Linguifex - User contributions [en]

User talk:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán

2016-06-29T13:20:14Z

EmperorZelos: /* Boo */ new section

{{archive}}
== A question ==

can i nominate a language for featured or honoured? When i clicked on "nominate a featured language", i get a message "http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=45" which says the requested url could not be found
[[User:SostiMatiko|SostiMatiko]] ([[User talk:SostiMatiko|talk]]) 20:28, 7 March 2015 (CET)

:Sorry, the link is old. Because of how featured languages now work, you will get an infobox at the top of Linguifex when you log-on, with a link to an active nomination thread when these are running. These are usually called near the end of a month. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 02:48, 9 March 2015 (CET)

:i followed the link to the currently featured language, but could not find any link or place to nominate a language. Can you please just paste that link here? Or, as an administrator you are, i invite you to select http://linguifex.com/wiki/Dama_Diwan as the most honoured language. thanks!

== Really sorry for the late reply! ==

Hi Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán,

I had not realized that you posted a question about Minhast on my Discussion page this past August 2014. I didn't get any notification, but now that I know you posted, I posted my answer to your question on my Discussion page. I didn't want you to think I was ignoring you. Anyway, thanks for your interest.

Anyar

== Generic greeting ==

My my, what a surprise. Welcome back, how are things? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:46, 26 July 2015 (CEST)

Hej! It's been a while; I had gone quite a long time without any conlangery of any kind. Life sort of gets in the way at times. But in general everything's fine! And yourself? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 22:42, 26 July 2015 (CEST)

Oh, I'm just fine. I just got back here a few weeks ago, myself. Uni made me suffer from withdrawal, so I gathered I should get back to conlanging in the summer; and here I am! And oh, how was Siberia? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:21, 27 July 2015 (CEST)

I got back into it after binging on the backlog of Conlangary episodes. Though now I've started preferring Word for conlanging to the wiki format (probably because its more conducive to my serial sketch-langer nature). What are you doing at uni? I'm just coming to the end of a master's in linguistics myself. Siberia was excellent! And I do miss it at times. [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 14:13, 28 July 2015 (CEST)

Ah, yeah, I've been LaTeX-ing a lot of my languages as well. Yes, your sketchlanging is indeed legendary by now. Oh, right, don't know if I should congratulate you yet, but that's great! Did you learn anything worthy of note in Siberia and France (?, was it)?

I study physics. Not very linguistic, I'm afraid. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 19:24, 28 July 2015 (CEST)

I tried to get in LaTex but never quite got the hang of it for some reason. Maybe it's the instant gratification of WYSIWYG. Well, congratulations are not quite yet in order; I'm still in the middle of writing my dissertation. Nothing particular springs to mind from Russia and France, but it was certainly a formative experience. Be not afraid! Physics is great :) How do you do go about your LaTexing? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 17:31, 29 July 2015 (CEST)

Interesting, what is your subject? Well, LaTeX isn't exactly known for being very WYSIWYG, and normally you have to work through a terminal or the like. Eventually you grow lazy, however, since compiling takes ages. So I mostly use ShareLaTeX [https://www.sharelatex.com], which is free and allows instant compilation. It's especially useful for dissertations ^^. I think my whole department at uni uses this website. And yeah, physics is marvellous! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:29, 29 July 2015 (CEST)

I'm researching phonology in the Trans-New Guinea languages. I'd like to get into LaTex mainly to keep track of in-text references to table and example numbers. I don't much care for the default font used in LaTex (though I suspect that is easily change). What's your area in physics? Or are you not far enough in to have specialised yet? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 10:31, 30 July 2015 (CEST)

== Boo ==

Hiii booooo!!!!! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 15:20, 29 June 2016 (CEST)

User talk:Waahlis

2016-06-21T14:37:04Z

EmperorZelos: /* Offensive */ new section

<div style="float: right; max-width: 200px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 150%; margin-top: -1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">__TOC__</div>
<div style="width: 350px; border: 2px solid white; background: white; padding: 1em; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 5px 5px #; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px 3px #; box-shadow: 0 0 3px 3px #;">
<div style="font-size: 20pt; text-align: center; color: #3366BB; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 0.3em;">'''προειδοποίηση!'''</div>

* If you leave a message here, I will reply '''here'''.
* If I left you a message, I will reply on your '''[[Special:MyTalk|talk page]]'''.
* '''Sign''' your post with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>)
* Keep your title '''short'''. Alternatively '''funny'''.
* You leave messages in any language you see fit; that is, languages I have a chance at understanding.

<div style="margin-top: 1em; padding-top: 0.3em; font-size: 80%; border-top: 1px solid #3E3E3E;">'''Archives''' [[User talk:Waahlis/1|1]] · [[User talk:Waahlis/2|2]] · [[User talk:Waahlis/3|3]] · [[User talk:Waahlis/4|4]] · [[User talk:Waahlis/5|5]] - Updated 2013-07-15</div></div>

== Front page ==

I love the new front page, its awesome! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 08:11, 14 July 2013 (CEST)

I agree! It looks simpler and cleaner. Keep up the good work! [[User:Newrhotic|Newrhotic]] ([[User talk:Newrhotic|talk]]) 01:29, 15 July 2013 (CEST)

Thanks, both of you! Any criticism? I have no problems to improve it continuously! Sincerely, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 15:53, 15 July 2013 (CEST)

Agreed! The new front page is freaking awesome! You're awesome! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 23:00, 18 July 2013 (CEST)

Let's not exaggerate! :P Do tell if you need me to change anything. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 00:46, 21 July 2013 (CEST)

==Cwengâr&Fén Ghír==

The pages for these two languages on my computer do not have a side or top bar and cut off before the end [specifically at "vowels" and "ba" respectively], other language pages seem to be working fine. Could you look into this for me?

-Cheers, [[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 00:53, 18 July 2013 (CEST)

Of course, I'll look into it. However, I don't quite grasp the problem? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 16:20, 18 July 2013 (CEST)

I should have gotten a screen grab but it seems to have resolved itself. If you're interested, just incase this is a recurring error;

*The main page itself was the only thing visible; the side bar [Mainpage, Announcements, Recent Changes... Toolbox, Other], tabs [Mainpage, Discussion, Read, Edit... Go, Search] and top bar [My Talk, My Preferences, My Watchlist... etc] were simply blank; there was no visible text or anything where they should have been.

*The end of the page also cut off; nothing after certain sections were accessible and the browser treated it as if the page ended there in the middle of the article, not allowing me to scroll further down; thus the Category section was not accessible.

*Attempting to link to the areas cut off from the navigation box or using ctrl+f to find a word would give no response [or no result in the case of ctrl+f], though the navigation box would link me directly to the parts of the article as it would normally on other pages.

Hasn't happened to me before on any other forums so I suspect it may have been an error with Linguifex, possibly due to my trying to access these pages through history or favourites? Either way, it is resolved now.

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 15:23, 21 July 2013 (CEST)

Hmm, I haven't experienced anything similar. Have you encountered it more than once? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:40, 24 July 2013 (CEST)

== A Priori ==

I want to create a completely new language to use while I work on my Germanic conlang. I want it to be totally unrelated to any living languages but still go with the old European Nominative-Accusative fusional deal. The thing is, I want to make it so it seems to flow easily and look good/beautiful when written. Do ye have any ideas for this and maybe any notable alphabets or ideas to create a constructed script? --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 01:20, 26 July 2013 (CEST)

And I'm not just talking about visually flowing, but I mean it could just roll off the tongue like a delicious smoothy of sorts :) --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 01:41, 26 July 2013 (CEST)

Try a hawaiian esque free vowel no dipthong system, but replace all stops with a lot of taps, trills, nasals, and approximants like you see in Indian languages. Add tone to give it a songlike quality.
As for the writing system, look at the alphabets of southern india, they were written on palm leaves which would rip if the script was too rough. Also make all your sounds voiced, voiceless sounds interrupt the hum of speech.
Of course, I'm defining flow as sounds which do not interrupt the hum of voiced speech. You might not actually know what what you want when you think of something so subjective as how a language "rools of the tongue", in which case, you are the only one who can decide.

[[User:Greatbuddha|Greatbuddha]] ([[User talk:Greatbuddha|talk]]) 08:20, 26 July 2013 (CEST)

Hey, thanks for the great insight! I'll definitely check out the Hawaiian speech and southern Indian script. I hadn't thought of the voicing and I don't really know what tone is but I'll definitely look into it, and yeah that is quite subjective I s'pose :p Thanks! --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 09:58, 26 July 2013 (CEST)

Greatbuddha makes a few great points. My personal trick for this is to try to imitate an orthography of a language that I really like, be it a conlang or natlang, and make a completely different grammar. Think of it as a car, you paint it, add a few features, but under the bonnet, no one grasps its complexity!

I'd say you should do this: Take a shorter text and then semi-translate it into a few different sketchlangs, all of them with different orthographies and phonologies, then see which one you like the best, or mix them up! Hope it helps at all, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:36, 26 July 2013 (CEST)

Sounds like a plan! In my conworld it's supposed to be a sort of language of the angels so that's what I'm looking for. :) --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 00:47, 27 July 2013 (CEST)

== ¡Hola, guapetón! ==

Hola, chicote, ¿cómo andas? No nos sentimos desde hace tiempo. Te escribo para dejarte un recado: dentro de dos días me marcho a Alemania para hacer un curso avanzado de alemán, vuelvo el 31 de augusto, entonces no creo que nos vamos a hablar hasta aquel día :(
He aprobado el test de sueco con 86/100 puntos y ahora tengo uficialmente un nivel B1 de lengua sueca, ¡todavía no lo creo!
Tú, ¿qué me cuentas? ¿Vacaciones? ¿Viajes? Te doy un gran abrazo y hasta pronto :) [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llais]]''' 20:39, 28 July 2013 (CET)

¡Hola! Ando bien, como siempre. :) ¡Felicidades, lo mereces! :D Vale, te estaré esperando. Espero que lo pases bomba; he oido que el tiempo en Alemania hace extremadamente bien.
Jajaja, mis vacaciones terminan dentro de pronto, y después vuelvo al instituto para continuar mis estudios. :)

¡Un gran abrazo a ti también! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:28, 31 July 2013 (CEST)

== Voting ==

Can I nominate a language to be featured which I feel to be sufficiently complete but without the featured banner translated yet? [[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd]] ([[User talk:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|talk]]) 05:16, 13 August 2013 (CEST)

As long as you can translate the banner and does it, yes [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 11:55, 13 August 2013 (CEST)

That wouldn't be necessary. A nomination doesn't really need the translation banner. But it won't pass the voting round without the banner. :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 19:40, 17 August 2013 (CEST)

== Välyatalle etymologies ==

From [[Välyatalle/Etymologies]] I present you with
:{{Ast}}kaʔlʲaśa: Va. ''kaalas'' "party, celebration"; Elas. ''kályaz'' "dance".
: *chuckles* --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 03:04, 30 August 2013 (CEST)

==Congradulations==

Congrats on usurping my title as featured language. However mark my words that a Sphaeran language will return! You haven't seen the last of Galavic on the front page. Maaaaaaaark my wooooorrrrrddddddddds!

Sincerely though; congrats on the election,

Cheers,

[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 03:35, 1 September 2013 (CEST)

Mehe, ''The Usurper'' does have a certain ring to it...! But when it returns, believe me, then the Ris and Rana languages will be prepared! I shall mark your words with Indian ink if that's what it'll take! ^^And thank you, it was nail-biting in the end! Sincererly, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 10:42, 1 September 2013 (CEST)

Congratulations indeed! ''Neym rope hat ahezinimy nik napek phorik!'' "I'm happy that your language was featured!" [[User:Juhhmi|Juhhmi]] ([[User talk:Juhhmi|talk]]) 11:24, 1 September 2013 (CEST)

''*mutters in high front/back vowels, rounded and unrounded with lots of geminate consonants*'' Vahalya cometh! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 11:30, 1 September 2013 (CEST)

Congratulations! [[User:Dē Graut Bʉr|Dē Graut Bʉr]] ([[User talk:Dē Graut Bʉr|talk]]) 11:41, 1 September 2013 (CEST)

''Ie ham ganalkáltiji themsármȁ!'' And don't underestimate Themsaran! [[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd]] ([[User talk:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|talk]]) 19:24, 1 September 2013 (CEST)

''Dônalh Cwengâr 'ongŷgw gwô ôrha ngâr ngàr ô ffetam ât hôrha rŷnobanaff... cwê ugwôn!'' Cwengaer will crush your languages underfoot and burn your writings... eventually!--[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 03:16, 2 September 2013 (CEST)

Thank you! I'm sure all of you will outperform me! ^^ Let's just avoid multicultural war. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:13, 2 September 2013 (CEST)

== First Linguifex Relay ==
Tag, you're it! You can find the torch [[First Linguifex Relay/Harākti|here]]! Have fun. :)

{{Userbox
| border-c = #999
| id-c = white
| info-c = white
| info-fc = #C80815
| id = [[Image:relaytorch.svg|42x42px]]
| info = This user is currently the torch bearer for [[First Linguifex Relay/Harākti]] and was handed it on 18:30, 6 September 2013 (CEST) by [[User:Ashucky|Ashucky]]'''. The torch will automagically pass on to the next relay member in 48 hours.
}}

== Arena ==

I can't create new threads here. Should we get the ball rolling on this? -[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 22:52, 16 September 2013 (CEST)

Sorry, that's from when I thought it was supposed to be a relay forum! I shall change it right away! By the way, I won't be very active here for about a week; I am currently writing the Second Linguifex Relay, and reconstructing a proto-language of mine! ^^ [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 23:15, 16 September 2013 (CEST)

Then as tempting as it may be, I won't usurp you with [[User:Fauxlosophe/Cwengâr| my own already finished text]] until after but I do have a few good ideas for other things we could do in the meantime. I'll put them up soon-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 06:56, 17 September 2013 (CEST)

Let's decide that's the third one then! And please, go ahead! Message all the people you want there or ask Chrys to make cross-wiki announcement! I shall try to participate, myself. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 07:45, 17 September 2013 (CEST)

I put up a few threads, the proverb one was specifically with you in mind. I've got a few proverbs in Fén that I'm happy with but you've got some catered perfectly for your language. Check out the rest as well!-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 23:35, 25 September 2013 (CEST)

== The Comlang ==

Are we going to finish it? Or do you want to start a new one? (Or not do a comlang at all?)

I don't really care, I was just look forward to all the linguistic experience probably it'd give me.
 [[User:Conlang|CL]][[User_talk:Conlang|/ˈ'''t'''ɔk ˈpeɪdʒ/]] 23:42, 9 October 2013 (CEST)

== Neghal díril ==

Cíné me ít. Té re ba fhaben cur bhoci!

[[Second Linguifex Relay/Fén Ghír|Tel té bér cór re.]]

--[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 05:27, 25 November 2013 (CET)

PS. This relay reminded me of how much I love Fén and why. It just sounds so pretty next to the near inpenetrable and unpronouncable Cwengâr.

== Alska Reversion ==

Why was Alska reverted to how it was before? I'm going through and updating/remaking the language. Just wondering [[User:Darthme|Darthme]] ([[User talk:Darthme|talk]]) 21:21, 30 November 2013 (CET)

Oh, my dear bloody God! What have I done!? I'm so sorry, I'm on my tablet when browsing the site nowadays, I must've mistakenly reverted your edits! Have you fixed it, or shall I do it in the morning?

Pardon me, most sincerely, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 00:37, 1 December 2013 (CET)

No it's fine, I reverted it again. For a moment I freaked out but the I remembered there was a changelog for each page, so I just set it back to how I had it. It's all good, so no worries. :) [[User:Darthme|Darthme]] ([[User talk:Darthme|talk]]) 11:18, 1 December 2013 (CET)

I'm ever so sorry! :P It shan't happen again! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:21, 1 December 2013 (CET)

== Next Relay ==

I have the text ready for the next relay as of ages ago. Chrys has volunteered to be the first victim as his conlang shares a few similarities to mine and will make the transition a little easier. As soon as you're ready to start collecting volunteers, I'm able to assemble a gloss.

Also when are we doing the next featured language?

Slán,

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 07:08, 13 December 2013 (CET)

:On behalf of Waahlis (and indeed, all Swedes), I apologise for the tardy response. December 13 is Lucia day in Sweden where we celebrate the memory of light, warmth and sacrifice in the midst of seemingly everlasting darkness and cold with sweet saffron-buns and cookies. Furthermore, I am would like to inquire about which language specifically you have in mind? None of my languages are as analytic as yours :P And, I have a new pet project, at [[User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl]], which I'd love to use in the next relay if that's fine. It's YAIEL (Yet Another Indo-European Conlang) like [[Dhannuá]] so it shouldn't be too far removed grammatically in general terms, if you want to know what to expect. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 07:26, 14 December 2013 (CET)

::I just assumed that I put in fair late for you guys and it might take 24ish hours to get a reply, so no worries for lateness. Happy Lucia, by the way.

::I was thinking of Dhannuá, since both draw on celtic elements. Generally though, it's the fact that you've already done a translation of The Wildman and the King, which I felt got the flavour of what I was going for, means you have some experience rooting through what I feel is a rather difficult conlang and one which might be even more difficult for someone going into it blind with a language that has a vocabuluary better suited for a futuristic or contemporary setting, in the same way that I tend to have trouble translating really contemporary elements. But I'm definitely okay with whatever, so Skājamāl suits me if that's what has your interest at the moment.
::-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 18:53, 14 December 2013 (CET)

Certainly, I can initiate the sign-ups right now! However, bear in mind that the draught will take about one week, and then there's one week for the relay itself; we are after all approaching the Christmastide, and as such the activity will reach new lows. :P

The featured language nominations on the other hand, I'm willing to initiate on the spot!

Sincerely, and Happy Lucia,[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:47, 14 December 2013 (CET)

:Awesome!

Cheers and Happy Lucia,
-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 18:53, 14 December 2013 (CET)

== Gamla saker ==

Kollar in Voldemorts lya på sistonde? Samma dåliga skit på framsidan som då vi drog :P [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 16:51, 29 December 2013 (CET)

Välkommen tillbaka! Allt väl? Ah, jag besökte honom nyss, var ju inte livat precis. Här har ju blivit väldigt tyst å det senaste också! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:37, 29 December 2013 (CET)

Translations for those who don't speak Swedish (trolol)

"Calling in Voldemort's lair pass sister? Some daily skit pass from-side some day we drink :P" 
"Welcome till back! All's well? Ah, I besought him n-yes, were you not living precisely. Har-har you believed welding this and that so-nasty oxen!"

--[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 23:37, 29 December 2013 (CET)

Tillbaka? Jag drog aldrig :) jag håller koll på stället hela tiden här! Det är mer liv här än där XD [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 08:08, 1 January 2014 (CET)

Haha, Oly, did you get it all? ^^Och Zelos, vi ska nog få fart på det litet grand nu. Det är snart omröstning för ett månadens språk - se te att rösta! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 14:37, 3 January 2014 (CET)

Jag håller min röst gisslan :P [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 15:49, 3 January 2014 (CET)

== Apologies/Third Relay ==

Hey,

Sorry for delaying everything around here! I got blindsided by a lot of stuff over the holidays and fell behind, I've been playing a frantic game of catchup since. I should have hte first leg up soon and will vote promptly.

Apologies,

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 03:45, 19 January 2014 (CET)

Oh no worries! I myself ought to apologise, I have been fairly busy as well! I'm just glad it's started. :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 08:32, 21 January 2014 (CET)

== On the template ==

Hey Waahlis, I just got a message on my talk page reminding me of something that came up a few months ago. I was wondering if the language template could be changed to allow V2 as an option rather than only SVO or OSV. --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 04:43, 19 January 2014 (CET)

Hi! I apologise, I have been away for a while! No matter, I have adjusted the template, and it now allows for the following extra word orders:

<pre><nowiki>| V2=Verb-second
| VF=Verb-final
| SV=Subject-verb
| VS=Verb-subject
| OV= Object-verb
| VO=Verb-object
| SO=Subject-object
| OS=Object-subject
| Free=Free
| Non-configurational=Non-configurational
</nowiki></pre>
Hope it helps! Sincerely, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 08:41, 21 January 2014 (CET)

== Death by SVG ==

Sorry, I think I broke something here: [[:File:MorphSyntAlign2.svg]]!! --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] ([[User talk:Aquatiki|talk]]) 02:58, 30 January 2014 (CET)

: Ah, yes, an SVG! We attempted to install support for them, but it backfired somewhat! No worries, I'll just delete it - I saw you updated a PNG equivalent. :) It can't affect the wiki as a whole, but I'm glad you left a message! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 19:35, 30 January 2014 (CET)

:: OK. It was a major undertaking to get it working on my own personal wiki. Getting the latest version of PHP, ImageMagick, and dependencies is a real pain. I recommend people try [http://image.online-convert.com/convert-to-png http://image.online-convert.com/convert-to-png] if they need PNG's made. --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] ([[User talk:Aquatiki|talk]]) 20:50, 31 January 2014 (CET)

== Missing words ==

So, now I've finally managed to make sense of most of your text, but it seems these words/affixes are missing in the wordlist:
* Unaccented ti-
* Wuwúa-
* Shakíne
* -tsi
* ay-
I hope I will be able to make sense of the whole text if you give me the translations of those words as well :P [[User:Dē Graut Bʉr|Dē Graut Bʉr]] ([[User talk:Dē Graut Bʉr|talk]]) 19:05, 23 February 2014 (CET)

Sorry, most of these are clashes of draughts!

* Unaccented ti- = '''2.SG.POSS''', also as ''tí-''-
* Wuwúa- = '''1PL.HE'''-
* Shakíne = with that which is swift ~ '''quickly'''-
* -tsi = '''CON''', conative, "attempting to do something". The ''-tsi'' in ''Téeyimbaa'''tsi''''' is supposed to be an imperfective, though.
* ay- = there is no inherent meaning as a prefix, but it does signify the subjunctive in words after ''ku''; (''uyáhahamb'''ay''''', ''yáahamb'''ay'''ak'').

I'm glad it wasn't any worse than this! ^^ Do tell if there's anything else! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:11, 23 February 2014 (CET)

Ok, thanks. But if there is no prefix ay-, what's then going on with '''''ay'''tsurin''? [[User:Dē Graut Bʉr|Dē Graut Bʉr]] ([[User talk:Dē Graut Bʉr|talk]]) 13:36, 25 February 2014 (CET)

Hmm... Gloss it as "about". :P Hehee... :( [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:40, 25 February 2014 (CET)

== Buerkáns ==

I was just wondering if you had any critique for my newest conlang, [[Buerkáns|Buerkáns]]. Is it a plausible within the Germanic language family? Or just your thoughts on it in general. [[User:Darthme|Darthme]] ([[User talk:Darthme|talk]]) 23:40, 2 March 2014 (CET)

Hi! Sorry, I've been pretty absent lately! I'll leave a response on your talk page, instead! :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:59, 28 March 2014 (CET)

== sj ==

What would be the best realisation for the Swedish "sj-sound" for a foreigner to adopt? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 14:04, 25 March 2014 (CET)

I would recommend a post-alveolar or possibly alveolo-palatal voiceless fricative, mainly because it's a common realisation in many dialects. It is not at all the accurate pronunciation, and not phonetically very close, however. Phonetically, try maybe, a voiceless labio-velar approximant or a very labialised voiceless velar fricative. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:32, 25 March 2014 (CET)

Thanks for the advice! What is it for you? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 16:29, 29 March 2014 (CET)

Tree-fity

I absolutely hate when people whom are swedish does not make a distinction between sköld and köld, comon D: .

[[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 08:39, 30 March 2014 (CEST)

I agree! I tried to remain a bit objective! ^^ Well, the true "sj"-sound doesn't have an agreed upon transcription. For me, a (''rather'') close approximation before rounded vowels is [ɸˠʷ], whilst [x̞ʷ] kind of works in other contexts. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 19:54, 30 March 2014 (CEST)

It is our nation, we can be as much of mean bastards as we can! *shakes fist* Let's call the sound sklrplhglykhh and call it a day so no one can pronounce it as it requires 3 tounges and another 8 places of articulation [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 20:29, 30 March 2014 (CEST)

:Can one use fingers as additional tongues? Though I won't start naming all the other places of articulation here... :P [[User:Juhhmi|Juhhmi]] ([[User talk:Juhhmi|talk]]) 22:27, 30 March 2014 (CEST)

== ¿Adivina quién está aquí? ==

Hola chico,
¿cómo estás? ¡La mar de tiempo que no nos hablamos! Muchísimo, mejor, "muchimuchísimo" :(
Me han pasado muchas cosas en estos meses y no todas bonitas... ¡¡¡Por fin puedo volver a escribir algo a esta página y a modificar y continuar mis conlangs!!! Ahora estoy acabando mi trabajo para la graduación (la última graduación de las dos que sirven para completar un ciclo de estudios universitarios aquí) y he hecho una solicitud para ir a una Folkshögskola en Suecia y ahora tengo que esperar el resultado :) Desde hace un poquito trabajo - pero sin salario - como profesor de italiano para extranjeros y me gusta mucho :)
¿Y tú? ¿Todo bien? ¡Una gran abrazada!
[[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llais]]''' 02:56, 10 April 2014 (CEST)

Llyn! De verdad, Hace poco me he graduado de la escuela secundaria sueca, y por eso no he tenido tiempo por nada para trabajar en el wiki. Me alegra que todo va tan bien!! Yo también he trabajado como profesor privado (de las matemáticas)! Ya no has visitado Suecia? Qué pena! Cuál Folkhögskola has eligido? :O

Y como siempre, todo bien, visité España hace una semana! ^^ [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 14:43, 23 June 2014 (CEST)

¡Hola! La verdad ya no esperaba tu respuesta :P ¡Jajajaja! No te preocupes, te entiendo bien.
¡Felicidades! ¿Conoces bien las matemáticas también? ¡Qué bueno! :)
Las cosas han mudado: he trabajado estos últimos tres meses como profesor privado de italiano CON salario :P Me han eligido para irme a Suecia, pero la Folkhögskola ha sido eligida por el Svenska Institutet: Vindeln. El 28 de augusto me voy y me quedo allá hasta el final de noviembre. Ya visité Estocolmo en 2009, esta va a ser mi segunda vez en Suecia :)
Lo siento que yo no vaya a estar cerca de tu ciudad, me gustaría muchísimo conocerte en persona :)
Ahora voy, estos días estoy preparando mis maletas y lo que me sirve para viajar a Suecia y quedarme allá durante tres meses :) Espero que me vaya a gustar como hace cinco años.
Un beso
[[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llais]]''' 21:59, 06 August 2014 (CEST)

== Delete Conlang page please? ==

Hi Wåhlis! I was wondering if you could please delete my conlang pages: 

User:Mcmisher96/Unnamed 

and 

User:Mcmisher96/Khavar 

They are no longer desired.

Of course! One moment! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 14:26, 23 June 2014 (CEST)

Hey again! Could you delete all my Czecklish documents and categories please? I want to start over again, because I've completely overhauled my conlang, with a new name, new phonology, and new morphology. Thanks!

==Fixing this up==
[[Linguifex:Policy]]

Domine, this page reads like a shoddy wikipedia expy. Maybe we should clean it up? As you've declared yourself policy taskmaster I won't edit unless you give me the OK. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 21:38, 6 July 2014 (CEST)

== Table Troubles ==

Hi! I was busy doing some work on Czecklish, and I just added the '''Template:Infobox''' and the '''Template:Classmeter''' to my main page [[Czecklish]]. I would like to know how to put the '''Template:Classmeter''' underneath the '''Template:Infobox'''. The two of them next to each other is unsightly, and distracting.

== Dir auch frohe Weihnachten ==

Hallöchen, ganz erfrischend zu sehen, dass du zurück bist :-) Vielleicht könntest du <s>betrachten</s> darüber nachdenken, dich zu registrieren, wenn du Zeit hast, im vierten Linguifex Relay teilzunehmen? Ich habe noch eine weitere Sprache auszuprobieren und zur Schau zu stellen, darum habe ich mir erlaubt, vorzeitig darauf vorzubereiten... [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 04:10, 24 December 2014 (CET)

Oh dear God, that was a pain translating! Thank you! Why yes, I might just join; I'm going to guess you haven't started yet. I have an annoying tendency to suddenly disappear nowadays, but I'll try to fight myself and participate!

Sincerely, and as we say in Sweden, God Fortsättning! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 23:19, 26 December 2014 (CET)

Ah, tut mir leid, dass "that was a pain translating!" (Ich sehe, dass ich da das falsche Verb verwendete!) Ich hoffe, dass sich mein Deutsch inzwischen verbessert hat, wenn auch nur ein wenig. Nun endet bei mir dieses Semester... ich verspreche, dass ich in diesem Monat einen akzeptablen Quelltext fürs Relay verfasse. [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 05:50, 2 May 2015 (CEST)

== Dump ==

Sorry about this!

[[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:40, 5 July 2015 (CEST)

== Hallå? Det är dags. ==

[ insert IKEA-dalahäst ] [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Van|vassegå]] --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 11:08, 13 July 2015 (CEST)

== Offensive ==

I find this offensive [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 16:37, 21 June 2016 (CEST)

Guide:Gender

2015-07-09T07:04:22Z

EmperorZelos: Created page with "Many languages in the world have gender or noun class system, typically the distinction is 3 or less are genders while more are classes but it's nothing solid. Some conlangers..."

Many languages in the world have gender or noun class system, typically the distinction is 3 or less are genders while more are classes but it's nothing solid. Some conlangers do not wish to add it but this is a guide for those who do.

==Why do languages have gender?==
There are many hypothesis on why languages have it and explinations. One such explination is that it gives an easy method to make new words from existing ones, example includes spanish "médico" for doctor, with the familiar -o at the end it's masculine, we can exchange it to form''médica'' to refer to a female doctor. The more probable reason for this assignment is to induce redudancy into the language. In normal speech redudancy is something to be avoided but in communication and information redudancy is a neccisery component to secure the transfer of information. Even computer information, such as QR-code and programming, includes redudancy, a good example of what happens is the [http://www.videogameconsolelibrary.com/pg90-jaguar_cd.htm#page=reviews Atari Jaguar CD] when the redudancy is not enough.

We humans live in a very noisy enviorment so there is a need to secure that information gets across properly and gender is one of many methods to do this by adding this redudancy. For example "''The red boy and girl''", is the boy the only one who is red or are both red? In english it is ambigious but with gender assignment it can be done so it only applies to one of them. Other more complicated examples include north american languages where the verb tells you everything about who is doing what and nouns able to float around and shift places but has no marking on their semantic roles in the sentence, the verb encodes all information of their gender or more animacy but gender works well here. So it can be used to free up word order.

==What genders to have?==
About 50% of all languages don't have genders so it's certainly an option to skip it, the remaining 50% do and within these, 50% have a simple animated vs inanimated distinction, that is 25% of all languages. The remaining 25% have all the crazy fun. A key note is that while animated and inanimated are often very semantic it doesn't need to be as things can get promoted or demoted by analogy. Indo-European languages have the masculine, neuter and feminine distinction where it has fused in various ways over time in various parts of the world. Other languages have many more of all kinds, you are quite free to have any gender system you feel like.

==How do I assign the gender?==
This depends somewhat on your gender system to begin with. No gender system is entirely arbitrary but no system is neither entirely semantic but they can lean one way or another. If the assignment is semantic it will depend on what the noun is and how, from the point of view of a speaker, it relates to the noun classes that do exist and what is considered the prototypical element of that class. If it's arbitrary it goes really in any of the classes. Abstractions are a category that tend to be entirely arbitrary but they can become semantic by analogy.

[[Category: Guides]]

User talk:Waahlis

2015-07-05T16:40:57Z

EmperorZelos: /* Dump */ new section

Talk:Tonuao

2015-01-07T12:19:35Z

EmperorZelos: Created page with "Could you please perhaps make a latinzed name for this and keep that as the main one? Otherwise this is impossible for most to find. ~~~~"

Could you please perhaps make a latinzed name for this and keep that as the main one? Otherwise this is impossible for most to find. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 13:19, 7 January 2015 (CET)

User talk:Raphacam

2015-01-07T12:18:45Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

'''Welcome to ''Linguifex''!'''
We hope you will contribute much and well.
You will probably want to read the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents help pages].
Again, welcome and have fun! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 13:18, 7 January 2015 (CET)

User:Raphacam

2015-01-07T12:18:45Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

Talk:Linguistics:Noun

2014-07-28T10:01:21Z

EmperorZelos:

This should be integrated into a more general conlanging guide. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 20:41, 22 July 2014 (CEST)
Why? We get a general one and then indepth ones like these [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 12:01, 28 July 2014 (CEST)

User talk:SuperDiaperBoy

2014-06-30T04:27:32Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

User:SuperDiaperBoy

2014-06-30T04:27:32Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

Talk:Knašta/Prevalence of the Bilabial Trill

2014-06-30T04:26:07Z

EmperorZelos:

== Relevance ==

Hi! Is this page really of that big a relevance it can't get incorporated into the main article somehow? I think, since the Knašta is slightly lacking in content, adding this page to the content of the other page might prove to be optimaL? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 22:38, 29 June 2014 (CEST)

Ih ave to agree, judging by the size it does not justify it's own page [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 06:26, 30 June 2014 (CEST)

User talk:Jansky

2014-06-29T06:37:45Z

EmperorZelos: /* Hi */ new section

User talk:Jansky

2014-06-27T18:43:47Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

User:Jansky

2014-06-27T18:43:47Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

User talk:Amaruq

2014-06-02T16:57:29Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

User:Amaruq

2014-06-02T16:57:29Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

User talk:Yeruvan

2014-06-02T16:57:11Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

User:Yeruvan

2014-06-02T16:57:11Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

User talk:Azraelgnosis

2014-06-02T16:56:49Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

User:Azraelgnosis

2014-06-02T16:56:49Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

User talk:AnnaOurLittleAlice

2014-05-21T05:54:44Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

User:AnnaOurLittleAlice

2014-05-21T05:54:44Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

Talk:Valian

2014-05-15T04:09:42Z

EmperorZelos: /* What's the point of the gender */

== Äh ==

The <ä> gives me a serious Estonian feel. Although, I wanna see a word with <ë>, 'cause it tends to Albanise or Afrikaanise [sic] languages for me. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:23, 18 August 2013 (CEST)

:Success! :D and I have complied. :) --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 22:03, 18 August 2013 (CEST)

== headache ==

I think I might have inadvertently made this semi-Estonian inspired conlang somewhat related to my Hungarian orthography-inspired conlang [[Elasian]]. They both seem to indicate polarity in the verbs by -lja- and they have similar pronominal markers… cf. tá, ká, ná [tah, kah, nah](to me, to you, to him) with the possessive -itä, -ikä, -inä suffixes. Art mimics life it seems... lol --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 22:08, 18 August 2013 (CEST)

I use "me(n)" for negation in all my languages, so it's okay. Blame a 4000 year old Sprachbundt. :P [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 22:12, 18 August 2013 (CEST)

:Guess who just discovered that Elasian and Välyatalle both use a close front vowel [e i] + n for the plural marker. cf. Elasian -en, Välyatalle -in. Sickans Sprachbund! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 01:09, 21 August 2013 (CEST)

==Is it Bad?==

Is it bad that I imagine that the Valians as a quiet, disinterested and contented people since they, presumably, live out their lives in Valium?
--[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 04:36, 1 September 2013 (CEST)
:Now you've gone and made them angry, just listen to them ''"Laheksed saa Vihtor kui ruuseemme…laheksed… laheksed"'' ;-) --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 05:06, 1 September 2013 (CEST)

Melekaa, Palgakaatu. Taevalyaten; Tausaikä ruusiestikaan, koerinikän magaanestikaan aegastin.
[Come and Get Me. I won't make this holy; May your houses burn down, May your friends devour needles.] --[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 05:43, 1 September 2013 (CEST)

What now? When did I join the equation? :S [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 10:29, 1 September 2013 (CEST)

The friends of the hypothetically angry Valians factor in rather than you, since I was using 2nd person plural. Unless Chrys is secretly a hivemind, in which case you might want to check your cornflakes for sewing kits.--[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 01:17, 2 September 2013 (CEST)
:I am by no means doubting what you intended to say, but you in fact said "come and get me_oblique.object, y'all [...] may thy house burn down, may needles devour friends." [[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd]] ([[User talk:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|talk]]) 02:09, 2 September 2013 (CEST)
::Reading is for pedants. Also while most of those errors are correctly noted [I was sure it was VS due to misreading conjugation and hazarded it as OVS order due to what I can only assume was tiredness], me is 1P as an oblique object. If it was the indirect object, you would be correct and the correct case would be tä but tu is correct in this case.--[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 02:32, 2 September 2013 (CEST)

:So, reading Faux' words, I couldn't help but try analysing them... I got this "Come you.pl, take you.pl-me. sanctify-not-I-this; house-thy burn-may-???, friend-pl-your.pl to_eat-may-??? needles.".
:Tu is indeed correct in this case. More idiomatic phrasing: ''Meleekaa palgakaatust!'' (Come-pl take-pl-me-and). The correct "May thy houses burn down" would be ''tausainikä ruusiestinän'' as 3pl is ''-nän''. The final sentence is almost correct though, besides the {{sc|2pl}} on both the verb and possessed noun, and some oddities in the formation of the optative (use the stem, not infinitive). I'd use ''Magaestinän koerinikä aegastin.'' for "May thy friends eat needles". IL is wrong though, Valian is predominantly SVO (with optional VSO sometimes) so it could not be "may needles devour friends" in any case. I mention the predominant word order in

'''"Pronouns"''':
::''This means that pronouns are one of the freer elements in Valian and sentences composed primarily of pronouns need not follow the otherwise so rigid subject-verb-object word order.''

:In any case, the subject generally precedes the object (as seen in ''taevaten' '' from ''taevatenu'' which can be broken down to ''taeva-te-nu'' sanctify-{{sc|1sg.sbj}}-{{sc|3sg.obl}}"
:But on the whole, I am mighty happy that people are even reading about my language :D --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 06:45, 2 September 2013 (CEST)

IL was only wrong retroactively, since I editted it. Though that's the worst kind of wrong; the kind where I have to cheat to make sure of it. I was looking for "and". 3pl would be "may their" if I'm not mistaken, -kaan is 2nd pl which is "may your houses burn down]That will let me amend it;

Melekaa, Palgakaatust. Taevalyaten; Tausaikä ruusiestikaan magaanestinänst koerinikä aegastin.

You definitely pulled off the Estonian look well. It looks like the wierdest thing I typed and I wrote up Cwengâr--[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 23:11, 3 September 2013 (CEST)

:-kaan is a non-existent form in Valian (try CTRL-F on the Valian article, I did XD), I think you're confusing and mixing the imperative {{sc|2pl}} ending (thinking of it as a singular and adding -n) with the other endings. The person endings for all tenses, moods and voices regarding the second person plural are: -keen (pres.), -känna (past.), -keen (optative), -kaa (imperative), -kas (passive), -kassi (passive future/conditional).--[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 01:43, 4 September 2013 (CEST)

== What's the point of the gender ==

Does ''anything'' (adjectives? verbs? pronouns? discourse particles?) agree by the noun's gender in Valian? [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 23:21, 14 May 2014 (CEST)

::I've been thinking about that! It's one of the many questions to resolve when I sit down and write a proper grammar :p --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 05:16, 15 May 2014 (CEST)

You better otherwise you don't have nay gender really [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 06:09, 15 May 2014 (CEST)

Phonology of uREd

2014-05-13T05:48:59Z

EmperorZelos: EmperorZelos moved page Phonology of uREd to URED/Phonology

#REDIRECT [[URED/Phonology]]

URED/Phonology

2014-05-13T05:48:58Z

EmperorZelos: EmperorZelos moved page Phonology of uREd to URED/Phonology

{{Ambox
| name = private
| subst =
| small = {{{small|no}}}
| type = rednotice
| image = [[File:private.png|65px]]
| sect = {{{1|}}}
| issue = is partially quoted from the book '''Descriptive Grammar of uREd''' by ''Serena Innocenti'', hosted [https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/437093 here]. The author allows quoting from her work as long as this notice appears in the pages that use parts of the book.
| talk = {{{talk|}}}
| date = {{{date|}}}
}}

This article is a brief overview of the ''phonology'' of '''uREd'''.

==Consonants and vowels==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
!colspan="2"|
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|ŋ1
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosive
!plain
|p
|t d
|
|k g
|
|-
!aspirated
|
| θ2
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricative
|f v
|s z ʃ
|
|
|h
|-
!rowspan="2"|Affricate
!plain
|
|tʃ dʒ
|
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
|ɾ l
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|w
|
|j
|
|
|}
# /ŋ/ only appears as an allophonic version of /n/ before velars.
# <th> should be realized as a voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate, but the allophone /θ/ is widely accepted among most speakers.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:300px;"
! width="28%"|
! width="24%"|Front
! width="24%"|Central
|-
!Close
|i
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e
|o
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|a
|
|}

== Alphabet ==

The inventory of sounds in Esperanto counts 26 distinguishable units, 22 of which are written with a single glyph and 4 with a digraph.
* a b th ch d e f g zh h i y k l m n o p r s sh t u w v z
The original orthography planned a symbol for each sound and introduced special diacritics to distinguish some sounds.
* a b c ĉ d e f g ĝ h i j k l m n o p r s ŝ t u ŭ v z
'''uREd''' is also widely written using the greek alphabet.
* α β θ τζ δ ε φ γ ξ χ ι (ι) κ λ μ ν ο π ρ σ ψ τ υ (υ) η ζ
Word stress invariably falls on the second to last vowel. Prepositions, prefixes and suffixes are pronounced along with the word they attach to. Semivowels doesn’t act as vowels in the assignment of stress.
* ''Lōgi'' [Say], ''Kelēri'' [Be quick]
Sometimes a semivowel is used to transliterate proper names whose stress falls on the third to last vowel.
* ''Īlary'' [Ilary] / ''Ilāi'' [Ely]
Letters a b d e f g h i k l m n o p s t u w v z are pronounced exactly like their IPA counterpart. <r> is not trilled, but among some speakers a trilled /r/ might be widely accepted.
* <geno> /geno/
Some letters have a specific pronunciation, which is invariant for each occurrence, like <th> /θ/, <ch> /t͡ʃ/, <zh> /d͡ʑ~ʒ/, <y> /j/ e <sh> /ʃ/.

==Phenomena==
===Mutation of consonants===

A consonant before a following voiced consonant is always voiced, and before a voiceless is always voiceless.
* ''Log''- + -''si'' = ''Loksi''
Before a '''i''' and after a vowel, <t> and <d> become <r>. This phenomenon is known as rhotacism or T-decay.
* ''Am''- + -''atis'' = ''Amaris''
If <r> occurs twice in adjacent syllables, the first one weakens towards <l>. This phenomenon is known as de-rhotacism or R-Decay.
* ''Mir''- + -''ati'' -> ''Mirari'' -> ''Milari''
Clusters <ts> and <dz> after a vowel become <th> and <zh>. After a consonant no change is applied.
* ''Ed''- + -''si'' -> ''Etsi'' -> ''Ethi''
The consonant <v> after another consonant becomes <w>. This phenomenon applies to classical roots too.
* ''Akvo'' -> ''Agwo'' [Water]

===Mutation of vowels===
Two identical and adjacent vowels orthographically shorten into one, but the stress is unchanged and this can lead to word whose stress fall on the last written vowel.
* ''Mi eina''~ +''as'' -> ''M’einaas'' [I am]-> ''M’einas'' {M’einàs}
Personal pronouns, articles, adjectives, (occasionally) nouns and the correlative “ko” can lose their ending before another vowel or <h>, for the sake of euphony. This change is signaled with an apostrophe.
* ''M’amas'' (Mi amas), ''L’amo'' (La amo), ''Bon’homo'' (Bona homo)
Usually when <wi> occurs, it is pronounced as /y/. There are a few roots which are affected by these change.
* ''Swibo'' [Sibling] /sybɔ/

User talk:EmperorZelos

2014-05-12T04:35:33Z

EmperorZelos: /* Thanks for the help */

{{Welcome}}
[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' Default message aside, welcome :D Perhaps once you've gotten all comfy and settled the mysterious maintenance gnomes will bestow the magistrate upon thee. ;) [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 15:53, 12 November 2012 (CET)

It is demanded now so my conquest of the internet can proceed! :P

No worries but if you want my template skills utilized it tends to help being able to move around rather freely. [[User:EmperorZelos|EmperorZelos]] ([[User talk:EmperorZelos|talk]]) 15:55, 12 November 2012 (CET)

Holy shit shit needs to be wrked on xD as soon as I can I will start going crazy on getting thigns up to standard with templates and all.

I have placed the following message at the walls of a dozen prominent members:

''This site is being evacuated, due to the extended period of downage. We are instead moving to the more stable host [http://linguifex.com/index.php/Main_Page Linguifex]. Work is under way importing and adapting the wiki to our needs. We'd therefore be truly happy should you decide to export your language there! :D''

''All the best, ''
/[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=http://conlang.wikkii.com/wiki/Conlang:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' ''and the rest of the administration.''

[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 22:08, 12 November 2012 (CET)

== Vandalism attacks ==

[[User:CARNALia]]: https://apps.db.ripe.net/search/query.html?searchtext=46.38.63.101&flags=&sources=RIPE_NCC&grssources=&inverse=&types=#resultsAnchor

[[User:Fragol]]: http://whois.arin.net/rest/net/NET-199-236-0-0-1 —> Traces to network owner Akamai, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (whut.)

Do we know any North Americans/Russians that would have something against us? [[User:Admin|——— Gnomes.]] ([[User talk:Admin|talk]]) 13:37, 13 November 2012 (CET)

I know only one person, though it should be in Serbia then but he could mask his IP or something. Rostov is the name he goes by [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 13:42, 13 November 2012 (CET)

:Hm, doesn't sound like Rostov-na-don from what has been experienced of him (gnomes speaking). Nor do the IPs match-up. I'll keep an eye out. Or eight. [[User:Admin|——— Gnomes.]] ([[User talk:Admin|talk]]) 13:49, 13 November 2012 (CET)

Spider?

He is the only one I know of, anyone else I cannot think of [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 13:51, 13 November 2012 (CET)

Gnomes. Four of us. [[User:Admin|——— Gnomes.]] ([[User talk:Admin|talk]]) 14:42, 13 November 2012 (CET)

I like my hypothesis better, you being a spider :P [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 14:43, 13 November 2012 (CET)

{{Gnomes/hh-med-ubx}}{{clear}} Cute, isn't it? We have awarded it to [[User:Kaenif]]. [[User:Admin|——— Gnomes.]] ([[User talk:Admin|talk]]) 16:03, 13 November 2012 (CET)

wee bit cliché, it needs to be language related! :P

But good non-the-less. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 16:35, 13 November 2012 (CET)

I really do struggle find the joy in such attacks. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 17:25, 13 November 2012 (CET)

There is none, but lets make htis the best Conlang wiki there is

== Your AT templates. ==

These AT templates of yours should not be listed in any other category than <nowiki>[[Category:Experimental]]</nowiki> until they are accepted by the community or administration by voting. I have changed a lot of them, but the rest is up to you. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 19:37, 13 November 2012 (CET)

== Userboxes ==

Something made them be all ugly. Do you know if anyone has messed with the CSS lately? I can't seem to find any changes that could explain the sudden eugh. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 20:16, 13 November 2012 (CET)

Nope, it worked after i had with the CSS to do yesterday or the day before, but Waahlis have been going crazy with his work so he probably accidently stumbled upon some cord he shouldn't have pulled [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 20:18, 13 November 2012 (CET)

Most probably, I've moved a template. I couldn't be bothered with redirects, so by changing a template in the Template:Usebox, you should be fine. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:32, 13 November 2012 (CET)

Light the torches and fetch the pitchforks and let's bring mob justice to Waahlis!

<nowiki>:P</nowiki>
[[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 20:34, 13 November 2012 (CET)

I've got firepower enough to keep all of you out of my house! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:35, 13 November 2012 (CET)

== Vote and discussion and opinions and miscellaneous ==

Hey, you! Yeah, you!

I call for a vote!
[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 13:43, 5 January 2013 (CET)

== Scandinavian Rivalry ==

Here's what I say to it! <url>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuKgtqP8kr8</url>

I don't get it... :( Should I? :( [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 21:08, 20 January 2013 (CET)

== Contionary testing grounds ==

Hi!

As requested, here's the contionary testing ground for you: {{cw|ethnema}}.

Translations are left out, but feel free to add a section! If you could enable the tables they have on wiktionary that'd be great, as well! :D
[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:15, 20 January 2013 (CET)

How is like we had on the old wiki? it is the only one I can do without more java [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 21:10, 20 January 2013 (CET)

I see. I am no good with coding, so I didn't now... :/ Well, if so it is excellent!

[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:15, 20 January 2013 (CET)

I want the whole add shit thing, but we need to java....HILLBILLY! you do that [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 21:30, 20 January 2013 (CET)

1. http://kb.mozillazine.org/JavaScript_is_not_Java

2. The huge/complex script at wiktionary is at the moment out of reach for my skill set. I am not particularly good at JS at all. So, again, I reiterate Waahlis' suggestion. Let's have a nice cookie-chat with the wiktionary people. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 22:32, 20 January 2013 (CET)

You're right, they are not the same. I am just lazy.

But You do it how you want/can, I'll fix the templates around as thats my field :) [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 22:34, 20 January 2013 (CET)

I'm great at JavaScript. If you need anything with it, I'll be glad to help. I, actually use JS more than any other programming language, so...
 [[User:Conlang|CL]][[User_talk:Conlang|/ˈ'''t'''ɔk ˈpeɪdʒ/]] 21:07, 2 March 2013 (CET)

== New front ==

Changed it again. Tell me what you think. :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 15:49, 13 February 2013 (CET):

<wikiforumthread id=23 />

Heeelloooouu....! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:16, 15 February 2013 (CET)

HIII! looks awesome [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:16, 15 February 2013 (CET)

Excellent. I'll interpret that as having the administration on my side. I declare Faccia our new Main page! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:57, 15 February 2013 (CET)

== Hi, again ==

Well, hello.

I'm back.

To conlang.

How are you?

What did I miss?

(Why am I spacing the sentences out? :P)

But, seriously, what can I help with?

 [[User:Conlang|CL]][[User_talk:Conlang|/ˈ'''t'''ɔk ˈpeɪdʒ/]] 00:50, 2 March 2013 (CET)

I am fine, thank you, glad to have you back.

You can help by making articles, check out my guide for con-scripts and such :) [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 07:26, 2 March 2013 (CET)

Yea, I saw your script guide. I do have to say, it was really good.

Is there any specific articles or type of articles you need help with?
 [[User:Conlang|CL]][[User_talk:Conlang|/ˈ'''t'''ɔk ˈpeɪdʒ/]] 19:05, 2 March 2013 (CET)

Anything you have knowledge in :) [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 19:08, 2 March 2013 (CET)

Maybe the wiki could benefit a wiki code guide that you could help with. It took a long time to get a resource for that, and now I can't find it.
 [[User:Conlang|CL]][[User_talk:Conlang|/ˈ'''t'''ɔk ˈpeɪdʒ/]] 21:11, 2 March 2013 (CET)

I'll probably due it when the time is right [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 06:34, 3 March 2013 (CET)

==Reply: Rinap Tenses==

Yes, indeed... Thanks! It's confusing how in Finnish we talk about having four tenses: present, imperfect (apparently also called preterite), perfect and pluperfect. On the other hand, aspects in Finnish are rare. So I'll change the 'imperfective' into 'simple past', right? Did you happen to notice any other mistakes (since I bet there are)?
[[User talk:Juhhmi]]

== Ciao! ==

Whazzup? :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:29, 24 March 2013 (CET)

Took you long enough! :P hows things comrade? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:36, 24 March 2013 (CET)

Sorreee, I'm a busy man... :P

I'm good, deciphering an old grammar for Asaari, which is too complicated for me to understand. And I made it. :S

You? You seem to have something of a Umbrean renaissance? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:39, 24 March 2013 (CET)

No excuses! Back into the coal mines!

Asaari? =O

What do you mean a renissance? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:44, 24 March 2013 (CET)

[[Asaari]], yeah. :p You haven't seen it? :)

Oh, I meant a sudden renewed interest in it. :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:50, 24 March 2013 (CET)

I am in the phase of it :) It is getting closer and closer to completion and I can now taste it. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:53, 24 March 2013 (CET)

How nice. :) I'd love to see some more examples of it though. :P [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 19:41, 24 March 2013 (CET)

I will do it once I feel the basic shit I can concieve is done :P [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 19:46, 24 March 2013 (CET)

Sounds reasonable enough. :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 19:59, 24 March 2013 (CET)

I am currently attempting to decied wether its V or S framed, fuck choices [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 20:59, 24 March 2013 (CET)

Verb framed for Asaari. Just love it. Attian was satellite framed, so I want a contrast. :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:08, 24 March 2013 (CET)

I love verb framed, yet I am torn because I figuredo ut a system to easily derive direcitonal postpositions from locational ones a feature I really don't want to lose yet I cannot think of a use for them if I go verb framed. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 21:10, 24 March 2013 (CET)

== Featured language of May 2013:Nominations ==

<wikiforumthread id=26 />

[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 13:22, 5 May 2013 (CEST)

== Featured language of May 2013: Voting ==

<wikiforumthread id=27/>

[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:09, 22 May 2013 (CEST)

== Re:Kanonu Script ==

How it works is, let's say you wanted to write, "I'm eating bread." You would take the verb for eating (Which i haven't decided on yet), then since it's present tense, you draw a horizontal line above the verb with a dot in the center. If you didn't have this, the verb would be an infinitive. Next you add the person below it, in this case one dot since it's first person singular. A hyphen to the right would make it plural (we). There are four persons, the extra one being for singular anyone and for plural everyone. This is one symbol. The next symbol would be the bread symbol (A hemisphere with a vertical line in the center) with a symbol below that looks like "n" which makes it an object. The nice thing about this is you can switch them around, and it'll mean the same thing. The other grammatical symbols I have are the logical symbol for not (Meaning opposite) above the symbol, a "d" above a symbol to make it possessive, and a hyphen below a noun which is not a pronoun, which like with pronouns, makes the word plural. I'm also considering adding + and - below verbs to replace adverbs (much and little, for example much below running would make it quickly running, so it's "much" in the most suitable context). This pretty much makes nouns and verbs the only symbols that aren't grammatical.

To answer why they look geometrical, it's because I had simplicity in mind. They only look marginally like what they actually represent. If I had made them look like what they represent, I'd likely end up with something extremely similar to Whiteoglyphics. To explain the symbol in the center, ''to speak'', The circle represents a head and the arc represents the speaker's arm, or the sound coming from his mouth. If you added an exclamation point between the two, you'd get ''to command''.about half the verbs I have have a head, and only five verbs do not have body parts (is (=), move (->), change(->|), add(+), take(-)).

Thank you for asking. (BTW, ''to ask'' is O?) --[[File:Mocha.png|25px|link=User:Mocha2007]] '''Mocha [[User Talk:Mocha2007|Talk]] • [[Mochadian|M]] • [[Fluffian|F]] • [[Canon|C]]''' 08:30, 27 May 2013 (CEST)

== Re: Cerebro ==

''Ave, senātor.''

I have started, an almost finished, a new Main page. The old one broke when zoomed, was already too large for the window in certain browsers, and did not work at all on mobile devices.

[[User:Waahlis/Cerebro|I would like your opinion]].

Sincerely, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 13:09, 30 June 2013 (CEST)

Tried on my iPad, works fine, i approve it.

[[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 13:13, 30 June 2013 (CEST)

== Nominationes! ==

<wikiforumthread id=37 />

== First Linguifex Relay ==
Here's the [[First Linguifex Relay/Themsaran|torch]]. I wish you all the best.

{{Userbox
| border-c = #999
| id-c = white
| info-c = white
| info-fc = #C80815
| id = [[Image:relaytorch.svg|42x42px]]
| info = This user is currently the torch bearer for [[First Linguifex Relay]] and was handed it on [[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd]] ([[User talk:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|talk]]) 00:41, 8 September 2013 (CEST) by [[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd]]'''. The torch will automagically pass on to the next relay member in 48 hours.
}}

I think I need to forfit this, 2 days just isn't enough time. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 06:53, 8 September 2013 (CEST)

== Stalemate ==

Hi Zelos! Would you mind voting for the featured language? :) We've reached a stalmate. :P [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 19:41, 22 January 2014 (CET)

Done now [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 19:57, 22 January 2014 (CET)

== Thanks for the help ==

Sorry to have (nearly) blanked my page. I'm so excited to have an entire wiki dedicated to my language that I got carried away. You are completely right. I love linguifix and am very happy here, but I've decided to make this my main project for the foreseeable future. LCS was kind enough to offer me space to go hog wild. But I do love this place too! --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] ([[User talk:Aquatiki|talk]]) 04:25, 12 May 2014 (CEST)

I am sad to se you go but I hope you'll have fun :) Drop by sometime if you can! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 06:35, 12 May 2014 (CEST)

Weddish

2014-05-11T14:29:56Z

EmperorZelos:

{{Infobox language
|name = Weddish
|nativename = Vediš
|pronunciation = /ˈve(ː).dɪʃ/
|speakers = 0.01
|date = 2014
|imagecaption = [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmqhD4FiOtzwdDZ4TmUtd3ZnMzBSVWU4WnFaTlgxdEE&usp=sharing Online Lexicon]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Middle High German|High German]]
|fam5 = [[w:Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
|fam6 = [[w:Basque language|Basque]]/[[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|creator = [[User:aquatiki|Robert Murphy]]
|created = 2013
|setting = [[w:Interfaith marriage in Judaism|Jewish intermarriage]] / [[w:Systematic theology|Systematic Theology]]
|posteriori = Yiddish
|script = [[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
|image = Weddish tree.jpg
}}
'''Weddish''' (''Weddish'': '''װעדיש''', ''X"Q'': '''וֶדִש''', ''Romanization'': '''Vediš''') is a [[w:conlang|constructed]], ''a posteriori'', naturalistic [[auxlang]], made from [[w:Yiddish language|Yiddish]] with heavy influences from Hebrew, English, German, and some Basque. It has ergative-absolutive [[Linguistics:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]] and a pervasive yet symbolic use of the [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]]. It is meant to promote the institution of marriage, foster better communication between persons, and improve the constructs of [[w:Systematic theology|systematic theological]] discussions. It is well-suited as an auxlang for [[w:Jewish intermarriage|Jewish intermarriage]].

<big>This language now has its own wiki at [http://weddish.conglang.org weddish.conglang.org]!</big>

The language was created in 2013 by [[User:aquatiki|Robert Murphy]] as part of an assignment at [[w:Covenant Theological Seminary|Covenant Theological Seminary]] for Professor Jerram Barrs.

== Philosophy ==
First and foremost, there is the [[w:Monism#Creator-creature_distinction|Creator-Creature distinction]]. That means, God is wholly other than the Universe. Second, human beings are made in the [[w:Image of God|image of God]]. This means that we are persons -- like God is -- and our ''agency'' is our single-most important feature. Third, we reflect the image of God as females '''''or''''' males. The marriage bond is God-created and a fundamental part of our identity in this life. Hence it is, that we may divide the world into: actors, non-actors, and actions. Stated grammatically, this list becomes: ergative nouns, absolutive nouns, and verbs. Furthermore, ergative nouns may be divided up into married and non-married actors, which we will mark with the ''dual'' or not.

We have said that ontologically speaking, there are ultimately only Two (God and not-God). However, the 800lb. gorilla in the room -- philosophically speaking -- is [[w:Abstraction|abstraction]]. Since before [[w:Pythagoras|Pythagoras]], abstract nouns (such as numbers, "goodness", etc.) had been held by the Greeks to be [[w:Ontology|ontic]]. Westerners betray their affinity to Greek ideals, classifying humanity as ''homo sapiens'' - "thinking man". We seek to disenthrall ourselves from this metaphysic and therefore ''banish'' abstract nouns from our language. Numerals are adjectives. Infinity is that which we cannot see the end of. Universals are the same as aggregates ("all" is the same as "sum" ... but not "some"!).

The [[w:Language Creation Society|Language Creation Society]] (an excellent institution) waves the flag of the [[w:Tower of Babel|Tower of Babel]]. Unlike the hubristic men of the initial chapters ''In the Land of Invented Languages'' ([[w:Arika Okrent|Arika Okrent]]'s chronicle), we do not believe we can undo what God has done to human speech by intellectual rigor. Our aim is for Jews and Christians to discuss the truth in ''better'' terms. The status of English as a ''lingua franca'', German as a language of science, and Hebrew as a holy language suggests that an Indo-European language is still the best option for an ''a posteriori'' auxlang, but with Semitic components. Rather than compete with those vital languages, however, it seems most prudent to build upon a base of all at once, utilizing a language that is already as eclectic as English, similar to German, and informed by Hebrew. That language is Yiddish. Basque serves as an inspiration for new categories and "outside the box" thinking.

== Phonology ==
Weddish has 25 consonantal sounds, which is typologically average <ref>http://wals.info/chapter/1</ref>, and common in Europe as well as the Middle East. English speakers will find it to be common, apart from the lack of <tt>/w/</tt> and the abundance of <tt>/x/</tt> (like the ''ch'' in ''Bach'' or ''loch''). Weddish has 6 vowels, which is also average<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/2</ref>, as is the resulting consonant-to-vowel ration<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/3</ref>. This is typologically equivalent to Yiddish and Hebrew, but far less than German or English.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left; font-size:large;"
|+ '''Consonants of Weddish'''
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2"|
! style="text-align: center;"|Labial
! style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar
! style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar
! style="text-align: center;"|Dorsal
! style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasals
| '''מ''' <tt>/m/</tt>
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''נ''' <tt>/n/</tt>
| * <tt>/ŋ/</tt>
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Stops
!voiceless
| '''פ''' <tt>/p/</tt>
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''ט''' <tt>/t/</tt>
| '''ק''' <tt>/k/</tt>
| '''א''' <tt>/ʔ/</tt>
|-
!voiced
| '''ב''' <tt>/b/</tt>
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''ד''' <tt>/d/</tt>
| '''ג''' <tt>/g/</tt>
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fricatives
! voiceless
| '''פֿ''' <tt>/f/</tt>
| '''ס''' <tt>/s/</tt>
| '''ש''' <tt>/ʃ/</tt>
| '''כ''' <tt>/x/</tt>
| '''ה''' <tt>/h/</tt>
|-
! voiced
| '''װ''' <tt>/v/</tt>
| '''ז''' <tt>/z/</tt>
| '''זש''' <tt>/ʒ/</tt>
| '''ר''' <tt>/ʁ/</tt>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricates
!voiceless
|
| '''צ''' <tt>/ts/</tt>
| '''טש''' <tt>/tʃ/</tt>
|
|
|-
! voiced
|
| '''דז''' <tt>/dz/</tt>
| '''דזש''' <tt>/dʒ/</tt>
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximants
|
| '''ל''' <tt>/l/</tt>
| '''י''' <tt>/j/</tt>
|
|
|}

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; float: right; font-size:large;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Weddish'''
!
! style="text-align: center;"|Front
! style="text-align: center;"|Central
! style="text-align: center;"|Back
|-align=center class=small
|-align=center
! High
| '''י''' <tt>/i/~/ɪ/</tt>
|
| '''ו''' <tt>/u/~/ʊ/</tt>
|-
! Mid
| '''ע''' <tt>/e/~/ɛ/</tt>
| ''' ׳ ''' <tt>/ə/</tt>
| '''אָ''' <tt>/o/~/ɔ/</tt>
|-
! Low
|
| '''ַא''' <tt>/ɐ/~/ä/</tt>
|
|}

 

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right; font-size:large;"
|+ '''Diphthongs in Weddish'''
!
! +y
! +w*
|-
! a
| '''ײַ''' = ay
| '' '''אַו''' = aw'' *
|-
! e
| '''ײ''' = ey
|
|-
! o
| '''ױ''' = oy
| '' '''אָו''' = ow'' * 
|}
 
Voicing is contrastive in both plosives and fricatives, like Yiddish and English<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/4</ref>. Vowel nasalization and rounding are not phonemic<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/11</ref>.

There are several issues in the pronunciation of individual sounds. The rhotic of Weddish is either alveolar or uvular<ref>As in Hebrew, uvular may be seen as the most prestigious form: http://wals.info/chapter/6</ref> and may be anything from a fricative, to a flap, to a trill, to an approximant. No R-colors vowels are permitted. Words that begin with a vowel are separated from a prior open syllable by a glottal stop. The velar nasal only occurs when an "n" is assimilated in place of articular before or after an "x", "k", or "g", in a syllable coda<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/9</ref>. '''ng''' is pronounced <tt>/ŋg/</tt>, not just <tt>/ŋ/</tt>. '''L''' is typically dark (aka "velarized") except before '''i'''. '''Ayen''' is always romanized '''e''', but signifies the schwa in unaccented syllables.

In the dialect of the Americas, central vowels retain a color of their original/short form. Elsewhere, they are all central, except <tt>/a/</tt> before glottals and <tt>/ɪ/</tt> before labials. The rhotic must not be retroflex! Americans also pronounce '''aw''' and '''ow''' as diphthongs, which is readily understood.

=== Orthography ===
Weddish written in the Hebrew alphabet, mostly following the standard of YIVO Yiddish, except for '''gereš''' as the šva. There is a one-to-one correspondence between grapheme and phoneme, except for three digraphs and one trigraph. Weddish also has its own Romanization scheme, largely Slavic in appearance. In it, <tt>/ʃ/</tt> is written '''š''', <tt>/ʒ/</tt> is written '''ž''', <tt>/j/</tt> is written '''y''', <tt>/ts/</tt> is written '''c''', <tt>/tʃ/</tt> is written '''č''', <tt>/dʒ/</tt> is written '''dž''', and <tt>/ʁ/</tt> is written '''r'''.

If the syllable after a diphthong begins with a vowel, the off-glide of the diphthong is doubled as the onset of that next syllable, '''''without being written again'''''. Thus '''zeyer''' is pronounced <tt>/zey.yer/</tt>.

As in Hebrew, five letters have "final" forms, when they occur at the end of a word. These forms do not affect pronunciation at all.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Initial/Medial
| '''מ'''
| '''נ'''
| '''פֿ'''
| '''צ'''
| '''כ'''
|-
! Final
| '''ם'''
| '''ן'''
| '''ף'''
| '''ץ'''
| '''ך'''
|}

Alphabetical order is ('''gereš''',) '''alef''', '''alef pasex''', '''alef kamec''', '''beys''', ('''veys''',) '''giml''', '''dalet''', '''dalet''', '''hey''', '''vov''', '''gvováyin''', '''šurek''', '''zayen''', ('''xes''',) '''tes''', '''yud''', '''yud xirik''', '''gyudayin''', '''gyudayin pasex''', '''vov yud''', '''xof''', ('''xof dageš''',) '''lamed''', '''mem''', '''nun''', '''samex''', '''ayen''', '''pey''', '''fey''', '''cadek''', '''kuf''', '''reyš''', ('''sin''',) '''šin''' (, '''tav''', '''sav''').

When necessary to avoid confusion (e.g. with an adjacent װ or ױ), <tt>/u/</tt> can be precisely specified with a '''וּ''', called a '''šurek'''. <tt>/i/</tt> can be invoked as '''יִ''', that is a '''yud xirek'''.
==== Others Languages====
Yiddish has many loanwords from Hebrew and Aramaic which are written using the Hebrew abjad in the Semitic way. Weddish, however, writes these words out according to its own orthographic conventions. There are times when it is necessary to use the ancient letters, especially in religious settings. Hebrew ''hataf'' vowels are recognized as short vowel signs, and are treated as part of "extended Weddish" (see next paragraph).
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Lošn Koydeš Letter
| '''בֿ'''
| '''ח'''
| '''כּ'''
| '''שׂ'''
| '''ת'''
| '''תֿ'''
| '''אֲ'''
| '''אֳ'''
| '''אֱ'''
| אֻּ
| אִּ
|-
! Equivalent
| '''װ'''
| '''כ'''
| '''ק'''
| '''ס'''
| '''ט'''
| '''ס'''
| '''אַ''' short
| '''אָ''' short
| '''ע''' short
| '''וּ''' short
| '''יִ''' short
|}

In Hebrew, words from other languages are typically written out in the Latin alphabet. However, Weddish makes an attempt at Hebraization of foreign terms into the Hebrew alphabet.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Extended Latin
| th/θ/þ
| th/ð
| w
| ā, etc.
| ü, etc.
| é, etc.
| ñ
| æ
|-
! Extended Hebrew
| '''טֿ'''
| '''דֿ'''
| '''װֿ'''
| '''אַֿ'''
| '''וּ֯'''
| '''ע֫'''
| '''׆'''
| '''ﭏ'''
|}

==== X"Q ====
There is also a highly ornate style of writing Weddish, called '''xtiv qoydeš''' ("holy writing", abbr. x"q) where letters are used not as an alphabet, but as an abjad. Vowels may or may not be written in this style. When written, they are written as diacritical marks ("points") around the consonants. In this style, '''v''' is written as '''ו''' and '''y''' as '''י'''. Vowels are as follows, with the '''א''' written in syllables with no onset:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Standard
! X"Q
! Roman.
|-
| '''אַ'''
| '''אַ'''
| '''a'''
|-
| '''ﭏ'''
| '''אָ'''
| '''o'''
|-
| '''ע'''
| '''אֶ'''
| '''e'''
|-
| '''י'''
| '''אִ'''
| '''i'''
|-
| '''ו'''
| '''אֻ'''
| '''u'''
|-
| '''ײ'''
| '''אֵ'''
| '''ey'''
|-
| '''ײַ'''
| '''אַי'''
| '''ay'''
|-
| '''ױ'''
| '''אֹ'''
| '''oy'''
|-
| '''אָו'''
| '''אָי'''
| '''ow'''
|-
| '''אַו'''
| '''אַו'''
| '''aw'''
|-
| ø
| '''אְ'''
| <tt>/ə/</tt>
|-
| ø
| '''לֽ'''
| ''syllabic''
|}
Handwriting, or cursive, is the same as Hebrew and Yiddish. The Braille system is [[w:Hebrew Braille]].
[[File:Alfabet.hebrajski.png]]
==== Puncuation ====
A '''gereš''' - ׳ - is basically an apostrophe in Hebrew, but in Weddish it is a letter, a central vowel. The "double gereš" ('''geršáyim''') is used to indicate contractions. Quotation markers occur bottom-and-top, as in German (i.e. „ייִסראַעל“). Periods in a traditional serif face usually looks like a tiny tilted square (a diamond; ◊). This is also true for the dot part of the question mark, and exclamation mark. As in Hebrew, the left-to-right question mark is used, not the Arabic right-to-left one. Periods in normal space use the ancient sof pasuk ⟨׃⟩. Paseq ⟨׀⟩ acts as a comma. The atnax is used when writing out poetry, to symbolize line breaks. The makef <־> is used instead of hypehens.

== Phonotactics ==
Weddish phonotactics are inherited from Yiddish, which are quite permissive on the world scale<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/12</ref>. While they do not rise to the level of Georgian or Salish, they are nevertheless sometimes difficult for English speakers. Gemination only becomes phonemic across word boundaries. Consonant clusters are spontaneously broken up across syllables in order to make codas less complicated and, if necessary, onsets more so.

=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Liquids and fricatives may be said syllabically. Syllabic consonants often occur at the end of a word. In an unstressed syllable, syllabic sonorants and syllables with a reduced vowel are indistinguishable. In stressed syllables, no vowel is written, the onset and coda are optional or may consist of a single stop.

=== Onsets ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:560px;"
! colspan="25" | Onset Consonant Clusters
|-
|
! b || g || d || dz || dž || h || v || z || ž || t || č || y || x || l || m || n || s || p || f || c || k || r || š
|-
! b
| || '''bg''' || '''bd''' || || || || || || || || || '''by''' || || '''bl''' || || || || || || || || '''br''' ||
|-
! g
|| || || || || || || '''gv''' || '''gz''' || || || || '''gy''' || || '''gl''' || || '''gn''' || || || || || || '''gr''' ||
|-
! d
|| || || || || || || '''dv''' || '''dz''' || || || || '''dy''' || || '''dl''' || || '''dn''' || || || || || || '''dr''' ||
|-
! dz
|| || || || || || || '''dzv''' || || || || || '''dzy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! dž
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''džy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''hy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''vy''' || || '''vl''' || || || || || || || || '''vr''' ||
|-
! z
| '''zb''' || '''zg''' || || || || || '''zv''' || || || || || '''zy''' || || '''zl''' || '''zm''' || '''zn''' || || || || || || '''zr''' ||
|-
! ž
| '''žb''' || '''žg''' || || || || || '''žv''' || || || || || '''žy''' || || '''žl''' || '''žm''' || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || '''tv''' || || || || || '''ty''' || '''tx''' || '''tl''' || '''tm''' || '''tn''' || '''c''' || || '''tf''' || || '''tk''' || '''tr''' || '''č'''
|-
! č
| || || || || || || '''čv''' || || || || || '''čy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! y
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! x
| || || || || || || '''xv''' || || || || || '''xy''' || || '''xl''' || '''xm''' || '''xn''' || '''xs''' || || || '''xc''' || '''xk''' || '''xr''' || '''xš'''
|-
! l
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! m
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''my''' || || '''ml''' || || || || || || || || '''mr''' ||
|-
! n
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''ny''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || '''sd''' || || || || '''sv''' || || || '''st''' || '''sč''' || '''sy''' || '''sx''' || '''sl''' || '''sm''' || '''sn''' || || '''sp''' || '''sf''' || || '''sk''' || '''sr''' ||
|-
! p
| || || || || || || '''pv''' || || || '''pt''' || || '''py''' || '''px''' || '''pl''' || || '''pn''' || '''ps''' || || '''pf''' || || '''pk''' || '''pr''' || '''pš'''
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''fy''' || || '''fl''' || || || || || || || || '''fr''' ||
|-
! c
| || || '''cd''' || || || || '''cv''' || || || || || '''cy''' || || '''cl''' || || '''cn''' || || || || || || '''cr''' ||
|-
! k
| || || '''kd''' || || || || '''kv''' || || || '''kt''' || || '''ky''' || '''kx''' || '''kl''' || || '''kn''' || '''ks''' || || || || || '''kr''' ||
|-
! r
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! š
| || || || || || || '''šv''' || || || '''št''' || '''šč''' || '''šy''' || '''šx''' || '''šl''' || '''šm''' || '''šn''' || || '''šp''' || '''šf''' || || '''šk''' || '''šr''' ||
|}
There are three-consonant clusters allowed that begin with '''s''' or '''š''' plus a voiceless stop plus a liquid: '''spl''', '''spr''', '''str''', '''skr''', '''skl''', '''špl''', '''špr''', '''štr''', '''škl''', and '''škr''' but not '''stl''' or '''štl'''.

American's should take care with '''dr''', '''tr''', '''štr''', and '''str''' not to "africatize" the cluster.

=== Codas ===
Final '''t''''s and '''c''''s devoice any other code consonants. In writing, it may look like there are therefore combinations not possible on the chart below, but they are pronounced devoiced.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:560px;"
! colspan="25" | Coda Consonant Clusters
|-
!
! b || g || d || dz || dž || h || v || z || ž || t || č || y || x || l || m || n || s || p || f || c || k || r || š
|-
! b
| || || '''bd''' || '''bdz''' || || || || '''bz''' || '''bž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || '''gd''' || '''gdz''' || || || || '''gz''' || '''gž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || '''dz''' || '''dž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! dz
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! dž
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || '''vz''' || '''vž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! z
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ž
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || '''tx''' || || || || '''c''' || || || || || || '''č'''
|-
! č
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! y
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! x
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''xt''' || || || || || '''xs''' || '''xp''' || || || '''xk''' || || '''xš'''
|-
! l
| '''lb''' || '''lg''' || '''ld''' || '''ldz''' || '''ldž''' || || '''lv''' || '''lz''' || '''lž''' || '''lt''' || '''lč''' || || '''lx''' || || '''lm''' || '''ln''' || '''ls''' || '''lp''' || '''lf''' || '''lc''' || '''lk''' || || '''lš'''
|-
! m
| '''mb''' || || '''md''' || '''mdz''' || '''mdž''' || || || ='''mdz''' || ='''mdž''' || || || || || || || || ='''mps''' || '''mp''' || ='''mpf''' || || || || ='''mpš'''
|-
! n
| || '''ng''' || '''nd''' || '''ndz''' || '''ndž''' || || || ='''ndz''' || ='''ndž''' || '''nt''' || '''nč''' || || ='''nkx''' || || || || ='''nc''' || || || '''nc''' || '''nk''' || || ='''nč'''
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || '''st''' || '''sč''' || || || || || || || '''sp''' || || '''sc''' || '''sk''' || ||
|-
! p
| || || || || || || || || || '''pt''' || '''pč''' || || || || || || '''ps''' || || '''pf''' || '''pc''' || '''pk''' || || '''pš'''
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || '''ft''' || '''fč''' || || || || || || '''fs''' || '''fp''' || || '''fc''' || || '''fk''' || '''fš'''
|-
! c
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || '''kt''' || '''kč''' || || '''kx''' || || || || '''ks''' || || '''kf''' || '''kc''' || || || '''kš'''
|-
! r
| '''rb''' || '''rg''' || '''rd''' || '''rdz''' || '''rdž''' || || '''rv''' || '''rz''' || '''rž''' || '''rt''' || '''rč''' || || '''rx''' || || '''rm''' || '''rn''' || '''rs''' || '''rp''' || '''rf''' || '''rc''' || '''rk''' || || '''rš'''
|-
! š
| || || || || || || || || || '''št''' || || || || || || || '''šs''' || '''šp''' || || || '''šk''' || ||

|}
There are also ''liquids plus stop plus homorganic, alveolar fricative'': '''lps, lbz, lks, lgz, rps, rbz, rks, rgz.'''
== Suprasegmentals ==
Stress is predicable, if one knows the root of a word. The first syllable of the root receives primary stress, with secondary stresses proceed out onto alternating syllables, forwards and backwards. (The major exception is the dual, which moves the stress of a word with an odd number of syllables.) The default rhythm of Weddish is ''trochaic'': '''stressed'''-unstressed. Neither vowel length nor stress is phonemic. Long vowels indicate stress. If the word is long, one of the first three syllables must have primary stress. Prefixes and suffixes all have an underlying vowel which is expressed or repressed in order to maintain the rhythm pattern. Two syllables with reduced vowels may not follow each other.

Polar and interrogative questions are both marked by a rising tone at the end of the utterance.

== Syntax ==
{{ClassMeter
|Name = Weddish
|NativeName = וועדיש
|Type = fusional
|Alignment = Ergative-Absolutive
|Head = Second
|Tonal = no
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = no
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = no
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology= 100
|NounCases= 50
|NounDef= 80
|NounNumbers= 90
|NounGender= 50
|VerbPerson= 50
|VerbNumber= 50
|VerbAspect= 50
|VerbTense= 100
|VerbMood= 10
|VerbVoice= 30
|AdjCase= 60
|AdjNumber= 30
|AdjDef= 80
|AdjGen= 90
|AdjComparative= 10
|AdjSuperlative= 10
|AdjGen= 10
|Supine= 20
|Gerund=0
|Participle= 20
|Infinitive= 20
|Modality= 20
|Words= 100

|adjective = final
|adposition = initial
|adverb= final
|article= initial
|relativeclause = initial
|nounclause = mixed
|order = SVO
}}
Weddish aims to appeal to English speakers. While the verbal-system is somewhat new, the noun-system should be easy. Nouns are not inflected, but pronouns have unique forms that show part of speech. Like German, articles inflect, not the noun. Weddish (like English) only has gender on the independent third person personal pronouns. Otherwise there are just noun classes, a system taken from Basque. People, animals, and things that can move on their own are "animate", while plants and other objects are "inanimate". Adjectives do not inflect unless substantive, and there are not many adjectives. Most descriptors are intransitive verbs.

[[File:MorphSyntAlign2.png|left]]Weddish has an ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment. This was purposefully chosen to stimulate thinking, and done in imitation of Basque. Most languages in the world treat the actor of transitive verb and the subject of an intransitive verb in the same way. The object of a transitive verb is special in these systems. It can be promoted to the subject via the passive voice. Normally, it must come after the verb. Weddish treats the ''object'' of a transitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb the same, called the "absolutive case". Actors of transitive verbs are specially, called the "ergative case". This is the special case in Weddish. It must come before the verb and can be demoted by the anti-passive voice.

 

It would be tempting to classify Weddish as VSO (subject-veb-object) like Hebrew, but that's not quite right. It is, in fact, a V2 language, which means the verb always wants to come second. (Discourse particles and few other things do not count towards calculating where "second" is, and entire phrases are taken as a whole when counting this place.) Because core cases are marked almost solely by word order, the actor of a transitive verb (the ergative case) must come before the verb, i.e. first in the sentence. It could also be said that intransitive sentences are VSO and transitive ones are SVO.

The V2 Principle is carried throughout Weddish, to the point where it might be labeled a "head second" language. This is not a recognized typology, since languages are either head-initial, head-final, or mixed. In compound nouns, the head is second. For auxiliary verbs, the head verb is second. For nouns with attributive modifiers, the article comes first, but adjectives come after the noun, making it head-second as well.

=== Number ===
English, Hebrew, Yiddish and many other languages have two numbers: singular and plural. Weddish (like Arabic) has three: singular, dual, and plural. Obviously, the dual is for two of something, and the plural therefore means three or more. However, in regards to persons, the dual is used on married people, even if only one of them is being spoken about. Exceptions can be made in every case except the ergative, which is reserved for the spouses to use on each other. This distinction does not apply in the third person for people not present.

Weddish also distinguishes whether actions were done as individuals or all as a group. It also possible to add "associates" of a noun to it.
=== Copula ===
The verb "to be", "to become", and "to have" are all copulas in Weddish. That means they all use only the absolutive case, never the ergative. However, "to be" and "to have" are more like "to equal" and "to exist". "I have shoes" is literally "Shoes exist to me". This can be easier for Far East Asians to learn than Westerners.

 
== Morphology ==
=== Case ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right"
! colspan="4" | Genitive
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | '''פֿון'''/'''fun'''
|-
! Dative || Ablative || Partitive || Equative
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ל׳'''/'''l-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ב׳'''/'''b-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''מ׳'''/'''m-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ק׳'''/'''k-'''
|}

By default, all nouns are in the ''absolutive'' case. But, if they are placed '''''before''''' the verb, then they are said to be in the ergative case, though their morphology is unchanged. Linguists call these two case the "core cases" of a language, since they are fundamental. There are five additional cases --- called "non-core" cases --- that are also very important. Unlike many languages that have ''suffixing'' case marking, Weddish has ''prefixing''. This is because they are derived from Hebrew Inseparable Prepositions. Phrases in the non-core cases either relate to the verb (and are hence, adverbial), or are in a noun phrase. In relation to nouns, the core cases are all seen as greater specificity ''within'' the genitive case.

Non-core cases all fall under the umbrella term "genitive". The generic genitive is not a case ''per se'', but a preposition (meaning, a separable preposition). An expression like '''די לינע פֿונ געלט/di line fun gelt'''/''the love of money'' is even more ambiguous in Weddish than in English. It may mean ''the love [belonging] to money'', ''the love in/by money'', ''the love from/composed of money'', or ''the love as/according to money''. After a genitive phrase has been established or is implicitly understood, the phrase may incorporated be into a compound noun using the "head-second" structure.
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
|+ '''Case, Articles, and IP's'''
!
! colspan="3" | Definite
! Indefinite
! rowspan="2" | Anarthrous
|-
!
! anim.sg
! dl
! inan.sg/pl
! sg/dl
|-
! Erg.
| '''{{C|der}}'''
| rowspan="2" | '''{{C|dos}}'''
| rowspan="2" | '''{{C|di}}'''
| rowspan="2" | '''{{C|a}}([[Contionary:an|n]])'''
| rowspan="2" | ø
|-
! Abs.
| '''{{C|dem}}'''
|-
! Dat.
| '''{{C|lem}}'''
| '''{{C|ler}}'''
| '''{{C|li}}'''
| '''{{C|len}}'''
| '''l-'''
|-
! Abl.
| '''{{C|bem}}'''
| '''{{C|bos}}'''
| '''{{C|bi}}'''
| '''{{C|bam}}'''
| '''b-'''
|-
! Part.
| '''{{C|mem}}'''
| '''{{C|mos}}'''
| '''{{C|mi}}'''
| '''min a'''
| '''m-/{{C|min}}'''
|-
! Eq.
| '''{{C|kem}}'''
| '''{{C|kos}}'''
| '''{{C|ki}}'''
| '''{{C|ka}}'''
| '''k-'''
|}

The definite article is always determined. In the following hierarchy, if an article is any of these, it is also all those to the left:
* Identifying --> Anaphoric --> Well-Known --> ''Par Excellence'' --> Monadic

=== Number ===
Weddish verbs conjugate for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), but nouns inflect '''''eleven''''' different ways! However, these myriad ways can be easily understood as the optional adding of "associates" to a noun, and distinguishing between masses of individuals and collectives (one forest vs. many trees). The following table is color-coded to show verb conjugation in the singular (light background), dual (purple), and plural (brown).

{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! || Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! Distributive
| '''בין''' '''bin''' ''a bee''
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''בינײַים''' '''bináyim''' ''two bees each''
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינען''' '''binen''' ''bees each''
|-
! Collective
|
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''ג׳בינײַים''' '''g'bináyim''' ''a couple of bees''
| '''ג׳בינען''' '''g'binen''' ''a group of friends''
|-
! Distributive Associative
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינאאַװ''' '''bin'av''' ''a bee et al each''
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינײַימאאַװ''' '''bináyim'av''' ''two bees et al each''
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינענאאַװ''' '''binen'av''' ''bees et al each''
|-
! Collective Associative
| '''ג׳בינאאַװ''' '''g'bin'av''' ''a group of a bees et al''
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''ג׳בינײַימאאַװ''' '''g'bináyim'av''' ''a group of two bees et al''
| '''ג׳בינענאאַװ''' '''g'binen'av''' ''a group of bees et al''
|}

There are a plethora of paradigms for the distributive plural formations, 99% of which time come straight from the Yiddish plural. The regular plural endings for nouns are ס- -s for a noun that ends in an unstressed r, m, n, or vowel, ען- -en after a stressed vowel, m, n, ng, or nk and ן- -n for most other types of nouns.

There are a very large number of nouns with irregular distribute plural forms, including -es (these are usually nouns of Slavic origin), and -er with umlaut (eg., man 'man', cf mener 'men'; kind 'child', cf kinder 'children'), or umlaut alone (eg., האנט hant 'hand', cf הענט hent 'hands'). Many words of Hebrew origin form plurals, not with -im, but with -in (like Aramaic). Feminine Hebrew word end in -es. Many plural forms of words are accompanied with a stem vowel mutation.

The dual ending is unique, in that is shifts the accent pattern of the root to itself. It may be written '''-áyim''' to indicate that shift. This shift triggers vowel reduction of of the previous syllable, if it is a diphthong (cutting it down to its first vowel).

The number affixes may be summarized as follows:
* '''g-''' is the collective prefix, which turns most groups into "one's"
* '''-áyim''' is the dual suffix, while '''-s/es''' and '''-n/en/in''' are the inanimate and animate distributive plurals respectively. Vowel reduction and/or umlaut may occur.
* '''-'av''' is the associative plural

Forms lacking the collective plural endings are automatically distributive unless singular.
=== Pronouns ===
==== Independent Personal ====
Absolutive independent personal pronouns are most commonly used with ø-copula clauses to show predication. Such sentences are distinguished from those with the "to be" verb, which show absolute identity, as opposed to mere attribution. '''Gu Yidiš'''/''We are Jewish'' vs. '''Big Džonzez'''/''We are (the) Jones's''.

{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! colspan="2" |
! Ergative
! Absolutive
! Dative
! Ablative
! Partitive
! Equative
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1
! sg
| '''{{C|'ix}}'''
| '''{{C|mix}}'''
| '''{{C|mir}}'''
| '''{{C|bix}}'''
| '''{{C|mix}}'''
| '''{{C|kix}}'''
|-
! dl
| '''{{C|gurekin}}'''
| '''{{C|gu}}'''
| '''{{C|gir}}'''
| '''{{C|bug}}'''
| '''{{C|ming}}'''
| '''{{C|koug}}'''
|-
! pl
| '''{{C|vir}}'''
| '''{{C|mir}}'''
| '''{{C|undz}}'''
| '''{{C|bu}}'''
| '''{{C|minu}}'''
| '''{{C|ku}}'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2
! sg
| '''{{C|du}}'''
| '''{{C|dix}}'''
| '''{{C|dir}}'''
| '''{{C|bed}}'''
| '''{{C|mind}}'''
| '''{{C|ked}}'''
|-
! dl
| '''{{C|stu}}'''
| '''{{C|stuk}}'''
| '''{{C|stire}}'''
| '''{{C|bist}}'''
| '''{{C|minst}}'''
| '''{{C|kist}}'''
|-
! pl
| '''{{C|'ir}}'''
| '''{{C|ayx}}'''
| '''{{C|'ux}}'''
| '''{{C|bikm}}'''
| '''{{C|mint}}'''
| '''{{C|kat}}'''
|-
! rowspan="5" | 3
! m.a.sg
| '''{{C|er}}'''
| '''{{C|'im}}'''
| '''{{C|'inen}}'''
| '''{{C|bo}}'''
| '''{{C|mino}}'''
| '''{{C|ko}}'''
|-
! inam.sg
| '''{{C|zi}}'''
| '''{{C|es}}'''
| '''{{C|aya}}'''
| '''{{C|ba}}'''
| '''{{C|mina}}'''
| '''{{C|ka}}'''
|-
! dl
| '''{{C|bera}}'''
| '''{{C|hura}}'''
| '''{{C|hav}}'''
| '''{{C|bav}}'''
| '''{{C|minav}}'''
| '''{{C|kav}}'''
|-
! pl
| '''{{C|zey}}'''
| '''{{C|cey}}'''
| '''{{C|čire}}'''
| '''{{C|bouč}}'''
| '''{{C|minč}}'''
| '''{{C|kač}}'''
|-
! f.a.sg
| '''{{C|ši}}'''
| '''{{C|her}}'''
| '''{{C|herz}}'''
| '''{{C|bau}}'''
| '''{{C|mim}}'''
| '''{{C|kauk}}'''
|}

Possessive pronouns (cp. English ''mine'', ''ours'', ''yours'', ''hers'', ''his'', ''its'', ''theirs'')
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
!
! sg !! dl !! pl !! sg !! dl !! pl !! sg !! dl !! pl/inanim.
|-
! Erg.
| מײַן || גורײַן || אונדזער
| דײַן || סטײַן || אײַער
| זײַן (m) הערס (f) || בײַן || זײער
|-
! Abs.
| מײַנס || גורײַנס || אונדזערס
| דײַנס || סטײַנס || אײַערס
| זײַנס (m) הערס (f) || בײַנס || זײערס
|}

==== Interrogative ====
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
|
! Erg. || Abs. || Gen. || Dat. || Abl. || Part. || Eq.
|-
! Persons.
| {{C|mi}} || {{C|ver}} || {{C|vermens}} || {{C|vermen}} || {{C|bimi}} || {{C|mimi}} || {{C|komi}}
|-
! Impers.
| {{C|ma}} || {{C|vos}} || {{C|fun vos}} || {{C|vu}} || {{C|vi}} || {{C|vat}} || {{C|ven}}
|}
The interrogative pronouns do not inflect for person, number, or gender. Linguists would say they are animate and inanimate, though Weddish grammar calls them "personal" and "impersonal". They are identical to the relative pronoun (just as in English) and must match their antecedent in animacy, but not in case. Instead (just as in English) they indicate their new role in the relative clause.
==== Affixes ====
Like Hebrew, Weddish uses enclitic forms of pronouns to indicate several things. The imperfective aspect uses suffixes to indicate the absolutive argument, and prefixes to indicate the ergative argument. These same suffixes, when used on nouns, mark a genitive relationship. On transitive verbs, the prefix (matching) the ergative argument, are obligatory. Weddish is pro-drop with regards to pronouns, but an affix on both ends is required on transitive verbs. Remember, there are no ambi-transitive verbs in Weddish. Use of the independent personal pronouns when the person has been specified on either end of the verb is considered emphatic.

The perfective aspect also has suffixes for intransitive verbs, to indicate the absolutive argument. However, for transitive verbs, a major of the affixes are circumfixes. Also, perfective transitive verbs take the suffixes associated with the imperfective to show their absolutive argument.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left;"
|+ Imperfective (and Genitive)
! Person || # || Suffix || Prefix
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>1</big>
! sg
| '''-(n)i'''
| '''ni-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-(u)g'''
| '''gu-'''
|-
! pl
| '''-(n)u'''
| '''na-'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>2</big>
! sg
| '''-(e)d'''
| '''de-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-(e)st'''
| '''sti-'''
|-
! pl
| '''-ti'''
| '''ta-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | <big>3</big>
! anim.
| '''-o'''
| '''ro-'''
|-
! inan.
| '''-(y)a'''
| '''čay-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-av*'''
| ø
|-
! pl
| '''-(ay/i)č'''
| '''čay-'''
|}

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left;"
|+ Perfective
! Person || # || Intransitive || Transitive
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>1</big>
! sg
| '''-ti'''
| '''e(n)-'''
|-
! dl
| ø
| '''x(e)-'''
|-
! pl
| '''-(e)m'''
| '''me- -u'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>2</big>
! sg
| '''-t'''
| '''ta-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-tem'''
| '''ta- -i'''
|-
! pl
| '''-ten'''
| '''ta- -u'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | <big>3</big>
! anim.
| '''-ayl'''
| '''ya-'''
|-
! inan.
| '''-ant'''
| '''ta- -nu'''
|-
! dl
| '''-naya'''
| '''yi- -ina'''
|-
! pl
| '''-ant'''
| '''ta- -u'''
|}

 

=== Verbs ===
Weddish verbs take affixes for aspect, then use auxiliaries for tense and mood.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right;"
! Normal || Antipassive
|-
| -ei- || -a-
|-
| -ai- || -ei-
|-
| -o- || -ow-
|-
| -oy- || -a-
|-
| -e- || -u-
|-
| -i- || -a-/-e-/-u-
|}

There are several valency-altering operations available in Yiddish, which may be combined. The anti-passive is formed by ablaut. The causative is made with the prefix ש׳/š-, which takes its voicing from the next consonant. The reflexive is made with the prefix היט/hit-, which also takes its voicing from the following consonant.

==== Non-finite ====
The imperfective participle is made by the suffix -(e)n. The perfective participle is made by the circumfix ge- -en. The infinitive (also called the infinitive construct) is the participle with a preposition, usually '''cu'''. The adverbial form (also called infinitive absolute) is simply the participle form unattached.

==== Incorporation ====
On the Mithun scale<ref>Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The Evolution of Noun Incorporation. ''Language'', Vol. 60, No. 4. pp. 847-894.</ref>, Weddish does type-I and type-II noun incorporation. This means
# דאָװיד ראָקלײביטש יאַגדעס׃ - '''Dovid rokleybič yagdes.'''
#: ''Dovid picks berries.''
#: which is equivalent to
## יאַגדעקלײבאָ דאָװיד׃ - '''Yagdekleybo Dovid.'''
##: ''Dovid berry-picked.''
# ניװאַשאַװ פאָנײַימאָ׃ - '''Nivašav ponáyimo.'''
#: ''I wash his face.''
#: which is equivalent to
## ניפאָנעמװאַשאָ׃ - '''Niponemvašo.'''
##: ''I face-wash him.''

=== Derivation ===

==== Compounding ====
When the relationships between nouns is genitive, and it has already been stated or can easily be implied, compound nouns may be formed. For example, ''a field for football/soccer'' may become '''fusbolfeld'''. (Note the loss of abstraction suffixes.) Suppose it was an Australian rules football field. Would could make '''fusbolfeldeoystralie'''. Lastly, If one wanted to add that it is '''mgroz'''/''composed of grass'', this could become '''פֿוסבאָלפֿעלדעאויסטראליעגראָז'''/'''fusbolfeldeoystraliegroz'''. Words with greater than four parts are deemed colloquial. Word order is "head second", with the first specifier coming at the very front. Unlike German, every piece must modify the head.

==== Abstract Nouns ====
All nouns in Weddish are inherently concrete. Two levels of abstraction are possible through suffixation. The first signifies the ''practice'' of one or more persons. The second signifies the ''understanding'' of the practice. Both are available in both noun classes, with the animate form referring to a person (of either gender). The "practice"-form occurs much more often in the animate and the "understanding"-form occurs much more often in the inanimate. Remember, this are no truly abstract nouns in Weddish, for they do not exist.

{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! Suffix
! "Tennis"
| gloss
! "Peace"
| gloss
|-
! ø
| '''a tenis'''
| ''a game of tennis''
| '''a šolem'''
| ''a season of peace''
|-
! rowspan="2" | -ay
| '''dos tenisayo'''
| ''his tennis game''
| '''šolemaya'''
| ''her (practice of) peace''
|-
| '''dem tenisayt'''
| ''the tennis player''
| '''dem šolemayt'''
| ''the peacemaker''
|-
! rowspan="2" | -šaft
| '''dos tenisšafte'''
| ''the game of tennis'' / "tennisology"
| '''šolemšafte'''
| ''peace know-how''
|-
| '''a tenisšaft'''
| ''a tennisologist''
| '''a šolemšaft'''
| ''a student of peace''
|}

== Discourse ==
=== Formality ===
=== Particles ===
By far the most commonly occurring particle is '''v-''', which is like a verbal comma. Yiddish - like English - has the word and/'''un'''. Weddish, however, only uses that word to connect clauses. '''v-''' is a return to Hebrew, though typically not at the start of sentences.

== Examples ==
כאָקמאַשאַפֿטנו (אַזױ װײַט עס עמעס װ׳זיכע) באַשטײטאַ מין ג׳פאַרצײַים ׀ גאָטשאַפֿטע װ׳זיכשאַפֿטע׃
כאָקמענו (אַזױ װײַט װי עס עמעסדיך װ׳זיכער) באַשטייטאַ מין געפאַרצײַים ׀ גאָטשאַפֿט װ׳זיכשאַפֿט׃
: '''xokašaftnu (azoy vayt vi es emes v'zixe) bašteyta min gegarcayim: gotšafte v'zixšafte.'''
* ''Our wisdom (so far as it [is] true and certain) consists of a couple of parts: God-life and ourselves-life.'' - Calvin's ''Institutes'' 1.1.1

בי אָנהײב גאָט באַשעפֿאָ די הימל װ׳די ערד׃
* '''bi onheyb Got bašefo di himl v'di erd.'''
* ''In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.'' - Brašit/Genesis 1:1

<references />
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Semitic languages]][[Category:A posteriori]]

Weddish

2014-05-11T14:10:48Z

EmperorZelos: Feel free to move :) But leave what you got here so people can see something if they are interested in going to your new place!

{{Infobox language
|name = Weddish
|nativename = Vediš
|pronunciation = /ˈve(ː).dɪʃ/
|speakers = 0.01
|date = 2014
|imagecaption = [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmqhD4FiOtzwdDZ4TmUtd3ZnMzBSVWU4WnFaTlgxdEE&usp=sharing Online Lexicon]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Middle High German|High German]]
|fam5 = [[w:Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
|fam6 = [[w:Basque language|Basque]]/[[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|creator = [[User:aquatiki|Robert Murphy]]
|created = 2013
|setting = [[w:Interfaith marriage in Judaism|Jewish intermarriage]] / [[w:Systematic theology|Systematic Theology]]
|posteriori = Yiddish
|script = [[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
|image = Weddish tree.jpg
}}
'''Weddish''' (''Weddish'': '''װעדיש''', ''X"Q'': '''וֶדִש''', ''Romanization'': '''Vediš''') is a [[w:conlang|constructed]], ''a posteriori'', naturalistic [[auxlang]], made from [[w:Yiddish language|Yiddish]] with heavy influences from Hebrew, English, German, and some Basque. It has ergative-absolutive [[Linguistics:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]] and a pervasive yet symbolic use of the [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]]. It is meant to promote the institution of marriage, foster better communication between persons, and improve the constructs of [[w:Systematic theology|systematic theological]] discussions. It is well-suited as an auxlang for [[w:Jewish intermarriage|Jewish intermarriage]].

The language was created in 2013 by [[User:aquatiki|Robert Murphy]] as part of an assignment at [[w:Covenant Theological Seminary|Covenant Theological Seminary]] for Professor Jerram Barrs.

== Philosophy ==
First and foremost, there is the [[w:Monism#Creator-creature_distinction|Creator-Creature distinction]]. That means, God is wholly other than the Universe. Second, human beings are made in the [[w:Image of God|image of God]]. This means that we are persons -- like God is -- and our ''agency'' is our single-most important feature. Third, we reflect the image of God as females '''''or''''' males. The marriage bond is God-created and a fundamental part of our identity in this life. Hence it is, that we may divide the world into: actors, non-actors, and actions. Stated grammatically, this list becomes: ergative nouns, absolutive nouns, and verbs. Furthermore, ergative nouns may be divided up into married and non-married actors, which we will mark with the ''dual'' or not.

We have said that ontologically speaking, there are ultimately only Two (God and not-God). However, the 800lb. gorilla in the room -- philosophically speaking -- is [[w:Abstraction|abstraction]]. Since before [[w:Pythagoras|Pythagoras]], abstract nouns (such as numbers, "goodness", etc.) had been held by the Greeks to be [[w:Ontology|ontic]]. Westerners betray their affinity to Greek ideals, classifying humanity as ''homo sapiens'' - "thinking man". We seek to disenthrall ourselves from this metaphysic and therefore ''banish'' abstract nouns from our language. Numerals are adjectives. Infinity is that which we cannot see the end of. Universals are the same as aggregates ("all" is the same as "sum" ... but not "some"!).

The [[w:Language Creation Society|Language Creation Society]] (an excellent institution) waves the flag of the [[w:Tower of Babel|Tower of Babel]]. Unlike the hubristic men of the initial chapters ''In the Land of Invented Languages'' ([[w:Arika Okrent|Arika Okrent]]'s chronicle), we do not believe we can undo what God has done to human speech by intellectual rigor. Our aim is for Jews and Christians to discuss the truth in ''better'' terms. The status of English as a ''lingua franca'', German as a language of science, and Hebrew as a holy language suggests that an Indo-European language is still the best option for an ''a posteriori'' auxlang, but with Semitic components. Rather than compete with those vital languages, however, it seems most prudent to build upon a base of all at once, utilizing a language that is already as eclectic as English, similar to German, and informed by Hebrew. That language is Yiddish. Basque serves as an inspiration for new categories and "outside the box" thinking.

== Phonology ==
Weddish has 25 consonantal sounds, which is typologically average <ref>http://wals.info/chapter/1</ref>, and common in Europe as well as the Middle East. English speakers will find it to be common, apart from the lack of <tt>/w/</tt> and the abundance of <tt>/x/</tt> (like the ''ch'' in ''Bach'' or ''loch''). Weddish has 6 vowels, which is also average<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/2</ref>, as is the resulting consonant-to-vowel ration<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/3</ref>. This is typologically equivalent to Yiddish and Hebrew, but far less than German or English.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left; font-size:large;"
|+ '''Consonants of Weddish'''
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2"|
! style="text-align: center;"|Labial
! style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar
! style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar
! style="text-align: center;"|Dorsal
! style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasals
| '''מ''' <tt>/m/</tt>
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''נ''' <tt>/n/</tt>
| * <tt>/ŋ/</tt>
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Stops
!voiceless
| '''פ''' <tt>/p/</tt>
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''ט''' <tt>/t/</tt>
| '''ק''' <tt>/k/</tt>
| '''א''' <tt>/ʔ/</tt>
|-
!voiced
| '''ב''' <tt>/b/</tt>
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''ד''' <tt>/d/</tt>
| '''ג''' <tt>/g/</tt>
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fricatives
! voiceless
| '''פֿ''' <tt>/f/</tt>
| '''ס''' <tt>/s/</tt>
| '''ש''' <tt>/ʃ/</tt>
| '''כ''' <tt>/x/</tt>
| '''ה''' <tt>/h/</tt>
|-
! voiced
| '''װ''' <tt>/v/</tt>
| '''ז''' <tt>/z/</tt>
| '''זש''' <tt>/ʒ/</tt>
| '''ר''' <tt>/ʁ/</tt>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricates
!voiceless
|
| '''צ''' <tt>/ts/</tt>
| '''טש''' <tt>/tʃ/</tt>
|
|
|-
! voiced
|
| '''דז''' <tt>/dz/</tt>
| '''דזש''' <tt>/dʒ/</tt>
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximants
|
| '''ל''' <tt>/l/</tt>
| '''י''' <tt>/j/</tt>
|
|
|}

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; float: right; font-size:large;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Weddish'''
!
! style="text-align: center;"|Front
! style="text-align: center;"|Central
! style="text-align: center;"|Back
|-align=center class=small
|-align=center
! High
| '''י''' <tt>/i/~/ɪ/</tt>
|
| '''ו''' <tt>/u/~/ʊ/</tt>
|-
! Mid
| '''ע''' <tt>/e/~/ɛ/</tt>
| ''' ׳ ''' <tt>/ə/</tt>
| '''אָ''' <tt>/o/~/ɔ/</tt>
|-
! Low
|
| '''ַא''' <tt>/ɐ/~/ä/</tt>
|
|}

 

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right; font-size:large;"
|+ '''Diphthongs in Weddish'''
!
! +y
! +w*
|-
! a
| '''ײַ''' = ay
| '' '''אַו''' = aw'' *
|-
! e
| '''ײ''' = ey
|
|-
! o
| '''ױ''' = oy
| '' '''אָו''' = ow'' * 
|}
 
Voicing is contrastive in both plosives and fricatives, like Yiddish and English<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/4</ref>. Vowel nasalization and rounding are not phonemic<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/11</ref>.

There are several issues in the pronunciation of individual sounds. The rhotic of Weddish is either alveolar or uvular<ref>As in Hebrew, uvular may be seen as the most prestigious form: http://wals.info/chapter/6</ref> and may be anything from a fricative, to a flap, to a trill, to an approximant. No R-colors vowels are permitted. Words that begin with a vowel are separated from a prior open syllable by a glottal stop. The velar nasal only occurs when an "n" is assimilated in place of articular before or after an "x", "k", or "g", in a syllable coda<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/9</ref>. '''ng''' is pronounced <tt>/ŋg/</tt>, not just <tt>/ŋ/</tt>. '''L''' is typically dark (aka "velarized") except before '''i'''. '''Ayen''' is always romanized '''e''', but signifies the schwa in unaccented syllables.

In the dialect of the Americas, central vowels retain a color of their original/short form. Elsewhere, they are all central, except <tt>/a/</tt> before glottals and <tt>/ɪ/</tt> before labials. The rhotic must not be retroflex! Americans also pronounce '''aw''' and '''ow''' as diphthongs, which is readily understood.

=== Orthography ===
Weddish written in the Hebrew alphabet, mostly following the standard of YIVO Yiddish, except for '''gereš''' as the šva. There is a one-to-one correspondence between grapheme and phoneme, except for three digraphs and one trigraph. Weddish also has its own Romanization scheme, largely Slavic in appearance. In it, <tt>/ʃ/</tt> is written '''š''', <tt>/ʒ/</tt> is written '''ž''', <tt>/j/</tt> is written '''y''', <tt>/ts/</tt> is written '''c''', <tt>/tʃ/</tt> is written '''č''', <tt>/dʒ/</tt> is written '''dž''', and <tt>/ʁ/</tt> is written '''r'''.

If the syllable after a diphthong begins with a vowel, the off-glide of the diphthong is doubled as the onset of that next syllable, '''''without being written again'''''. Thus '''zeyer''' is pronounced <tt>/zey.yer/</tt>.

As in Hebrew, five letters have "final" forms, when they occur at the end of a word. These forms do not affect pronunciation at all.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Initial/Medial
| '''מ'''
| '''נ'''
| '''פֿ'''
| '''צ'''
| '''כ'''
|-
! Final
| '''ם'''
| '''ן'''
| '''ף'''
| '''ץ'''
| '''ך'''
|}

Alphabetical order is ('''gereš''',) '''alef''', '''alef pasex''', '''alef kamec''', '''beys''', ('''veys''',) '''giml''', '''dalet''', '''dalet''', '''hey''', '''vov''', '''gvováyin''', '''šurek''', '''zayen''', ('''xes''',) '''tes''', '''yud''', '''yud xirik''', '''gyudayin''', '''gyudayin pasex''', '''vov yud''', '''xof''', ('''xof dageš''',) '''lamed''', '''mem''', '''nun''', '''samex''', '''ayen''', '''pey''', '''fey''', '''cadek''', '''kuf''', '''reyš''', ('''sin''',) '''šin''' (, '''tav''', '''sav''').

When necessary to avoid confusion (e.g. with an adjacent װ or ױ), <tt>/u/</tt> can be precisely specified with a '''וּ''', called a '''šurek'''. <tt>/i/</tt> can be invoked as '''יִ''', that is a '''yud xirek'''.
==== Others Languages====
Yiddish has many loanwords from Hebrew and Aramaic which are written using the Hebrew abjad in the Semitic way. Weddish, however, writes these words out according to its own orthographic conventions. There are times when it is necessary to use the ancient letters, especially in religious settings. Hebrew ''hataf'' vowels are recognized as short vowel signs, and are treated as part of "extended Weddish" (see next paragraph).
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Lošn Koydeš Letter
| '''בֿ'''
| '''ח'''
| '''כּ'''
| '''שׂ'''
| '''ת'''
| '''תֿ'''
| '''אֲ'''
| '''אֳ'''
| '''אֱ'''
| אֻּ
| אִּ
|-
! Equivalent
| '''װ'''
| '''כ'''
| '''ק'''
| '''ס'''
| '''ט'''
| '''ס'''
| '''אַ''' short
| '''אָ''' short
| '''ע''' short
| '''וּ''' short
| '''יִ''' short
|}

In Hebrew, words from other languages are typically written out in the Latin alphabet. However, Weddish makes an attempt at Hebraization of foreign terms into the Hebrew alphabet.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Extended Latin
| th/θ/þ
| th/ð
| w
| ā, etc.
| ü, etc.
| é, etc.
| ñ
| æ
|-
! Extended Hebrew
| '''טֿ'''
| '''דֿ'''
| '''װֿ'''
| '''אַֿ'''
| '''וּ֯'''
| '''ע֫'''
| '''׆'''
| '''ﭏ'''
|}

==== X"Q ====
There is also a highly ornate style of writing Weddish, called '''xtiv qoydeš''' ("holy writing", abbr. x"q) where letters are used not as an alphabet, but as an abjad. Vowels may or may not be written in this style. When written, they are written as diacritical marks ("points") around the consonants. In this style, '''v''' is written as '''ו''' and '''y''' as '''י'''. Vowels are as follows, with the '''א''' written in syllables with no onset:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;"
! Standard
! X"Q
! Roman.
|-
| '''אַ'''
| '''אַ'''
| '''a'''
|-
| '''ﭏ'''
| '''אָ'''
| '''o'''
|-
| '''ע'''
| '''אֶ'''
| '''e'''
|-
| '''י'''
| '''אִ'''
| '''i'''
|-
| '''ו'''
| '''אֻ'''
| '''u'''
|-
| '''ײ'''
| '''אֵ'''
| '''ey'''
|-
| '''ײַ'''
| '''אַי'''
| '''ay'''
|-
| '''ױ'''
| '''אֹ'''
| '''oy'''
|-
| '''אָו'''
| '''אָי'''
| '''ow'''
|-
| '''אַו'''
| '''אַו'''
| '''aw'''
|-
| ø
| '''אְ'''
| <tt>/ə/</tt>
|-
| ø
| '''לֽ'''
| ''syllabic''
|}
Handwriting, or cursive, is the same as Hebrew and Yiddish. The Braille system is [[w:Hebrew Braille]].
[[File:Alfabet.hebrajski.png]]
==== Puncuation ====
A '''gereš''' - ׳ - is basically an apostrophe in Hebrew, but in Weddish it is a letter, a central vowel. The "double gereš" ('''geršáyim''') is used to indicate contractions. Quotation markers occur bottom-and-top, as in German (i.e. „ייִסראַעל“). Periods in a traditional serif face usually looks like a tiny tilted square (a diamond; ◊). This is also true for the dot part of the question mark, and exclamation mark. As in Hebrew, the left-to-right question mark is used, not the Arabic right-to-left one. Periods in normal space use the ancient sof pasuk ⟨׃⟩. Paseq ⟨׀⟩ acts as a comma. The atnax is used when writing out poetry, to symbolize line breaks. The makef <־> is used instead of hypehens.

== Phonotactics ==
Weddish phonotactics are inherited from Yiddish, which are quite permissive on the world scale<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/12</ref>. While they do not rise to the level of Georgian or Salish, they are nevertheless sometimes difficult for English speakers. Gemination only becomes phonemic across word boundaries. Consonant clusters are spontaneously broken up across syllables in order to make codas less complicated and, if necessary, onsets more so.

=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Liquids and fricatives may be said syllabically. Syllabic consonants often occur at the end of a word. In an unstressed syllable, syllabic sonorants and syllables with a reduced vowel are indistinguishable. In stressed syllables, no vowel is written, the onset and coda are optional or may consist of a single stop.

=== Onsets ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:560px;"
! colspan="25" | Onset Consonant Clusters
|-
|
! b || g || d || dz || dž || h || v || z || ž || t || č || y || x || l || m || n || s || p || f || c || k || r || š
|-
! b
| || '''bg''' || '''bd''' || || || || || || || || || '''by''' || || '''bl''' || || || || || || || || '''br''' ||
|-
! g
|| || || || || || || '''gv''' || '''gz''' || || || || '''gy''' || || '''gl''' || || '''gn''' || || || || || || '''gr''' ||
|-
! d
|| || || || || || || '''dv''' || '''dz''' || || || || '''dy''' || || '''dl''' || || '''dn''' || || || || || || '''dr''' ||
|-
! dz
|| || || || || || || '''dzv''' || || || || || '''dzy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! dž
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''džy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''hy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''vy''' || || '''vl''' || || || || || || || || '''vr''' ||
|-
! z
| '''zb''' || '''zg''' || || || || || '''zv''' || || || || || '''zy''' || || '''zl''' || '''zm''' || '''zn''' || || || || || || '''zr''' ||
|-
! ž
| '''žb''' || '''žg''' || || || || || '''žv''' || || || || || '''žy''' || || '''žl''' || '''žm''' || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || '''tv''' || || || || || '''ty''' || '''tx''' || '''tl''' || '''tm''' || '''tn''' || '''c''' || || '''tf''' || || '''tk''' || '''tr''' || '''č'''
|-
! č
| || || || || || || '''čv''' || || || || || '''čy''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! y
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! x
| || || || || || || '''xv''' || || || || || '''xy''' || || '''xl''' || '''xm''' || '''xn''' || '''xs''' || || || '''xc''' || '''xk''' || '''xr''' || '''xš'''
|-
! l
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! m
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''my''' || || '''ml''' || || || || || || || || '''mr''' ||
|-
! n
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''ny''' || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || '''sd''' || || || || '''sv''' || || || '''st''' || '''sč''' || '''sy''' || '''sx''' || '''sl''' || '''sm''' || '''sn''' || || '''sp''' || '''sf''' || || '''sk''' || '''sr''' ||
|-
! p
| || || || || || || '''pv''' || || || '''pt''' || || '''py''' || '''px''' || '''pl''' || || '''pn''' || '''ps''' || || '''pf''' || || '''pk''' || '''pr''' || '''pš'''
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''fy''' || || '''fl''' || || || || || || || || '''fr''' ||
|-
! c
| || || '''cd''' || || || || '''cv''' || || || || || '''cy''' || || '''cl''' || || '''cn''' || || || || || || '''cr''' ||
|-
! k
| || || '''kd''' || || || || '''kv''' || || || '''kt''' || || '''ky''' || '''kx''' || '''kl''' || || '''kn''' || '''ks''' || || || || || '''kr''' ||
|-
! r
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! š
| || || || || || || '''šv''' || || || '''št''' || '''šč''' || '''šy''' || '''šx''' || '''šl''' || '''šm''' || '''šn''' || || '''šp''' || '''šf''' || || '''šk''' || '''šr''' ||
|}
There are three-consonant clusters allowed that begin with '''s''' or '''š''' plus a voiceless stop plus a liquid: '''spl''', '''spr''', '''str''', '''skr''', '''skl''', '''špl''', '''špr''', '''štr''', '''škl''', and '''škr''' but not '''stl''' or '''štl'''.

American's should take care with '''dr''', '''tr''', '''štr''', and '''str''' not to "africatize" the cluster.

=== Codas ===
Final '''t''''s and '''c''''s devoice any other code consonants. In writing, it may look like there are therefore combinations not possible on the chart below, but they are pronounced devoiced.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:560px;"
! colspan="25" | Coda Consonant Clusters
|-
!
! b || g || d || dz || dž || h || v || z || ž || t || č || y || x || l || m || n || s || p || f || c || k || r || š
|-
! b
| || || '''bd''' || '''bdz''' || || || || '''bz''' || '''bž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || '''gd''' || '''gdz''' || || || || '''gz''' || '''gž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || '''dz''' || '''dž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! dz
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! dž
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || '''vz''' || '''vž''' || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! z
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ž
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || '''tx''' || || || || '''c''' || || || || || || '''č'''
|-
! č
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! y
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! x
| || || || || || || || || || || || '''xt''' || || || || || '''xs''' || '''xp''' || || || '''xk''' || || '''xš'''
|-
! l
| '''lb''' || '''lg''' || '''ld''' || '''ldz''' || '''ldž''' || || '''lv''' || '''lz''' || '''lž''' || '''lt''' || '''lč''' || || '''lx''' || || '''lm''' || '''ln''' || '''ls''' || '''lp''' || '''lf''' || '''lc''' || '''lk''' || || '''lš'''
|-
! m
| '''mb''' || || '''md''' || '''mdz''' || '''mdž''' || || || ='''mdz''' || ='''mdž''' || || || || || || || || ='''mps''' || '''mp''' || ='''mpf''' || || || || ='''mpš'''
|-
! n
| || '''ng''' || '''nd''' || '''ndz''' || '''ndž''' || || || ='''ndz''' || ='''ndž''' || '''nt''' || '''nč''' || || ='''nkx''' || || || || ='''nc''' || || || '''nc''' || '''nk''' || || ='''nč'''
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || '''st''' || '''sč''' || || || || || || || '''sp''' || || '''sc''' || '''sk''' || ||
|-
! p
| || || || || || || || || || '''pt''' || '''pč''' || || || || || || '''ps''' || || '''pf''' || '''pc''' || '''pk''' || || '''pš'''
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || '''ft''' || '''fč''' || || || || || || '''fs''' || '''fp''' || || '''fc''' || || '''fk''' || '''fš'''
|-
! c
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || '''kt''' || '''kč''' || || '''kx''' || || || || '''ks''' || || '''kf''' || '''kc''' || || || '''kš'''
|-
! r
| '''rb''' || '''rg''' || '''rd''' || '''rdz''' || '''rdž''' || || '''rv''' || '''rz''' || '''rž''' || '''rt''' || '''rč''' || || '''rx''' || || '''rm''' || '''rn''' || '''rs''' || '''rp''' || '''rf''' || '''rc''' || '''rk''' || || '''rš'''
|-
! š
| || || || || || || || || || '''št''' || || || || || || || '''šs''' || '''šp''' || || || '''šk''' || ||

|}
There are also ''liquids plus stop plus homorganic, alveolar fricative'': '''lps, lbz, lks, lgz, rps, rbz, rks, rgz.'''
== Suprasegmentals ==
Stress is predicable, if one knows the root of a word. The first syllable of the root receives primary stress, with secondary stresses proceed out onto alternating syllables, forwards and backwards. (The major exception is the dual, which moves the stress of a word with an odd number of syllables.) The default rhythm of Weddish is ''trochaic'': '''stressed'''-unstressed. Neither vowel length nor stress is phonemic. Long vowels indicate stress. If the word is long, one of the first three syllables must have primary stress. Prefixes and suffixes all have an underlying vowel which is expressed or repressed in order to maintain the rhythm pattern. Two syllables with reduced vowels may not follow each other.

Polar and interrogative questions are both marked by a rising tone at the end of the utterance.

== Syntax ==
{{ClassMeter
|Name = Weddish
|NativeName = וועדיש
|Type = fusional
|Alignment = Ergative-Absolutive
|Head = Second
|Tonal = no
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = no
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = no
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology= 100
|NounCases= 50
|NounDef= 80
|NounNumbers= 90
|NounGender= 50
|VerbPerson= 50
|VerbNumber= 50
|VerbAspect= 50
|VerbTense= 100
|VerbMood= 10
|VerbVoice= 30
|AdjCase= 60
|AdjNumber= 30
|AdjDef= 80
|AdjGen= 90
|AdjComparative= 10
|AdjSuperlative= 10
|AdjGen= 10
|Supine= 20
|Gerund=0
|Participle= 20
|Infinitive= 20
|Modality= 20
|Words= 100

|adjective = final
|adposition = initial
|adverb= final
|article= initial
|relativeclause = initial
|nounclause = mixed
|order = SVO
}}
Weddish aims to appeal to English speakers. While the verbal-system is somewhat new, the noun-system should be easy. Nouns are not inflected, but pronouns have unique forms that show part of speech. Like German, articles inflect, not the noun. Weddish (like English) only has gender on the independent third person personal pronouns. Otherwise there are just noun classes, a system taken from Basque. People, animals, and things that can move on their own are "animate", while plants and other objects are "inanimate". Adjectives do not inflect unless substantive, and there are not many adjectives. Most descriptors are intransitive verbs.

[[File:MorphSyntAlign2.png|left]]Weddish has an ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment. This was purposefully chosen to stimulate thinking, and done in imitation of Basque. Most languages in the world treat the actor of transitive verb and the subject of an intransitive verb in the same way. The object of a transitive verb is special in these systems. It can be promoted to the subject via the passive voice. Normally, it must come after the verb. Weddish treats the ''object'' of a transitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb the same, called the "absolutive case". Actors of transitive verbs are specially, called the "ergative case". This is the special case in Weddish. It must come before the verb and can be demoted by the anti-passive voice.

 

It would be tempting to classify Weddish as VSO (subject-veb-object) like Hebrew, but that's not quite right. It is, in fact, a V2 language, which means the verb always wants to come second. (Discourse particles and few other things do not count towards calculating where "second" is, and entire phrases are taken as a whole when counting this place.) Because core cases are marked almost solely by word order, the actor of a transitive verb (the ergative case) must come before the verb, i.e. first in the sentence. It could also be said that intransitive sentences are VSO and transitive ones are SVO.

The V2 Principle is carried throughout Weddish, to the point where it might be labeled a "head second" language. This is not a recognized typology, since languages are either head-initial, head-final, or mixed. In compound nouns, the head is second. For auxiliary verbs, the head verb is second. For nouns with attributive modifiers, the article comes first, but adjectives come after the noun, making it head-second as well.

=== Number ===
English, Hebrew, Yiddish and many other languages have two numbers: singular and plural. Weddish (like Arabic) has three: singular, dual, and plural. Obviously, the dual is for two of something, and the plural therefore means three or more. However, in regards to persons, the dual is used on married people, even if only one of them is being spoken about. Exceptions can be made in every case except the ergative, which is reserved for the spouses to use on each other. This distinction does not apply in the third person for people not present.

Weddish also distinguishes whether actions were done as individuals or all as a group. It also possible to add "associates" of a noun to it.
=== Copula ===
The verb "to be", "to become", and "to have" are all copulas in Weddish. That means they all use only the absolutive case, never the ergative. However, "to be" and "to have" are more like "to equal" and "to exist". "I have shoes" is literally "Shoes exist to me". This can be easier for Far East Asians to learn than Westerners.

 
== Morphology ==
=== Case ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right"
! colspan="4" | Genitive
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | '''פֿון'''/'''fun'''
|-
! Dative || Ablative || Partitive || Equative
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ל׳'''/'''l-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ב׳'''/'''b-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''מ׳'''/'''m-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ק׳'''/'''k-'''
|}

By default, all nouns are in the ''absolutive'' case. But, if they are placed '''''before''''' the verb, then they are said to be in the ergative case, though their morphology is unchanged. Linguists call these two case the "core cases" of a language, since they are fundamental. There are five additional cases --- called "non-core" cases --- that are also very important. Unlike many languages that have ''suffixing'' case marking, Weddish has ''prefixing''. This is because they are derived from Hebrew Inseparable Prepositions. Phrases in the non-core cases either relate to the verb (and are hence, adverbial), or are in a noun phrase. In relation to nouns, the core cases are all seen as greater specificity ''within'' the genitive case.

Non-core cases all fall under the umbrella term "genitive". The generic genitive is not a case ''per se'', but a preposition (meaning, a separable preposition). An expression like '''די לינע פֿונ געלט/di line fun gelt'''/''the love of money'' is even more ambiguous in Weddish than in English. It may mean ''the love [belonging] to money'', ''the love in/by money'', ''the love from/composed of money'', or ''the love as/according to money''. After a genitive phrase has been established or is implicitly understood, the phrase may incorporated be into a compound noun using the "head-second" structure.
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
|+ '''Case, Articles, and IP's'''
!
! colspan="3" | Definite
! Indefinite
! rowspan="2" | Anarthrous
|-
!
! anim.sg
! dl
! inan.sg/pl
! sg/dl
|-
! Erg.
| '''{{C|der}}'''
| rowspan="2" | '''{{C|dos}}'''
| rowspan="2" | '''{{C|di}}'''
| rowspan="2" | '''{{C|a}}([[Contionary:an|n]])'''
| rowspan="2" | ø
|-
! Abs.
| '''{{C|dem}}'''
|-
! Dat.
| '''{{C|lem}}'''
| '''{{C|ler}}'''
| '''{{C|li}}'''
| '''{{C|len}}'''
| '''l-'''
|-
! Abl.
| '''{{C|bem}}'''
| '''{{C|bos}}'''
| '''{{C|bi}}'''
| '''{{C|bam}}'''
| '''b-'''
|-
! Part.
| '''{{C|mem}}'''
| '''{{C|mos}}'''
| '''{{C|mi}}'''
| '''min a'''
| '''m-/{{C|min}}'''
|-
! Eq.
| '''{{C|kem}}'''
| '''{{C|kos}}'''
| '''{{C|ki}}'''
| '''{{C|ka}}'''
| '''k-'''
|}

The definite article is always determined. In the following hierarchy, if an article is any of these, it is also all those to the left:
* Identifying --> Anaphoric --> Well-Known --> ''Par Excellence'' --> Monadic

=== Number ===
Weddish verbs conjugate for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), but nouns inflect '''''eleven''''' different ways! However, these myriad ways can be easily understood as the optional adding of "associates" to a noun, and distinguishing between masses of individuals and collectives (one forest vs. many trees). The following table is color-coded to show verb conjugation in the singular (light background), dual (purple), and plural (brown).

{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! || Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! Distributive
| '''בין''' '''bin''' ''a bee''
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''בינײַים''' '''bináyim''' ''two bees each''
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינען''' '''binen''' ''bees each''
|-
! Collective
|
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''ג׳בינײַים''' '''g'bináyim''' ''a couple of bees''
| '''ג׳בינען''' '''g'binen''' ''a group of friends''
|-
! Distributive Associative
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינאאַװ''' '''bin'av''' ''a bee et al each''
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינײַימאאַװ''' '''bináyim'av''' ''two bees et al each''
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינענאאַװ''' '''binen'av''' ''bees et al each''
|-
! Collective Associative
| '''ג׳בינאאַװ''' '''g'bin'av''' ''a group of a bees et al''
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''ג׳בינײַימאאַװ''' '''g'bináyim'av''' ''a group of two bees et al''
| '''ג׳בינענאאַװ''' '''g'binen'av''' ''a group of bees et al''
|}

There are a plethora of paradigms for the distributive plural formations, 99% of which time come straight from the Yiddish plural. The regular plural endings for nouns are ס- -s for a noun that ends in an unstressed r, m, n, or vowel, ען- -en after a stressed vowel, m, n, ng, or nk and ן- -n for most other types of nouns.

There are a very large number of nouns with irregular distribute plural forms, including -es (these are usually nouns of Slavic origin), and -er with umlaut (eg., man 'man', cf mener 'men'; kind 'child', cf kinder 'children'), or umlaut alone (eg., האנט hant 'hand', cf הענט hent 'hands'). Many words of Hebrew origin form plurals, not with -im, but with -in (like Aramaic). Feminine Hebrew word end in -es. Many plural forms of words are accompanied with a stem vowel mutation.

The dual ending is unique, in that is shifts the accent pattern of the root to itself. It may be written '''-áyim''' to indicate that shift. This shift triggers vowel reduction of of the previous syllable, if it is a diphthong (cutting it down to its first vowel).

The number affixes may be summarized as follows:
* '''g-''' is the collective prefix, which turns most groups into "one's"
* '''-áyim''' is the dual suffix, while '''-s/es''' and '''-n/en/in''' are the inanimate and animate distributive plurals respectively. Vowel reduction and/or umlaut may occur.
* '''-'av''' is the associative plural

Forms lacking the collective plural endings are automatically distributive unless singular.
=== Pronouns ===
==== Independent Personal ====
Absolutive independent personal pronouns are most commonly used with ø-copula clauses to show predication. Such sentences are distinguished from those with the "to be" verb, which show absolute identity, as opposed to mere attribution. '''Gu Yidiš'''/''We are Jewish'' vs. '''Big Džonzez'''/''We are (the) Jones's''.

{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! colspan="2" |
! Ergative
! Absolutive
! Dative
! Ablative
! Partitive
! Equative
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1
! sg
| '''{{C|'ix}}'''
| '''{{C|mix}}'''
| '''{{C|mir}}'''
| '''{{C|bix}}'''
| '''{{C|mix}}'''
| '''{{C|kix}}'''
|-
! dl
| '''{{C|gurekin}}'''
| '''{{C|gu}}'''
| '''{{C|gir}}'''
| '''{{C|bug}}'''
| '''{{C|ming}}'''
| '''{{C|koug}}'''
|-
! pl
| '''{{C|vir}}'''
| '''{{C|mir}}'''
| '''{{C|undz}}'''
| '''{{C|bu}}'''
| '''{{C|minu}}'''
| '''{{C|ku}}'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2
! sg
| '''{{C|du}}'''
| '''{{C|dix}}'''
| '''{{C|dir}}'''
| '''{{C|bed}}'''
| '''{{C|mind}}'''
| '''{{C|ked}}'''
|-
! dl
| '''{{C|stu}}'''
| '''{{C|stuk}}'''
| '''{{C|stire}}'''
| '''{{C|bist}}'''
| '''{{C|minst}}'''
| '''{{C|kist}}'''
|-
! pl
| '''{{C|'ir}}'''
| '''{{C|ayx}}'''
| '''{{C|'ux}}'''
| '''{{C|bikm}}'''
| '''{{C|mint}}'''
| '''{{C|kat}}'''
|-
! rowspan="5" | 3
! m.a.sg
| '''{{C|er}}'''
| '''{{C|'im}}'''
| '''{{C|'inen}}'''
| '''{{C|bo}}'''
| '''{{C|mino}}'''
| '''{{C|ko}}'''
|-
! inam.sg
| '''{{C|zi}}'''
| '''{{C|es}}'''
| '''{{C|aya}}'''
| '''{{C|ba}}'''
| '''{{C|mina}}'''
| '''{{C|ka}}'''
|-
! dl
| '''{{C|bera}}'''
| '''{{C|hura}}'''
| '''{{C|hav}}'''
| '''{{C|bav}}'''
| '''{{C|minav}}'''
| '''{{C|kav}}'''
|-
! pl
| '''{{C|zey}}'''
| '''{{C|cey}}'''
| '''{{C|čire}}'''
| '''{{C|bouč}}'''
| '''{{C|minč}}'''
| '''{{C|kač}}'''
|-
! f.a.sg
| '''{{C|ši}}'''
| '''{{C|her}}'''
| '''{{C|herz}}'''
| '''{{C|bau}}'''
| '''{{C|mim}}'''
| '''{{C|kauk}}'''
|}

Possessive pronouns (cp. English ''mine'', ''ours'', ''yours'', ''hers'', ''his'', ''its'', ''theirs'')
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
!
! sg !! dl !! pl !! sg !! dl !! pl !! sg !! dl !! pl/inanim.
|-
! Erg.
| מײַן || גורײַן || אונדזער
| דײַן || סטײַן || אײַער
| זײַן (m) הערס (f) || בײַן || זײער
|-
! Abs.
| מײַנס || גורײַנס || אונדזערס
| דײַנס || סטײַנס || אײַערס
| זײַנס (m) הערס (f) || בײַנס || זײערס
|}

==== Interrogative ====
{| {{Table/bluetable}}
|
! Erg. || Abs. || Gen. || Dat. || Abl. || Part. || Eq.
|-
! Persons.
| {{C|mi}} || {{C|ver}} || {{C|vermens}} || {{C|vermen}} || {{C|bimi}} || {{C|mimi}} || {{C|komi}}
|-
! Impers.
| {{C|ma}} || {{C|vos}} || {{C|fun vos}} || {{C|vu}} || {{C|vi}} || {{C|vat}} || {{C|ven}}
|}
The interrogative pronouns do not inflect for person, number, or gender. Linguists would say they are animate and inanimate, though Weddish grammar calls them "personal" and "impersonal". They are identical to the relative pronoun (just as in English) and must match their antecedent in animacy, but not in case. Instead (just as in English) they indicate their new role in the relative clause.
==== Affixes ====
Like Hebrew, Weddish uses enclitic forms of pronouns to indicate several things. The imperfective aspect uses suffixes to indicate the absolutive argument, and prefixes to indicate the ergative argument. These same suffixes, when used on nouns, mark a genitive relationship. On transitive verbs, the prefix (matching) the ergative argument, are obligatory. Weddish is pro-drop with regards to pronouns, but an affix on both ends is required on transitive verbs. Remember, there are no ambi-transitive verbs in Weddish. Use of the independent personal pronouns when the person has been specified on either end of the verb is considered emphatic.

The perfective aspect also has suffixes for intransitive verbs, to indicate the absolutive argument. However, for transitive verbs, a major of the affixes are circumfixes. Also, perfective transitive verbs take the suffixes associated with the imperfective to show their absolutive argument.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left;"
|+ Imperfective (and Genitive)
! Person || # || Suffix || Prefix
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>1</big>
! sg
| '''-(n)i'''
| '''ni-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-(u)g'''
| '''gu-'''
|-
! pl
| '''-(n)u'''
| '''na-'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>2</big>
! sg
| '''-(e)d'''
| '''de-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-(e)st'''
| '''sti-'''
|-
! pl
| '''-ti'''
| '''ta-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | <big>3</big>
! anim.
| '''-o'''
| '''ro-'''
|-
! inan.
| '''-(y)a'''
| '''čay-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-av*'''
| ø
|-
! pl
| '''-(ay/i)č'''
| '''čay-'''
|}

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left;"
|+ Perfective
! Person || # || Intransitive || Transitive
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>1</big>
! sg
| '''-ti'''
| '''e(n)-'''
|-
! dl
| ø
| '''x(e)-'''
|-
! pl
| '''-(e)m'''
| '''me- -u'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | <big>2</big>
! sg
| '''-t'''
| '''ta-'''
|-
! dl
| '''-tem'''
| '''ta- -i'''
|-
! pl
| '''-ten'''
| '''ta- -u'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | <big>3</big>
! anim.
| '''-ayl'''
| '''ya-'''
|-
! inan.
| '''-ant'''
| '''ta- -nu'''
|-
! dl
| '''-naya'''
| '''yi- -ina'''
|-
! pl
| '''-ant'''
| '''ta- -u'''
|}

 

=== Verbs ===
Weddish verbs take affixes for aspect, then use auxiliaries for tense and mood.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right;"
! Normal || Antipassive
|-
| -ei- || -a-
|-
| -ai- || -ei-
|-
| -o- || -ow-
|-
| -oy- || -a-
|-
| -e- || -u-
|-
| -i- || -a-/-e-/-u-
|}

There are several valency-altering operations available in Yiddish, which may be combined. The anti-passive is formed by ablaut. The causative is made with the prefix ש׳/š-, which takes its voicing from the next consonant. The reflexive is made with the prefix היט/hit-, which also takes its voicing from the following consonant.

==== Non-finite ====
The imperfective participle is made by the suffix -(e)n. The perfective participle is made by the circumfix ge- -en. The infinitive (also called the infinitive construct) is the participle with a preposition, usually '''cu'''. The adverbial form (also called infinitive absolute) is simply the participle form unattached.

==== Incorporation ====
On the Mithun scale<ref>Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The Evolution of Noun Incorporation. ''Language'', Vol. 60, No. 4. pp. 847-894.</ref>, Weddish does type-I and type-II noun incorporation. This means
# דאָװיד ראָקלײביטש יאַגדעס׃ - '''Dovid rokleybič yagdes.'''
#: ''Dovid picks berries.''
#: which is equivalent to
## יאַגדעקלײבאָ דאָװיד׃ - '''Yagdekleybo Dovid.'''
##: ''Dovid berry-picked.''
# ניװאַשאַװ פאָנײַימאָ׃ - '''Nivašav ponáyimo.'''
#: ''I wash his face.''
#: which is equivalent to
## ניפאָנעמװאַשאָ׃ - '''Niponemvašo.'''
##: ''I face-wash him.''

=== Derivation ===

==== Compounding ====
When the relationships between nouns is genitive, and it has already been stated or can easily be implied, compound nouns may be formed. For example, ''a field for football/soccer'' may become '''fusbolfeld'''. (Note the loss of abstraction suffixes.) Suppose it was an Australian rules football field. Would could make '''fusbolfeldeoystralie'''. Lastly, If one wanted to add that it is '''mgroz'''/''composed of grass'', this could become '''פֿוסבאָלפֿעלדעאויסטראליעגראָז'''/'''fusbolfeldeoystraliegroz'''. Words with greater than four parts are deemed colloquial. Word order is "head second", with the first specifier coming at the very front. Unlike German, every piece must modify the head.

==== Abstract Nouns ====
All nouns in Weddish are inherently concrete. Two levels of abstraction are possible through suffixation. The first signifies the ''practice'' of one or more persons. The second signifies the ''understanding'' of the practice. Both are available in both noun classes, with the animate form referring to a person (of either gender). The "practice"-form occurs much more often in the animate and the "understanding"-form occurs much more often in the inanimate. Remember, this are no truly abstract nouns in Weddish, for they do not exist.

{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! Suffix
! "Tennis"
| gloss
! "Peace"
| gloss
|-
! ø
| '''a tenis'''
| ''a game of tennis''
| '''a šolem'''
| ''a season of peace''
|-
! rowspan="2" | -ay
| '''dos tenisayo'''
| ''his tennis game''
| '''šolemaya'''
| ''her (practice of) peace''
|-
| '''dem tenisayt'''
| ''the tennis player''
| '''dem šolemayt'''
| ''the peacemaker''
|-
! rowspan="2" | -šaft
| '''dos tenisšafte'''
| ''the game of tennis'' / "tennisology"
| '''šolemšafte'''
| ''peace know-how''
|-
| '''a tenisšaft'''
| ''a tennisologist''
| '''a šolemšaft'''
| ''a student of peace''
|}

== Discourse ==
=== Formality ===
=== Particles ===
By far the most commonly occurring particle is '''v-''', which is like a verbal comma. Yiddish - like English - has the word and/'''un'''. Weddish, however, only uses that word to connect clauses. '''v-''' is a return to Hebrew, though typically not at the start of sentences.

== Examples ==
כאָקמאַשאַפֿטנו (אַזױ װײַט עס עמעס װ׳זיכע) באַשטײטאַ מין ג׳פאַרצײַים ׀ גאָטשאַפֿטע װ׳זיכשאַפֿטע׃
כאָקמענו (אַזױ װײַט װי עס עמעסדיך װ׳זיכער) באַשטייטאַ מין געפאַרצײַים ׀ גאָטשאַפֿט װ׳זיכשאַפֿט׃
: '''xokašaftnu (azoy vayt vi es emes v'zixe) bašteyta min gegarcayim: gotšafte v'zixšafte.'''
* ''Our wisdom (so far as it [is] true and certain) consists of a couple of parts: God-life and ourselves-life.'' - Calvin's ''Institutes'' 1.1.1

בי אָנהײב גאָט באַשעפֿאָ די הימל װ׳די ערד׃
* '''bi onheyb Got bašefo di himl v'di erd.'''
* ''In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.'' - Brašit/Genesis 1:1

<references />
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Semitic languages]][[Category:A posteriori]]

User talk:Serena

2014-05-11T13:18:35Z

EmperorZelos: /* Auxlang */

'''Welcome to ''Linguifex''!'''
We hope you will contribute much and well.
You will probably want to read the [[Help:Contents|help pages]].
Again, welcome and have fun! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:01, 10 May 2014 (CEST)

Welcome onboard! How come you want to make an auxlang? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:02, 10 May 2014 (CEST)

== Auxlang ==

I am curious why have you choosen to do an auxlang? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 15:07, 11 May 2014 (CEST)

Thank you for your welcome. I hope I can help this wiki a lot. I'm not a linguist, but I'm trying to make up an auxlang as an experiment to write an essay about philosophy of language.

p.s. Since you're administrator, you could help me. Why doesn't the index show up, like every other page, in [[uREd|this page]]?
[[User:Serena|Serena]] ([[User talk:Serena|talk]]) 15:14, 11 May 2014 (CEST)

Please do remember to respond to your talk page if someone talks there, as for why it might be that you don't have enough parts but otherwise, which I already did for you, add <nowiki> __TOC__ </nowiki> where you want the table to be :)

and that is an interesting thing, Auxlangs aren't too popular among conlangers due to their futility but as a philosophical test project that is an interesting way to go about it! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 15:18, 11 May 2014 (CEST)

User talk:Serena

2014-05-11T13:18:22Z

EmperorZelos: /* Auxlang */

'''Welcome to ''Linguifex''!'''
We hope you will contribute much and well.
You will probably want to read the [[Help:Contents|help pages]].
Again, welcome and have fun! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:01, 10 May 2014 (CEST)

Welcome onboard! How come you want to make an auxlang? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:02, 10 May 2014 (CEST)

== Auxlang ==

I am curious why have you choosen to do an auxlang? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 15:07, 11 May 2014 (CEST)

Thank you for your welcome. I hope I can help this wiki a lot. I'm not a linguist, but I'm trying to make up an auxlang as an experiment to write an essay about philosophy of language.

p.s. Since you're administrator, you could help me. Why doesn't the index show up, like every other page, in [[uREd|this page]]?
[[User:Serena|Serena]] ([[User talk:Serena|talk]]) 15:14, 11 May 2014 (CEST)

Please do remember to respond to your talk page if someone talks there, as for why it might be that you don't have enough parts but otherwise, which I already did for you, add <nowiki> __TOC__ <\nowiki> where you want the table to be :)

and that is an interesting thing, Auxlangs aren't too popular among conlangers due to their futility but as a philosophical test project that is an interesting way to go about it! ~~~~

UREd

2014-05-11T13:17:06Z

EmperorZelos:

{{construction}}
__TOC__
The Unified Reform of Esperanto Dialects, widely known and stylized as uREd, is an a posteriori conlang created to be used as an Auxiliary Language, in a similar fashion to the original asset of Esperanto. It was developed in 2014 by Serena Innocenti. Its name is an intended pun as it's pronounced similarly to the english phrase "''you read''".

{{Infobox language
|image = ured_flag.png
|imagesize = 250px
|name = uREd
|nativename = ''Υναλα Ρεμορφενο ηε λ'Εσπεράντα Σιντιποι'' ('''υΡΕς''')
|pronunciation = /juː'ɹɪːd/
|region = [[w:Europe|Europe]]
|states = European Union (Proposed for)
|speakers = Unknown
|date = 2014
|familycolor = conlang
|iso1 = -
|iso2 = -
|iso3 = -
|script = [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] (With some changes), [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|notice = IPA
|creator = [[User:Serena|Serena Innocenti]]
}}

==About the project==

'''uREd''' was originally proposed to ''solve'' a few problems that caused troubles in Esperanto.
*While its ''easy and logical morphology'' is largely praiseworthy, the speaker has to face a ''poor phonology'' that makes the language ''nearly unpronounceable'' and truly unrealistic.
*The alphabet uses ''special diacritics'' that create all sorts of problems to those that frequently use Esperanto on a PC.
*The standard lexicon is largely Eurocentric and there’s a lot of ''unusable / redundant / unnecessary roots'' where the creator of the language himself claimed to have derivational morphology and linguistic economy as its major strong points.

Loads of proposal to reform Esperanto flourished over time, but in the opinion of the author, none of them really sees where Esperanto failed and none satisfies the real needs of an AUXLANG. uREd focuses on three problems: ''plausibility'', ''usability'' and ''internationality''. Esperanto fails to achieve the first and the third point, and its amendments (like Ido 1907) even threaten the integrity of the second one. What does '''uREd''' improve?
Esperanto fails to achieve the first and the third point, and its amendments (like '''Ido 1907''') even threaten the integrity of the second one. What should we look in a possible reform of Esperanto.
*The grammar of Esperanto, especially its verbs, is a wonderful system. An ideal reform of Esperanto should leave the grammar almost untouched and focus on the “visual appeal”, instead.
*The number of roots must be reduced. I find almost laughable that roots such as ''arkitektur''- and ''martel''- (respectively for architecture and hammer) exist. They are easily replaceable by compounds of other roots, such as “kun-strukt-em-o” and “bat-ist-o” (These are standard, none of this was applied the changes of my reform).
*The alphabet has to be revised, removing unnecessary diacritics.
*The number of distinguishable sound is ridiculously high. There’s almost no phonemic load for <ĝ> against <ĵ>, and the letter <ĥ> is almost unused. The useless ones will be removed and merged with their mainly used counterpars.

While no project really can assure an universally recognized masterpiece of constructed linguistics, one can hope to apply several enhancement, especially in the fields of phonology and orthography.
*uREd is less Eurocentric and its roots are focused on respect for a word’s etymological meaning. When I choose a root, I make a meticulous comparison between several languages to assure neutrality.
*The grammar features of uREd are almost untouched in terms of morphology, but allows a large number of syntactical features which are present in non-Indo-European languages.
*uREd reduces the number of phonemic sounds to 26, including the 5 vowels. <ĥ> and <ĵ> were completely removed, and the affricate <c> has been changed into a handier <th>, which is pronounced similarly to English.
*The alphabet of uREd doesn’t need additional diacritics. It uses four digraphs like <th> in place of <c>, <zh> for <ĝ>, <sh> for <ŝ> and naturally <w> for <ŭ>. The Latin-centric <j> has been replaced by a fair <y>.
*I added a certain number of phonological phenomena, to make it less boring and more like a natural language.

==Grammar and Phonology==

uREd is a highly synthetic agglutinative language. Just like its parent language it has two cases, noun-adjective agreement and a rich verb inflection for tense, aspect, mood and voice. Unlike esperanto, uREd makes a heavy use of verbal adjectives to reduce the use of the verb to be; It has a lower number of phonemic sounds, as it shows no difference between the <ĝ> and <ĵ> sounds and the <ĥ> and <h> sounds.

The inventory of sounds in Esperanto counts 26 distinguishable units, 22 of which are written with a single glyph. Its alphabet has been revised. Now the language has a better romanization system, which no longer makes use of carons in favor of four digraphs, <ch> ĉ, <th> c, <zh> ĝ and <sh> ŝ.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
!colspan="2"|
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|m
|n
|
|ŋ1
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosive
!plain
|p
|t d
|
|k g
|
|-
!aspirated
|
| θ2
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricative
|f v
|s z ʃ
|
|
|h
|-
!rowspan="2"|Affricate
!plain
|
|tʃ dʒ
|
|
|
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
|ɾ l
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|w
|
|j
|
|
|}

# /ŋ/ only appears as an allophonic version of /n/ before velars.
# <th> should be realized as a voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate, but the allophone /θ/ is widely accepted among most speakers.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:300px;"
! width="28%"|
! width="24%"|Front
! width="24%"|Central
|-
!Close
|i
|u
|-
!Close-mid
|e
|o
|-
!Open-mid
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!Open
|a
|
|}

==Other links==

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

User talk:EmperorZelos

2014-05-11T13:15:17Z

EmperorZelos: /* Hi! :) */

User talk:Serena

2014-05-11T13:07:14Z

EmperorZelos: /* Auxlang */ new section

User talk:Serena

2014-05-10T16:02:15Z

EmperorZelos:

User talk:Serena

2014-05-10T16:01:40Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

User:Serena

2014-05-10T16:01:40Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

Talk:Linguistics:Aspects

2014-05-09T10:20:08Z

EmperorZelos:

Thank you! This article has already been helpful, and I'm finally beginning to understand the difference between tense and aspect...
[[User:Juhhmi|Juhhmi]] ([[User talk:Juhhmi|talk]]) 22:21, 7 May 2014 (CEST)

Glad to hear! Aspect and tense are the hardest to understand the differens in if you ask me! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 07:18, 9 May 2014 (CEST)

: Especially when they're happily entangled... [[User:Juhhmi|Juhhmi]] ([[User talk:Juhhmi|talk]]) 10:52, 9 May 2014 (CEST)

YES! XD check out lexical aspect, that one is especially well hidden. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 12:20, 9 May 2014 (CEST)

Talk:Linguistics:Aspects

2014-05-09T10:18:11Z

EmperorZelos:

Talk:Linguistics:Aspects

2014-05-09T05:18:16Z

EmperorZelos:

Guide:Discourse Particles

2014-05-05T17:04:34Z

EmperorZelos:

Discourse particles are used very little in conlangs and are not extremely well understood, yet we humans use them perfectly without issue in our native tongues, but at the same time it is one method we use easily to identify foreign speakers.

What are discourse particles? Discourse particles are small words or phrases that add no information to the sentence itself; the truth value of the statement remains intact. For example, the two sentences "He was at the shop" and "Well, he was at the shop" contains the same amount of information, but the "well" differentiates them. "Well" does not add any content information, he was still at the ship, whoever "he" is. So what is the real difference? The difference is that "well" here conveys discourse information. In English it typically attempts to convey information that listener might not like about the information being presented and prepares them for this.

Discourse particles do not need to be even "words" per say, there are plenty of them that are not considered words and just "noises" we make. "Um" is a classic example; it means something along the lines of "the speaker is trying to think of something and does not want their turn of speaking being interrupted". So, in essence "um" is saying "I'm still talking, give me a moment to think about what I am trying to say and don't take my turn away from me".

"Uh-huh" or "mhmm" can be seen as saying "I hear what you're saying and might agree, please continue as I have been listening so far".

Discourse particles commonly convey the speakers attitude, the expectation of hte speaker in how the listener will react and feel about information.

[[Category:Guides]]

Guide:Discourse Particles

2014-05-04T13:39:45Z

EmperorZelos: Created page with "Discourse particles is probably the least used in conlangs and least understood, yet we humans use them perfectly without issue in our native tounges, but at the sametime it i..."

Discourse particles is probably the least used in conlangs and least understood, yet we humans use them perfectly without issue in our native tounges, but at the sametime it is the one method we use easily to identify foreign people.

What are discourse particles? Discourse particles are small words or phrases that adds no information to the sentence itself, the truth value of the statement remains intact and the statement itself. For example the two sentences "He was at the store" and "Well, he was at the store" contains the same amount of information, but the "well" differs them, "well" does not add any content information, he was still at the store, whom ever he is. So what is the real differens? The differens is that "well" here convey disource information, in english it typicly attempts to convey information about the listener might not like the information that is being presented and prepares them for information that they will not like.

Discourse particles do not need to be even "words" persay, there are plenty of them that are not considered words and just "noises" we make, "umm" is a classical exemple, it means along the lines of that the speaker is trying to think of something and do not want their turn of speaking being interupted, so in an essence "umm" is saying "I am still talking, give me a moment to think about what I am trying to say and do not take my turn to speak from me".

"ah ha" or "mmhmm" can be seen as saying "I hear what you're saying and might agree, please continue as I have been listening so far"

[[Category:Guides]]

Guide:Sentences

2014-05-04T06:28:51Z

EmperorZelos:

{{construction}}
This is a list of sentences suggested to translate in order to check the extend a languages is capable of doing expressing concepts, the list is made in increasing "difficulty". The exact test will be mentioned aswell, note that a language do not need to have established distinction for all of the possibilities below, some can coincide and be left to context to deentangle. Recommended ones are coloured.
* '''{{red|Intransitive Verb}}''':''A man is falling''
* '''{{red|TransitiveVerb}}''':''A dog is biting a man''
* '''Definiteness''':''The dog is biting a man''
* '''{{red|Imperfective}}''': I was sleeping
* '''{{red|Perfective}}''': I slept
* '''Past tense''':''I was sleeping''
[[Category:Guides]]

Guide:Sentences

2014-05-03T13:13:43Z

EmperorZelos:

{{construction}}
This is a list of sentences suggested to translate in order to check the extend a languages is capable of doing expressing concepts, the list is made in increasing "difficulty". The exact test will be mentioned aswell, note that a language do not need to have established distinction for all of the possibilities below, some can coincide and be left to context to deentangle.
* '''Intransitive Verb''':''A man is falling''
* '''Transitive Verb''':''A dog is biting a man''
* '''Definiteness''':''A dog is bit a man''
* '''Definiteness''':''The dog is biting a man''
[[Category:Guides]]

User talk:Eldin raigmore

2014-05-03T08:20:06Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

User:Eldin raigmore

2014-05-03T08:20:06Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

Guide:Sentences

2014-05-02T14:32:15Z

EmperorZelos:

{{construction}}
This is a list of sentences suggested to translate in order to check the extend a languages is capable of doing expressing concepts, the list is made in increasing "difficulty". The exact test will be mentioned aswell, note that a language do not need to have established distinction for all of the possibilities below, some can coincide and be left to context to deentangle.
* '''Intransitive Verb''':''A man is falling''
* '''Transitive Verb''':''A dog is biting a man''
[[Category:Guides]]

Guide:Sentences

2014-05-02T14:31:57Z

EmperorZelos: Created page with "This is a list of sentences suggested to translate in order to check the extend a languages is capable of doing expressing concepts, the list is made in increasing "difficulty..."

This is a list of sentences suggested to translate in order to check the extend a languages is capable of doing expressing concepts, the list is made in increasing "difficulty". The exact test will be mentioned aswell, note that a language do not need to have established distinction for all of the possibilities below, some can coincide and be left to context to deentangle.
* '''Intransitive Verb''':''A man is falling''
* '''Transitive Verb''':''A dog is biting a man''
[[Category:Guides]]

User talk:SostiMatiko

2014-04-27T18:32:43Z

EmperorZelos: Welcome!

User:SostiMatiko

2014-04-27T18:32:43Z

EmperorZelos: Creating user page for new user.

Template talk:Bar languages/Harākti (cuneiform)

2014-04-18T14:07:24Z

EmperorZelos: Created page with "How the fork do you do these? O_O ~~~~"

How the fork do you do these? O_O [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 16:07, 18 April 2014 (CEST)