From Proto-Uralic *śilmä. Cognates include Estonian silm, Finnish silmä and Hungarian szem. The plural obviously does not represent an old Uralic plural, but a dual *śilmä-k.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pronunciation ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Upper Yas River: [ʐirm]&lt;br /&gt;
* Lower Yas River: [ʒirm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Noun ===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;ğirm&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;ğirmǝy&#039;&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
# eye&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Yassi nouns]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47704</id>
		<title>Contionary:sirm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47704"/>
		<updated>2016-03-19T10:44:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Noun */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Yassi ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
From Proto-Uralic *śilmä. Cognates include Estonian silm, Finnish silmä and Hungarian szem. The plural obviously does not represent an old Uralic plural, but a dual *śilmä-k.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pronunciation ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Upper Yas River: [ʐirm]&lt;br /&gt;
* Lower Yas River: [ʒirm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Noun ===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;ğirm&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;ğirmǝy&#039;&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
# eye&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Yassi nouns]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47703</id>
		<title>Contionary:sirm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47703"/>
		<updated>2016-03-19T10:41:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Yassi ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
From Proto-Uralic *śilmä. Cognates include Estonian silm, Finnish silmä and Hungarian szem. The plural obviously does not represent an old Uralic plural, but a dual *śilmä-k.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pronunciation ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Upper Yas River: [ʐirm]&lt;br /&gt;
* Lower Yas River: [ʒirm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Noun ===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;ğirm&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;ğirmay&#039;&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
# eye&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Yassi nouns]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47459</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47459"/>
		<updated>2016-03-13T16:14:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], northern [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] and western [[w:People’s Republic of China|China]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice the occasional loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). The reason is the different stress in Proto-Yassi: The nominative of ‘mother’ was áma (&amp;gt; am), but the prepositional was ‘amáta’ (&amp;gt; mal). However, this loss affects mostly a and ā; i remains. For the word ix̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039;  (‘mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;mat&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘to the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;malǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (‘of the mothers’) &#039;&#039;&#039;ix̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*son: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47458</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47458"/>
		<updated>2016-03-13T13:23:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[w:People&#039;s Republic of China|China]], [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]], &lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[w:Arabic script|Arabic]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan and China. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice also the quite regular loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). For the word ǝx̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*son: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Ciray_Khan&amp;diff=47457</id>
		<title>User:Ciray Khan</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Ciray_Khan&amp;diff=47457"/>
		<updated>2016-03-13T13:21:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Ras na war! */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Ras na war! ==&lt;br /&gt;
Mǝnǝy nǝm Ciray wre. Min nǝk aw pwar pǝrorǝl wrel.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47456</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47456"/>
		<updated>2016-03-13T13:17:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=164&lt;br /&gt;
|date=1979&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. There are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.&lt;br /&gt;
=== Speakers ===&lt;br /&gt;
Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley. It’s because Lower Yassis are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and take over [[w:Wakhi language|Wakhi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice also the quite regular loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). For the word ǝx̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also loanwords from an ancient language related to modern Burushaski, from Proto-Iranian and, only some hundred years ago, Tibetan. Even more recent loans include Persian (and through that, Arabic), Pamir languages and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]]. It’s not entirely clear whether these Burushaski-like words were integrated into Yassi before the Indo-Iranian vocabulary or not:&lt;br /&gt;
*kǝbo: cotton (&amp;lt; PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)&lt;br /&gt;
*pya: pear (&amp;lt; PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)&lt;br /&gt;
*son: blind (&amp;lt; PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)&lt;br /&gt;
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (&amp;lt; PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)&lt;br /&gt;
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.&lt;br /&gt;
Like the Indo-Iranians, the Yassis integrated many words from the language of the BMAC culture. The word ǝga tells us that Yassis had contact with the people of the BMAC before the Indians and Iranians had. &lt;br /&gt;
*ǝga: sand (&amp;lt; PYassi *sikā, cf. BMAC *sikā, note that in Yassi, this word has undergone the sound change s &amp;gt; h &amp;gt; ø, whereas the Iranian languages, which also have PIIr. *s &amp;gt; h, show s in this word)&lt;br /&gt;
*Kǝzerm: a thorp in the Upper Yas valley (&amp;lt; PYassi *kuhūzarimiya ‘Village of the Moon Goddess’, cf. Bur. kuá, γuá ‘new moon’, Vedic kuhū and BMAC *jharmiya)&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, they met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, it&#039;s hard to tell. (Indo-)Iranian loanwords are a bit younger than Yenisey-Burushaski and BMAC words. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*slǝ: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *satam)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region. They are naturally more widespread in the Muslim-majority Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
*dost: friend&lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || slǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47441</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47441"/>
		<updated>2016-03-13T00:22:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Classification */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Some, though not all, may have connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]].&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
According to Vladimir Churbanov, Yassi exhibits several layers of different idioms, denying Yassi being a genuine Uralic language. Instead, it&#039;s more probable that Yassi is a language isolate with a Uralic (Para-Proto-Samoyed?) and a Proto-Iranian layer. Unlike other linguists, who argue that Yassi is a Uralic language which has adopted vocabulary from an isolate autochtonous substrate language and Proto-Iranian, Churbanov states all the isolated words in Yassi actually constitute the oldest part of the tongue. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, the met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, that&#039;s hard to tell.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*sǝl: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *sata-)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region: &lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in to mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice also the quite regular loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). For the word ǝx̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47440</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47440"/>
		<updated>2016-03-13T00:09:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Classification */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]] have not been verified. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
According to Vladimir Churbanov, Yassi exhibits several layers of different idioms, denying Yassi being a genuine Uralic language. Instead, it&#039;s more probable that Yassi is a language isolate with a Uralic (Para-Proto-Samoyed?) and a Proto-Iranian layer. Unlike other linguists, who argue that Yassi is a Uralic language which has adopted vocabulary from an isolate autochtonous substrate language and Proto-Iranian, Churbanov states all the isolated words in Yassi actually constitute the oldest part of the tongue. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, the met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, that&#039;s hard to tell.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*sǝl: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *sata-)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region: &lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in to mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice also the quite regular loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). For the word ǝx̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47433</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47433"/>
		<updated>2016-03-12T17:15:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]] have not been verified. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Three Layers Hypothesis ===&lt;br /&gt;
According to Vladimir Churbanov, Yassi exhibits several layers of different idioms, denying Yassi being a genuine Uralic language. Instead, it&#039;s more probable that Yassi is a language isolate with a Uralic (Para-Proto-Samoyed?) and a Proto-Iranian layer. Unlike other linguists, who argue that Yassi is a Uralic language which has adopted vocabulary from an isolate autochtonous substrate language and Proto-Iranian, Churbanov states all the isolated words in Yassi actually constitute the oldest part of the tongue. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Words with certain peculiarities which cannot be of Iranian origin are part of the origin lexicon. This conspicuousness consists of:&lt;br /&gt;
*The sound γ (&amp;lt; Proto-Yassi *g, but there is no g in Proto-Uralic)&lt;br /&gt;
*Verbalized adjectives (&amp;quot;to be cold&amp;quot; instead of &amp;quot;cold&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following words therefore belong to original &amp;quot;Proto-Yassi&amp;quot;, as no connection to other languages could have been shown so far:&lt;br /&gt;
*γirpaw: River Ghirpa(w), a tributary to the Yas River&lt;br /&gt;
*kām: sand&lt;br /&gt;
*korg: to be dry&lt;br /&gt;
*rirg: snow&lt;br /&gt;
*tan: to be cold&lt;br /&gt;
*toγ: belly&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Churbanov argues Proto-Yassi people came into contact with Uralians when the Proto-Uralians still were one people:&lt;br /&gt;
*aw: to eat (&amp;lt; PU *sewe-)&lt;br /&gt;
*ğirm: eye (&amp;lt; PU *śilmä)&lt;br /&gt;
*mat: house (&amp;lt; PU *mättɜ)&lt;br /&gt;
*mǝn: to go (&amp;lt; PU *mene-)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When the Yassi people went southwards into their nowaday homeland, the met Indo-Europeans, however it is not clear if they were Indo-Iranians or Iranians. Most favor the latter, but as Yassi has strangely undergone very similar sound changes as other (Eastern) Iranians tongues, that&#039;s hard to tell.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*lorg: wood (&amp;lt; PI *dāruka-) &lt;br /&gt;
*maṇa: apple (&amp;lt; PI *amarnā-) &lt;br /&gt;
*pwaštay: book (&amp;lt; PI *paustaka-)&lt;br /&gt;
*sǝl: hundred (&amp;lt; PI *sata-)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In recent times, Yassi adopted Perso-Arabic vocabulary common to all idioms in the region: &lt;br /&gt;
*kitāb: book &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in to mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice also the quite regular loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). For the word ǝx̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:Yas&amp;diff=47430</id>
		<title>Contionary:Yas</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:Yas&amp;diff=47430"/>
		<updated>2016-03-12T11:19:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Created page with &amp;quot;== Yassi == === Etymology === From Proto-Uralic *joke.   === Pronunciation === * Upper Yas River: [jas] * Lower Yas River: [jas]  === Noun === &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Yas&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;no plural&amp;#039;&amp;#039;) # Yas...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Yassi ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
From Proto-Uralic *joke. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pronunciation ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Upper Yas River: [jas]&lt;br /&gt;
* Lower Yas River: [jas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Noun ===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yas&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;no plural&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
# Yas River&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Yassi nouns]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47429</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47429"/>
		<updated>2016-03-12T11:13:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic (?)&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a language spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte &#039;six&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Connections to [[w:Burushaski|Burushaski]] have not been verified. According to Vladimir Ivanovich, Yassi exhibits several layers of different idioms, denying Yassi being a genuine Uralic language. Instead, it&#039;s more probable that Yassi is a language isolate with a Uralic (Para-Proto-Samoyed?) and a Proto-Iranian layer.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in to mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice also the quite regular loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). For the word ǝx̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Iranian numerals from 6 to 10 aren&#039;t widely used except for &#039;las&#039; which is common in the whole Yassi area. Foreign numerals tend to be used more often in the Lower Yas valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six || mǝkt || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47428</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47428"/>
		<updated>2016-03-12T10:30:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;yāssǝy sor&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[Uralic language]] spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a Uralic language, though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the Samoyedic than to the Finno-Ugric subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many toponyms in the Yassi speaking area are of unknown origin. They are neither Uralic nor Indo-European. Connections to Burushaski have not been verified.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in to mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice also the quite regular loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). For the word ǝx̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six ||  || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Ciray_Khan&amp;diff=47320</id>
		<title>User:Ciray Khan</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Ciray_Khan&amp;diff=47320"/>
		<updated>2016-03-11T01:46:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Created page with &amp;quot;== Ras na war! == Mǝnǝy nǝm Ciray wraš. Min nǝk aw pwar pǝrorǝl wrašǝl.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Ras na war! ==&lt;br /&gt;
Mǝnǝy nǝm Ciray wraš. Min nǝk aw pwar pǝrorǝl wrašǝl.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47319</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47319"/>
		<updated>2016-03-11T01:25:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: /* Grammar */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;{{unicode|yāssǝy sǝr}}&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[Uralic language]] spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a Uralic language, though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the Samoyedic than to the Finno-Ugric subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in to mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Cases ===&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other Uralic languages which have kept an agglutinative case system, the Yassi declension displays an inflectional type close to Indo-European idioms. All the endings are genuinely inherited, though. The transition from agglutination to inflection is the consequence of far-reaching sound changes Yassi has been subjected to. In this respect notice also the quite regular loss of the first vowel in the oblique cases (prepositional and genitives cases singular and plural as well as accusative plural). For the word ǝx̌t &#039;son&#039;, the putative Proto-Uralic origin is given in brackets:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Singular ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-m) &lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-k)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Plural ====&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝl&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äm)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tat&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-tä)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌talǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;of the sons&#039;) (&amp;lt; PU *irkä-t-äk)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six ||  || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47307</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47307"/>
		<updated>2016-03-10T20:11:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;{{unicode|yāssǝy sǝr}}&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[Uralic language]] spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a Uralic language, though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the Samoyedic than to the Finno-Ugric subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in to mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi has four cases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* nominative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝ&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;I&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
* accusative: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝn&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;am&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌t&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
* prepositional: &#039;&#039;&#039;min&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to me&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;mal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the mother&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;x̌tal&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;to the son&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
* genitive: &#039;&#039;&#039;mǝnǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mine&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;amǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;mother&#039;s&#039;) &#039;&#039;&#039;ǝx̌tǝy&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;son&#039;s&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six ||  || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksorǝy || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:r%C4%81m&amp;diff=47306</id>
		<title>Contionary:rām</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:r%C4%81m&amp;diff=47306"/>
		<updated>2016-03-10T19:52:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Yassi ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
From Proto-Uralic *lämpi &#039;warm; warmth&#039;, compare Nenets yempøq- &#039;to dress; to get dressed&#039; (&amp;lt; Proto-Samoyed *jempǝ &#039;clothes&#039;), Finnish lämmin &#039;warm&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pronunciation ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [ra:m] &lt;br /&gt;
=== Noun ===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;rām&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;rāmǝl&#039;&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
# clothing&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Yassi nouns]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47305</id>
		<title>Contionary:sirm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47305"/>
		<updated>2016-03-10T19:49:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Yassi ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
From Proto-Uralic *śilmä. Cognates include Estonian silm, Finnish silmä and Hungarian szem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pronunciation ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Upper Yas River: [ʐirm]&lt;br /&gt;
* Lower Yas River: [ʒirm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Noun ===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;ğirm&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;plural&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;ğirmǝy&#039;&#039;&#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
# eye&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Yassi nouns]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:r%C4%81m&amp;diff=47304</id>
		<title>Contionary:rām</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:r%C4%81m&amp;diff=47304"/>
		<updated>2016-03-10T19:41:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Created page with &amp;quot;== Yassi == === Etymology === From Proto-Uralic *lämpi &amp;#039;warm; warmth&amp;#039;, compare Nenets yempøq- &amp;#039;to dress; to get dressed&amp;#039; (&amp;lt; Proto-Samoyed *jempǝ &amp;#039;clothes&amp;#039;), Finnish lämmin...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Yassi ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
From Proto-Uralic *lämpi &#039;warm; warmth&#039;, compare Nenets yempøq- &#039;to dress; to get dressed&#039; (&amp;lt; Proto-Samoyed *jempǝ &#039;clothes&#039;), Finnish lämmin &#039;warm&#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pronunciation ===&lt;br /&gt;
* [ra:m] &lt;br /&gt;
=== Noun ===&lt;br /&gt;
# clothing&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Yassi nouns]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47303</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47303"/>
		<updated>2016-03-10T19:33:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;{{unicode|yāssǝy sǝr}}&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[Uralic language]] spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a Uralic language, though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the Samoyedic than to the Finno-Ugric subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dialects ==&lt;br /&gt;
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in to mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six ||  || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksoray || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47302</id>
		<title>Contionary:sirm</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:sirm&amp;diff=47302"/>
		<updated>2016-03-10T19:22:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Created page with &amp;quot;== Yassi == === Etymology === From Proto-Uralic *śilmä. Cognates include Estonian silm, Finnish silmä and Hungarian szem.  === Pronunciation === * Upper Yas River: [ʐirm]...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Yassi ==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
From Proto-Uralic *śilmä. Cognates include Estonian silm, Finnish silmä and Hungarian szem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pronunciation ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Upper Yas River: [ʐirm]&lt;br /&gt;
* Lower Yas River: [ʒirm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Noun ===&lt;br /&gt;
# eye&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47300</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47300"/>
		<updated>2016-03-10T15:46:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;{{unicode|yāssǝy sǝr}}&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2= (Para-?)Samoyedic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[Uralic language]] spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it&#039;s classified as a Uralic language, though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the Samoyedic than to the Finno-Ugric subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme &#039;three&#039;) and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;). However, research has shown that it&#039;s often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam &#039;tooth&#039; and Proto-Samoyed *time &#039;tooth&#039; seem to go back to PU *sewimä &#039;tooth&#039;. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn &#039;comb&#039; is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe &#039;tooth&#039;. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan from &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six ||  || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksoray || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47299</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47299"/>
		<updated>2016-03-10T15:27:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;{{unicode|yāssǝy sǝr}}&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[Uralic language]] spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. However, nowadays is seen as an Uralic language, though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Vocabulary ==&lt;br /&gt;
The huge amount of the basic vocabulary is inherited from Proto-Uralic. However, there are also ancient loans from neighboring Iranian dialects or Proto-Iranian itself. Rather recent loans into Yassi include Persian (and through that, Arabic) and Hindustani.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Numerals ===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Numeral !! Inherited &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Yassi !! Loan &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; Proto-Iranian &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| one || ǝs ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two || kas ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| three || nǝk ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| four || per ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| five || wit ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| six ||  || špağ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| seven || || ow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eight || ksoray || at&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten || kǝswit || las&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| eleven || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twelve ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirteen ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| twenty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thirty ||  ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| forty || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| hundred ||  || sǝl&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| two hundred || ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| thousand ||  || zǝr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ten thousand || || wewar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47298</id>
		<title>Yassi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yassi&amp;diff=47298"/>
		<updated>2016-03-10T15:04:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ciray Khan: Created page with &amp;quot;{{Infobox language |name=Yassi |nativename=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;{{unicode|yāssǝy sǝr}}&amp;#039;&amp;#039; |states=Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan |speakers=150 |date=2004 |ref=e18 |fa...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Yassi&lt;br /&gt;
|nativename=&#039;&#039;{{unicode|yāssǝy sǝr}}&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|states=[[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]]&lt;br /&gt;
|speakers=150&lt;br /&gt;
|date=2004&lt;br /&gt;
|ref=e18&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor=Uralic&lt;br /&gt;
|fam2=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam3=&lt;br /&gt;
|fam4=&lt;br /&gt;
|script=[[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;
|iso3=&lt;br /&gt;
|glotto=&lt;br /&gt;
|glottorefname=&lt;br /&gt;
|lingua=&lt;br /&gt;
|notice=IPA&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Yassi&#039;&#039;&#039; is a [[Uralic language]] spoken in the Yas River Valley in north-eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, China and Tajikistan. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Classification ==&lt;br /&gt;
For a long time, Yassi was seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. However, nowadays is seen as an Uralic language, though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Vowel]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
![[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Central vowel|Central]]&lt;br /&gt;
![[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;br /&gt;
|i || || u&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|e&lt;br /&gt;
|ə&lt;br /&gt;
|o&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=center&lt;br /&gt;
![[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|a&lt;br /&gt;
|ɑ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yassi also has the [[diphthong]]s /ai/, /ɑi/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/, /oi/, /ui/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===[[Consonant]]s===&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align:center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| &lt;br /&gt;
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;alveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]&lt;br /&gt;
|m&lt;br /&gt;
|n&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɳ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ŋ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|p&lt;br /&gt;
|t̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|k&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | q&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; | ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|b&lt;br /&gt;
|d̪&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|ɡ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡s&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|t͡ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡z&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |f&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|s&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʂ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
|ç&lt;br /&gt;
|x&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|h&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|z&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ʐ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
|ʝ&lt;br /&gt;
|ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|l&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|j&lt;br /&gt;
|w&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|r&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA&amp;quot; |ɺ̢ &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;words&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Uralic languages]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ciray Khan</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>