Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Proto-Iberian

2025-02-03T17:58:46Z

Iohanen:

{{Private}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Proto-Iberian
|nativename=Dankwā/Ibērom
|pronunciation={{IPA|ˈdan.kwaː}}
|creator=User:Iohanen
|setting=Iberia
|ethnicity=East Iberians/Graeco-Iberians
|familycolor=Indo-European
|map=Iberian Empire.svg
|mapsize=280px
|mapcaption=The borders of the Iberian Empire
}}
The '''Proto-Iberian language''' is the ancestor [[w:Language|language]] of the '''Iberian''' branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. The Proto-Iberian language is associated with the 1200 BCE to 100 BC timestamp, although its division from Proto-Indo-European occured much earlier.

The Iberians as an ethnicity are known to have appeared as a very small group of tribes in East Iberia that later united and expanded to the entirety of Iberia (that would later result into two distinct languages) within the centuries. Its vocabulary is almost entirely derived from Proto-Indo-European with exceptions of late borrowings from [[w:Ancient Greek|Ancient Greek]] and, sometimes, [[w:Latin|Latin]].

==Terminology==
The language name derives itself from an Ancient Greek reborrowing that comes from the River Ibēr (actual River Ebro in Spain), named by the Celtici.

==History==
{{Construction}}
[[File:Iberians 800BC.svg|thumb|The Iberian tribes territory in 800 BC. The Vrāteres were not Iberians (Ibēres) but a Celto-Iberian tribe that was later assimilated.]]
The Iberian peoples are an Indo-European people that first appeared during the [[w:Atlantic Bronze Age|Atlantic Bronze Age]], migrating from the Southwest of modern France to the Southeast of Iberia. There, they developed into many divided tribes who would later - with the arrival of the [[w:Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] and their contact with them - reunite into a single tribe ruled by a so called '''[[Contionary:Teutārēks|Teutārēks]]''' (a leader similar to a king without leadership of the army). Their territory was about the same until the arrival of the Ancient Greeks in [[w:Empúries|Emporion]].

When the Greeks arrived and founded the cities of [[w:Rhode|Rhode]] and [[w:Empúries|Emporion]], the Iberians had already expanded into the region and thereafter established commercial relations with them. As the time passed and the contact became stronger, the Iberians adopted Greek technologies (state and army organization, philosophy, capital, etc.), including their alphabet, and parts of culture/religion (architecture, gods, statues). After about 100 years of direct contact (c. 480 BC), the Greeks were integrated into the new Iberian state, though the contact with [[w:Massalia|Massalia]] was kept and Emporion and Rhode became the main commercial centres in Iberia.

With the new concepts adopted from the Greeks, the Iberians seeked to expand westwards to gather more resources and comercialize them (mostly with Greeks and Romans). The tribes located in the center of Iberia were quickly dominated as they had a similar culture and language as the Iberians. While expandind westwards, they found the bellicose tribes of the Callaeci and Lusitani, which resisted against their control. After years of war, the Lusitani had accepted a truce as being a state under Iberian control, holding total state autonomy while having to provide soldiers or army supplies if needed. The Callaeci still resisted until much after.
[[File:Iberia 140BC.png|thumb|Map of the Iberian state in 140 BC.]]

At the start of the 1st century AC, the Proto-Iberian language had already started to diverge into more languages. The reason for its late preservation is the fact that it was, at early, an isolated language compared to other European languages.

==Romanization==
Romanizing is pretty straightforward, there are only 5 vowels (all of which have long variants) and 17 consonants that are one-to-one correspondences totalizing 27 letters.
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="27" | Romanization of Proto-Iberian
|-
| Aa || Āā || Bb || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ēē || Ff || Gg || Ii || Īī || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Ōō || Pp || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Ūū || Vv || Ww || Zz
|}
</center>

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Iberian Consonants
!
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
!Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|-
!Stop
|p b
|
|t d
|
|k g
|kʷ ɡʷ
|-
!Fricative
|f v
|ð (θ)
|s z
|
|
|
|-
!Approximant
|
|
|
|j
|
|w
|-
!Lateral
|
|
|l
|
|
|-
!Trill
|
| colspan="2" |r
|
|
|
|-
|}
* [θ] is an allophone of [ð] on initial position.
* [z] appears in between vowels and only in native words of Proto-Indo-European origin. It can be sometimes considered an allophone of [s] before a nasal. Example: '''{{term|auzom}}''' ("''gold''")

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Iberian vowels
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i iː
|
|u uː
|-
!Mid
|e eː
|
|o oː
|-
!Open
|
|ä äː
|
|}
* At a later stage of the language, [i] could be realized as [ɪ].

====Diphthongs====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Iberian diphthongs
!colspan="2" |
!colspan="2" |-i/j
!colspan="2" |-u/w
|-
!a-
!ā-
|aj
|aːj
|aw
|aːw
|-
!e-
!ē-
|ej
|eːj
|ew
|eːw
|-
!o-
!ō-
|oj
|oːj
|ow
|oːw
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Iberian languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Nominative-accusative languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Proto-Iberian language| ]]

Contionary:*akmō

2024-05-20T21:55:41Z

Iohanen: /* Noun */

==Proto-Iberian==
===Etymology===
{{Ibe-pie|lang=Proto-Indo-European|h₂éḱmō|stone}}

===Pronunciation===
* [[w:IPA chart|IPA]]([[Proto-Iberian|key]]): {{IPA|/ˈak.moː/}}
===Noun===
{{head|ibe-pro|noun|g=m}}

# a big [[wikt:stone|stone]]
# [[wikt:statue|statue]] (after Greek contact)

====Declension====
{{ibe-decl-noun-n-mf|akm}}

Proto-Iberian

2023-11-17T01:38:22Z

Iohanen:

{{Private}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Proto-Iberian
|nativename=Dankwā/Ibērom
|pronunciation={{IPA|ˈdan.kwaː}}
|creator=User:Iohanen
|setting=Iberia
|ethnicity=East Iberians/Graeco-Iberians
|familycolor=Indo-European
|map=Iberian Empire.svg
|mapsize=280px
|mapcaption=The borders of the Iberian Empire
}}
The '''Proto-Iberian language''' is the ancestor [[w:Language|language]] (though not really proto-) of the '''Iberian''' branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. The Proto-Iberian language is associated with the 1200 BCE to 100 BC timestamp. although its division from Proto-Indo-European occured much earlier.

The Iberians as an ethnicity are known to have appeared as a very small group of tribes in East Iberia that later united and expanded to the entirety of Iberia (that would later result into two distinct languages) within the centuries. Its vocabulary is almost entirely derived from Proto-Indo-European with exceptions of late borrowings from [[w:Ancient Greek|Ancient Greek]] and, sometimes, [[w:Latin|Latin]].

==Terminology==
The language name derives itself from an Ancient Greek reborrowing that comes from the River Ibēr (actual River Ebro in Spain), named by the Celtici.

==History==
{{Construction}}
[[File:Iberians 800BC.svg|thumb|The Iberian tribes territory in 800 BC. The Vrāteres were not Iberians (Ibēres) but a Celto-Iberian tribe that was later assimilated.]]
The Iberian peoples are an Indo-European people that first appeared during the [[w:Atlantic Bronze Age|Atlantic Bronze Age]], migrating from the Southwest of modern France to the Southeast of Iberia. There, they developed into many divided tribes who would later - with the arrival of the [[w:Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] and their contact with them - reunite into a single tribe ruled by a so called '''[[Contionary:Teutārēks|Teutārēks]]''' (a leader similar to a king without leadership of the army). Their territory was about the same until the arrival of the Ancient Greeks in [[w:Empúries|Emporion]].

When the Greeks arrived and founded the cities of [[w:Rhode|Rhode]] and [[w:Empúries|Emporion]], the Iberians had already expanded into the region and thereafter established commercial relations with them. As the time passed and the contact became stronger, the Iberians adopted Greek technologies (state and army organization, philosophy, capital, etc.), including their alphabet, and parts of culture/religion (architecture, gods, statues). After about 100 years of direct contact (c. 480 BC), the Greeks were integrated into the new Iberian state, though the contact with [[w:Massalia|Massalia]] was kept and Emporion and Rhode became the main commercial centres in Iberia.

With the new concepts adopted from the Greeks, the Iberians seeked to expand westwards to gather more resources and comercialize them (mostly with Greeks and Romans). The tribes located in the center of Iberia were quickly dominated as they had a similar culture and language as the Iberians. While expandind westwards, they found the bellicose tribes of the Callaeci and Lusitani, which resisted against their control. After years of war, the Lusitani had accepted a truce as being a state under Iberian control, holding total state autonomy while having to provide soldiers or army supplies if needed. The Callaeci still resisted until much after.
[[File:Iberia 140BC.png|thumb|Map of the Iberian state in 140 BC.]]

At the start of the 1st century AC, the Proto-Iberian language had already started to diverge into more languages. The reason for its late preservation is the fact that it was, at early, an isolated language compared to other European languages.

==Romanization==
Romanizing is pretty straightforward, there are only 5 vowels (all of which have long variants) and 17 consonants that are one-to-one correspondences totalizing 27 letters.
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="27" | Romanization of Proto-Iberian
|-
| Aa || Āā || Bb || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ēē || Ff || Gg || Ii || Īī || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Ōō || Pp || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Ūū || Vv || Ww || Zz
|}
</center>

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Iberian Consonants
!
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
!Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|-
!Stop
|p b
|
|t d
|
|k g
|kʷ ɡʷ
|-
!Fricative
|f v
|ð (θ)
|s z
|
|
|
|-
!Approximant
|
|
|
|j
|
|w
|-
!Lateral
|
|
|l
|
|
|-
!Trill
|
| colspan="2" |r
|
|
|
|-
|}
* [θ] is an allophone of [ð] on initial position.
* [z] appears in between vowels and only in native words of Proto-Indo-European origin. It can be sometimes considered an allophone of [s] before a nasal. Example: '''{{term|auzom}}''' ("''gold''")

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Iberian vowels
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i iː
|
|u uː
|-
!Mid
|e eː
|
|o oː
|-
!Open
|
|ä äː
|
|}
* At a later stage of the language, [i] could be realized as [ɪ].

====Diphthongs====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Iberian diphthongs
!colspan="2" |
!colspan="2" |-i/j
!colspan="2" |-u/w
|-
!a-
!ā-
|aj
|aːj
|aw
|aːw
|-
!e-
!ē-
|ej
|eːj
|ew
|eːw
|-
!o-
!ō-
|oj
|oːj
|ow
|oːw
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Iberian languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Nominative-accusative languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Category:Proto-Iberian u-stem nouns

2023-02-19T18:44:58Z

Iohanen: Created blank page

Module:ibe-adjectives

2023-02-19T18:40:01Z

Iohanen:

local m_utilities = require("Module:utilities")
local m_links = require("Module:links")

local export = {}

local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("ibe-pro")

local function postprocess(args, data)
-- Nothing here yet
end

-- Inflection functions

export["o+a"] = function(frame)
local params = {
[1] = {required = true, default = "{{{1}}}"},
}

local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params)

local data = {forms = {}, info = "o/ā-stem", categories = {lang:getCanonicalName() .. " o/ā-stem adjectives"}}

data.forms["m_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "os"}
data.forms["m_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "e"}
data.forms["m_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "om"}
data.forms["m_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "osjo"}
data.forms["m_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ō"}
data.forms["m_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ō"}

data.forms["m_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ō"}
data.forms["m_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ō"}
data.forms["m_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ō"}
data.forms["m_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "ous"}
data.forms["m_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "ovām"}
data.forms["m_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "ovām"}

data.forms["m_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ōs"}
data.forms["m_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ōs"}
data.forms["m_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ons"}
data.forms["m_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ōm"}
data.forms["m_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ōis"}
data.forms["m_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ōis"}

data.forms["f_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ā"}
data.forms["f_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "e"}
data.forms["f_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ām"}
data.forms["f_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ās"}
data.forms["f_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "āe"}
data.forms["f_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "āē"}

data.forms["f_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "aī"}
data.forms["f_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "aī"}
data.forms["f_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "aī"}
data.forms["f_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "ous"}
data.forms["f_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "āvām"}
data.forms["f_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "āvām"}

data.forms["f_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ās"}
data.forms["f_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ās"}
data.forms["f_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "āns"}
data.forms["f_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "om"}
data.forms["f_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "āvos"}
data.forms["f_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "āvis"}

data.forms["n_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "om"}
data.forms["n_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "om"}
data.forms["n_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "om"}
data.forms["n_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "osjo"}
data.forms["n_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ō"}
data.forms["n_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ō"}

data.forms["n_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "oī"}
data.forms["n_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "oī"}
data.forms["n_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "oī"}
data.forms["n_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "ous"}
data.forms["n_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "ovām"}
data.forms["n_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "ovām"}

data.forms["n_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ā"}
data.forms["n_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ā"}
data.forms["n_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ā"}
data.forms["n_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ōm"}
data.forms["n_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ōis"}
data.forms["n_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ōis"}

postprocess(args, data)

return make_table(data) .. m_utilities.format_categories(data.categories, lang)
end

export["ptcp"] = function(frame)
local params = {
[1] = {allow_holes = true},
[2] = {allow_holes = true},
[3] = {allow_holes = true},
[4] = {default = "{{{4}}}"},
[5] = {allow_holes = true},
}
local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params)
local delabial = mw.ustring.gsub(args[4], "ʷ$", "")

local data = {forms = {}, info = "Declension of the past participle"}

data.forms["m_nom_sg"] = {args[4] .. "os"}
data.forms["m_voc_sg"] = {args[4] .. "e"}
data.forms["m_acc_sg"] = {args[4] .. "om"}
data.forms["m_gen_sg"] = {args[4] .. "osjo"}
data.forms["m_dat_sg"] = {args[4] .. "ō"}
data.forms["m_com_sg"] = {args[4] .. "ō"}

data.forms["m_nom_du"] = {args[4] .. "ō"}
data.forms["m_voc_du"] = {args[4] .. "ō"}
data.forms["m_acc_du"] = {args[4] .. "ō"}
data.forms["m_gen_du"] = {args[4] .. "ous"}
data.forms["m_dat_du"] = {args[4] .. "ovām"}
data.forms["m_com_du"] = {args[4] .. "ovām"}

data.forms["m_nom_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ōs"}
data.forms["m_voc_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ōs"}
data.forms["m_acc_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ons"}
data.forms["m_gen_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ōm"}
data.forms["m_dat_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ōis"}
data.forms["m_com_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ōis"}

data.forms["f_nom_sg"] = {args[4] .. "ā"}
data.forms["f_voc_sg"] = {args[4] .. "e"}
data.forms["f_acc_sg"] = {args[4] .. "ām"}
data.forms["f_gen_sg"] = {args[4] .. "ās"}
data.forms["f_dat_sg"] = {args[4] .. "āe"}
data.forms["f_com_sg"] = {args[4] .. "āē"}

data.forms["f_nom_du"] = {args[4] .. "aī"}
data.forms["f_voc_du"] = {args[4] .. "aī"}
data.forms["f_acc_du"] = {args[4] .. "aī"}
data.forms["f_gen_du"] = {args[4] .. "ous"}
data.forms["f_dat_du"] = {args[4] .. "āvām"}
data.forms["f_com_du"] = {args[4] .. "āvām"}

data.forms["f_nom_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ās"}
data.forms["f_voc_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ās"}
data.forms["f_acc_pl"] = {args[4] .. "āns"}
data.forms["f_gen_pl"] = {args[4] .. "om"}
data.forms["f_dat_pl"] = {args[4] .. "āvos"}
data.forms["f_com_pl"] = {args[4] .. "āvis"}

data.forms["n_nom_sg"] = {args[4] .. "om"}
data.forms["n_voc_sg"] = {args[4] .. "om"}
data.forms["n_acc_sg"] = {args[4] .. "om"}
data.forms["n_gen_sg"] = {args[4] .. "osjo"}
data.forms["n_dat_sg"] = {args[4] .. "ō"}
data.forms["n_com_sg"] = {args[4] .. "ō"}

data.forms["n_nom_du"] = {args[4] .. "oī"}
data.forms["n_voc_du"] = {args[4] .. "oī"}
data.forms["n_acc_du"] = {args[4] .. "oī"}
data.forms["n_gen_du"] = {args[4] .. "ous"}
data.forms["n_dat_du"] = {args[4] .. "ovām"}
data.forms["n_com_du"] = {args[4] .. "ovām"}

data.forms["n_nom_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ā"}
data.forms["n_voc_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ā"}
data.forms["n_acc_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ā"}
data.forms["n_gen_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ōm"}
data.forms["n_dat_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ōis"}
data.forms["n_com_pl"] = {args[4] .. "ōis"}

postprocess(args, data)

return make_table(data)
end

export["i"] = function(frame)
local params = {
[1] = {required = true, default = "{{{1}}}"},
}

local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params)

local data = {forms = {}, info = "i-stem", categories = {lang:getCanonicalName() .. " i-stem adjectives"}}

data.forms["m_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "is"}
data.forms["m_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "e"}
data.forms["m_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "im"}
data.forms["m_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ois"}
data.forms["m_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "eie"}
data.forms["m_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "iē"}

data.forms["m_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["m_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["m_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["m_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["m_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["m_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["m_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "eies"}
data.forms["m_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "eies"}
data.forms["m_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ins"}
data.forms["m_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["m_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["m_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["f_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "is"}
data.forms["f_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "e"}
data.forms["f_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "im"}
data.forms["f_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ois"}
data.forms["f_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "eie"}
data.forms["f_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "iē"}

data.forms["f_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["f_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["f_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["f_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["f_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["f_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["f_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "eies"}
data.forms["f_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "eies"}
data.forms["f_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ins"}
data.forms["f_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["f_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["f_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["n_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "i"}
data.forms["n_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "i"}
data.forms["n_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "i"}
data.forms["n_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ois"}
data.forms["n_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "eie"}
data.forms["n_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "iē"}

data.forms["n_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["n_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["n_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["n_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["n_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["n_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

postprocess(args, data)

return make_table(data) .. m_utilities.format_categories(data.categories, lang)
end

export["u"] = function(frame)
local params = {
[1] = {required = true, default = "{{{1}}}"},
}

local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params)

local data = {forms = {}, info = "u-stem", categories = {lang:getCanonicalName() .. " u-stem adjectives"}}

data.forms["m_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "us"}
data.forms["m_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "u"}
data.forms["m_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "um"}
data.forms["m_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "eus"}
data.forms["m_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ewei"}
data.forms["m_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}

data.forms["m_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}
data.forms["m_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}
data.forms["m_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}
data.forms["m_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "ewom"}
data.forms["m_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "umos"}
data.forms["m_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "uvis"}

data.forms["m_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ewes"}
data.forms["m_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ewes"}
data.forms["m_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "uns"}
data.forms["m_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ewom"}
data.forms["m_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "umos"}
data.forms["m_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "uvis"}

data.forms["f_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "us"}
data.forms["f_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "u"}
data.forms["f_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "um"}
data.forms["f_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "eus"}
data.forms["f_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ewei"}
data.forms["f_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}

data.forms["f_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}
data.forms["f_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}
data.forms["f_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}
data.forms["f_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "ewom"}
data.forms["f_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "umos"}
data.forms["f_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "uvis"}

data.forms["f_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ewes"}
data.forms["f_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ewes"}
data.forms["f_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "uns"}
data.forms["f_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ewom"}
data.forms["f_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "umos"}
data.forms["f_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "uvis"}

data.forms["n_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "u"}
data.forms["n_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "u"}
data.forms["n_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "u"}
data.forms["n_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "eus"}
data.forms["n_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ewei"}
data.forms["n_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}

data.forms["n_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "ewom"}
data.forms["n_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "umos"}
data.forms["n_ins_du"] = {args[1] .. "uvis"}

data.forms["n_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}
data.forms["n_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}
data.forms["n_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ū"}
data.forms["n_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ewom"}
data.forms["n_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "umos"}
data.forms["n_ins_pl"] = {args[1] .. "uvis"}

postprocess(args, data)

return make_table(data) .. m_utilities.format_categories(data.categories, lang)
end

export["i"] = function(frame)
local params = {
[1] = {required = true, default = "{{{1}}}"},
}

local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params)

local data = {forms = {}, info = "i-stem", categories = {lang:getCanonicalName() .. " i-stem adjectives"}}

data.forms["m_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "is"}
data.forms["m_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "e"}
data.forms["m_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "im"}
data.forms["m_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ois"}
data.forms["m_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "eie"}
data.forms["m_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "iē"}

data.forms["m_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["m_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["m_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["m_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["m_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["m_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["m_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "eies"}
data.forms["m_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "eies"}
data.forms["m_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ins"}
data.forms["m_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["m_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["m_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["f_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "is"}
data.forms["f_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "e"}
data.forms["f_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "im"}
data.forms["f_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ois"}
data.forms["f_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "eie"}
data.forms["f_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "iē"}

data.forms["f_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["f_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["f_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["f_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["f_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["f_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["f_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "eies"}
data.forms["f_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "eies"}
data.forms["f_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ins"}
data.forms["f_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["f_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["f_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["n_nom_sg"] = {args[1] .. "i"}
data.forms["n_voc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "i"}
data.forms["n_acc_sg"] = {args[1] .. "i"}
data.forms["n_gen_sg"] = {args[1] .. "ois"}
data.forms["n_dat_sg"] = {args[1] .. "eie"}
data.forms["n_com_sg"] = {args[1] .. "iē"}

data.forms["n_nom_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_voc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_acc_du"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_gen_du"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["n_dat_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["n_com_du"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

data.forms["n_nom_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_voc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_acc_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ī"}
data.forms["n_gen_pl"] = {args[1] .. "jom"}
data.forms["n_dat_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivos"}
data.forms["n_com_pl"] = {args[1] .. "ivis"}

postprocess(args, data)

return make_table(data) .. m_utilities.format_categories(data.categories, lang)
end

local names = {
["nom"] = "nominative",
["voc"] = "vocative",
["acc"] = "accusative",
["gen"] = "genitive",
["dat"] = "dative",
["com"] = "comitative",

["sg"] = "singular",
["du"] = "dual",
["pl"] = "plural",

["m"] = "masculine",
["f"] = "feminine",
["n"] = "neuter",
}

-- Make the table
function make_table(data)
local function repl(param)
if param == "info" then
return mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(data.info or "")
end

local form = data.forms[param]

if not form or #form == 0 then
return "—"
end

local ret = {}

for key, subform in ipairs(form) do
table.insert(ret, m_links.full_link({lang = lang, alt = "*" .. subform}))
end

return table.concat(ret, ", ")
end

local genders = {"m", "f", "n"}
local numbers = {"sg", "du", "pl"}
local cases = {"nom", "voc", "acc", "gen", "dat", "com"}

local wikicode = {}

table.insert(wikicode, "{| class=\"inflection-table vsSwitcher mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\" data-toggle-category=\"inflection\" style=\"background: #FAFAFA; border: 1px solid #d0d0d0; text-align: left;\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"2\"")
table.insert(wikicode, "|- style=\"background: #FFCCCC;\"\n! class=\"vsToggleElement\" style=\"min-width: 41em;\" colspan=\"" .. (#numbers + 1) .. "\" | {{{info}}}")

for _, gender in ipairs(genders) do
table.insert(wikicode, "|- class=\"vsHide\" style=\"background: #FFCCCC;\"")
table.insert(wikicode, "! " .. names[gender])

for _, number in ipairs(numbers) do
table.insert(wikicode, "! style=\"min-width: 11em; background: #FFCCCC;\" | " .. names[number])
end

for _, case in ipairs(cases) do
table.insert(wikicode, "|- class=\"vsHide\" style=\"background-color: #FFF2F2;\"\n! style=\"min-width: 8em; background-color: #FFE6E6;\" | " .. names[case])

for _, number in ipairs(numbers) do
table.insert(wikicode, "| {{{" .. gender .. "_" .. case .. "_" .. number .. "}}}")
end
end
end

table.insert(wikicode, "|}")

wikicode = table.concat(wikicode, "\n")

return (mw.ustring.gsub(wikicode, "{{{([a-z0-9_]+)}}}", repl))
end

return export

2022-09-08T00:01:43Z

Iohanen: Created blank page

Proto-Iberian

2022-09-08T00:00:49Z

Iohanen: /* Consonants */

{{Private}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Proto-Iberian
|nativename=Dankwā/Ibērom
|pronunciation={{IPA|/ˈdan.kwaː/}}
|creator=[[User:Iohanen|Iohanen]]
|setting=Iberia
|ethnicity=East Iberians/Graeco-Iberians
|familycolor=Indo-European
|map=Iberian Empire.svg
|mapsize=280px
|mapcaption=The borders of the Iberian Empire
}}
The '''Proto-Iberian language''' is the ancestor [[w:Proto-language|proto-language]] of the '''Iberian''' branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. The Proto-Iberian language presumably had begun to separate from the [[w:Proto-Indo-European languages|Proto-Indo-European language]] in the 1st millenia to 5th century BC, becoming a proper language in the mid of the 7th century BC.

The Iberians as an ethnicity are known to have appeared as a very small group of tribes in East Iberia that later united and expanded to the entirety of Iberia (that would later result into two distinct languages) within the centuries. Its vocabulary is almost entirely derived from Proto-Indo-European with exceptions of late borrowings from [[w:Ancient Greek|Ancient Greek]] and, sometimes, [[w:Latin|Latin]].

==Terminology==
The language name derives itself from an Ancient Greek reborrowing that comes from the River Ibēr (actual River Ebro in Spain), named by the Celtici.

==History==
{{Construction}}
[[File:Iberians 800BC.svg|thumb|The Iberian tribes territory in 800 BC. The Vrāteres were not Iberians (Ibēres) but a Celto-Iberian tribe that was later assimilated.]]
The Iberian peoples are an Indo-European people that first appeared during the [[w:Atlantic Bronze Age|Atlantic Bronze Age]], migrating from the Southwest of modern France to the Southeast of Iberia. There, they developed into many divided tribes who would later - with the arrival of the [[w:Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] and their contact with them - reunite into a single tribe ruled by a so called '''[[Contionary:Teutārēks|Teutārēks]]''' (a leader similar to a king without leadership of the army). Their territory was about the same until the arrival of the Ancient Greeks in [[w:Empúries|Emporion]].

When the Greeks arrived and founded the cities of [[w:Rhode|Rhode]] and [[w:Empúries|Emporion]], the Iberians had already expanded into the region and thereafter established commercial relations with them. As the time passed and the contact became stronger, the Iberians adopted Greek technologies (state and army organization, philosophy, capital, etc.), including their alphabet, and parts of culture/religion (architecture, gods, statues). After about 100 years of direct contact (c. 480 BC), the Greeks were integrated into the new Iberian state, though the contact with [[w:Massalia|Massalia]] was kept and Emporion and Rhode became the main commercial centres in Iberia.

With the new concepts adopted from the Greeks, the Iberians seeked to expand westwards to gather more resources and comercialize them (mostly with Greeks and Romans). The tribes located in the center of Iberia were quickly dominated as they had a similar culture and language as the Iberians. While expandind westwards, they found the bellicose tribes of the Callaeci and Lusitani, which resisted against their control. After years of war, the Lusitani had accepted a truce as being a state under Iberian control, holding total state autonomy while having to provide soldiers or army supplies if needed. The Callaeci still resisted until much after.
[[File:Iberia 140BC.png|thumb|Map of the Iberian state in 140 BC.]]

At the start of the 1st century AC, the Proto-Iberian language had already started to diverge into more languages. The reason for its late preservation is the fact that it was, at early, an isolated language compared to other European languages.

==Romanization==
Romanizing is pretty straightforward, there are only 5 vowels (all of which have long variants) and 17 consonants that are one-to-one correspondences totalizing 27 letters.
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="27" | Romanization of Proto-Iberian
|-
| Aa || Āā || Bb || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ēē || Ff || Gg || Ii || Īī || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Ōō || Pp || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Ūū || Vv || Ww || Zz
|}
</center>

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Iberian Consonants
!
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Labial-velar
|-
!Nasal
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|-
!Stop
|p b
|
|t d
|
|k g
|kʷ ɡʷ
|-
!Fricative
|f v
|ð (θ)
|s z
|
|
|
|-
!Approximant
|
|
|
|j
|
|w
|-
!Lateral
|
|
|l
|
|
|-
!Trill
|
| colspan="2" |r
|
|
|
|-
|}
* [θ] is an allophone of [ð] on initial position.
* [z] appears in between vowels and only in native words of Proto-Indo-European origin. It can be sometimes considered an allophone of [s] before a nasal. Example: '''{{term|auzom}}''' ("''gold''")

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Iberian vowels
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|i iː
|
|u uː
|-
!Mid
|e eː
|
|o oː
|-
!Open
|
|ä äː
|
|}
* At a later stage of the language, [i] could be realized as [ɪ].

====Diphthongs====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Iberian diphthongs
!colspan="2" |
!colspan="2" |-i/j
!colspan="2" |-u/w
|-
!a-
!ā-
|aj
|aːj
|aw
|aːw
|-
!e-
!ē-
|ej
|eːj
|ew
|eːw
|-
!o-
!ō-
|oj
|oːj
|ow
|oːw
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Iberian languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Nominative-accusative languages]]

Template:Front/banner/Portuguese

2022-09-07T23:58:50Z

Iohanen:

{| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f5faff; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #CCC;"
| style="width:31%; color:#000; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" |

{| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none; "
| style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |
<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:200%; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 27px; margin-left:;">Bem-vindo ao Linguifex,</div>
:<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:120%; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left:;">a [[wikipedia:Wiki|wiki]] [[wikipedia:Free content|livre]] para '''conlangs''' que [[Guide:Introduction|qualquer um pode editar]]!</div>
<div id="articlecount" style="font-size:80%; margin-bottom:27px;">Atualmente detalhando [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] artigos e línguas: {{#expr:({{#replace:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|,|}}/3000*100) round1}} % do nosso objetivo.
 Existem atualmente [[:Category:Stubs|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Stubs}}]] esboços e [[:Category:Improvement|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wiki work}}]] artigos que precisam de expansão.</div>
|}

| style="width:10%; font-size:95%;" |
* [[Special:WikiForum|Fórum]]
* [[Portal:Contionary|Concionário]]
* [[Portal:Library|Biblioteca]]
* [[Linguifex:Featured language|Destaques]]
| style="width:10%; font-size:95%;" |
* [[:Category:Languages|Línguas]]
* [[:Category:Languages|Conlangs]]
* [[:Guide:Conlanging tools|Ferramentas]]
| style="width:10%; font-size:95%;" |
* [[Linguifex:IPA keys|Chaves IPA]]
* [[Linguifex:Translations|Traduções]]
* '''[[Special:Categories|Todas as categorias]]'''
|}

Contionary:*rēks

2022-09-05T21:32:16Z

Iohanen: Iohanen moved page Contionary:*rēks to Contionary:rēks without leaving a redirect

{{reconstructed|Proto-Iberian}}
==Proto-Iberian==
===Etymology===
{{Ibe-pie|lang=Proto-Indo-European|h₃rḗǵs₂|ruler, leader}}

===Pronunciation===
* [[w:IPA chart|IPA]]([[Proto-Iberian|key]]): {{IPA|/ˈreːks/}}
===Noun===
{{head|ibe-pro|noun|g=m}}

# [[wikt:king|king]], [[wikt:ruler|ruler]]

====Declension====
{{ibe-decl-noun-cons-mf|rēk}}
====Derived terms====
* '''[[Contionary:*teutārēks|*teutārēks]]''' ("state king", "tribe ruler")

Contionary:*mantis

2022-09-05T21:31:47Z

Iohanen:

==Proto-Iberian==
===Etymology===
{{Ibe-pie|lang=Proto-Indo-European|méntis|thought}}
===Pronunciation===
* [[w:IPA chart|IPA]]([[Proto-Iberian|key]]): {{IPA|/ˈman.tis/}}

===Noun===
{{head|ibe-pro|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:thought|thought]]

====Declension====
{{ibe-decl-noun-i-mf|mant}}

Contionary:*mantis

2022-09-05T21:31:37Z

Iohanen: Iohanen moved page Contionary:*mantis to Contionary:mantis without leaving a redirect

{{reconstructed|Proto-Iberian}}
==Proto-Iberian==
===Etymology===
{{Ibe-pie|lang=Proto-Indo-European|méntis|thought}}
===Pronunciation===
* [[w:IPA chart|IPA]]([[Proto-Iberian|key]]): {{IPA|/ˈman.tis/}}

===Noun===
{{head|ibe-pro|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:thought|thought]]

====Declension====
{{ibe-decl-noun-i-mf|mant}}

Contionary:*auzom

2022-09-05T21:26:19Z

Iohanen:

==Proto-Iberian==
===Etymology===
{{Ibe-pie|lang=Proto-Indo-Euroean|h₂ews-|bright}}

===Pronunciation===
* [[w:IPA chart|IPA]]([[Proto-Iberian|key]]): {{IPA|/'aw.zom/}}

===Noun===
{{head|ibe-pro|noun|g=n}}

# [[wikt:gold|gold]]
# a [[wikt:yellow|yellow]] [[wikt:bright|bright]]
====Declension====
{{ibe-decl-noun-o-n|auz}}

Contionary:*auzom

2022-09-05T21:26:04Z

Iohanen: Iohanen moved page Contionary:*auzom to Contionary:auzom without leaving a redirect

{{reconstructed|Proto-Iberian}}
==Proto-Iberian==
===Etymology===
{{Ibe-pie|lang=Proto-Indo-Euroean|h₂ews-|bright}}

===Pronunciation===
* [[w:IPA chart|IPA]]([[Proto-Iberian|key]]): {{IPA|/'aw.zom/}}

===Noun===
{{head|ibe-pro|noun|g=n}}

# [[wikt:gold|gold]]
# a [[wikt:yellow|yellow]] [[wikt:bright|bright]]
====Declension====
{{ibe-decl-noun-o-n|auz}}

Contionary:*auzom

2022-09-05T21:25:51Z

{{#if: {{{{nocap|}}}|F|f}}rom [[w:{{{lang}}}|{{{lang}}}]] {{#if: {{{2|}}}|''[[wikt:Reconstruction:{{{lang}}}/{{{1}}}|*{{{1}}}]]'' ("{{{2}}}")|''[[wikt:Reconstruction:{{{lang}}}/{{{1}}}|*{{{1}}}]]''}}<noinclude>[[Category:Proto-Iberian templates|p]][[Category:Contionary templates]][[Category:Templates]]</noinclude>

Iohanen: Iohanen moved page Contionary:*keustus to Contionary:keustus

{{reconstructed|Proto-Iberian}}
==Proto-Iberian==
===Etymology===
{{Ibe-pie|ǵéwstus}}
===Pronunciation===
* [[w:IPA chart|IPA]]([[Proto-Iberian|key]]): {{IPA|/ˈkew.stus/}}
===Noun===
{{head|ibe-pro|noun|g=m}}

# [[wikt:taste|taste]]

====Declension====
{{ibe-decl-noun-u-mf|keust}}