Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Calusto

2023-06-03T15:21:08Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Introduction */

{{Infobox language
|name = Calusto
|altname = Kalust
|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞𐌔𐌕
|pronunciation = ka'lu:sto
|familycolor = Conlang
|script1 = Ital
|script2 = Copt
|script3 = Latn
|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
|created = 2017
|clcr = ---
}}

'''Calusto''' is an [[a posteriori language]] created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.

==Introduction==

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese. It can be also written with Coptic alphabet.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Calusto has long and short vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i iː y yː1 || || u uː
|-
| Close-mid || e e: ø || || o o:
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ ɛː || ə2 || ɔ ɔː
|-
| Open || a aː || ||
|}
1/y:/ is very rare. 
2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''𐌌''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''𐌍''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''𐌍𐌝''' {{IPA|ɲ}}1 || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌐''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''𐌕''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''𐌊''' {{IPA|k}} '''𐌒''' {{IPA|kʷ}} ||
|-
! Voiced
| '''𐌁''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''𐌃''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''𐌂''' {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricates
| || || '''𐌕𐌆''' {{IPA|ts}} '''𐌆''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''𐌙''' {{IPA|t̠ʃ}} '''𐌃𐌚''' {{IPA|d̠ʒ}}1 || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌘''' {{IPA|ɸ}} || || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|s}} || '''𐌑''' {{IPA|ʃ}} '''𐌚''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || '''𐌗''' {{IPA|x}} || '''𐌇''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Voiced
| || '''𐌅''' {{IPA|v}} '''𐌈''' {{IPA|θ}} || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|z}} || || || '''𐌂𐌇''' {{IPA|ɣ}}1 ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Liquids
| || || '''𐌓''' {{IPA|r}} '''𐌋''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''𐌋𐌝''' {{IPA|ʎ}}1 || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
| || || || || '''𐌝''' {{IPA|j}} || ||
|}

1 Used only in loanwords.
===Stress===
Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

==Orthography==

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).
===Declensions===
Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌔''' syn'''os''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌍''' syn'''on''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌞𐌔''' syn'''ous'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌌''' syn'''om'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏''' syn'''o''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉𐌔''' syn'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌃''' syn'''od''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' syn'''ois'''
|}

The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀''' čer'''a''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌄''' čer'''ae'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌍''' čer'''an''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌌''' čer'''am'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' čer'''e''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' čer'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' čer'''ais'''
|}

The '''consonantic''' declension is the widest one, as it contains:
* A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender
* Names ending in ''-is'', generally derived from Greek and/or Latin
* Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in ''-e'' or ''-i''
* Nouns ending in ''-as'' or ''ā''
The paradigm is given for the first three cases, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem, such as names ending in ''-ā'' (with the genitive singular ending in ''-atis'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' gver'''is''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' gver'''ies''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''ies''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''is''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''ies'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' gver'''e''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄''' psychos'''e''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄''' šigr'''e''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' gver'''ei''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉''' psychos'''ei''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' šigr'''ei''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|}

The '''-u''' declension includes neuter nouns and can be considered the descendant of the Indo-European u-stem. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞 ("human being").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞''' man'''u''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' man'''us'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌍''' man'''un''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' man'''us'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌅''' man'''uv''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌌''' man'''um'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' man'''ui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' man'''uis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' man'''oui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' man'''uis'''
|}

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Calusto]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Calusto

2023-06-03T15:20:34Z

Fox Saint-Just:

{{Infobox language
|name = Calusto
|altname = Kalust
|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞𐌔𐌕
|pronunciation = ka'lu:sto
|familycolor = Conlang
|script1 = Ital
|script2 = Copt
|script3 = Latn
|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
|created = 2017
|clcr = ---
}}

'''Calusto''' is an [[a posteriori language]] created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.

==Introduction==

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Calusto has long and short vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i iː y yː1 || || u uː
|-
| Close-mid || e e: ø || || o o:
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ ɛː || ə2 || ɔ ɔː
|-
| Open || a aː || ||
|}
1/y:/ is very rare. 
2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''𐌌''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''𐌍''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''𐌍𐌝''' {{IPA|ɲ}}1 || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌐''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''𐌕''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''𐌊''' {{IPA|k}} '''𐌒''' {{IPA|kʷ}} ||
|-
! Voiced
| '''𐌁''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''𐌃''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''𐌂''' {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricates
| || || '''𐌕𐌆''' {{IPA|ts}} '''𐌆''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''𐌙''' {{IPA|t̠ʃ}} '''𐌃𐌚''' {{IPA|d̠ʒ}}1 || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌘''' {{IPA|ɸ}} || || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|s}} || '''𐌑''' {{IPA|ʃ}} '''𐌚''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || '''𐌗''' {{IPA|x}} || '''𐌇''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Voiced
| || '''𐌅''' {{IPA|v}} '''𐌈''' {{IPA|θ}} || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|z}} || || || '''𐌂𐌇''' {{IPA|ɣ}}1 ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Liquids
| || || '''𐌓''' {{IPA|r}} '''𐌋''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''𐌋𐌝''' {{IPA|ʎ}}1 || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
| || || || || '''𐌝''' {{IPA|j}} || ||
|}

1 Used only in loanwords.
===Stress===
Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

==Orthography==

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).
===Declensions===
Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌔''' syn'''os''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌍''' syn'''on''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌞𐌔''' syn'''ous'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌌''' syn'''om'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏''' syn'''o''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉𐌔''' syn'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌃''' syn'''od''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' syn'''ois'''
|}

The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀''' čer'''a''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌄''' čer'''ae'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌍''' čer'''an''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌌''' čer'''am'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' čer'''e''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' čer'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' čer'''ais'''
|}

The '''consonantic''' declension is the widest one, as it contains:
* A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender
* Names ending in ''-is'', generally derived from Greek and/or Latin
* Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in ''-e'' or ''-i''
* Nouns ending in ''-as'' or ''ā''
The paradigm is given for the first three cases, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem, such as names ending in ''-ā'' (with the genitive singular ending in ''-atis'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' gver'''is''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' gver'''ies''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''ies''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''is''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''ies'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' gver'''e''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄''' psychos'''e''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄''' šigr'''e''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' gver'''ei''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉''' psychos'''ei''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' šigr'''ei''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|}

The '''-u''' declension includes neuter nouns and can be considered the descendant of the Indo-European u-stem. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞 ("human being").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞''' man'''u''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' man'''us'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌍''' man'''un''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' man'''us'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌅''' man'''uv''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌌''' man'''um'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' man'''ui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' man'''uis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' man'''oui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' man'''uis'''
|}

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Calusto]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Calusto

2023-06-03T15:18:39Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Morphology */

{{Infobox language
|name = Calusto
|altname = Kaloust
|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕
|pronunciation = ka'lu:sto
|familycolor = Conlang
|script1 = Ital
|script2 = Latn
|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
|created = 2017
|clcr = ---
}}

'''Calusto''' is an [[a posteriori language]] created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.

==Introduction==

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Calusto has long and short vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i iː y yː1 || || u uː
|-
| Close-mid || e e: ø || || o o:
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ ɛː || ə2 || ɔ ɔː
|-
| Open || a aː || ||
|}
1/y:/ is very rare. 
2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''𐌌''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''𐌍''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''𐌍𐌝''' {{IPA|ɲ}}1 || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌐''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''𐌕''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''𐌊''' {{IPA|k}} '''𐌒''' {{IPA|kʷ}} ||
|-
! Voiced
| '''𐌁''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''𐌃''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''𐌂''' {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricates
| || || '''𐌕𐌆''' {{IPA|ts}} '''𐌆''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''𐌙''' {{IPA|t̠ʃ}} '''𐌃𐌚''' {{IPA|d̠ʒ}}1 || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌘''' {{IPA|ɸ}} || || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|s}} || '''𐌑''' {{IPA|ʃ}} '''𐌚''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || '''𐌗''' {{IPA|x}} || '''𐌇''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Voiced
| || '''𐌅''' {{IPA|v}} '''𐌈''' {{IPA|θ}} || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|z}} || || || '''𐌂𐌇''' {{IPA|ɣ}}1 ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Liquids
| || || '''𐌓''' {{IPA|r}} '''𐌋''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''𐌋𐌝''' {{IPA|ʎ}}1 || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
| || || || || '''𐌝''' {{IPA|j}} || ||
|}

1 Used only in loanwords.
===Stress===
Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

==Orthography==

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).
===Declensions===
Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌔''' syn'''os''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌍''' syn'''on''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌞𐌔''' syn'''ous'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌌''' syn'''om'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏''' syn'''o''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉𐌔''' syn'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌃''' syn'''od''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' syn'''ois'''
|}

The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀''' čer'''a''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌄''' čer'''ae'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌍''' čer'''an''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌌''' čer'''am'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' čer'''e''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' čer'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' čer'''ais'''
|}

The '''consonantic''' declension is the widest one, as it contains:
* A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender
* Names ending in ''-is'', generally derived from Greek and/or Latin
* Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in ''-e'' or ''-i''
* Nouns ending in ''-as'' or ''ā''
The paradigm is given for the first three cases, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem, such as names ending in ''-ā'' (with the genitive singular ending in ''-atis'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' gver'''is''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' gver'''ies''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''ies''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''is''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''ies'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' gver'''e''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄''' psychos'''e''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄''' šigr'''e''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' gver'''ei''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉''' psychos'''ei''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' šigr'''ei''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|}

The '''-u''' declension includes neuter nouns and can be considered the descendant of the Indo-European u-stem. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞 ("human being").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞''' man'''u''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' man'''us'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌍''' man'''un''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' man'''us'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌅''' man'''uv''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌌''' man'''um'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' man'''ui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' man'''uis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' man'''oui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' man'''uis'''
|}

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Calusto]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Calusto

2022-04-28T19:39:54Z

Fox Saint-Just:

{{Infobox language
|name = Calusto
|altname = Kaloust
|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕
|pronunciation = ka'lu:sto
|familycolor = Conlang
|script1 = Ital
|script2 = Latn
|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
|created = 2017
|clcr = ---
}}

'''Calusto''' is an [[a posteriori language]] created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.

==Introduction==

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Calusto has long and short vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i iː y yː1 || || u uː
|-
| Close-mid || e e: ø || || o o:
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ ɛː || ə2 || ɔ ɔː
|-
| Open || a aː || ||
|}
1/y:/ is very rare. 
2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''𐌌''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''𐌍''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''𐌍𐌝''' {{IPA|ɲ}}1 || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌐''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''𐌕''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''𐌊''' {{IPA|k}} '''𐌒''' {{IPA|kʷ}} ||
|-
! Voiced
| '''𐌁''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''𐌃''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''𐌂''' {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricates
| || || '''𐌕𐌆''' {{IPA|ts}} '''𐌆''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''𐌙''' {{IPA|t̠ʃ}} '''𐌃𐌚''' {{IPA|d̠ʒ}}1 || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌘''' {{IPA|ɸ}} || || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|s}} || '''𐌑''' {{IPA|ʃ}} '''𐌚''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || '''𐌗''' {{IPA|x}} || '''𐌇''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Voiced
| || '''𐌅''' {{IPA|v}} '''𐌈''' {{IPA|θ}} || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|z}} || || || '''𐌂𐌇''' {{IPA|ɣ}}1 ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Liquids
| || || '''𐌓''' {{IPA|r}} '''𐌋''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''𐌋𐌝''' {{IPA|ʎ}}1 || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
| || || || || '''𐌝''' {{IPA|j}} || ||
|}

1 Used only in loanwords.
===Stress===
Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

==Orthography==

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).
===Declensions===
Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌔''' syn'''os''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌍''' syn'''on''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌔''' syn'''ous'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌌''' syn'''om'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏''' syn'''o''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉𐌔''' syn'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌃''' syn'''od''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' syn'''ois'''
|}

The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀''' čer'''a''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌄''' čer'''ae'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌍''' čer'''an''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌌''' čer'''am'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' čer'''e''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' čer'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' čer'''ais'''
|}

The '''consonantic''' declension is the widest one, as it contains:
* A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender
* Names ending in ''-is'', generally derived from Greek and/or Latin
* Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in ''-e'' or ''-i''
* Nouns ending in ''-as'' or ''ā''
The paradigm is given for the first three cases, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem, such as names ending in ''-ā'' (with the genitive singular ending in ''-atis'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' gver'''is''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' gver'''ies''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''ies''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''is''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''ies'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' gver'''e''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄''' psychos'''e''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄''' šigr'''e''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' gver'''ei''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉''' psychos'''ei''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' šigr'''ei''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|}

The '''-ou''' declension includes neuter nouns and can be considered the descendant of the Indo-European u-stem. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌖 ("human being").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖''' man'''ou''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌔''' man'''ous'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌍''' man'''oun''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌔''' man'''ous'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌅''' man'''ouv''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌔''' man'''oum'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌉''' man'''oui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌉𐌔''' man'''ouis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌉''' man'''oui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌉𐌔''' man'''ouis'''
|}

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Calusto]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Calusto

2022-04-28T19:24:13Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Declensions */

{{Infobox language
|name = Calusto
|altname = Kaloust
|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕
|pronunciation = ka'lu:sto
|familycolor = Conlang
|script1 = Ital
|script2 = Latn
|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
|created = 2017
|clcr = ---
}}

'''Calusto''' is an [[a posteriori language]] created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.

==Introduction==

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Calusto has long and short vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i iː y yː1 || || u uː
|-
| Close-mid || e e: ø || || o o:
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ ɛː || ə2 || ɔ ɔː
|-
| Open || a aː || ||
|}
1/y:/ is very rare. 
2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''𐌌''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''𐌍''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''𐌍𐌝''' {{IPA|ɲ}}1 || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌐''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''𐌕''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''𐌊''' {{IPA|k}} '''𐌒''' {{IPA|kʷ}} ||
|-
! Voiced
| '''𐌁''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''𐌃''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''𐌂''' {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricates
| || || '''𐌕𐌆''' {{IPA|ts}} '''𐌆''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''𐌙''' {{IPA|t̠ʃ}} '''𐌃𐌚''' {{IPA|d̠ʒ}}1 || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌘''' {{IPA|ɸ}} || || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|s}} || '''𐌑''' {{IPA|ʃ}} '''𐌚''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || '''𐌗''' {{IPA|x}} || '''𐌇''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Voiced
| || '''𐌅''' {{IPA|v}} '''𐌈''' {{IPA|θ}} || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|z}} || || || '''𐌂𐌇''' {{IPA|ɣ}}1 ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Liquids
| || || '''𐌓''' {{IPA|r}} '''𐌋''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''𐌋𐌝''' {{IPA|ʎ}}1 || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
| || || || || '''𐌝''' {{IPA|j}} || ||
|}

1 Used only in loanwords.
===Stress===
Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

==Orthography==

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).
===Declensions===
Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌔''' syn'''os''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌍''' syn'''on''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌔''' syn'''ous'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌌''' syn'''om'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏''' syn'''o''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉𐌔''' syn'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌃''' syn'''od''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' syn'''ois'''
|}

The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀''' čer'''a''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌄''' čer'''ae'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌍''' čer'''an''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌌''' čer'''am'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' čer'''e''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' čer'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' čer'''ais'''
|}

The '''consonantic''' declension is the widest one, as it contains:
* A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender
* Names ending in ''-is'', generally derived from Greek and/or Latin
* Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in ''-e'' or ''-i''
The paradigm is given for each case, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' gver'''is''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' gver'''ies''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' psychos'''ies''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''is''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' šigr'''ies'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' gver'''e''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄''' psychos'''e''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄''' šigr'''e''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' gver'''ei''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉''' psychos'''ei''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' šigr'''ei''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' šigr'''eis'''
|}

The

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Calusto]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Calusto

2022-04-28T18:29:50Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Declensions */

{{Infobox language
|name = Calusto
|altname = Kaloust
|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕
|pronunciation = ka'lu:sto
|familycolor = Conlang
|script1 = Ital
|script2 = Latn
|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
|created = 2017
|clcr = ---
}}

'''Calusto''' is an [[a posteriori language]] created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.

==Introduction==

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Calusto has long and short vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i iː y yː1 || || u uː
|-
| Close-mid || e e: ø || || o o:
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ ɛː || ə2 || ɔ ɔː
|-
| Open || a aː || ||
|}
1/y:/ is very rare. 
2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''𐌌''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''𐌍''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''𐌍𐌝''' {{IPA|ɲ}}1 || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌐''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''𐌕''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''𐌊''' {{IPA|k}} '''𐌒''' {{IPA|kʷ}} ||
|-
! Voiced
| '''𐌁''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''𐌃''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''𐌂''' {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricates
| || || '''𐌕𐌆''' {{IPA|ts}} '''𐌆''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''𐌙''' {{IPA|t̠ʃ}} '''𐌃𐌚''' {{IPA|d̠ʒ}}1 || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless
| '''𐌘''' {{IPA|ɸ}} || || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|s}} || '''𐌑''' {{IPA|ʃ}} '''𐌚''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || '''𐌗''' {{IPA|x}} || '''𐌇''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Voiced
| || '''𐌅''' {{IPA|v}} '''𐌈''' {{IPA|θ}} || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|z}} || || || '''𐌂𐌇''' {{IPA|ɣ}}1 ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Liquids
| || || '''𐌓''' {{IPA|r}} '''𐌋''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''𐌋𐌝''' {{IPA|ʎ}}1 || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
| || || || || '''𐌝''' {{IPA|j}} || ||
|}

1 Used only in loanwords.
===Stress===
Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

==Orthography==

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).
===Declensions===
Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌔''' syn'''os''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌍''' syn'''on''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌖𐌔''' syn'''ous'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' syn'''i''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌌''' syn'''om'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏''' syn'''o''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉𐌔''' syn'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌃''' syn'''od''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' syn'''ois'''
|}

The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀''' čer'''a''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌄''' čer'''ae'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌍''' čer'''an''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' čer'''as''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌌''' čer'''am'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' čer'''e''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' čer'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' čer'''ais'''
|}

The '''-on''' declension contains exclusively neutral names and is similar to the neuter Indo-European o-stem declension or the Latin ''-um'' one. Nouns ending ''-ōn'' do not belong to this declension. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌𐌏𐌍 ("winter").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌍''' heim'''on''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌀''' heim'''a'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌍''' heim'''on''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌀''' heim'''a'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌉''' heim'''i''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌌''' heim'''om'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏''' heim'''o''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌍''' heim'''is''''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌃''' heim'''od''' || 𐌇𐌄𐌉𐌌'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' heim'''ois'''
|}

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Calusto]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Calusto

2022-04-23T21:54:34Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Morphology */

Calusto

2022-04-23T08:24:53Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Declensions */

Calusto

2022-04-23T08:11:14Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Declensions */

Calusto

2022-04-21T22:02:00Z

Fox Saint-Just:

Calusto

2022-04-20T20:09:23Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Stress */

Calusto

2022-04-17T13:57:20Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Phonology */

Calusto

2022-04-17T13:32:22Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Vowels */

Calusto

2022-04-17T13:29:57Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Introduction */

Calusto

2022-04-17T13:23:32Z

Fox Saint-Just: Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Calusto |altname = Kaloust |nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕 |pronunciation = ka'lu:sto |familycolor = Conlang |script1 = Ital |script2 = L..."

Novbasa

2022-04-17T11:53:07Z

Fox Saint-Just:

{{Infobox language
|name = Novbasa
|altname = Ardlang
|nativename = Novbasa
|pronunciation = nov'basa
|familycolor = Conlang
|script1 = Latn
|script2 = Cyrl
|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
|created = 2013
|clcr = qad
}}

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. The development of Novbasa is currently on hiatus and the information online is to be considered obsolete.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' is used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan'' (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwanti
|''sakwanti/tokwanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokwanti'' (some)
|''aonkwanti'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwanti'' (all of it)
|''nekwanti'' (none)
|}

Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnivez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''baw-xa'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''es-xa'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Novbasa

2022-04-14T20:56:17Z

Fox Saint-Just: I prefer to use my nickname.

{{Infobox language
|name = Novbasa
|altname = Ardlang
|nativename = Novbasa
|pronunciation = nov'basa
|familycolor = Conlang
|script1 = Latn
|script2 = Cyrl
|creator = Elia Ansaloni
|created = 2013
|clcr = qad
}}

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' is used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan'' (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwanti
|''sakwanti/tokwanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokwanti'' (some)
|''aonkwanti'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwanti'' (all of it)
|''nekwanti'' (none)
|}

Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnivez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''baw-xa'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''es-xa'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Novbasa

2015-03-11T20:31:18Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Verbs */

{{Infobox language
|name = Novbasa
|nativename = Novbasa
|pronunciation = [nov'basa]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang|Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang|Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' is used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan'' (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwanti
|''sakwanti/tokwanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokwanti'' (some)
|''aonkwanti'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwanti'' (all of it)
|''nekwanti'' (none)
|}

Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnivez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''baw-xa'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''es-xa'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-11T20:29:44Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Correlatives */

{{Infobox language
|name = Novbasa
|nativename = Novbasa
|pronunciation = [nov'basa]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang|Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang|Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' is used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan'' (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwanti
|''sakwanti/tokwanti'' (this/that much)
|''mokwanti'' (some)
|''aonkwanti'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwanti'' (all of it)
|''nekwanti'' (none)
|}

Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnivez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwanti'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-11T20:28:15Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Correlatives */

{{Infobox language
|name = Novbasa
|nativename = Novbasa
|pronunciation = [nov'basa]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang|Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang|Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' is used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan'' (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnivez''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2015-03-11T20:27:33Z

Fox Saint-Just:

{{Infobox language
|name = Novbasa
|nativename = Novbasa
|pronunciation = [nov'basa]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang|Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang|Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Novbasa''' (formerly known as '''Ardlang''') is a [[constructed language|constructed worldlang]] created by Elia Ansaloni in 2013. Its name is composed by the words ''nov'' ("new") and ''basa'' ("language"). Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a strict SVO sentence order and a vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. While its main inspiration is Lingwa de Planeta, Novbasa has some traits in common with Sambahsa, like the use of proto-languages and a rather wide vocabulary base.

The main linguistic influences of Novbasa are Indo-European languages, Chinese (from which most of the isolating grammar is derived) and Arabic, but its [[A posteriori (languages)|a posteriori]] vocabulary is built considering many other languages, including Austronesian languages, Altaic languages, Swahili, Basque and Nahuatl. This approach is remarked by Novbasa's motto ''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya'' ("From the whole world, for the whole world").

As of 2014, no complete dictionary of Novbasa has been released, but some translations and lexicon are available on the Unilang forum and on this wiki.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Alphabet===

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| a
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ѳ
|align=center| p
|align=center| c
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| θ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

Note: '''q''' is used only in loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

===Pronunciation===

Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce ''j'' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.
It should be noticed that ''ng'' is always pronounced as /ŋg/ and never as /ŋ/ (as it would be in English or Indonesian). ''N'' is pronunced as /ŋ/ before velar plosives.

The stress is always on the penultimate syllable.

In the diphtongs ''ao'' and ''eo'', "o" is considered a semivowel and the accent never falls on it.

Diphtongs ''au'' and ''eu'' are always pronounced as /aw/ and /ew/ respectively.

There cannot be three wovels together. So, for example, ''awal'' ("early"), cannot be written as ''aual''. This also mean that a verb like ''baw'' ("to build") cannot be written as ''bau'' because it would eventually lead to ''bauer'' instead of the correct term ''bawer'' ("builder").

==Grammar==

Generally, the only way to identify a word as a noun, adjective or verb is the context and the position in the phrase. For example, ''tuk'' may stand for "poison", "poisonous" or "to poison". However, a name can be identified by the presence of an article.

===Articles===

There are two determinative articles: ''al'' (singular) and ''i'' (plural).
There is only one indeterminative article: ''un'', which is only singular.
Articles are required when it's necessary to clear the status of a noun as singular or plural, or when the noun can't be immediately identified in the phrase.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Novbasa do not change for number or case. Some nouns have a masculine and a feminine form that can be obtained by adding ''o'' or ''a'' to the root.
:''bin'' - son or daughter (gender not specified)
:''bino'' - son
:''bina'' - daughter

However, a noun ending in ''o'' or ''a'' doesn't necessarily have a specified gender.
:''kiba'' - fang
:''feno'' - appearance

Few nouns have two different versions.
:''patro''/''matra'' - father/mother
:''bratro''/''sestra'' - brother/sister

===Adjectives===

Adjectives always precede the noun they're related to.

:''un '''hwan''' dom'' - a '''yellow''' house
:''al '''xao kal''' kat'' - the '''small black''' cat

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be identified by adding ''-di'' to an adjective.
:''garm'' (warm) → ''garm-di'' (warmly)
The particle is pronunced separately from the root, whose pronunciation is left unchanged.

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''me'' || I
|-
| ''tu'' || you
|-
| ''hu''/''ta''/''he'' || he/she/it
|-
| ''na'' || we
|-
| ''vo'' || you
|-
| ''le'' || they
|}

Possessive adjectives and pronouns are formed by adding ''y'' to the personal pronouns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''mey'' || I, mine
|-
| ''tuy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''huy''/''tay''/''hey'' || his/her, hers/its
|-
| ''nay'' || our, ours
|-
| ''voy'' || your, yours
|-
| ''ley'' || their, theirs
|}

====Correlatives====

Much like Esperanto, Novbasa organizes demonstrative and relative pronouns in a table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!Demonstrative ("This/that")
!Indefinite ("Some")
!Elective ("Any")
!Universal ("Each, every")
!Negative ("No")
|-
!sa/to–
!mo–
!aon–
!omni–
!ne–
|-
!Individual
!–jen
|''sajen/tojen'' (this/that one)
|''mojen'' (someone)
|''aonjen'' (anyone)
|''omnijen'' (everyone, each one)
|''nejen'' (no one)
|-
!Thing
!–vas
|''savas/tovas'' (this/that)
|''movas'' (something)
|''aonvas'' (anything)
|''omnivas'' (everything)
|''nevas'' (nothing)
|-
!Time
!–vez
|''savez/tovez'' (this/that time)
|''movez'' (sometime)
|''aonvez'' (anytime)
|''omnivez'' (always)
|''nevez'' (never)
|-
!Place
!–stan
|''sastan/tostan''* (here/there)
|''mostan'' (somewhere)
|''aonstan'' (anywhere)
|''omnistan'' (everywhere)
|''nestan'' (nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!–kam
|''sakam/tokam'' (this/that way)
|''mokam'' (somehow)
|''aonkam'' (anyhow, anyway)
|''omnikam'' (in every way)
|''nekam'' (no way)
|-
!Reason
!–karan
|''sakaran/tokaran'' (therefore)
|''mokaran'' (for some reason)
|''aonkaran'' (for any reason)
|''omnikaran'' (for all reasons)
|''nekaran'' (for no reason)
|-
!Amount
!–kwant
|''sakwant/tokwant'' (this/that much)
|''mokwant'' (some)
|''aonkwant'' (any quantity)
|''omnikwant'' (all of it)
|''nekwant'' (none)
|}

<charinsert>*</charinsert> Adverbs ''sastan'' and ''tostan'' are rarely used. They are often replaced by the more practical ''je'' ("here") and ''la'' ("there"). Also, ''ayna'' is often used instead of ''omnici''.

The main difference with Esperanto is that "question" pronouns are not formed this way, and therefore are listed apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Novbasa !! English
|-
| ''ki'' || who
|-
| ''ko'' || what
|-
| ''kwan'' || when
|-
| ''kwer'' || where
|-
| ''kwom'' || how
|-
| ''kwey'' || why
|-
| ''kwant'' || how much
|}

===Verbs===

Much like in English, verbs in Novbasa change only for mood and tense but not for number and person. Apart from ''es'' ("to be"), all verbs are regular. The subject must always be expressed.
If the verb ends with a consonant, "a", "o", or "u", the suffixes are simply attached to it. If the verbs ends in "e" or "i", the last vowel must be taken off before adding the suffixes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''baw'' || to build
|-
| Present || ''me baw'' || I build
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha baw'' || I have built
|-
| Past || ''me li baw'' || I built
|-
| Past perfect || ''me li ha baw'' || I had built
|-
| Future || ''me yao baw'' || I will build
|-
| Near future || ''me va baw'' || I am going to build
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud baw'' || I would build
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud li baw'' || I would have built
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) baw'' || build!
|-
| Present Participle || ''bawint'' || building
|-
| Past Participle || ''ge baw'' || built
|}

The reflexive is formed by adding ''se-'' before the verb and after eventual particles.

The passive is formed by coupling the particles with the past participle of the verb. In this case, ''ba'' cannot be dropped.

====Es====

''Es'' ("to be") is the only irregular verb.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Novbasa !! English
|-
| Infinitive || ''es'' || to be
|-
| Present || ''me es'' || I am
|-
| Present perfect || ''me ha es'' || I have been
|-
| Past || ''me bu'' || I was
|-
| Past pefect || ''me ha bu'' || I had been
|-
| Future || ''me yao es'' || I will be
|-
| Near future || ''me va es'' || I am going to be
|-
| Conditional || ''me ud es'' || I would be
|-
| Past conditional || ''me ud bu'' || I would have been
|-
| Imperative || ''(ba) es'' || be!
|-
| Present Participle || ''esint'' || being
|-
| Past Participle || ''bi'' || been
|}

===Numerals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Number !! Cardinal
|-
| 0 || ''nul'' || 11 || ''dekun''
|-
| 1 || ''un'' || 20 || ''dudek''
|-
| 2 || ''du'' || 21 || ''dudekun''
|-
| 3 || ''san'' || 30 || ''sandek''
|-
| 4 || ''ca'' || 40 || ''cadek''
|-
| 5 || ''pen'' || 50 || ''pendek''
|-
| 6 || ''lyu'' || 100 || ''bak''
|-
| 7 || ''sep'' || 200 || ''dubak''
|-
| 8 || ''pa'' || 237 || ''dubaktrideksep''
|-
| 9 || ''nav'' || 1000 || ''kil''
|-
| 10 || ''dek'' || 2000 || ''dukil''
|}

==Lexicon==

''Main article:'' [[Novbasa/Lexicon]]

Novbasa lexicon draws from the main language families of the world. The main source are Indo-European languages (around 60% of the current lexicon), but the core of everyday use terms includes many Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan terms.

===Source languages===

Virtually, any language can be a source for Novbasa. However, due to historical, geographic and/or cultural relevance and to the number of speakers, a restricted number of languages forms the main core. These languages are classified as it follows.

* ''Indo-European'': Latin, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Persian
* ''Sino-Tibetan'': Chinese
* ''Afro-Asiatic'': Arabic
* ''Altaic'': Japanese, Korean
* ''Austronesian'': Malay-Indonesian
* ''Niger-Congo'': Swahili

Minor sources include Nahuatl, Basque, Turkish, Tamil, Telugu, Finnish, Vietnamese, Irish and Armenian.

Novbasa also draws from proto-languages when the root is clear and widespread enough. The most used proto-language is Proto-Indo-European (PIE from now onwards). Few words are derived from Nostratic roots, like ''kerd'' ("heart"), from ''k̕ærd'', or ''nem'' ("to take"), from ''nʲamo''.

===Selection criteria===

Although the selection doesn't follow a specific path, some criteria are followed to choose a specific translation among the various languages.

* ''Familarity'': The main criteria for a word to be chosen is its diffusion.
** Terms used on a worldwide scale have the priority. Examples: ''sport''; ''chay'' (tea) from Chinese 茶 (''chá''); ''muzik'' ("music").
** Words borrowed by many languages have a good chance of being chosen. Example: ''kitab'' (book) from Arabic كتاب‎ (''kitāb'') and borrowed by many languages, including Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Hausa and Turkish.
* ''Simplicity'': When possible, the priority goes to words that are short and easy to pronounce.
* ''Unambiguousness'': Novbasa tries to eliminate the typical ambiguities of natural languages.
**Each word should refer to only one concept. Example: "right" is translated as ''deks'' if referring to the direction, but is translated as ''pravo'' if referring to the legal term.
**If an eligible word would be pronounced as another already existing one, it must be discarded.
*''Diversity'': While searching for easily recognizable words, Novbasa tries to challenge biases like Eurocentrism. Words of everyday use are thus taken from various language families.
*''Relevance'': A language can get the priority if it has a particularly meaningful cultural and/or historical relation with the term. Examples: ''soyuz'' ("union") from Russian, ''adab'' ("good manners") from Arabic, ''fob'' ("fear") from Greek, ''xamrog'' ("shamrock") from Irish, ''tao'' ("way") from Chinese.

==Translations==

===Sample translations===

'''Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

''Omni human janma azad wa ekwal in dignita wa pravo. Le hav ratyon wa lyanxin wa deb akti naku in spirit de yondita.''

'''Lord's Prayer'''

''Noy Patro, ke es in akax'' 
''Tuy nam ba ge-fa xen'' 
''Tuy wan-gwo ba lay'' 
''Tuy vol ba ge-fa'' 
''Kam in akax, so sur ard'' 
''Da hodi a no noy din pan'' 
''Wa pardon a no noy utan'' 
''Kam no pardon le a noy utan-jen'' 
''Wa ne dukti no in temptati'' 
''Lekin azad no ab mal''

==External links==

[http://konlangerz.com/conlang/81/Novbasa]Novbasa on KonlangerZ

[[Category: A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ardlang

2015-03-11T20:25:24Z

Fox Saint-Just: Fox Saint-Just moved page Ardlang to Novbasa: The language name has been changed.

#REDIRECT [[Novbasa]]

Novbasa

2015-03-11T20:25:23Z

Fox Saint-Just: Fox Saint-Just moved page Ardlang to Novbasa: The language name has been changed.

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾdˈlaŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang|Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang|Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾdˈlaŋg/) is a [[w:worldlang|worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronounce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Consonants===

{|{{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan=2|
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Post- alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio- velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m || n || || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2|Stop
! voiceless
| p || t || || || k || ||
|-
! voiced
| b || d || || || g || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 |Affricate
! voiceless
| || t͡s || t͡ʃ || || || ||
|-
! voiced
| || d͡z || d͡ʒ || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 |Fricative
! voiceless
| f || s || ʃ || || x || || h
|-
! voiced
| rowspan=2 | v || z || ʒ || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 |Approximant
| l || || j || || w ||
|-
! colspan=2|Trill
| || r || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{|{{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|-
!
! Front !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || u
|-
! Close-mid
| e || o
|-
! Open-mid
| ɛ || ɔ
|-
! Open
|colspan="2"| ä
|}

There is no phonemic distinction between long and short vowels. Also, there is no fixed rule about the use of close-mid and open-mid vowels: the choice is up to the speaker.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Cyrillic script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|a
|[ä]
|
|-
|b
|б
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|ч
|[ʧ]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''chess'' even in front of '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.
|-
|d
|д
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|f
|ф
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|г
|[g]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''give'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''.
|-
|h
|x
|[h] / [x]
|Never mute.
|-
|i
|и
|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|j
|ж
|[ʒ] / [ʤ]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|k
|к
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|л
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|м
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|н
|[n] / [ŋ]
|Pronunced as [ŋ] before velar plosives. '''ng''' is always pronounced as [ŋg].
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|
|-
|p
|п
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|ц
|[ʦ] / [ʣ]
| -
|-
|r
|p
|[ɾ] / [r]
| -
|-
|s
|c
|[s]
|Always voiceless.
|-
|t
|т
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|y
|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|v
|в
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|ў
|[w]
| -
|-
|x
|ш
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|y
|й
|[j]
| -
|-
|z
|з
|[z]
|Always voiced.
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-13T13:11:11Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Phonology */

Novbasa

2014-02-13T13:07:09Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Phonology */

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾdˈlaŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang|Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang|Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾdˈlaŋg/) is a [[w:worldlang|worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronounce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Consonants===

{|{{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan=2|
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Post- alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio- velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m || n || || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2|Stop
! voiceless
| p || t || || || k || ||
|-
! voiced
| b || d || || || g || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 |Affricate
! voiceless
| || t͡s || t͡ʃ || || || ||
|-
! voiced
| || d͡z || d͡ʒ || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 |Fricative
! voiceless
| f || s || ʃ || || x || || h
|-
! voiced
| rowspan=2 | v || z || ʒ || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 |Approximant
| l || || j || || w ||
|-
! colspan=2|Trill
| || r || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{|{{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|-
!
! Front !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || u
|-
! Close-mid
| e || o
|-
! Open-mid
| ɛ || ɔ
|-
! Open
|colspan="2"| ä
|}

There is no phonemic distinction between long and short vowels.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Cyrillic script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|a
|[ä]
|
|-
|b
|б
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|ч
|[ʧ]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''chess'' even in front of '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.
|-
|d
|д
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|f
|ф
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|г
|[g]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''give'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''.
|-
|h
|x
|[h] / [x]
|Never mute.
|-
|i
|и
|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|j
|ж
|[ʒ] / [ʤ]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|k
|к
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|л
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|м
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|н
|[n] / [ŋ]
|Pronunced as [ŋ] before velar plosives. '''ng''' is always pronounced as [ŋg].
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|
|-
|p
|п
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|ц
|[ʦ] / [ʣ]
| -
|-
|r
|p
|[ɾ] / [r]
| -
|-
|s
|c
|[s]
|Always voiceless.
|-
|t
|т
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|y
|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|v
|в
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|ў
|[w]
| -
|-
|x
|ш
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|y
|й
|[j]
| -
|-
|z
|з
|[z]
|Always voiced.
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-13T13:06:29Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Phonology */

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾdˈlaŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang|Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang|Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾdˈlaŋg/) is a [[w:worldlang|worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronounce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Consonants===

{|{{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan=2|
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Post- alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio- velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m || n || || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2|Stop
! voiceless
| p || t || || || k || ||
|-
! voiced
| b || d || || || g || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 |Affricate
! voiceless
| || t͡s || t͡ʃ || || || ||
|-
! voiced
| || d͡z || d͡ʒ || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 |Fricative
! voiceless
| f || s || ʃ || || x || || h
|-
! voiced
| rowspan=2 | v || z || ʒ || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 |Approximant
| l || || j || || w ||
|-
! colspan=2|Trill
| || r || || || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{|{{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! Front !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || u
|-
! Close-mid
| e || o
|-
! Open-mid
| ɛ || ɔ
|-
! Open
|colspan="2"| ä
|}

There is no phonemic distinction between long and short vowels.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Cyrillic script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|a
|[ä]
|
|-
|b
|б
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|ч
|[ʧ]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''chess'' even in front of '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.
|-
|d
|д
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|f
|ф
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|г
|[g]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''give'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''.
|-
|h
|x
|[h] / [x]
|Never mute.
|-
|i
|и
|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|j
|ж
|[ʒ] / [ʤ]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|k
|к
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|л
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|м
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|н
|[n] / [ŋ]
|Pronunced as [ŋ] before velar plosives. '''ng''' is always pronounced as [ŋg].
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|
|-
|p
|п
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|ц
|[ʦ] / [ʣ]
| -
|-
|r
|p
|[ɾ] / [r]
| -
|-
|s
|c
|[s]
|Always voiceless.
|-
|t
|т
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|y
|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|v
|в
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|ў
|[w]
| -
|-
|x
|ш
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|y
|й
|[j]
| -
|-
|z
|з
|[z]
|Always voiced.
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-13T13:02:15Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Phonology */

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾdˈlaŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang|Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang|Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾdˈlaŋg/) is a [[w:worldlang|worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronounce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan=2|
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Post- alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labio- velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m || n || || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2|Stop
! voiceless
| p || t || || || k || ||
|-
! voiced
| b || d || || || g || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 |Affricate
! voiceless
| || t͡s || t͡ʃ || || || ||
|-
! voiced
| || d͡z || d͡ʒ || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 |Fricative
! voiceless
| f || s || ʃ || || x || || h
|-
! voiced
| rowspan=2 | v || z || ʒ || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 |Approximant
| l || || j || || w ||
|-
! colspan=2|Trill
| || r || || || || ||
|}

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Cyrillic script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|a
|[ä]
|
|-
|b
|б
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|ч
|[ʧ]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''chess'' even in front of '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.
|-
|d
|д
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|f
|ф
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|г
|[g]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''give'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''.
|-
|h
|x
|[h] / [x]
|Never mute.
|-
|i
|и
|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|j
|ж
|[ʒ] / [ʤ]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|k
|к
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|л
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|м
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|н
|[n] / [ŋ]
|Pronunced as [ŋ] before velar plosives. '''ng''' is always pronounced as [ŋg].
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|
|-
|p
|п
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|ц
|[ʦ] / [ʣ]
| -
|-
|r
|p
|[ɾ] / [r]
| -
|-
|s
|c
|[s]
|Always voiceless.
|-
|t
|т
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|y
|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|v
|в
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|ў
|[w]
| -
|-
|x
|ш
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|y
|й
|[j]
| -
|-
|z
|з
|[z]
|Always voiced.
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-13T12:50:02Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

Novbasa

2014-02-11T14:58:09Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾd'laŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾd'laŋg/) is a [[w: worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Cyrillic script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|a
|[ä]
|
|-
|b
|б
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|ч
|[ʧ]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''chess'' even in front of '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.
|-
|d
|д
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|f
|ф
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|г
|[g]
|Always pronunced as in the English ''give'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''.
|-
|h
|x
|[h] / [x]
|Never mute.
|-
|i
|и
|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|j
|ж
|[ʒ] / [ʤ]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|k
|к
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|л
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|м
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|н
|[n] / [ŋ]
|'''ng''' is always pronounced as [ŋg].
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|
|-
|p
|п
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|ц
|[ʦ] / [ʣ]
| -
|-
|r
|p
|[ɾ] / [r]
| -
|-
|s
|c
|[s]
|Always voiceless.
|-
|t
|т
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|y
|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|v
|в
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|ў
|[w]
| -
|-
|x
|ш
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|y
|й
|[j]
| -
|-
|z
|з
|[z]
|Always voiced.
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-11T13:16:24Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾd'laŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾd'laŋg/) is a [[w: worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Cyrillic script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|a
|[ä]
|
|-
|b
|б
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|ч
|[ʧ]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''chess'' even in front of '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.
|-
|d
|д
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|f
|ф
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|г
|[g]
|Always pronunced as in the English ''give'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''.
|-
|h
|x
|[h] / [x]
|Never mute.
|-
|i
|и
|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|j
|ж
|[ʒ] / [ʤ]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|k
|к
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|л
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|м
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|н
|[n] / [ŋ]
|'''ng''' is always pronounced as [ŋg].
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|
|-
|p
|п
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|ц
|[ʦ] / [ʣ]
| -
|-
|r
p
|[ɾ] / [r]
| -
|-
|s
|c
|[s]
|Always voiceless.
|-
|t
|т
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|y
|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|v
|в
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|ў
|[w]
| -
|-
|x
|ш
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|y
|й
|[j]
| -
|-
|z
|з
|[z]
|Always voiced.
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-11T13:00:20Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾd'laŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾd'laŋg/) is a [[w: worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Cyrillic script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|a
|[ä]
|
|-
|b
|б
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|ч
|[ʧ]
|Always pronounced as in the English ''chess'' even in front of '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.
|-
|d
|д
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|Generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|f
|ф
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|г
|[g]
|Always pronunced as in the English ''give'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''.
|-
|h
|x
|[h] / [x]
|Never mute.
|-
|i
|и
|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|j
|ж
|[ʒ] / [ʤ]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|k
|к
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|л
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|м
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|н
|[n] / [ŋ]
|'''ng''' is always pronounced as [ŋg].
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|
|-
|p
|п
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|ц
|[ʦ] / [ʣ]
| -
|-
|r
p
|[ɾ] / [r]
| -
|-
|s
|c
|[s]
|Always voiceless.
|-
|t
|т
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|y
|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|v
|в
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|в
|[ў]
| -
|-
|x
|ш
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|y
|й
|[j]
| -
|-
|z
|з
|[z]
|Always voiced.
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-11T12:59:31Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾd'laŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾd'laŋg/) is a [[w: worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Cyrillic script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|a
|[ä]
|
|-
|b
|б
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|ч
|[ʧ]
|It is always pronounced as in the English ''chess'' even in front of '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.
|-
|d
|д
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|It is generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|f
|ф
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|г
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''give'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''.
|-
|h
|x
|[h] / [x]
|Never mute.
|-
|i
|и
|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|j
|ж
|[ʒ] / [ʤ]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|k
|к
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|л
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|м
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|н
|[n] / [ŋ]
|'''ng''' is always pronounced as [ŋg].
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|
|-
|p
|п
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|ц
|[ʦ] / [ʣ]
| -
|-
|r
p
|[ɾ] / [r]
| -
|-
|s
|c
|[s]
|Always voiceless.
|-
|t
|т
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|y
|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|v
|в
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|в
|[ў]
| -
|-
|x
|ш
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|y
|й
|[j]
| -
|-
|z
|з
|[z]
|Always voiced.
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-11T12:58:41Z

Fox Saint-Just: /* Alphabet */

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾd'laŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾd'laŋg/) is a [[w: worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Latin script'''
!'''Cyrillic script'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|a
|[ä]
|
|-
|b
|б
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|ч
|[ʧ]
|It is always pronounced as in the English ''chess'' even in front of '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.
|-
|d
|д
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|It is generally pronounced as [ɛ] when the stress falls on it, but the two are equivalent.
|-
|f
|ф
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|г
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''give'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''.
|-
|h
|x
|[h] / [x]
|Never mute.
|-
|i
|и
|[i]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|j
|ж
|[ʒ] / [ʤ]
|Never pronounced as [j].
|-
|k
|к
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|л
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|м
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|н
|[n] / [ŋ]
|'''ng''' is always pronounced as [ŋg].
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|
|-
|p
|п
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|ц
|[ʦ] / [ʣ]
| -
|-
|r
p
|[ɾ] / [r]
| -
|-
|s
|c
|[s]
|Always voiceless.
|-
|t
|т
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|y
|[u]
|Never pronounced as [w].
|-
|v
|в
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|в
|[ў]
| -
|-
|x
|ш
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|y
|й
|[j]
| -
|-
|z
|з
|[z]
|Always voiced.
|}

|align=center|
|align=center| ў
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-

|align=center|
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-11T12:32:42Z

Fox Saint-Just:

{{Infobox language
|name = Ardlang
|nativename = Ardlang
|pronunciation = [aɾd'laŋg]
|familycolor = Conlangs
|fam1 = [[w:Conlang]]
|fam2 = [[w:Worldlang]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾd'laŋg/) is a [[w: worldlang]]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| а
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ц
|align=center| р
|align=center| с
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| ä
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n/ŋ
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ʦ/ʣ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-11T12:24:41Z

Fox Saint-Just:

'''Ardlang''' (/aɾd'laŋg/) is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldlang worldlang]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a posteriori'' vocabulary that aims to defy Eurocentrism without renouncing to widely known translations. This approach is remarked by Ardlang's motto '''Ab hol dunya, pro hol dunya''' (''From the whole world, for the whole world'').

==Phonology==

Ardlang follows the "one sound one letter" principle. Some letters can be pronounced in two different ways in order to make the pronunciation easier to the majority of speakers. For example, a Russian or a French speaker would find more natural to pronunce '''j''' as /ʒ/, while an English or an Hindi one would rather choose /ʤ/. Both are equally valid and mutually interchangeable.

===Alphabet===

Ardlang alphabet has 26 letters. While its main version is written in the Latin system, Cyrillic characters can be used to with a strict correspondence.

{| class="wikitable"
! Latin
|align=center| a
|align=center| b
|align=center| c
|align=center| d
|align=center| e
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h
|align=center| i
|align=center| j
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n
|align=center| o
|align=center| p
|align=center| q
|align=center| r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| x
|align=center| y
|align=center| z
|-
! Cyrillic
|align=center| а
|align=center| б
|align=center| ч
|align=center| д
|align=center| е
|align=center| ф
|align=center| г
|align=center| х
|align=center| и
|align=center| ж
|align=center| к
|align=center| л
|align=center| м
|align=center| н
|align=center| о
|align=center| п
|align=center| ц
|align=center| р
|align=center| с
|align=center| т
|align=center| у
|align=center| в
|align=center| ў
|align=center| ш
|align=center| й
|align=center| з
|-
! IPA
|align=center| ä
|align=center| b
|align=center| ʧ
|align=center| d
|align=center| е/ɛ
|align=center| f
|align=center| g
|align=center| h/x
|align=center| i
|align=center| ʒ/ʤ
|align=center| k
|align=center| l
|align=center| m
|align=center| n/ŋ
|align=center| о/ɔ
|align=center| p
|align=center| ʦ/ʣ
|align=center| ɾ/r
|align=center| s
|align=center| t
|align=center| u
|align=center| v
|align=center| w
|align=center| ʃ
|align=center| j
|align=center| z
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Novbasa

2014-02-11T12:22:59Z

Fox Saint-Just: Created page with "'''Ardlang''' (/aɾd'laŋg/) is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldlang worldlang]. Its main features are a regular phonetic inventory, a SVO sentence order and an ''a poste..."

User:Fox Saint-Just

2014-02-11T11:39:33Z

Fox Saint-Just:

Currently working on [[Ardlang]].