Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Rówok

2024-06-18T08:43:06Z

Ioscius: /* Numbers */

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = ro:wok
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
There are two '''locative cases''', with the endings '''-bi''' and '''-pi''' respectively, both of which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

They are used in the following way:
*as pure locatives
*as [[#Postpositions|postpositionals]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

Or:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (the dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative¹
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

¹Like the [[#Locatives|locative cases]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated as '''with''' or "by means of" in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative''', usually translated as "without" or "lacking".

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ-''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊšX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy/pyíro''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2024-04-27T10:24:33Z

Ioscius: /* Declension of relativizers */

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
There are two '''locative cases''', with the endings '''-bi''' and '''-pi''' respectively, both of which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

They are used in the following way:
*as pure locatives
*as [[#Postpositions|postpositionals]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

Or:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (the dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative¹
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

¹Like the [[#Locatives|locative cases]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated as '''with''' or "by means of" in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative''', usually translated as "without" or "lacking".

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ-''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊšX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2024-04-27T10:21:39Z

Ioscius: /* Relativization */

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
There are two '''locative cases''', with the endings '''-bi''' and '''-pi''' respectively, both of which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

They are used in the following way:
*as pure locatives
*as [[#Postpositions|postpositionals]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

Or:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (the dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative¹
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

¹Like the [[#Locatives|locative cases]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated as '''with''' or "by means of" in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative''', usually translated as "without" or "lacking".

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ-''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2023-11-28T22:16:41Z

Ioscius: /* Verbal number */

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
There are two '''locative cases''', with the endings '''-bi''' and '''-pi''' respectively, both of which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

They are used in the following way:
*as pure locatives
*as [[#Postpositions|postpositionals]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

Or:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (the dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative¹
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

¹Like the [[#Locatives|locative cases]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated as '''with''' or "by means of" in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative''', usually translated as "without" or "lacking".

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2023-11-28T22:09:09Z

Ioscius: /* Instrumental/(a)comitative */

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
There are two '''locative cases''', with the endings '''-bi''' and '''-pi''' respectively, both of which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

They are used in the following way:
*as pure locatives
*as [[#Postpositions|postpositionals]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

Or:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (the dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative¹
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

¹Like the [[#Locatives|locative cases]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated as '''with''' or "by means of" in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative''', usually translated as "without" or "lacking".

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2023-11-28T22:05:15Z

Ioscius: /* Locatives */

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
There are two '''locative cases''', with the endings '''-bi''' and '''-pi''' respectively, both of which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

They are used in the following way:
*as pure locatives
*as [[#Postpositions|postpositionals]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

Or:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (the dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2023-11-28T21:57:21Z

Ioscius: /* Genitive */

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an [[Artistic language|artlang]] created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genitive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure locative
*as a [[#Postpositions|postpositional]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

With other phonemes at the end, for instance:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (idiomatically, dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Brithenig

2021-02-06T00:59:52Z

Ioscius: /* Pronouns */typo

{{Infobox language
|pronunciation=/brɪθənˈig/
|name=Brithenig
|region=British Isles
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=Romance
|fam3=Latin
|creator=Andrew Smith
|created=1996
|iso3=bzt
}}
'''Brithenig''', [brɪθənˈig], was created as a hobby in 1996 by Andrew Smith from New Zealand, who also invented the [[w:alternate history|alternate history]] of [[w:Ill Bethisad|Ill Bethisad]] to "explain" it.

Brithenig was not developed to be used in the real world, like [[Esperanto]] or [[Interlingua]], nor to provide detail to a work of fiction, like [[Klingon language|Klingon]] from the ''[[w:Star Trek|Star Trek]]'' scenarios. Rather, Brithenig started as a thought experiment to create a [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] language that might have evolved if Latin had displaced the native [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]] language as the spoken language of the people in Great Britain.

The result is an artificial sister language to French, Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Occitan and Italian which differs from them by having sound-changes similar to those that affected the Welsh language, and words that are borrowed from the [[w:Brittonic languages|Brittonic languages]] and from English throughout its pseudo-history. One important distinction between Brithenig and Welsh is that while Welsh is [[w:Gallo-Brittonic languages|P-Celtic]], Latin was a [[w:Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|Q-Italic language]] (as opposed to [[w:Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|P-Italic]], like [[w:Oscan language|Oscan]]), and this trait was passed onto Brithenig.

Similar efforts to extrapolate Romance languages are ''Breathanach'' (influenced by the other branch of Celtic), ''Judajca'' (influenced by Hebrew), ''Þrjótrunn'' (a non-Ill Bethisad language influenced by Icelandic), ''[[w:Wenedyk|Wenedyk]]'' (influenced by Polish), and ''Xliponian'' (which experienced a [[w:Grimm's law|Grimm's law]]-like sound shift). It has also inspired ''Wessisc'', a hypothetical Germanic language influenced by contact with Old Celtic.

Brithenig was granted the code BZT as part of [[w:ISO 639:b#bzt|ISO 639-3]].

Andrew Smith was one of the conlangers featured in the exhibit "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages" displayed at the [[w:Cleveland Public Library|Cleveland Public Library]] from May through August 2008.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/26418663@N05/2478687117/ Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond] ''[http://Flickr Flickr]''. Retrieved 2009-09-07.</ref> Smith's creation of Brithenig was cited as the reason for his inclusion in the exhibit (which also included the Babel Text<ref>[http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm "Babel Text Introduction".] ''Langmarker''. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2009-09-07.</ref> in Smith's language).

==Introduction==
Brithenig started as a thought-experement to create a Romance language that might have evolved if Latin speakers had been a sufficient number to displace Old Celtic as the spoken language of the people in Great Britain. The result is a sister language to French, Spanish and Italian, albeit a test-tube child, which differs from them by having sound-changes similar to those that affected the Welsh language, and words that are borrowed from Old Celtic, and from English throughout its 'pseudo-history'. Although other Romance languages have Celtic influences, none of them are so thoroughly influenced as Brithenig.

==Phonology==
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="vertical-align: top;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] {{angbr|k, c}} || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] {{angbr|g}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] {{angbr|c}} || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] {{angbr|g}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] {{angbr|s}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] {{angbr|i, y}}|| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] {{angbr|u}}|| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] {{angbr|w}}
|-
! [[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] {{angbr|i}}|| || [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] {{angbr|w}}
|-
! [[w:Mid- vowel|Mid]]
| || [[w:Mid-central vowel|ə]] {{angbr|a, e}}||
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] {{angbr|e}}|| || [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] {{angbr|o}}
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || ||
|}
|
{| class=wikitable
|+Diphthongs
! Letter
! Pronunciation
|-
| ae
| [æ], [aː]
|-
| ai
| [aɪ]
|-
|au
| [aʊ]
|-
|ei
| [ɛɪ]
|-
|ew
|[ɛʊ]
|-
|TBd
|
|}
|}

The letters j, q, v, x, and z are used in foreign words that have been borrowed into the language, especially modern words that have not been adapted to the Brithenig orthography. They are not included in the traditional alphabet.

Brithenig has final syllables consonants that are pronounced soft rather than hard. This is shown with special combinations of letters in these cases.
Certain phrases are treated as diphthongs also. '''Sa es''', 'she is, there is, there are' is pronounced as 'saes'. '''A es''' and '''O es''' are treated similarly. In the standard dialect of Brithenig, where 'ae' and 'oe' are pronounced as long vowels, instead of diphthongs, these phrases can be contracted to '''sa's''', '''a's''' and '''o's'''. When it becomes necessary to prevent two sounds from eliding, to avoid confusion or loss of sound or meaning, the ending -''dd'' is added to a word:
:'''ys a-dd abrob''', ''he has nearly...''

The letter 'y' at the beginning of a word is often unstressed and when preceded by a word ending in a vowel it often elides.

Some monosyllablic words end with a consonant cluster with r or l as the last letter. It is the case here that the last letter is pronounced as if the vowel in the word is repeated before it. '''Llifr''', ''book'' is pronounced as 'llifir'. Sometimes it is spelled this way. With longer words 'r' in this position is silent.

Stress in Brithenig is placed on the ultimate, or last syllable, for example, '''afur''', ''love'', is pronounced as 'a-FUR', not 'A-fur'. In diphthongs, the first vowel is pronounced as a stressed or unstressed vowel depending on whether it occured in the stressed syllable or not

Brithenig sometimes accents words with a circumflex, called a '''teithith''', or ''little roof''. Although the accent is always pronounced as 'long', more often than not it appears to be purely grammatical, for example, '''la''' and '''lâ'''.

==Grammar==
===Noun===
There are two genders in Brithenig: masculine and feminine. Unlike English where objects can be neuter, all nouns in Brithenig are recognised as being of one gender or the other. The gender of a noun is indicated by the form of the definite article which precedes it: '''ill''' (masculine); '''lla''' (feminine).

In some dialects the articles, including the plural form, '''llo''' are pronounced as if they were written as '''L''' instead of '''LL'''. While this is not discouraged, it is regarded by native speakers as a foreign or colonial feature and not an indigenous feature. Some dialects, notably the Kernow dialect found in the southern provinces of Cambria, do not have this sound at all.

The masculine article elides with prepositions that end with a consonant:

:'''a''' ''to, at'' + '''ill''' → '''a'll'''
:'''di''' ''of, from'' + '''ill''' → '''di'll'''
:'''gwo''' ''under, below, beneath'' + '''ill''' → '''gwo'll'''

Four features distinguish feminine nouns from masculine nouns:

1. The initial consonant of the noun undergoes mutation after the feminine article, or after a possessive pronoun. The following prepositions are known to cause softening:
:'''di''', ''of, from''
:'''gwo''', ''under, below, beneath''

* The conjunctions '''e''', '''and''', and '''o''', '''or''' both cause softening to following nouns
* Before these parts of speech, '''ll''' and '''rh''' do not do so before the article.
* The definate articles are exceptional and do not mutate.
* The prepositions '''tra''', ''through'' and '''a''', ''to, at'' cause spirant mutation rather than softening.
* Prepositions are pronounced in spoken Brithenig as though they were softened, although the written language does not reflect this:

::'''di''' is pronounced as '''ddi'''
::'''gwo''' is pronounced as '''wo'''
::'''tra''' is pronounced as '''dra'''

2. Adjectives following a feminine noun always undergo soft mutation.

3. The demonstrative pronoun 'that' is '''o''' masculine nouns and '''a''' for feminine nouns. The demonstrative pronoun '''yst''', 'this', is the same for nouns of both genders. The plural forms are '''ogyn''' and '''agyn''' for 'those' and '''ystyn''' for 'these'

'''O''' and '''a''' are not used as articles before nouns in modern Brithenig. For that the adverbs '''ci''', 'here', and '''llâ''', 'there', are added to the definate noun phrase. For example, 'this man' and 'that man' become '''ill of ci''' and '''ill hof llâ'''.

4. Feminine nouns are referred to as '''sa''', 'she', masculine nouns as '''ys''', 'he'.

==== Number ====
In Brithenig the plural ending has become silent and is no longer written. To indicate when a noun is plural the article changes from '''ill''' and '''lla''' to the plural form, '''llo'''. The plural article also causes spirant mutation:

:'''ill of''' 'the man' -> '''llo h-ôn''' 'the men'

'''ill of''' and '''llo h-ôn''' is one of the few cases in Brithenig where the singular and plural forms of the same noun are different.

:'''lla gas''' 'the house' -> '''llo chas''' 'the houses'

Among some speakers it seems that '''llo''' is loosing is definite quality and it is interpreted only as a plural marker. How, or if, they mark the definite plural noun has not been recorded.

Plural nouns after possessive pronouns also take the spirant mutation.

:'''gwstr gas''', ''your house''
:'''gwstr chas''', ''your houses''
:'''llo wstr chas''', ''your houses'', is also common and grammatically acceptable.

Some words have special plurals created by changing from masculine to feminine gender:

:'''ill bordd''', ''hut'', '''lla fordd''', ''huts''
:'''ill busc''', ''wood'', '''lla fusc''', ''woods''
:'''ill breich''', ''arm'', '''lla freich''', ''arms''
:'''ill cil''', ''eyebrow'', '''lla gil''', ''eyebrows''
:'''ill corn''', ''horn'', '''lla gorn''', ''horns''
:'''ill ew''', ''egg'', '''lla ew''', ''eggs''
:'''ill genygl''', ''knee'', '''lla enygl''', ''knees''
:'''ill llafr''', ''lip'', '''lla llafr''', ''lips''
:'''ill os''', ''bone'', '''lla os''', ''bones''
:'''ill rham''', ''branch'', '''lla rham''', ''branches''

Many of these have a collective meaning, '''lla freich''', ''a pair of arms joined to a body'', contrasted to '''llo freich''', ''arms'' in a general sense. This is often reinforced in natural pairs by adding '''dew''', ''two'', as a prefix: '''yn ddewfreich''', ''a pair of arms''.

The indefinite singular article is '''yn''', which also means 'one'. It also causes initial consonants to mutate on feminine nouns. The indefinite plural article is the preposition '''di''' combined with the definite article: '''di llo h-on''', ''some men''. In the spoken language it is contracted and pronounced as '''ddlo'''. The same happens with feminine plurals: '''ddla'''. However the creator himself doesn't favor this particular feature.<ref>(''The creator of Brithenig thinks this is an ugly feature and doesn't use it. Any student of the language is free to make their own choice - Andrew''.)</ref>

Common nouns must always have an article. A notable exception is a genitive construction that alternatives with the use of '''di''' as possessive marker in Brithenig. Normally the only way to say 'the man's house' in Romance languages is to rearange it to mean 'the house of the man', '''lla gas di'll of'''. But there is an alternative form called the genitive construction. The preposition '''di''' is omitted along with the definate article of the possessed object. The possessed object comes first, followed by the possessor:

:'''cas ill of''', ''the man's house, the house of the man''
:'''cas yn of''', ''a man's house, the house of a man''

In this case the possessed object is always understood as being definate, it cannot be understood as 'a house of . . .' It is not uncommon in poetic literature, but can also be translated as '''lla gas di'll of''', or '''lla gas d'yn of'''. It is often avoided when the possessed object is plural to avoid confusion, as there is no way to indicate plurality other than context.

Many words expressing unspecified quantities, such as '''asset''', 'enough'; '''mullt''', 'many'; '''tan''', 'too much'; are also followed by '''di'''.

Brithenig has three suffixes which are used on nouns, two diminutives and one augmentative. -'''ith''' is the usual diminutive, '''teithith''', 'little roof, circumflex', -'''in''' implies affection, Tomin, 'Tommy'. It is also used on collective nouns, '''plentin''', 'child', from '''plant''', 'children'. The augmentative is -'''un''', '''ofun''', 'big man'. Treat them as very productive.

Brithenig has cases of i-mutation in its history, which cause a to become e, and u to become y. These cases are distinct from the normal letters e and i because they do not cause c and g to become the soft affricate sounds of 'tch' and 'j'. Technically the diminutive suffixes cause these vowels to change, but it is not strictly adhered to in spoken Brithenig.

=== Pronouns ===
Pronouns have separate subject and object forms:
{|
|-
| '''eo''', ||''I''; ||'''mi''', ||''me''
|-
|'''ty''', ||''you''; ||'''ti''', ||''you''
|-
|'''ys''', ||''he''; ||'''llo''', ||''him''
|-
|'''sa''', ||''she''; ||'''lla''', ||''her''
|-
|'''nu''', ||''we''; ||'''nu''', ||''us''
|-
|'''gw''', ||''you''; ||'''gw''', ||''you''
|-
|'''ys''', ||''they''; ||'''llo''', ||''them''
|-
|'''sa''', ||''they''; ||'''lla''', ||''them''
|}

Brithenig has two ways of saying you: '''ty''', '''thou'<nowiki/>'', and '''gw''', '''you'''. '''Ty''' is singular and used for addressing people that the speaker is familiar with, such as an immediate family member, a close friend, a child, an animal, or god. '''Gw''' is used as a singular when speaking to a stranger or a less familiar or more formal acquaintance. It is also used to address more than one person no matter the familiarity. Pronouns are subject to consonant mutation in the same way other words are. If '''ty''' or '''ti''' is mutated it is always written as '''dy''' to avoid confusion with the preposition '''di''', which has a different pronounciation. '''Fi''', the mutated form of '''mi''', becomes '''<nowiki/>'i''' in the spoken language, especially after consonants.

'''Sa''' is used to mean 'they' when 'they' is exclusively feminine. For 'it' use the form appropriate to the gender of the noun. The impersonal pronoun 'it' is always '''sa''': '''Sa es fel eidd''', ''It is nice today''.

There is a third person reflexive pronoun '''si''', '''himself, themselves (etc.)'<nowiki/>''; it is used as the object case with the indefinite subject, '''yno''', '''one', 'people', 'they''', derived from '''yn of''', ''a man''.

The direct object form of the pronoun have the option of coming before or after a simple verb, but with a compound tense or an infinitive used in the sentence, it can only come after the past participle or the infinitive, to which it may be hyphenated.

'''Mi''', '''ti''' and '''si''' also have special disjunctive forms '''mui''' or '''fui''', '''tui''' or '''dui''' or '''thui''', and '''sui'''. These are used after prepositions, after the conjunction '''ca''', ''than'', or when a sentence uses two pronouns as objects:

:'''Eo widdef tui e llo in ill castr''', ''I saw you and him in town''

The disjunctive pronouns can also be emphatic, repeating the object pronoun:

:'''Eo dy af tui''', ''I love you!''

Unlike English, subject pronouns and nouns always go in the order of first person (I, we), second person, (you), and third person (he, she, it, they). The verb usually agrees in number with the nearest subject:

:'''Eo e Badrig gwa a'll castr''', ''Patrick and I are going to town''.

Similar is the use of the third person dative pronoun '''lle''' in place of '''llo''' or '''lla''' after a preposition. By itself it means 'to him, her, it, them' and can come before the simple verb or after it like a direct object pronoun, but with a preposition it can only come after the verb. Possessive pronouns precede the noun. Feminine singular nouns take the soft mutation after possessive pronouns, and plural nouns take the spirant mutation, masculine singular nouns do not mutate after possessive pronouns:
{|
|-
| '''mew''', ||''my''
|-
|'''tew''', ||''your''
|-
|'''sew''', ||''his, her, its''
|-
|'''nustr''', ||''our''
|-
|'''gwstr''', ||''your''
|-
|'''sew''', ||''their''
|}

'''Sew''' may refer to 'his, her, its or their'. To avoid ambiguity the phrase can be followed with the preposition '''di''' and '''llo, lla''' to clarify the meaning. With other pronouns this is used to be an emphatic construction:

:'''mew gas''', ''my house''

:'''mew gas di fui''', ''MY house''

The forms 'mine, yours, his (etc)' are translated into Brithenig as 'my one' or 'my ones' (etc):
{|
|-
| '''mew yn, mew hyn''', ||''mine''
|-
|'''nustr yn, nustr hyn''', ||''ours''
|-
|'''tew yn, tew hyn''', ||''yours''
|-
|'''gwstr yn, gwstr hyn''', ||''yours''
|-
|'''sew yn, sew hyn''', ||''his, hers, its, theirs''
|}

'''llo, lla''' do not mutate, but other pronouns do. The indirect object is often written with a prepostion such as '''a''', ''to'' where the mutated forms are used: '''Ys dun yn llifr a fui''', ''He gives me (to me) a book''.

This is the usual order in Brithenig.

Brithenig has one case of personal prepositions which are derived from '''cun''', ''with''. Sometimes speakers reinforce the prepositions by prefixing ''cun-'', but the first forms are more common:
{|
|-
| '''meg, cunmeg''', ||''with me''
|-
|'''nusc, cunnusc''', ||''with us''
|-
|'''teg, cunneg''', ||''with you''
|-
|'''gwsc, cungwsc''', ||''with you''
|-
|'''seg, cunseg''', ||''with him, her, them, it''
|}

=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender and number. Plural adjectives take the spirant mutation to agree with plural nouns. Feminine adjectives take the soft mutation when following feminine nouns. Adjectives tend to follow the noun. Only the adjectives '''bon''', ''good'', and '''mal''', '''bad''', can be used without any uncertainty before a noun. When an adjective precedes a noun it has a figurative rather than a literal meaning. This effects only a couple of adjectives: '''pobr''', ''poor'', has the meaning of 'destitute' after the noun, but 'unfortunate' when it comes before the noun. Likewise with '''gran''', '''big, large''', when it precedes the noun it means ''importance'', not ''size'':

:'''Yn gran of''', ''a great man''

:'''Yn of gran''', ''a big man''

:'''Yn gran ddiwrn''', ''a great day''

Note that the initial consonant undergoes softening after a preceding adjective.

'''sul''' can come before or after the noun with a difference in meanings. After the noun it means 'lonely', '''yn blentin sul''', '''a lonely child'''. Before a noun, it means 'only', '''yn sul blentin''', '''an only child'''.

Brithenig can use an adjective as a noun by putting an article in front of it. It then refers to an object that has that quality: '''ill rhys''', ''the red one''; '''llo phog''', ''the little ones''.

For a comparative of an adjective, Brithenig puts the words '''ply''', ''more'' and '''min''', ''less'' before an adjective, with the spirant mutation of the initial consonant of the following adjective. 'Than' is translated as '''ca''': '''ply hallt ca yn gas''', '''taller than a house'''.

The superlative is formed by putting the definate article suitable for the gender of the noun before the comparative adjective: '''ill ply hallt''', '''the tallest''. When a noun is qualified, the definate article goes in front of the noun, replacing '''yn''': '''lla gas bly hallt''', ''the tallest house''. It is omitted if the noun is proceeded by a possessive pronoun:

:'''ill llifr ci es sew ober feilwr di llo''', ''this book is his best work''
:'''mew ffradr maer''', ''my older/oldest brother''

Following a superlative the preposition '''di''' is used:

:'''ill tyr ci es ill ply hallt di lla giwdad''', ''this tower is the tallest in the city''

If this is getting too complicated then the suffix '''-isaf''', '''very''' can replace the superlative sometimes:

:'''lla giwdad ci es felisaf''', ''this city is very beautiful''

Certain adjectives are irregular:
{|
|-
| '''bon''' ||''good'' ||'''meilwr''' ||''better''
|-
|'''mal''' ||''bad'' ||'''puir''' ||''worse''
|-
|'''gran''' ||''big'' ||'''maer''' ||''bigger''
|-
|'''pog''' ||''little'' ||'''min''' ||''less''
|-
|'''mal''' ||''badly'' ||'''pui''' ||''worse'' (adverb)
|-
|'''ben''' ||''well'' ||'''myl''' ||''better'' (adverb)
|}

The superlative form of these adjectives is the comparative form with the definate article, as per usual.

Most adverbs are derived from adjectives by adding the ending '''-fent'''. In spoken Brithenig this is usually pronounced 'fen' but the t is still written:

:'''bel''', ''beautiful'' → '''belfent''', ''beautifully''.

Adverbs cause soft mutation on following words.

=== Verbs ===
Verb endings change for person, number and tense. The infinitive is indicated with endings '''-ar, -er, -ir'''. The '''-r''' is usually left unpronounced. Brithenig verbs are divided into three conjugations according to which infinitive ending the verb takes:

'''Canhar''' ''to sing''

'''Perdder''' ''to lose''

'''Dorfir''' ''to sleep''

In a sentence the infinitive is mutated more often than not due to the preposition '''a''' before the verb. The preposition is then dropped but the mutation is preserved. With auxiliaries the infinitive is unmutated. It is the unmutated form that is recorded in the lexicon. It used with other prepositions where English prefers to use `-ing':

'''Eo wa per yn turn inawant gweddir a'll lleith''', ''`I go for a walk before going to bed'''

'''Dibos rher-mi eo bran''', ''`After getting up I have breakfast'''

It is also used to replace the past tense:

'''Eo fi ref a ffôner-lla''', ''I got up and phoned her''

The preposition '''subr''', ''on'' is translated as 'about to' before the infinitive:

'''Eo er subr ffôner-gw''', ''I was about to phone you''.

The present indicative describes an action happening at the present time:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo gant
|eo berdd
|eo ddorf
|-
|ty gant
|ty berdd
|ty ddorf
|-
|ys cant
|ys perdd
|ys dorf
|-
|sa gant
|sa berdd
|sa ddorf
|-
|nu chanhan
|nu pherdden
|nu ddorfen
|-
|gw chanhath
|gw pherddeth
|gw ddorfith
|-
|ys/sa chanhant
|ys/sa pherddent
|ys/sa ddorfent
|}
Brithenig distinguishes different endings to go with each person and and number. The singular forms are unmarked, '''-n''' goes with '''nu''', '''-nt''' goes with '''ys''' and '''sa''' when they are plural, and '''-th''' goes with '''gw''', and '''-nt''' goes with ys and '''sa''' when they are plural. The `-t' on the third person plural ending is silent, in the spoken language there is no difference between this and the ending of the first person plural verb. Also the initial consonant undergoes soft mutation in the singular verb (except after '''ys''') or spirant mutation in the plural verb. Just as standard English always indicates the third person singular with the ending -s (he carries), so these endings must also always be used in Brithenig. If an object pronoun is inserted before the verb, then the verb always undergoes mutation, soft before a singular pronoun, spirant before a plural pronoun.

A verb is reflexive when when its subject and object are the same person: '''eo fi law''', ''I wash (myself)''; in Brithenig the object is not omitted.

'''Llawarsi''', ''to wash oneself'':
{| class="wikitable"
|eo fi law
|nu nu lawan
|-
|ty dy law
|gw 'w lawath
|-
|ys/sa si law
|ys/sa si lawant
|}
In speech the first `w' on '''gw 'w''' loses it vocalic quality and the combination is pronounced ''`gwoo'''.

Sometimes `myself', etc are used for emphasis and not as the object of a reflexive verb. In such cases it is translated as '''medissif''':

'''Eo fedissif widd llo char''', ''I see the cars myself''.

Brithenig makes the present participle by replacing the infinitive ending with '''-n''':

'''canhan''' ''singing''

'''perdden''' ''losing''

'''dorfin''' ''sleeping''

It forms a progressive tense with the verb '''ystar''', ''`to stand''':

'''Eo yst canhan''': ''I am singing''

'''Ys ystafant dorfin''': ''they were sleeping''

The present participle can also be an adjective:

'''ill of dorfin''', ''the sleeping man''

'''Lla ffuin ganhan''', ''the singing woman''

The Latin gerund ending in ''-nt'', still exists in a handful of words in Brithenig that are used as adjectives and nouns, such as '''afent''', ''wealthy'', and '''president''', ''president''. But the survival of these is an historic feature and not a productive one, in Brithenig the present participle has taken over the role of the gerund.

The past participle has the ending '''-d''':

'''canhad''' ''sung''

'''perdded''' ''lost''

'''dorfid''' ''slept''

Some past participles are irregular:

'''ffaeth''', ''done, made'', from '''ffager''', ''to do, to make'';

'''dith''', ''said'' from '''diger''', ''to say'';

'''yscrith''', ''written'' from '''yscrifer''', ''to write'';

'''duith''', ''led'' from '''duger''', ''to lead'';

'''gwist''', ''seen'' from '''gwidder''', ''to see'';

'''rhuth''', ''broken'' from '''rhumper''', ''to break'';

'''clos''', ''closed'' from '''clodder''', ''to close'';

'''morth''', ''dead'' from '''morir''', ''to die''.

The forms of the imperfect are:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo ganhaf
|eo berddef
|eo ddorfif
|-
|ty ganhaf
|ty berddef
|ty ddorfif
|-
|ys canhaf
|ys perddef
|ys dorfif
|-
|sa ganhaf
|sa berddef
|sa ddorfif
|-
|nu chanafan
|nu pherddefan
|nu ddorfifan
|-
|gw chanafath
|gw pherddefath
|gw ddorfifath
|-
|ys/sa chanafant
|ys/sa pherddefant
|ys/sa ddorfifant
|}
The imperfect is used to describe an action that happened in the past that is not concluded at this point due to it being an ongoing action, an interpreted action or an habitual action. So '''Eo ganhaf''' can be interpreted as either `I sang', `I was singing', or `I used to sing'.

`I was singing' can also be translated as '''eo ystaf canhan'''.

Remember that the final '''-f''' on the singular verb is silent.

The past definite describes a completed and unrepeatable action that happened in the past. Some verb endings have been lost and replaced with the imperfect, or with a compound past tense:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo ganhaf
|eo berddef
|eo ddorfif
|-
|ty ganhast
|ty berddest
|ty ddorfist
|-
|ys canhaf
|ys perddef
|ys dorfif
|-
|sa ganhaf
|sa berddef
|sa ddorfif
|-
|nu chanafan
|nu pherddefan
|nu ddorfifan
|-
|gw chanhast
|gw pherddest
|gw ddorfist
|-
|ys/sa channarent
|ys/sa pherdderent
|ys/sa ddorfirent
|}
The past definate is used particularly to describe an historical event; or in connection with a temporal adverb or adverbial phrase; or a `when' phrase; or a conclusive and final action.

There are a small number of verbs where the past definate is irregular, one such verb is '''diger''', ''to say'':
{| class="wikitable"
|eo ddis
|nu ddisen
|-
|ty ddisist
|gw ddisist
|-
|ys dis/sa ddis
|ys/sa ddisirent
|}
Other irregular verbs are:

'''Clos''' from '''clodder''', ''to close'';

'''Compruis''' from '''comprêner''', ''to understand'';

'''Cyrs''' from '''cyrrir''', ''to run'';

'''Duis''' from '''duger''', ''to lead'';

'''Lleis''' from '''lleir''', ''to read'';

'''Mis''' from '''mither''', ''to send'';

'''Tens''' from '''tener''', ''to stretch''.

The future tense is translated `I will' or `I shall'. It is formed by adding the endings '''-ai''', '''-a''', '''-a''', '''-an''', '''-ath''', '''-ant''' to the infinitive. All Brithenig verbs use these endings in the future tense:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo ganarai
|eo berdderai
|eo ddorfirai
|-
|ty ganara
|ty berddera
|ty ddorfira
|-
|ys canara
|ys perddera
|ys dorfira
|-
|sa ganara
|sa berddera
|sa ddorfira
|-
|nu chanaran
|nu pherdderan
|nu ddorfiran
|-
|gw chanarath
|gw pherdderath
|gw ddorfirath
|-
|ys/sa chanarant
|ys/sa pherdderant
|ys/sa ddorfirant
|}
For the immediate future tense Brithenig can use '''gweddir''', ''`go''' with the infinitive tense of the verb:

'''Eo wa wenir gwsc''', ''I am going to come with you''.

The conditional tense translates to mean `might', `could', `would' or `should'. It is formed by adding a '''-ew''' ending to the infinitive:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo ganarew
|eo berdderew
|eo ddorfirew
|-
|ty ganarew
|ty berdderew
|ty ddorfirew
|-
|ys canarew
|ys perdderew
|ys dorfirew
|-
|sa ganarew
|sa berdderew
|sa ddorfirew
|-
|nu chanarewn
|nu pherdderewn
|nu ddorfirewn
|-
|gw chanarewth
|gw pherdderewth
|gw ddorfirewth
|-
|ys/sa chanarewnt
|ys/sa pherdderewnt
|ys/sa ddorfirewnt
|}
The conditional is used to indicate a future tense to a past action. It is used in indirect speech after a verb used to communicate ideas:

'''Ys yscrifera yn garth''' ''He will write a letter''

'''Ys digef (ke) ys yscriferew yn garth''' ''He said that he would write a letter''

The conditional tense is also used in a sentence after an `if' clause:

'''Se eo w h-er, eo ffagerew rhen''' ''If I were you, I would not do it.''

'''Se eo ai gwist-llo, eo afrew parolad a lle''' ''If I had seen him, I would have spoken to him.''

If the second clause does not have the sense of an action ''not'' happening then another tense replaces the conditional:

'''Se ys gwen eo barolarai a lle''' ''If he comes I will speak to him''.

The conditional is also used in describing non-specific repetative action in the past:

'''I llo ddiwrn llâ nu h-amblarewn sempr a'll castr''', ''In those days we would always walk into town'', or, ''In those days we always used to walk into town''.

The relative pronoun '''ke''', ''`who, what, which, that''' is often omitted in Brithenig, especially the spoken language. '''Ke''' is the most common form of the relative pronoun. The alternative '''ill cal''' is used to avoid ambiguity in a sentence. It is variable in gender and number and cannot be omitted. '''Ke''' is more often encountered in speech.

`Whose' can be translated by '''ke sew''' before the noun or by '''di'll cal''' after it. `When' and `where' are translated respectively as '''can''' and '''ill llog (ke)'''.

Brithenig uses disjunctive pronouns in dependent clauses:

'''Lla garth (k') eo yscrifef lla''', ''The letter that I wrote''

'''Lla ffuin (k') eo barolaf seg''', ''The woman that I spoke with''

The subjunctive tenses are no longer productive in modern Brithenig. They only survive in proverbial phrases such as:

'''Can in Rhufein, ffâ si llo Rhufan ffeigant''', ''When in Rome, do as the Romans do''.

There are two subjunctive tenses, past and present. The present tense is distinctive that it includes i-mutation in all three conjunctions, if only partially in the '''-ar''' conjunction. ''A, e,'' and ''o'' in the stem become ''ei'', ''u'' becomes ''y'', and ''aw'', when it occurs, becomes ''ew''; ''i'' is unaffected. The vowels in the ending also change, for '''-er''' and '''-ir''' verbs it becomes ''a'', while for '''-ar''' verbs it becomes ''e''.
{| class="wikitable"
|eo gant
|eo beirdd
|eo ddeirf
|-
|ty gant
|ty beirdd
|ty ddeirf
|-
|ys cant
|ys peidd
|ys deirf
|-
|sa gant
|sa beirdd
|sa ddeirf
|-
|nu cheinhen
|nu pheirddan
|nu ddeirfan
|-
|gw cheinheth
|gw pheirddath
|gw ddeirfath
|-
|ys/sa chanhent
|ys/sa pheirddant
|ys/sa ddeirfant
|-
|}
The past subjunctive is simpler and is made by infixing '''-ss(e)''' between the normal stem and the ending:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo ganhas
|eo berddes
|eo ddorfis
|-
|ty ganhas
|ty berddes
|ty ddorfis
|-
|ys canhas
|ys perddes
|ys dorfis
|-
|sa ganhas
|sa berddes
|sa dorfis
|-
|nu chanassen
|nu pherddessen
|nu ddorfissen
|-
|gw chanasseth
|gw pherddesseth
|gw ddorfisseth
|-
|ys/sa chanassent
|ys/sa pherddessent
|ys/sa ddorfissent
|}
Compound tenses are made with two new verbs, '''esser''', ''`to be'<nowiki/>'' and '''afer''', ''`to have'''. They are irregular and do not conform to the three conjugations that have been given so far. Present tense:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo su
|nu sun
|eo ai
|nu hafen
|-
|ty es
|gw hes
|ty a
|gw hafeth
|-
|ys/sa es
|ys/sa sunt
|ys/s' a
|ys/sa hant
|}
Participles:
{| class="wikitable"
|Present:
|Past:
|-
|essen
|ystad (from '''ystar''', ''`to stand')''
|-
|afen
|afyd
|}
Imperfect:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo er
|nu h-eran
|eo afef
|nu h-afefan
|-
|ty er
|gw h-erath
|ty afef
|gw h-afefath
|-
|ys/sa er
|ys/sa h-erant
|ys/s' afef
|ys/sa h-afefant
|}
Past Definite:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo ffew
|nu ffewns
|eo afew
|nu h-afewn
|-
|ty ffewst
|gw ffewth
|ty afew
|gw h-afewth
|-
|ys/sa ffew
|ys/sa ffewrent
|ys/sa afew
|ys/sa h-afewrent
|}
Future:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo serai
|nu seran
|eo afrai
|nu h-afran
|-
|ty sera
|gw serath
|ty afra
|nu h-afrath
|-
|ys/sa sera
|ys/sa serant
|ys/sa afra
|ys/sa h-afrant
|}
Present Subjunctive:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo sia
|nu sian
|eo ai
|nu h-aian
|-
|ty sia
|gw siath
|ty ai
|gw h-aiath
|-
|ys/sa sia
|ys/sa siant
|ys/sa ai
|ys/sa h-aiant
|}
'''Sia''' is pronounced as ''sha'' in the present subjunctive of 'to be'.

Past Subjunctive:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo ffews
|nu ffewssen
|eo afews
|nu h-afewssen
|-
|ty ffews
|gw ffewsseth
|ty afews
|gw h-afewsseth
|-
|ys/sa ffews
|ys/sa ffewssent
|ys/sa afews
|ys/sa h-afewssent
|}
'''Gweddir''', ''to go'' is irregular in the present tense:
{| class="wikitable"
|eo wa
|nu wan
|-
|ty wa
|gw wath
|-
|ys gwa/sa wa
|ys/sa want
|}
Otherwise the verb is regular and uses the longer stem.

The word for `not' is '''rhen'''. It comes after the verb phrase:

'''eo su rhen''', ''`I am not'''

With verbs beginning with p, t, c, b, d, g, the nasal mutation is used on all verbs beginning with these letters when they are followed by a negative adverb:

'''Eo nghant rhen''', ''I do not sing''.

'''Gw mherddefan rhen''', ''you did not lose''.

'''Ys norfira rhen''', ''he will not sleep''.

Similar to '''rhen''' is '''nonc''', ''`never'''. In questions 'ever' is translated as '''nonc''':

'''E'gw ystad nonc ci inawant?''' ''<nowiki/>'Have you ever been here before?'''

'''No, eo su ystad nonc ci inawant''', ''No, I have never been here before.''

'''Rhen''' is also used before nouns, '''rhen llaeth''', ''`no milk'''.

`There is' or `there are' is '''sa es''':

'''Sa es yn char''', ''`There are some cars'''.

When an object follows a negative verb then the preposition '''di''' is inserted between the verb and the following noun. Literally this would be translated as 'none of':

'''Sa es rhen di yn char''', ''<nowiki/>'There aren't any cars'''

=== Numbers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|1
|yn
|6
|sei
|11
|yndig
|16
|yn e ghindig
|-
|2
|dew
|7
|seth
|12
|dewddig
|17
|dew e ghindig
|-
|3
|trui
|8
|oeth
|13
|truiddig
|18
|dewnoe
|-
|4
|cathr
|9
|noe
|14
|cathorddig
|19
|cathr e ghindig
|-
|5
|cinc
|10
|deg
|15
|kindig
|20
|gweint
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|21
|yn e weint
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|30
|deg e weint
|40
|dew weint
|-
|50
|deg e ddew weint
|60
|trui weint
|-
|70
|deg e drui weint
|80
|cathr gweint
|-
|90
|deg e gathr gweint
|100
|cent
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|1000
|mil
|1000000
|milliwn
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|0
|sero, rhen
|.
|puith
|}
Numbers precede the noun being counted. '''Yn''' causes feminine nouns to soften; '''dew''', '''trui''' and '''sei''' cause following nouns to undergo spirant mutation; other numbers come before nouns without causing mutation. When the noun following '''dew''' and '''trui''' is a feminine collective of a masculine noun (see above under nouns) then the noun undergoes soft mutation rather than spirant mutation.

Before a noun '''cinc''', '''gweint''' and '''cent''' become '''cin''', '''gwein''' and '''cen'''. The noun being counted is always singular.

Big numbers are put before nouns in two different ways:

'''yn of e ghindig''', ''sixteen men''

'''yn e ghindig di llo hof''', ''sixteen (of the) men''

Ordinal numbers exist for one to ten:
{| class="wikitable"
|1st
|prif
|6th
|seist
|-
|2nd
|segunn
|7th
|sethif
|-
|3rd
|terth
|8th
|oethif
|-
|4th
|carth
|9th
|noef
|-
|5th
|kint
|10th
|degif
|}
In shorthand these are reduced to the number and the last two letters of the ordinal spelling.

`Once, twice, three times' are made with using the cardinal number with the noun '''gweg''': '''yn weg''', '''dew weg''', '''trui weg''', '''cathr gweg'''.

==Syntax==

=== Questions ===
Questions are formed by changing the word order of the subject and the verb:

'''Gw pharolath Brithenig''', ''`You speak Brithenig'''.

'''Parola'gw Frithenig?''', ''`Do you speak Brithenig?''

Note the change in sentence order causes softening to occur on following words. Also the '''-th''' ending on the verb has been elided.

When the subject is a noun it remains before the verb but the equivilent pronoun is placed after the verb:

'''Ill car es llâ''', ''`the car is there'''

'''Ill car es-ys llâ?''', ''`is the car there?''

Brithenig has a set of question words similar to English:

'''Ki?''', ''who?''

'''Di ghi?''', ''whose?''

'''Ke?''', ''which?''

'''Ke gos?''', ''what?''

'''K'log?''', ''where?''

'''A g'log?''', ''to where?''

'''Di g'log?''', ''from where?''

'''Co?''', ''how, what kind of?''

'''Cant?''', ''how much, how many?''

'''Ke sig?''', ''how?''

'''Ke dem?''', ''when?''

'''Perch?''', ''why?''

Question words come at the beginning of sentences, except for '''di ghi''':

'''Ke gar es-o?''', ''Which car is that?''

'''Ill car di ghi es-o?''', ''Whose car is that?''

'''Co'''and '''ke''' replace the article and cause softening. Other question words which act adverbially cause following verbs to soften.

'''Ke sig?''' is used with adjectives:

'''Ke si wirdd er gwstr cum?''', ''`How green was your valley?''

In answering the word order is retained with the question word replaced:

'''Ke gos es gwstr nôn? - Rhaifun eo affell''', ''`What is your name? - I am called Ray'.''

Brithenig speakers can put the interrogative tag '''es-sa rhen''', ''isn't it?'' at the end of sentences. The tense of the verb and the number and gender of the pronoun may change, but, unlike English, the negative '''rhen''' is not dropped:

'''Gw h-affellath Padrig, es-ys rhen?''', ''Your name is Patrick, is it not?''

'''Ty fi nglafaf rhen, er-ty rhen?''', ''You didn't call me, did you?''

=== Commands ===
The most common form of making a command is to add '''-th''' to the verb; '''Gwenith per yn turn''', ''`Come for a walk'<nowiki/>''. The familiar form of the command drops the ending along with the final vowel; '''Llaes mi sulfent''', ''`Leave me alone'''.

Some imperative forms are irregular, being derived from a subjunctive tense which is no longer used in the spoken language:

'''Esser''', ''to be'', '''siath, sia''' (pronounced 'shath, sha')

'''Gwoler''', ''to wish'', '''gwolath, gwol'''

'''Afer''', ''to have'', '''aiath, ai'''

'''Saber''', ''to know'', '''seibath, seib'''

Three verbs have very curt familiar forms:

'''Diger''', ''to say'', '''digeth, dî'''

'''Duger''', ''to lead'', '''dugeth, dû'''

'''Ffager''', ''to make, to do'', '''ffageth, ffâ'''

The replacement of a blunt imperative with '''ffager''' is considered polite:

'''Ffageth (a) wenir per yn turn''', ''`Do come for a walk'''

'''Ffagewth (a) wenir per yn turn''', ''`Would you come for a walk'''

The verb '''calfar''', ''to stop, cease'' is used to mean `don't':

'''Calfath (a) wedder''', ''Don't go''.

'''Calfath (a) weisar''', ''Never mind''

'''Gwan''' from '''gweddir''', ''to go'' is used before another verb to mean `let's'. On its own it means `let's go'.

And always say: '''Se ddeg a'w''', ''Please''; and '''Greid''', ''Thank you''; and '''Sa es nyll''', ''You're welcome, it's nothing''. Brithenig speakers value courtesy and these little words will help to keep a learner in good standing every time he or she uses them.

'Mr' is '''ill maistr''', 'Mrs, Miss' is '''lla faistres'''. The article is omitted when addressing someone by name. '''maistr''' and '''maistres''' are also used for sir and madam.

==Vocabulary==
Most of Brithenig's vocabulary is distinctively Romance, even though it is disguised as Welsh. The following list of 30 words gives an impression of what Brithenig looks like in comparison to nine other Romance languages including Wenedyk, and to Welsh. The similarity of about one-quarter of the Welsh words to Brithenig words (indicated by not being bracketed) is due to their common [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] background, although a few others, such as ''ysgol'', were borrowings from Latin into Welsh.

{|class="wikitable"
|+'''Brithenig compared with Romance and Welsh'''
! English !! '''Brithenig''' !! Latin !! Portuguese !! Galician !! Spanish !! Catalan !! Occitan !! French !! Italian !! Rhaeto-Romance !! Friulian !! Romanian !! [[w:Wenedyk|Wenedyk]] !! Welsh
|-
| '''arm''' || '''breich''' || brachium || braço || brazo || brazo || braç || braç || bras || braccio || bratsch || braç || braţ || brocz || braich
|-
| '''black''' || '''nîr''' || nĭger, nĭgrum || negro || negro || negro || negre || negre || noir || nero || nair || neri || negru || niegry || (du)
|-
| '''city, town''' || '''ciwdad''' || cīvĭtās, cīvĭtātem || cidade || cidade || ciudad || ciutat || ciutat || cité || città || citad || citât || ''oraş'', cetate || czytać || (dinas)
|-
| '''death''' || '''morth''' || mŏrs, mŏrtem || morte || morte || muerte || mort || mòrt || mort || morte || mort || muart || moarte || mroć || (marwolaeth)
|-
| '''dog''' || '''can''' || canis || cão, ''cachorro'' || can || ''perro'', can || ''gos'', ca || ''gos'', can || chien || cane || chaun || cjan || câine || kań || (ci)
|-
| '''ear''' || '''origl''' || ''auris'', aurĭcŭla || orelha || orella || oreja || orella || aurelha ||oreille || orecchio || ureglia || orele || ureche || urzykła || (clust)
|-
| '''egg''' || '''ew''' || ovum || ovo || ovo || huevo || ou || uòu || œuf || uovo || ov || ûf || ou || ów || wy
|-
| '''eye''' || '''ogl''' || ŏcŭlus || olho || ollo || ojo || ull || uèlh || œil || occhio || egl || voli || ochi || okieł || (llygad)
|-
| '''father''' || '''padr''' || pater, patrem || pai || pai || padre || pare || paire || père || padre || ''bab'' || pari || ''tată'' || poterz || (tad)
|-
| '''fire''' || '''ffog''' || ''ignis'', fŏcus || fogo || ''lume'', fogo || fuego || foc || fuòc || feu || fuoco || fieu || fûc || foc || fok || (tân)
|-
| '''fish''' || '''pisc''' || pĭscis || peixe || peixe || pez, pescado || peix || peis || poisson || pesce || pesch || pes || peşte || pieszcz || pysgodyn
|-
| '''foot''' || '''pedd''' || pĕs, pĕdem || pé || pé || pie || peu || pè || pied || piede || pe || pît || picior || piedź || (troed)
|-
| '''friend''' || '''efig''' || amīcus || amigo || amigo || amigo || amic || amic || ami || amico || ami || amì || amic || omik || (cyfaill)
|-
| '''green''' || '''gwirdd''' || vĭrĭdis || verde || verde || verde || verd || verd || vert || verde || verd || vert || verde || wierdzi || gwyrdd
|-
| '''horse''' || '''cafall''' || ''ĕquus'', cabăllus || cavalo || cabalo || caballo || cavall || caval || cheval || cavallo || chaval || cjaval || cal || kawał || ceffyl
|-
| '''I''' || '''eo''' || ĕgo || eu || eu || yo || jo || ieu || je || io || jau || jo || eu || jo || (mi)
|-
| '''island''' || '''ysl''' || īnsŭla || ilha || illa || isla || illa || iscla || île || isola || insla || isule || insulă || izła || (ynys)
|-
| '''language, tongue''' || '''llinghedig, llingw''' || lĭngua || língua || lingua || lengua || llengua || lenga || langue || lingua || linguatg, lieunga || lenghe || limbă || lęgwa || (iaith)
|-
| '''life''' || '''gwid''' || vīta || vida || vida || vida || vida || vida || vie || vita || vita || vite || viaţă || wita || (bywyd)
|-
| '''milk''' || '''llaeth''' || lac, lactis || leite || leite || leche || llet || lach || lait || latte || latg || lat || lapte || łoc || llaeth
|-
| '''name''' || '''nôn''' || nōmen || nome || nome || nombre || nom || nom || nom || nome || num || non || nume || numię || (enw)
|-
| '''night''' || '''noeth''' || nŏx, nŏctem || noite || noite || noche || nit || nuèch || nuit || notte || notg || gnot || noapte || noc || (nos)
|-
| '''old''' || '''gwegl''' || ''vĕtus'', vĕtŭlus || velho || vello || viejo || vell || vièlh || vieux || vecchio || vegl || vieli || vechi || wiekły || (hen)
|-
| '''school''' || '''yscol''' || schŏla || escola || escola || escuela || escola || escòla || école || scuola || scola || scuele || şcoală || szkoła || ysgol
|-
| '''sky''' || '''cel''' || caelum || céu || ceo || cielo || cel || cèl || ciel || cielo || tschiel || cîl || cer || czał || (awyr)
|-
| '''star''' || '''ystuil''' || stēlla || estrela || estrela || estrella || estel || estela || étoile || stella || staila || stele || stea || ścioła ||(seren)
|-
| '''tooth''' || '''dent''' || dēns, dĕntem || dente || dente || diente || dent || dent || dent || dente || dent || dint || dinte || dzięć || dant
|-
| '''voice''' || '''gwg''' || vōx, vōcem || voz || voz || voz || veu || votz || voix || voce || vusch || vôs || voce || wucz || (llais)
|-
| '''water''' || '''ag''' || aqua || água || auga || agua || aigua || aiga || eau || acqua || aua || aghe || apă || jekwa || (dŵr)
|-
| '''wind''' || '''gwent''' || vĕntus || vento || vento || viento || vent || vent || vent || vento || vent || vint || vânt || więt || gwynt
|}

==Sample texts==
=== [[Literature:The Lord's prayer|The Lord's Prayer]] ===
:Nustr Padr, ke sia i llo gel:
:sia senghid tew nôn:
:gwein tew rheon:
:sia ffaeth tew wolont,
:syrs lla der sig i llo gel.
:Dun nustr pan diwrnal a nu h-eidd;
:e pharddun llo nustr phechad a nu,
:si nu pharddunan llo nustr phechadur.
:E ngheidd rhen di nu in ill temp di drial,
:mai llifr nu di'll mal.
:Per ill rheon, ill cofaeth e lla leir es ill tew,
:per segl e segl. Amen.

=== The Tower of Babel, Genesis 11:1-9 ===
:(''This is a very early text, and hasn't been revised.'')

{|
|-
| Agur ill mun inteir afew yn llinghedig e yn cant comyn. Sig ill pobl sumodefant di'll llewent, ys ligarent yn lluin in Senar e llâ si ysteblirent.

Ys ddisirent a sew alltr, "Gwath, gwan a ffager yn fric e gogher llo hinteirfent." Ys hýsafant llo fric in ill llog di'll pedr, e yn aerell per ill kelchin. Affos ys ddisirent, "Gwath, gwan a eddiffigar yn giwdad per nu, cun yn tyr ke dang a llo chel, ke nu ffagen yn nôn per nu e sun ysparied rhen syrs feig lla der inteir."

Mai ill Dôn gwenif a fas a widder lla giwdad e'll tyr ke'll pobl eddiffigafant. Ill Dôn dis, "Ech, alltresig yn pobl ke barol ill llinghedig medissif, ys hyst ant cýnidiad a ffager. Agur sa sera negarad rhen a llo ke ys phrofarewnt a ffager. Gwath, gwan a fas a ystyrddir sew linghedig sig ys nhomprênerewnt rhen sew alltr."

Sig ill Dôn llo hyspariaf di llâ syrs lla der inteir, e ys chalfarent a eddiffigar lla giwdad. A es perch sa affell Babel -- perch llâ ill Dôn ystyrdd llinghedig ill mun inteir. Di llâ ill Dôn llo hyspariaf syrs ffeig lla der inteir.
|| ''Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. As the people moved from the east, they found a plain in Sennar and there established themselves.''

''They said to each other, "Come, let us make bricks and cook them thoroughly." They used bricks for stone, and clay for mortar. Then they said, "Come, let us build a city for ourselves, with a tower that touches the heavens, that we make a name for ourselves and are not scattered over the face of the entire land."''

''But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower that the people were building. The Lord said, "See, just as a people who speak the same language, they have begun to do this. Now it will not be denied to them that they would try to do. Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other.''

''So the Lord scattered them from there over the entire land, and they stopped building the city. That is why it is called Babel -- because there the Lord confused the language of the entire world. From there the Lord scattered them over the face of the entire land.''
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* "URUK: The construction of multilingualism in an electronic knowledge management tool". Geolinguistics. American Society of Geolinguistics. 25–26: 255. 1999. ISSN 0190-4671.
* [http://interkom.vecnost.cz/pdf/ik200803cl.pdf Havliš, Jan (March 2008). "Výlet do Conlangey"] (PDF). Interkom (in Czech). 243: 17–21.
* Frawley, William J., ed. (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 154.
* Parkvall, Mikael (2008). Limits of Language: Almost Everything You Didn't Know You Didn't Know about Language and Languages. Wilsonville: Battlebridge Publications. pp. 91–93, 131. OCLC 70894631.

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |title=The Page of Brithenig |last=Smith |first=Andrew |date=23 December 2007 |website=Andrew's Homepage |location=Dunedin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529072556/http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |archive-date=2009-05-29 |access-date=2015-09-07 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.bethisad.com/ |title=Ill Bethisad |website=bethisad.com |last=Brown |first=Padraic |access-date=2015-09-07|display-authors=etal}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |title=Romance glossary |last=Fröhlich |first=Werner |website=geonames.de |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605163536/http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |archive-date=2008-06-05 |url-status=dead }}

[[Category:Brithenig]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Category:Romance]]

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2020-12-10T14:06:40Z

Ioscius:

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an artlang created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genetive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure locative
*as a [[#Postpositions|postpositional]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

With other phonemes at the end, for instance:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (idiomatically, dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2020-10-16T10:04:32Z

Ioscius: /* Conditionals */

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an artlang created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]. The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genetive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure locative
*as a [[#Postpositions|postpositional]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

With other phonemes at the end, for instance:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (idiomatically, dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2020-03-21T22:05:27Z

Ioscius:

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an artlang created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]. The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genetive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure locative
*as a [[#Postpositions|postpositional]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

With other phonemes at the end, for instance:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (idiomatically, dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam ǧú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2020-03-21T21:54:35Z

Ioscius:

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an artlang created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ğ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ğ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ğ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]. The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genetive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure locative
*as a [[#Postpositions|postpositional]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

With other phonemes at the end, for instance:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (idiomatically, dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gağarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ğ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ğ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xğ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúğ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úğ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzğu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ğú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam gú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ğú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goğówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2020-03-21T21:46:54Z

Ioscius:

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an artlang created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ǧ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ǧ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ǧ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]. The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genetive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure locative
*as a [[#Postpositions|postpositional]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

With other phonemes at the end, for instance:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (idiomatically, dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gaǧarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ǧ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ǧ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xǧ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúǧ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úǧ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzǧu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ǧú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam gú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ǧú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goǧówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Rówok

2020-03-15T00:03:55Z

Ioscius: /* Idioms */

[[File:Вечер на Помяненном камне.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset over desolate winters of the Urals.]]

{{Infobox language
|name = Rówok
|nativename = Rówok
|pronunciation = [ro:wok]
|creator = [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]]
|created = 2017
|setting = Vaguely undefined pre-industrial period, thought to be around 1250 CE.
|region = The western hills of the Ural mountain range
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = ~10,000
|date = ~1250
|familycolor = #F2DC77
|fam1 = Proto-Ruk
|fam2 = Ruk
|fam3 = ?
|ancestor = Ruk
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script = Extended Latin for south Slavic plus '''<ŧ>''' for '''/θ/''' and '''<ř>''' for '''/r̝/'''. Also, unlike Slavic, '''<đ>''' is used for '''/ð/'''. For more see [[#Orthography|orthography]].
|agency = Intertribal agreement
}}

:Nota bene, care lector, this is a work in progress

'''Rówok''' is an artlang created by [[User:Ioscius|Ioscius]].

It is the only known daughter language of the as yet presumed language isolate [[Ruk]].

==Introduction==
===Setting===
[[File:Dogsled, Four Mile Road.jpg|thumb|right|237px|A typical day for a Rówok speaker.]]

Spoken by a rather reclusive community that lived high in the preindustrial Ural range, Ruk was an extremely isolating language, with largely monosyllabic words and next to no inflection of any sort. Rówok on the other hand is morphologically complex. This is the result of the Ruk speakers, after centuries of living mostly on their own, having underwent a period of dispersion and travel through lands inhabited by Finnic and Slavic speakers. This resulted in both a cultural explosion and a rapid evolution of the language, as affected by analogy with speakers picking up the languages of the peoples they mingled with.

Armed with new knowledge and now speaking a radically altered language, the nation moved back up to the hills, and Rówok represents a stage of the language's evolution in about the 3rd generation of leveling after their return to the homeland. It is mostly stable, but there are some forms still competing for widespread acceptance (cf., e.g., [[#Copula|copula]], [[#Partitive|partitive]]).

Rówok speakers live in a mountainous, forest environment with snow-cover nearly year round, with just a tiny bit of summer of which to speak. They are intimately dependent and symbiotic with their dogs, and there are thus many, many semantic elements of or relating to canines and canine/human interaction, not to mention a huge amount of idioms containing references to dogs. Lastly they are extremely mathematically, if not technically, advanced and utterly areligious.

===Design goals===
The main motive behind creating Rówok was to explore [[#Agency|patient and agent]] relationships, and to employ and self-indulgently tweak and torture a complex and fully productive [[#Middle voice|middle voice]] system.

Other motivating considerations were:
* trying a set of uniform [[#Ratio casuum|case endings]] (barring vowel harmony and allophony) instead of the typical IE several declension patterns, so that all the case endings are recognizable throughout all grammatical [[#Number|numbers]]
* a vague attempt at trying [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] in a conlang
* blurring the lines between [[#Adjectives|adjective]]/[[#Nouns|substantive]]/[[#Verbs|verb]], so the same [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] can easily be used in any of those categories
**as an extension of the previous point an implicitly extensive [[#Participles|participial]] system
*using primarily consonantal [[#Roots and principal parts|roots]] (started out trying for triliterals, but quickly adapted to allow quadriliteral)
*having primarily imperfect/perfect [[#Aspect|aspect]] instead of [[#Tense|tense]], as reflected in the vowel structure of the aforementioned roots
* having a strict and productive [[#Dual|dual]] in all applicable grammatical categories

===Inspiration===
[[File:Urals regions map.svg|thumb|right|239px|The rough territory in which Rówok speakers are mobile.]]

Rówok’s creator placed the speech community where he did, wanting to steal liberally from both Uralic and Slavic semantics and grammar without having to justify himself to anyone. The community is surrounded by speakers (in order of clockwise north to west) of medieval forms of Nenets, Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Russian, Estonian, and Finnish.

You could say the natlangs that had the greatest impact on the author’s aesthetics and inspirations were Latin, Ancient Greek, Pan-Slavic, Finnish and Sami, just a tiny bit of Basque, and enormous inspiration from the author’s absolute favorite, simply darling language that he’s never learned, Guarani.

==Phonology==
Rówok's phonology is fairly conservative, a result primarily of the author's desire to be able to actually speak it.

All of the sounds are found in English, save for /ɮ/ and /r̝/.

Notable absences from the phonology are /f/ and /h/, especially given that /p/, /b/, /v/, and /g/ and /k/ all exist.

===Orthography===
Rówok is written using largely the Latin alphabet as extended for South Slavic. There is also <ř> to indicate the same sound as in its inspiration in [[:w:Czech language|Czech]], namely /r̝/.

Four letters are used perhaps unconventionally, namely <ŧ> for the voiceless interdental fricative /θ/, and <đ> for the voiced interdental fricative /ð/, instead of for /dʒ/ as is usual in South Slavic. The sound /dʒ/ is represented rather by <ğ>. Lastly, <ƚ> (honestly depending on the keyboard <ł> is sometimes used for the same phoneme) is used to represent /ɮ/.

That gives us in Latin order:

'''a b č d đ e g ğ i k l ƚ m n o p r ř s š t ŧ u v w y z ž'''

See the alphabet grouped by feature in the tables below.

===Consonants===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| '''p''' /p/
| '''b''' /b/
|
|
| '''t''' /t/
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''k''' /k/
| '''g''' /g/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| '''m''' /m/
|
|
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
| '''ğ''' /dʒ/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' /v/
|
| '''ƚ''' /ɮ/
| '''ŧ''' /θ/
| '''đ''' /ð/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''z''' /z/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''ž''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
| '''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|long}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|front}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|central}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|back}}
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+y, /j/}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|+w, /w/}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|close}}
| '''iy''' /ɪi̯/
| '''iw''' /ɪʊ̯/
|
|
| '''uy''' /uɪ̯/
| XX XX
|-
! style="" |{{sc|mid}}
| '''ey''' /eɪ̯/
| '''ew''' /eʊ̯/
|
|
| '''oy''' /oɪ̯/
| '''ow''' /oʊ̯/
|-
! style="" |{{sc|open}}
|
|
| '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
| '''aw''' /aʊ̯/
|
|
|}

===Word structure===
[[#Roots and principal parts|Roots]] in Rówok are predominantly triliteral and quadriliteral, with /a/ being the only vowel that can occur either initially in a root, or medially.

All roots have an underlying "theme vowel" for lack of a better term in the author's attempt at [[#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], either /a/ or /o/, which shift to /e/ and /u/ in perfect verbal stems and many nouns derived from verbal stems.

Roots with /w/ in any non-initial position have some stems where /w/ is reduced to [u]. Roots with /y/ in any non-final position also have some stems with a reflex of [i]. Nota bene: roots with initial /w/ are anything goes as far as theme vowels; this is the only word type whose vowel structure isn’t deducible from the form of the root and just need to be learned.

The rules are simple for the majority of other stems, and are as follows:

====Triliteral roots====
#If /a/ appears in the root (by law only initially or medially), the theme vowel is automatically /a/.
#If the root is tri-consonantal and does not contain /w/, the theme vowel is also /a/.
##As a note, roots with medial /a/ are almost exclusively (specific) plants, and thus lack verbal roots, and thus have only two principal parts: nom/erg/voc, and oblique.
#If /w/ appears medially or finally in a root, the theme vowel is /o/.

#'''ayt-''', "(to) run"; '''ayt-, yát, yáta, ayáta, ayat-, yatá'''
#'''tnk''', "(to) fly"; '''tank-, tank, tánka, tának, tanak-, tanká'''
#'''rwk''', "tongue, to speak"; '''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú'''

====Quadriliteral roots====
Quadriliteral roots are always consonantal and take 4 forms. In the examples below the parentheses indicate that the group remains a cluster in extended stems:

#'''(C*X)CC''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, or /w/
#'''C(XC)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /g/, /k/, /y/, or /w/
#'''C(CX)C''', where X can be /r/, /l/, /y/, or /w/
#'''CC(XC*)''', where C* can only be /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /z/ and /s/, and X can be /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/, or /w/

#'''pwzn-''', "non-potable water, to make sick", '''''pw''ozn-, ''pw''ózno, ''pú''zun, ''pw''ózon-, ''pw''ozn-, ''pu''znú'''
#'''wktr-''', "brawny, strong, strength, to fortify", '''wo''kt''r-, wó''kt''ro, wú''kt''ur, wó''kt''or, ow''kt''r-, wu''kt''rú'''
# '''ndry-''', "fox, to be clever/outfox", '''na''dr''y-, ná''dr''ay, an''dr''áya, na''dr''áya, an''dr''y-, na''dr''yá'''
#

Type 1 and 3, like in triliteral roots, easily reveal their theme vowel, while types 2 and 4 have some o-themed stems that do not have /w/ in them, mostly in roots where X is /n/ or /m/.

====Phonotactics====


====Vowel harmony====
:For more info cf. [[#Aspect|aspect]].

Nominals and verbals in Rówok show very simple vowel harmony with predictable ablaut. As explained above, in short all nominals and verbals have exclusively one possible vowel of [a], [e], [o], or [u], plus perhaps [i].

As explained in the section on [[#Aspect|aspect]], words that have primary vowel structure based on /a/ show ablaut phenomena to /e/, while words based on /o/ ablaut to /u/.

Examples
:Participles
*'''rokónok''' ("to speak", nominative, singular, passive, ''imperfect'' [[#Participles|participle]]) => '''rukúnuk''' (nom, sing, pass, ''perfect'' participle)
*'''yáŧkay''' ("to run", nom, sing, middle, ''future'' participle) => '''yéŧkey''' (nom, sing, middle, ''future perfect'' participle)

====Consonant harmony====
There is also significant consonant harmony in Rówok, in which consonants on the borders of roots and morphemes for [[Derivational morphology|derivational morphology]] often affect one another in terms of voicing or (af)fricativization. See the section on [[#Morphophonology|morphophonology]] below.

===Prosody===
Prosody is not unlike something you'd hear in the South Slavic languages. It is not particularly singsongy, and a lot of consonant clusters perhaps give Rówok a a bit of a rough sound. Nonetheless, there is a lot of epenthesis, augment, and other interesting vocalic patterns that nonetheless give the language an aesthetic flow and lends itself to mellifluous constructions, even if they might not be a characteristic of common speech.

====Stress====
Every word has a primary stress accent, which tends toward the penult or antepenult, and the language is stabilizing to a system like the Latin one, just that the length of the syllable determining the penult or antepenult is based almost solely on position, as there are very few phonemic long vowels in Rówok, and the ones that do exist are either in [[#Adverbial stem|adverbs]] or the nominal plural marker '''-ín-'''.

After the primary stress in tri- and more-syllabic words all successive vowels are reduced to schwa, '''but not in disyllabic words''' (cf. '''''rówok''''' /ro:wok/, but '''''razánka''''' /raza:nkə/).

====Intonation====

===Morphophonology===
Several morphological elements in Rówok trigger sandhi effects both to the left and right or either.

The main triggers are:
*[[#Case morphophonology|Case endings]]
*[[#Diminutive morphophonology|Diminutives]]
*The marker for the [[#Middle voice morphophonology|middle voice]]

==Roots and principal parts==

Dictionary entries are listed with principal parts in the following order:

*'''lemma''' - definition; '''finite verbal stem'''-, '''participial stem''' (de facto the nom/erg singular imperfect active participle), '''vocative stem'''+, '''ergative form''', '''oblique stem'''-, '''adverbial form'''
:+The similative and partitive cases are also based on the vocative stem, as well as adjectives.

As explained above in the [[#Phonology|phonology section]], verbal stems tend to group in (C)VCC and participial stems in (C)V(C)C; ergative stems tend to be CVCVC, and oblique nominal stems CCVC if allowed by [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Unstressed epenthetics are inserted where needed, giving possible ^VCC(C/V) instead of expected CC(C/V), or CVCVC instead of expected CCVC.

===Stems===
Here is a presentation of the form and use of the 6 stems in Rówok, using the following two roots as illustration, ''drb-'', "fall", and ''rwk-'', "speech":

:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

====Finite verbal stem====
:'''''darb-''', dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:'''''rowk-''', rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The finite verbal stem is characterized by consonant clusters grouped on the right side of the root's vowel structure.

It is used, well, to form finite [[#Verbs|verbs]].

====Participial stem====
:''darb-, '''dŕb''', dŕba, dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, '''rók''', rúk, rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The participial stem is the de facto [[#Ergative|ergative]] [[#Number|singular]] [[#Aspect|imperfect]] [[#Voice|active]] form of the [[#Participles|participle]].

====Vocative stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, '''dŕba''', dárab, drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, '''rúk''', rówok, orwok-, rukú''

The vocative stem is perhaps a misnomer, as it is used to form not only the [[#Vocative|vocative]] case, but also the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]] cases, as well as to form many [[#Compound words|compounds]].

====Ergative form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, '''dárab''', drab-, darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, '''rówok''', orwok-, rukú''

The ergative form is characterized by a fully extended CVCVC or VCVC(V) structure.

It is used to form the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case.

====Oblique stem====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, '''drab-''', darbá''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, '''orwok-''', rukú''

The oblique stem is usually monosyllabic, characterized by the grouping of consonant clusters to the left of the word's vowel structure. When [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] do not allow for an initial consonant cluster, vowels are added epenthetically either before the initial vowel in the case of liquids and nasals, or between the first two consonants in the case of all other sounds.

The oblique stem is used for the following:
*as the stem of which all the oblique [[#Ratio casuum|cases]] are formed, except the [[#Partitive|partitive]] and [[#Similative|similative]]

====Adverbial form====
:''darb-, dŕb, dŕba, dárab, drab-, '''darbá'''''
:''rowk-, rók, rúk, rówok, orwok-, '''rukú'''''

The adverbial form has no inflection. It us used in several different ways:

*as a simple adverb
*following an animate noun in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] or inanimate noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] it functions as an [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
*following a noun in the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]] it functions like a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]
*governing a noun in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] to indicate something like a unit of measurement

For more cf. [[#Copula|copula]].

===Examples===

====A-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|a-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|initial a-}}
| '''{{sc|azl}}''' || "life" || '''azl-''' || '''zal''' || '''zála''' || '''azála''' || '''azala-''' || '''zalá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ayt}}''' || "run" || '''ayt-''' || '''yat''' || '''yáta''' || '''ayáta''' || '''ayata-''' || '''yatá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|akb}}''' || "count" || '''akb-''' || '''kab''' || '''kába''' || '''akába''' || '''akaba-''' || '''kabá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|triconsonant}}
| '''{{sc|bgs}}''' || "negotiate" || '''bags-''' || '''bágs''' || '''bágsa''' || '''bágas''' || '''bagas-''' || '''bagsá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zpt}}''' || "close" || '''zapt-''' || '''zápt''' || '''zápta''' || '''zápat''' || '''zapat-''' || '''zaptá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|tnk}}''' || "fly" || '''tank-''' || '''tánk''' || '''tánka''' || '''tának''' || '''tanak-''' || '''tanká'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|rnb}}''' || "waterfall" || '''ranb-''' || '''ránba''' || '''árnaba''' || '''ránab''' || '''arnba-''' || '''ranbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lsy}}''' || "pair" || '''lasy-''' || '''lásya''' || '''álsi''' || '''lásay''' || '''alsya-''' || '''lasyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|drb}}''' || "fall" || '''darb-''' || '''dŕb''' || '''dŕba''' || '''dárab''' || '''dráb-''' || '''darbá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|bls}}''' || "snow" || '''bals-''' || '''bĺs''' || '''bĺsa''' || '''bálas''' || '''blás-''' || '''balsá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final liquid}}
| '''{{sc|knr}}''' || "tree" || '''kanr-''' || '''kánra''' || '''knára''' || '''kanár''' || '''knar-''' || '''kanrá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|stl}}''' || "ice" || '''satl-''' || '''sátla''' || '''stála''' || '''sátal''' || '''stl-''' || '''satlá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial y-}}
| '''{{sc|ygn}}''' || "care/adore" || '''yagn-''' || '''ígan''' || '''igána''' || '''yágan''' || '''igna-''' || '''yagná'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ypr}}''' || "give" || '''yapr-''' || '''ípar''' || '''ipára''' || '''yápar''' || '''ipra-''' || '''yaprá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|dym}}''' || "shine" || '''daym-''' || '''dím''' || '''díma''' || '''dáyam''' || '''dyamá-''' || '''dimá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ryz}}''' || "seed" || '''rayz-''' || '''ríz''' || '''ríza''' || '''ráyaz''' || '''ryazá-''' || '''rizá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|final -y}}
| '''{{sc|gry}}''' || "youth" || '''gary-''' || '''gári/y-''' || '''gári''' || '''gáraya''' || '''graya-''' || '''garyá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|ndy}}''' || "lynx/stealthy" || '''nady-''' || '''nádi/y-''' || '''ándi''' || '''ándaya''' || '''andya-''' || '''nadyá'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|ddz}}''' || "mischief" || '''dadz-''' || '''dádz''' || '''dádza''' || '''dádaz''' || '''đaz-''' || '''dadzá'''
|-
| '''{{sc|pps}}''' || "imitate" || '''paps-''' || '''páps''' || '''pápsa''' || '''pápas''' || '''pas-''' || '''papsá'''
|-
|| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
|}

Examples, starting with theme vowel [a]:

medial /a/:
*'''pan''' - moss; pan, pna-

Triconsonantal roots with no /w/ and those with medial /w/ are the easiest. Both are very regular in their pattern.

With medial liquid:
*'''srn''' - claw; sarn-, srn, srna, sáran, srán-, sarná
*'''drb''' - fall/to fall/fallen; darb-, drb, drba, dárab, dráb-, darbá
*'''bls''' - snow; bals-, bls, blsa, bálas, blás-, balsá

non-liquid medial:
*'''bgs''' - bags-, bags, bágsa, bágas, bagás-+, bagsá
*'''zpt''' - zapt-, zapt, zápta, zápat, zpát-+, zaptá
:+If the cluster is not allowed initially, like [bg], epenthetic /a/ is inserted. Further, /zp/ is definitely going to be realized as [zb]
*'''ddz''' - idle mischief/fiddling/to idle about; dadz-, dadz, dádza, dádaz, đaz-+, dadzá
:+if a reduplicated letter can fricativize/affricatize, it will in the oblique nominal stem
*'''pps''' - imitation/to fake/artificial; paps-, paps, pápsa, pápas, pas-+, papsá
:+if the reduplicated consonant cannot fricativize, it reduces so ppas=>pas (since /f/ is lacking in the inventory).

There are variations if the initial or medial consonant is /y/, where /y/=>/i/:
*'''dym''' - light/shine/bright; daym-, dim, díma, dáyam, dyamá-, dimá
*'''ryz''' - seed/to plant/incipient; rayz-, riz, ríza, ráyaz, ryazá-, rizá
*'''ygn''' - a cared for object/to rear/lovingly; yágn-, ígan, igána, yágan, igná-, yagná

Roots with initial /a/:
*'''azl''' - life; ázl-, zal, zála, azála, azalá-, zalá
*'''ayt''' - run; áyt-, yat, yáta, ayáta, ayatá-, yatá
*'''akb''' - count; ákb-, kab, kába, akába, akabá-, kabá

====O-stems====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="9"|{{sc|o-stems}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|root}}||{{sc|meaning}}||[[#Finite verbal stem|{{sc|verb}}]]||[[#Participial stem|{{sc|participial}}]]||[[#Vocative stem|{{sc|vocative}}]]||[[#Ergative form|{{sc|ergative}}]]||[[#Oblique stem|{{sc|oblique}}]]||[[#Adverbial form|{{sc|adverb}}]]
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|medial -w-}}
| '''{{sc|pwt}}''' || "clear(ing)" || '''powt-''' || '''pót''' || '''pút''' || '''pówot''' || '''pwot-''' || '''putú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|mwk}}''' || "dog" || '''mowk-''' || '''mók''' || '''múk''' || '''mówok''' || '''mwok-''' || '''mukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|rwk}}''' || "tongue" || '''rowk-''' || '''rók''' || '''rúk''' || '''rówok''' || '''orwok-''' || '''rukú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|final -w}}
| '''{{sc|gdw}}''' || "tool" || '''godw-''' || '''gódo''' || '''gódo/godw-''' || '''gódow''' || '''ogdw-''' || '''gudú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|nkw}}''' || "destination" || '''nokw-''' || '''nóko''' || '''nóko/nokw-''' || '''nókow''' || '''onkw-''' || '''nukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|lsw}}''' || "rain" || '''lósw-''' || '''ólso''' || '''lóso/losw-''' || '''lósow''' || '''olsw-''' || '''lusú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial liquid}}
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|initial -y}}
| '''{{sc|ybw}}''' || "(still) water" || '''yóbw-''' || '''íbow''' || '''íbo/ibw-''' || '''yóbow''' || '''ibwó-''' || '''ibú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|}}''' || "" || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || '''''' || ''''''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|medial -y-}}
| '''{{sc|zyw}}''' || "belly" || '''zóyw-''' || '''ziw''' || '''zyó/ziw-''' || '''zóyow''' || '''zyowó-''' || '''ziwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|lyw}}''' || "double" || '''lóyw-''' || '''liw''' || '''ólyo/liw-''' || '''lóyow''' || '''olyowó-''' || '''liwú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|reduplicated}}
| '''{{sc|wwk}}''' || "time" || '''wok-''' || '''wók''' || '''wúk''' || '''wówok''' || '''owk-''' || '''wukú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|wwl}}''' || "howl" || '''wol-''' || '''wól''' || '''wúl''' || '''wówol''' || '''owl-''' || '''wulú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|zww}}''' || "blood" || '''zow-''' || '''zów''' || '''zúw''' || '''zówow''' || '''zwo-''' || '''zuwú'''
|-
|
|-
|}

Now examples where /o/ is the theme vowel, starting with medial /w/:
*'''pwt''' - clearing/to clear/deobstructed; powt-, pot, put, pówot, pwót-, putú
*'''rwk''' - tongue/speak/of or relating to tongue or speech/language; rowk-, rok, ruk, rówok, orwók-, rukú+
:+as a semantic tidbit, Rukú is how you would say "in Rowok", as opposed to rwógdo (tongue.inst) "(doing something) with your tongue", and Ruk is the name of Rowok's protolanguage.

final /w/:
*'''gdw''' - tool/to fashion/skillful; gódw-, gdo, gódu/gódw-+, gódow, gdów-, godú
:+In roots with final /w/ the vocative is CóCu, while the similative and partitive are built off of CoCw
*'''lsw''' - running water/flow/fluent; lósw-, ólso, lósu/losw-, lósow, olswó-+, losú
:+A similar variation as above when a final /w/ root begins with /y/:
*'''ybw''' - still water; yóbw-, íbow, íbu, yóbow, ibwó-, ibú

Cw/r/lCC:
*'''p(w)zn''' - non potable water, to flow destructively, to pollute; powzn-, pozn, pwózno, powózon, pzón-, puznú
*'''brds''' - to lie, fib, in the middle to bullshit; bards-, bards, brádsa, barádas-, brdás-, bradsá

The occasional initial /w/, some a-stems, some o-stems, lots of /u/ even in imperfect stems and even in words that otherwise have /a/ as their theme vowel:
*'''wst''' - sky; wásta-, wast, ústa, awásata, áwsat-, ustá
*'''wkd''' - kill; úkdo-, úkod, úkud, wókod, úkod-, kudú

==Nouns==
:''See [[#Declension tables|here]] for '''declension tables'''''.

Nouns in Rówok are declined for the following:

*case
*number

The case system is powerful and in and of itself conveys a lot of meanings expressed by prepositional phrases in other languages, but nonetheless nouns can be followed by a number of [[#Postpositions|postpositions]], each governing a given case, or two cases in c
The event of split [[#Telicity|telicity]].

For more cf. [[#Participles|participles]].

===Nominal number===
Nouns and [[#Participles|participles]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*dual
*plural

The dual infix is '''-l-''', '''-il-''', or '''-li-'''.

The plural infix is '''-in-'''.

===Ratio casuum===
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Syntactic words were postpositively added after semantic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form.

It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]].

The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives]]. The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following:

#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part'''
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one"
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch"
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''ryz''', "seed"
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''ypr''', "gift"
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination"
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool"

====Vocative====
The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. The name ''vocative'' itself might be a misnomer, given that it can also serve as a '''nominative/absolutive''' for inanimate subjects of [[#Stative|stative or low valency verbs]].

It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure vocative
*as a subject for [[#Animacy|inanimates]] intransitive, stative, or copular constructions

The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]], as well as for the base of the [[#Similative|similative]] and [[#Partitive|partitive]] cases.

====Ergative====
The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]].

It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure.

It is used in the following ways:
*as the subject of an active transitive or the animate subject of an intransitive verb
*as the animate subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]]
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]])

====Similative====
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity".

Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure similative
*as a [[#Comparison|comparative]] or as the referent in comparative and superlative constructions

====Partitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch".

Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem.

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure partitive
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''.

So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''múksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''.

:Cf. [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]].

====Genitive====
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

The '''genetive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''ryz''', "seed".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb

=====Benefactive=====
The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative
*as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor"
*as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of"
*as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive verb, e.g. '''''dáyma''''', "it shines", so whatever the light '''shines on'''

====Telic====
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]].

The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination".

It is used in the following ways:
*as the direct object of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action
*as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s)
*as the subject of a passive verb
*as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion

====Locatives====
The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place".

It is used in the following way:
*as a pure locative
*as a [[#Postpositions|postpositional]]

Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]].

[[File:My little white dog Bella playing in the snow.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''žbi mówok''''' - the dog is in the snow]]
[[File:Dog park husky.jpg|thumb|right|247px|'''balá''špi mówok''''' - the dog is on the snow]]

Examples:

- root '''bls''', "snow":

:1) '''balá''žbi'' álđyawan'''
:snow.'''INE''' play.3pl.imperf.mid
:they are playing '''in''' the snow

:2) '''balá''špi'' áytyawan'''
:snow.'''SUPE''' run.3pl.imperf.act
:they are running '''on/along''' the snow

With other phonemes at the end, for instance:

- root '''mwk''', "dog", => plural: '''mowokín'''

:3) '''mwokí''mbi'' korowín'''
:dog.pl.'''INE''' worms
:there are worms '''in''' dogs (idiomatically, dogs have worms)

:4) '''mwokí''npi'' sarabín'''
:dog.pl.'''SUPE''' fleas
:there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas)

====Instrumental/(a)comitative====
The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool".

It is used in the following ways:
*as a pure instrumental and comitative
*as a pure caritive and acomitative
*as what would seem logical as the direct object of some middle verbs, such as '''play'''
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]]

Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''.

===Nominal derivation===
There are many nominal endings used in '''word formation'''. Almost all nominal derivatives are attached to the end of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. Derived words do not have a separate vocative or oblique stem.

They can be broken up into [[#Productive derivatives|productive]] and [[#Non-productive derivatives|non-productive]] derivatives:

====Productive derivatives====
[[File:Mist over the Eramosa River - Guelph, Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|''itolibóypi ražgáyža'', a mist over a confluence of two streams.]]

*'''-bXy-''', used to indicate the '''place''' where something takes place
**'''''itóliboy''''', "the confluence of two rivers" (itó.li.boy, river(voc stem).dual marker.nominal derivative meaning "place of")
*'''-gXyzX-''', used primarily to mean the '''essence''' of something, but with many other extensions, including color and visual state, especially in the diminutive
**'''''ražgáyža''''', "a smoky haze" (the essence of the diminutive of the root '''arz-''', "smoke"), in the [[#Similative|similative]] it can mean "the color of smoke/grey", in the kitchen it can mean smoke flavor/liquid smoke; '''''sotogóyzo''''', "the essence of a lake, ergo tranquility", in the diminutive '''''soŧogóyžo''''', "reflectiveness, variable color"
*'''-i/yštX-''', (-i after consonants, -y after vowels) used to mean '''the study of''', (like Latin/Greek '''''-logia''''') or '''the life/practice of'''
**'''''mukíštu''''', "the training of dogs, cynology"; '''''zaláyšta''''', "biology" or "the walks of life", depending on context
*'''-i/ytyX-''', used to form abstracts like '''the concept of''' or '''the state of''', like Latin '''''-entia''''' or '''''-ia''''', or English '''''-ness'''''
**'''''robóytyo''''', "pompousness"; '''''grsítya''''', "decency"
*'''-yXndX-''', used to indicate an '''event''' or '''happening''', even '''festival'''
**'''''uwlunyúndu''''', "the moon festival"; '''''mukyúndu''''', "the annual dog mating"; '''''yatnačyánda''''', "a big race"
*'''-zXyb-''', used to mean a '''thing or object''' related to the root, a very vague stem, akin to "-amajig"
**'''''lalábzayb''''', "a thing used for sleep (could be a pillow, blanket, stuffed animal, Valium, whatever)"

====Non-productive derivatives====
*'''-dXwg-''', used as an '''agent''' suffix
**'''''kíldawg''''', "a climber"
*'''-sXld-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of an ''animal or force of nature''
**'''''nuyúlsuld''''', "bear tracks, evidence of bears"
*'''-klXš-''', used to mean '''tracks, traces''' of ''humans or human-made'' objects
**'''''zírklaš''''', "a human-made firepit, ashes from a fire", cf. with the above suffix '''''zírsald''''', which would mean "evidence of a natural fire, i.e. from lightning, etc."



==Pronouns==
Pronouns are one of the few unstable categories in Rówok. The chart below shows colloquial developments in gendered pronouns, under influence of neighboring Slavic tribes. Traditionalists and older speakers do not use the forms in parentheses, basically meaning Rówok has an animate and an inanimate, instead of actual gender, though, as stated, especially younger speakers might use the optional gendered forms.

Learners may feel free to use both forms, though they might be cautioned about register: the forms in parentheses are not used in academic or philosophical discourse, nor in most styles of poetry.

Rówok is otherwise largely a '''pro-drop language''', so nominative forms are regularly omitted.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|pronouns}}
|-
!colspan=1|
!{{sc|number}}||{{sc|"masculine"}}||{{sc|"feminine"}}||{{sc|inanimate}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''tó''' || '''(tá)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(pó)'''|| '''pá''' || '''pwú'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''sús''' || '''(swás)''' || '''sú'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''lóyŧ''' || '''(láyŧa)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(lóyp)''' || '''láypa''' || '''pwúlu'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''líy''' || '''(líya)''' || '''lóy'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| '''{{sc|1 pers}}''' || '''íwon''' || '''(íwan)''' || n/a
|-
| '''{{sc|2 pers}}''' || '''(póywon)''' || '''páywan''' || '''píwun'''
|-
| '''{{sc|3 pers}}''' || '''swón''' || '''(swán)''' || '''súynu'''
|-
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are not really a class in Rówok. The main ways of expressing adjectival thought are through:

#with the noun in the [[#Vocative|vocative]] or [[#Nominative|nominative case]] and the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in apposition, with the meaning "X-ful"
#the [[#Similative|similative case]], for the meaning "like X/X-ish"
#with [[#Participles|participles]]
#with [[#Stative|stative verbs]]

Examples:

#'''''kanarín zalá''''', tree.voc.pl life.adv, "the woods are teeming with life/alive/lively"
#'''''kanarín zálam''''', tree.voc.pl animal.sim.SG, "the woods are animal-like"
#'''''kanarín, zál, ...''''', tree.voc.pl alive, "the woods, alive (as it were), ..."
#'''''(zálŧya) kanarín (zálŧya)''''', tree.voc.pl live.3sg.mid.imperf, "the forest is alive" (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")

===Comparatives and superlatives===

==Verbs==
:''See [[#Conjugation tables|here]] for '''conjugation tables'''''.

Verbs in Rówok are highly synthetic and can get quite large with all their various [[#Derivational morphology|prefixes, infixes, and suffixes]].

In all they are conjugated to show:
#[[#Verbal number|number]]
#[[#Person|person]] (including [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]] in the dual and plural
#[[#Voice|agency or voice]]
#[[#Aspect|aspect]] (imperfective/perfective, as well as inchoative and frequentative), and optionally for [[#Aspect and tense|tense]]
#[[#Irrealis stem|mood]]
#[[#Participles|participial action]]

===Basics===
====Verbal number====
Verbs are conjugated and [[#Participles|participes]] are declined in three numbers:

*singular
*'''dual''', marked by the suffix '''-l''', or '''l-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive
*'''plural''', marked by the suffix '''(X)wXn''', or '''n-''' as a prefix in the 1st person inclusive

====Person====
The '''persons''' in Rówok are the very normal 1, 2 , and 3 person scheme common to IE, though there is [[#Inclusivity|inclusivity]].

=====Inclusivity=====
The [[#Dual|dual]] and [[#Plural|plural]] both are conjugated for inslusivity in the first [[#Person|person]].

====Voice====
There are three possible voices in Rówok:
*'''active'''
*'''middle'''
*'''passive'''

=====Active voice=====
The active voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the agent of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the active voice are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]. This is largely reserved for animate nouns, though inanimate nouns can be elevated to ergative agents if, e.g., they cause damage or some other large change.

=====Middle voice=====
The middle voice is extremely widespread and productive. Its marker is '''-ŧy-''' with allophonic '''-đy-''' and accompanying [[#Morphophonology|morphophonological effects]]. The <y> is often realized as /i/ in various environments, notably in the plural before /w/, and if a middle verb is extended by [[#Aspect and tense|frequentative or inchoative]] infixes.

It is used for the following:
#for the subject of stative verbs
#when the subject is in a mutual relationship of non transitive action with someone (e.g. loving, talking on the phone, bonding)
#for some verbs (otherwise active in meaning) done for the subject's own benefit
#for inanimate subjects of several verbs that would otherwise be active ('''he/she runs''' = '''''áyta'''''; '''it''' (a stream, for instance) '''runs''' = '''''áyŧya''''')
#for several idiomatic verbs where it is unclear who the actor is and who the acted upon; this includes verbs like '''follow''' (not leading, not being led), '''hunt''' (conceived as following the animal's movements as opposed to transitively killing it), '''play''', etc.
#to completely alter the overlying semantic of some roots, such as '''see''' => '''understand'''
#when the subject or subjects of a transitive verb are also the patient, such as '''shaving''', or '''looking oneself in the mirror'''

Subjects of verbs in the middle voice from examples 1-6 are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]], while subjects in example 7 are in the [[#Telic|telic]].

=====Passive voice=====
The passive voice is used for the following:
*when the subject is the patient of a transitive action

Subjects of verbs in the passive voice are in the [[#Telic|telic]] with agents in the [[#Instrumental|instrumental]]. Agents can be both literal (I was carried by Brian), or with transferred epithet (I was carried by stretcher).

====Aspect====
There are two primary aspects in Rówok, namely [[#Imperfective|imperfective]] and [[#Perfective|perfective]].

These aspects are shown by ablaut of the verb's (or [[#Participles|participle]]'s or even [[#Nouns|noun]]'s) vowel structure as shown below.

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a''' => '''e'''
*'''o''' => '''u'''

The sense of the primary aspects is complemented further mainly by [[#Derivational morphology|derivational infixes]] and the like.

===Irrealis stem===
The irrealis stem is formed through reduplication of the initial syllable (or /a/) of the root. Historically the reduplication feature evolved after the fusion of the intensifying particle '''''[[#Ya|ya]]''''', which then metathesized into /ay/, affecting the quality of the rightmost consonant of the reduplicated pair. Thus /t/ reduplicates into /ŧ / and so on as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|vowel}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|vowel}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|vowel}}
|'''arn- > ayarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
|
| '''parn- > payparn-'''
| '''barn- > bavarn-'''
| '''tarn- > taŧarn-'''
| '''darn- > dađarn-'''
|
|
| '''karn- > kačarn-'''
| '''garn- > gağarn-'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
|
| '''marn- > maymarn-'''
|
| '''narn- > naynarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
|
| '''sarn- > sašarn-'''
| '''zarn- > zažarn-'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
|
| '''warn- > wavarn-'''
| '''larn- > laƚarn-'''
| '''rarn- > rařarn-'''
|
| '''yarn- > yayarn-'''
|
|
|}

The irrealis stem in conjunction with other verbal infixes and adverbs is used to form the following [[#Mood|moods]]:

#the [[#Potential/Precative|potential/precative]]
#the [[#Desiderative|desiderative]]
#the [[#Hortatory/Iussive|hortatory/iussive]]
#the [[#Optative|optative]]

which are then used to form the
*the [[#Subjunctive|subjunctive]] in [[#Reported speech|reported speech]] in contrary to fact [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]

====Moods====
=====Potential/Precative=====
The '''potential''' and '''precative''' are formed using the '''irrealis''' stem in either [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] along with the [[#Future|future marker]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''. Very often these two moods express thoughts that are handled in English with the infinitive, such as "being allowed ''to go''", etc.

The '''potential''' has two main functions:

#Similar to the [[#Participles|future active participle]], the potential can be used to express a state of conditional readiness.
#The result of expressions denoting semantics similar to "so that", "in order to", personal sacrifice (I gave him my shows ''to wear''), often translated into English with "might", e.g. "he did everything, ''so he might go''", etc.

The '''precative''' also has one main function:

#As the result of either a request, e.g. "would you ''go with me''", or "am I allowed ''to go with yo''", or a command, e.g. "please/I'm asking you ''(to) go with me''", or "I command you ''to go with me''".

=====Desiderative=====

=====Hortatory/Iussive=====
The '''hortatory''' and '''iussive''' are formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] infix.

It's main use is:
#To give commands, both to others and to groups including the speaker.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) lorořówkŧspot
|IPA =
| morphemes = lo-ro-řówk-ŧ-sp-o-t
| gloss = INCL/DU.IRR-talk-MID.INCH.IMPF.1
| translation = let's talk, you and me
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) knarímbi oweš pyáyŧspawan
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-in-bi oweš p-y-ayt-ŧ-sp-a-wan
| gloss = :tree.pl.ine along 2-IRR-run-MID-INCH.IMPERF-PL
| translation = y'all should run along the forest
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mówok razánka kačárpspa
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-Ø-Ø razan-Ø-ka ka-čárp-sp-Ø-a
| gloss = dog-SG-ERG bear-SG-TEL IRR-fight-INCH-ACT-IMPF/3SG
| translation = let the dogs fight the bear, the dogs should fight the bear
}}


=====Optative=====

The '''optative''' is formed using the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] and '''both''' the [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] and [[#Aspect and tense|future]] infixes.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) bálas meymérzbgeye
|IPA =
| morphemes = bál-as-Ø mey-mérz-b-gey-e-Ø
| gloss = snow-ERG-S IRR-thaw-INCH.FUT-PERF-3S
| translation = the snow should thaw, let the snow thaw, if only the snow would thaw
}}

====Subjunctive====

===Conditionals===
Rówok expresses '''conditionals''' through a complex system of sequence of [[#Moods|moods]], depending on tense and degree of likelihood of the protasis. In [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] the [[#Instrumental|instrumentally]] formed [[#Participles|absolute]] is used more often than conditionals, but they are common in literary registers.

The chart below gives an outline, where:

*{{sc|ind}} means '''indicative'''
*{{sc|irr}} means '''[[#Irrealis stem|irrealis]]'''
*{{sc|pot}} means '''[[#Potential/Precative|potential]]
*{{sc|opt}} means '''[[#Optative|optative]]

The hard line in the chart indicates the level where there is verb conjugated with the [[#Irrealis stem|irrealis stem]] in both the protasis and the apodosis.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="5"|{{sc|conditionals}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|past}}||{{sc|present}}||{{sc|future}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|fo' sho'}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, ind+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, ind}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, ind+kXy}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || if it snowed, I took my skis || If it snows, I take my skis || If it snows (in the future), I'll take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|pretty likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí ind+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí ind, IRR}} || {{sc|rí ind+k/gXy, POT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bálsŧari, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí bálsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđat''' || '''rí balsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it snowed, I probably took my skis || if it snows, I generally take my skis || If it should snow, I'll likely take my skis
|-
|
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|not very likely}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí IRR+rX, IRR+rX}} || {{sc|rí IRR, POT}} || {{sc|rí POT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí baválsŧara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđarat''' || '''rí baválsŧa, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it ever snowed, I surely took my skis || If it ever snows (maybe we're in a dry spell), I'll take my skis || If it were ever to snow (maybe I live in a desert), I suppose I'd take my skis
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|bloody freaking impossible}}
| {{sc|formula}} || {{sc|rí OPT+rX, POT+rX}} || {{sc|rí POT, POT}} || {{sc|rí OPT, OPT}}
|-
| {{sc|example}} || '''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđagáyrat''' || '''rí bavalsŧákaya, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt''' || '''rí bavalsŧáspa, kwogoŧlínok gažarbđázbgayt'''
|-
| {{sc|translation}} || If it had snowed, I'd have taken my skis || If it were snowing, I'd take my skis || If it snowed (in a place where it is impossible for snow to fall based on the laws of (astro and geo)physics), I'd take my skis (but don't bloody count on it)
|-
|}

Notes:

*There's also the so-called mixed conditional, combining the protasis of the past bloody freaking impossible condition and the apodosis of the present not very likely, so:
:'''''rí bavalsŧáspara, kwogoŧlínok gažárbđagayt'''''
:"If it had snowed sometime in the past, I'd take my skis with me right now."

*The future bloody freaking impossible condition may seem of spurious use, but imagine a scenario like winning the lottery: not only are my mathematical chances of winning a big lottery something like 1/160,000,000, but I also do not in fact play the lottery, making my practical chances of winning the lottery about nil. This condition is perfect to express, then: "if I ever won the lottery (but I surely won't), I would buy a hippopotamus" (that part's true, I really would buy a hippo).

===Participles===
:''See [[#Participials|here]] for '''participial morphology'''.''

Participles in Rówok are a bloody mess, as they exist for every [[#Verbal number|number]], [[#Voice|voice]], and [[#Aspect|aspect]].

In that order:
*'''singular, dual, plural'''
*'''active, middle, passive'''
*'''imperfect, perfect, future, future perfect'''

*The '''imperfect''' is used in the sense of the English imperfect: '''doing (actively or statively) and being done'''.
*The '''perfect''' is used in the sense of the English periphrastic perfect participle: '''having done or having been done'''.
*The future is used with the sense of the Latin future active participle: '''about to do or be done''' (or in the South we might say '''fixin'/fittin' to (be) do(ne) ;)''')
*The '''future perfect''' has two functions:
**In the '''[[#Active voice|active]]''' and some '''[[#Middle voice|middle]]''' voice constructions it is used as in English: '''having done'''.
**In the '''passive''' and some '''middle''' voice constructions it is used as in the Latin gerundive: '''needing to do or be done''' ('''''Karthago delenda est!''''' = '''''Kárŧag ukudúnkuy!''''').

Some of these forms are rare just due to situational circumstances (for instance how often would you need to talk about '''''yetenkéyli''''' or '''two things needing to have been run'''?), but theoretically all verbal roots can exist in all of these forms.

==Morphology and morphophonology==

===Nominals===

=====Case morphophonology=====
[[#Ratio casuum|Case endings]] can affect the final consonant of a [[#Roots and principle parts|root]], and the final consonant of a root can affect case endings, especially in the [[#Number|singular]].

This happens in the following way:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: following '''/b/''', '''/d/''', '''/g/''', or '''/z/''' the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-zXb'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: following '''/l/''' the ending '''''-rXz''''' goes to '''''-lXz'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-prX''''' swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/''', and in the case of the former the ending turnss to '''''-brX'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-nkX''''' swallows final '''/k/''' and '''/g/''', and in the case of the latter the ending turns to '''''-ngX'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-bi''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-pi''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/b/''' and '''/p/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-gdX''''' forces the final consonant to voice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: without a vowel in between the ending '''''-ktX''''' forces the final consonant to devoice, if possible, and furthermore swallows final '''/g/''' and '''/k/'''

This process is further complicated by the gradation effected by the [[#Diminutive morphophonology|diminutives]].

====Declension tables====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muk''' || '''gódo''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zála'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówok''' || '''gódow''' || '''bálas''' || '''ázala'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múkum''' || '''gódom''' || '''bĺsam''' || '''zálam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-sXb''' || '''múksub''' || '''gódosob''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zálasab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXz / -rz''' || '''mwókroz''' || '''ógdworz''' || '''blásraz''' || '''ázalarz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-prX / -pXr''' || '''mwókpro''' || '''ógdwopor''' || '''bláspra''' || '''azálapar'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nkX / -nXk''' || '''mwónko''' || '''ogdwónko''' || '''blásnak''' || '''azálanak'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-bi''' || '''mwógbi''' || '''ógdwobi''' || '''blázbi''' || '''azálabi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwókpi''' || '''ógdwopi''' || '''bláspi''' || '''azálapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-gdX / -gXd''' || '''mwógdo''' || '''ógdwogod''' || '''blázgad''' || '''azálagad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ktX / -kXt''' || '''mwókto''' || '''ógdwokot''' || '''bláskat''' || '''azálakat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-li''' || '''múkli''' || '''gódoli''' || '''bĺs''' || '''zálali'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-li''' || '''mowókli''' || '''godówli''' || '''balásli''' || '''azálali'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-li-''' + '''-m''' || '''múklim''' || '''gódolim''' || '''bĺslim''' || '''zálalim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''múklisub''' || '''godólisub''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zalálisab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-li-''' + '''-rz''' || '''mwóklirz''' || '''ógdwolirz''' || '''bláslirz''' || '''azálalirz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pXr''' || '''mwoklípor''' || '''ogdwolípor''' || '''blaslípar''' || '''azalalípor'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-nXk''' || '''mwoklínok''' || '''ogdwolínok''' || '''blaslínak''' || '''azalalínok'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwoklíbi''' || '''ogdwolíbi''' || '''blaslíbi''' || '''azalalíbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwoklípi''' || '''ogdwolípi''' || '''blaslípi''' || '''azalalípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-gXd''' || '''mwoklígod''' || '''ogdwolígod''' || '''blaslígad''' || '''azalalígad'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-lí-''' + '''-kXt''' || '''mwoklíkot''' || '''ogdwolíkot''' || '''blaslíkat''' || '''azalalíkat'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mukín''' || '''godóyn''' || '''blsín''' || '''zaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowokín''' || '''godowín''' || '''balasín''' || '''azaláyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mukínum''' || '''godóynom''' || '''blsínam''' || '''zaláynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-sXb''' || '''mukínsub''' || '''godóynsob''' || '''blsínsab''' || '''zaláynsab'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXz''' || '''mwokínroz''' || '''ogdwóynroz''' || '''blasínraz''' || '''azaláynraz'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-prX''' || '''mwokínpro''' || '''ogdwóynpro''' || '''blasínpra''' || '''azaláynpra'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(n)kX''' || '''mwokínko''' || '''ogdwóynko''' || '''blasínka''' || '''azaláynka'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-bi''' || '''mwokímbi''' || '''ogdwóymbi''' || '''blasímbi''' || '''azaláymbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwokínpi''' || '''ogdwóynpi''' || '''blasínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-(g)dX''' || '''mwokímdo''' || '''ogdwóymdo''' || '''blasímda''' || '''azaláymda'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-(k)tX''' || '''mwokínto''' || '''ogdwóynto''' || '''blasínta''' || '''azaláynta'''
|}

===Verbals===

======Middle voice morphophonology======

====Conjugation tables====

:A-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|ayt, "to run"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|drb, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áyt'''at''' || éyt'''et''' || dárb'''at''' || dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áyt'''ap''' || éyt'''ep''' || dárb'''ap''' || dérb'''ep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áyt'''a''' || éyt'''e''' || dárb'''a''' || dérb'''e'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áyt'''at''' || '''l'''éyt'''et''' || '''la'''dárb'''at''' || '''le'''dérb'''et'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áyt'''al''' || '''l'''éyt'''el''' || '''la'''dárb'''al''' || '''le'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áyt'''al''' || '''p'''éyt'''el''' || '''pa'''dárb'''al''' || '''pe'''dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áyt'''al''' || éyt'''el''' || dárb'''al''' || dérb'''el'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awat''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewet''' || '''na'''dárb'''awat''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áyt'''awan''' || '''n'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''na'''dárb'''awan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áyt'''awan''' || '''p'''éyt'''ewen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''awan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''ewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áyt'''awan''' || éyt'''ewen''' || dárb'''awan''' || dérb'''ewen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || áy'''ŧyat''' || éy'''ŧyet''' || dárb'''đyat''' || dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || áy'''ŧyap''' || éy'''ŧyep''' || dárb'''đyap''' || dérb'''đyep'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || áy'''ŧya''' || éy'''ŧye''' || dárb'''đya''' || dérb'''đye'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyat''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyet''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyat''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''l'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''la'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''le'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧyal''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧyel''' || '''pa'''dárb'''đyal''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || áy'''ŧyal''' || éy'''ŧyel''' || dárb'''đyal''' || dérb'''đyel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwat''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwet''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''n'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''na'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''ne'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''áy'''ŧiwan''' || '''p'''éy'''ŧiwen''' || '''pa'''dárb'''điwan''' || '''pe'''dérb'''đyewen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || áy'''ŧiwan''' || éy'''ŧiwen''' || dárb'''điwan''' || dérb'''điwen'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || ayt'''ánkat''' || eyt'''énket''' || darb'''ánkat''' || derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || ayt'''ánkap''' || eyt'''énkep''' || darb'''ánkap''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || ayt'''ánka''' || eyt'''énke''' || darb'''ánka''' || derb'''énke'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkat''' || '''l'''eyt'''énket''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkat''' || '''le'''derb'''énket'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''l'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''l'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''la'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''le'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkal''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkel''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkal''' || '''pe'''derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || ayt'''ánkal''' || eyt'''énkel''' || darb'''ánkal''' || derb'''énkel'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwat''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwet''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwat''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwet'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''n'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''n'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''na'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''ne'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''p'''ayt'''ánkwan''' || '''p'''eyt'''énkwen''' || '''pa'''darb'''ánkwan''' || '''e'''derb'''énkwen'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || ayt'''ánkwan''' || eyt'''énkwen''' || darb'''ánkwan''' || derb'''énkwen'''
|}

:O-stems:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|{{sc|rwk, "to speak"}}
!colspan="2"|{{sc|gdw, "to give"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}||{{sc|imperf}}||{{sc|perf}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|active}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ot''' || rúwk'''ut''' || gódw'''ot''' || gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''op''' || rúwk'''up''' || gódw'''op''' || gúdw'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''o''' || rúwk'''u''' || gódw'''o''' || gúdw'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ut''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ot''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''lo'''gódw'''ol''' || '''lu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ul''' || '''po'''gódw'''ol''' || '''pu'''gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ol''' || rúwk'''ul''' || gódw'''ol''' || gúdw'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owot''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwut''' || '''no'''gódw'''ot''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''owon''' || '''nu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''no'''gódw'''on''' || '''nu'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''owon''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''uwun''' || '''po'''gódw'''on''' || '''po'''gúdw'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''owon''' || rúwk'''uwun''' || gódw'''on''' || gúdw'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|middle}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyot''' || rúwk'''ŧyut''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyop''' || rúwk'''ŧyup''' || gó'''đi'''w'''op''' || gú'''đi'''w'''up'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rówk'''ŧyo''' || rúwk'''ŧyu''' || gó'''đi'''w'''o''' || gú'''đi'''w'''u'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyot''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyut''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''lu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''lo'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''lu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧyol''' || '''pu'''rúwk'''ŧyul''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rówk'''ŧyol''' || rúwk'''ŧyul''' || gó'''đi'''w'''ol''' || gú'''đi'''w'''ul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwot''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwut''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''ot''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''ut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''no'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''nu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rówk'''ŧiwon''' || '''no'''rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || '''po'''gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || '''pu'''gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rówk'''ŧiwon''' || rúwk'''ŧiwun''' || gó'''đi'''w'''on''' || gú'''đi'''w'''un'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=11|{{sc|passive}}
| {{sc|1 sg}} || rowk'''ónkot''' || ruk'''únkut''' || godw'''ónkot''' || gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|2 sg}} || rowk'''onkop''' || ruk'''únkup''' || godw'''ónkop''' || gudw'''únkup'''
|-
| {{sc|3 sg}} || rowk'''ónko''' || ruk'''únku''' || godw'''ónko''' || gudw'''únku'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du inc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkut''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkot''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 du noninc}} || '''lo'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''lo'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''lu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|2 du}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkul''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkol''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|3 du}} || rowk'''ónkol''' || ruk'''únkul''' || godw'''ónkol''' || gudw'''únkul'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl inc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwut''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwot''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwut'''
|-
| {{sc|1 pl noninc}} || '''no'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''no'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''nu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|2 pl}} || '''po'''rowk'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''ruk'''únkwun''' || '''po'''godw'''ónkwon''' || '''pu'''gudw'''únkwun'''
|-
| {{sc|3 pl}} || rowk'''ónkwon''' || ruk'''únkwun''' || godw'''ónkwon''' || gudw'''únkwun'''
|}

====Participials====
Here is an example of the possible participial forms a verb can have before [[#Derivational morphology|various forms of pre- and infixation]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|ayt-, "to run"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || yát || yét || yátkay || yétkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧ || yéŧ || yáŧkay || yéŧkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatának || yetének || yatánkay || yeténkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || yátli || yétli || yatkáyli || yetkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yáŧli || yéŧli || yaŧkáyli || yeŧkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || yatánkli || yeténkli || yatankáyli || yetenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || yatín || yetín || yatkayín || yetkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || yaŧín || yeŧín || yaŧkayín || yeŧkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||yatnakín || yetnekín || yatnakayín || yetnekeyín
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|drb-, "to fall"}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|imperfective}}||{{sc|perfective}}||{{sc|future}}||{{sc|future perfect}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕb || dréb || dŕbkay || dŕbkey
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbađ || dŕbeđ || dŕbđkay || dŕbđkey
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbának || drbének || drbánkay || drbénkey
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=4|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|act}} || dŕbli || drébli || dŕbkáyli || drbkéyli
|-
| {{sc|med}} || dŕbđli || drébđli || dŕbđkáyli || drbđkéyli
|-
| {{sc|pass}} || drbánkli || drbénkli || drbankáyli || drbenkéyli
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=3|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|act}} || drbín || drebín || drbkayín || drbkeyín
|-
| {{sc|med}} || drbđín || drbđín || drbđkayín || drbđkeyín
|-
| {{sc|pass}} ||drbnakín || drbnekín || drbnakayín || drbnekeyín
|}

==Derivational morphology==
Rówok has quite a bit of derivational morphology.

===Aspect and tense===
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way:

From imperfective to perfective:
*'''a => e'''
*'''o => u'''

Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word.

*The aspectual infixes are [[#Inchoative|inchoative]] '''-sp-/-zb-''' and [[#Frequentative|frequentative]] '''-ts-/-dz-''', depending on the voicing of the final consonant of the root.
*The tense infixes are [[#Past|past]] '''-rX-''' and [[#Future|future]] '''-kXy-/-gXy-'''.

All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes

So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone:

*'''yát''' - a runner
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark)
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''')
*'''yátra''' - a former runner
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner

now combining:

*'''yátsasp''' - a beginning frequent runner
*'''yatrákay''' - an ex future runner (someone who showed talent, perhaps, but never lived up to potential)
*'''yatkáyra''' - a future ex runner (someone who will take it up and quit)

most perverse:

*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped
*'''yatsaspakáyra''' - a person who will begin to frequently run but then stop

The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf:

*'''áytawan''' - they run, are running
*'''aytáspawan''' - they begin running
*'''áytsawan''' - they frequently run
*'''áytrawan''' - they were running in the past
*'''aytkáyawan''' - they will be running in the future

and of course the possible but ungodly:
*'''aytsasprakáyawan''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't

====Frequentative====

====Inchoative====

====Future====

====Past====

===Diminutives and augmentatives===
Diminutives and augmentatives (one of which functions as the comparative as well) are formed through root mutation and suffixation, respectively. As with most all derivational morphology they can be applied to almost all lexical categories.

====Diminutives====
The '''diminutive''' is a root-level mutation, not a suffix, and as a result the diminutive can be found in all parts of speech. In fact Rówok scholars believe that the diminutive was first used in verbs, as opposed to nominals. Evidence for this is based on some archaic phrases, in which diminutivized verbs are much more common than nouns.

Diminutives are formed morphologically by '''changing the root’s rightmost possible consonant into its corresponding fricative or affricate''' according to the chart below. '''X''' indicates that the phoneme does not have a possible fricativized variant, e.g. '''p'''=>'''X''', since '''/f/''' is lacking in Rówok. In this event the '''next rightmost consonant is fricativized'''.

Additionally more than one consonant can be fricativized, for a sort of '''double diminutive''' effect, which indicates either extreme smallness or lends a cutesy feel. Cf. root '''bls-''', '''bálas''' (snow) => '''bálaš''' (snowflake) => '''barašín'''+ (a cute, tiny snowflake), '''varašín''' (the finest snowflakes you ever saw; powder); or root '''mwk-''', '''mówok''' (dog) => '''mówoč''' (small dog, or young adult dog) => '''móvoč''' (cute little puppy dog).

:+'''''barašín''''' might be avoided unless the context is perfectly clear, as it could cause confusion looking like the diminutive of '''''brs-''''', "foot, kick".
:++'''''móvoč''''' is also used as an insult, saying that they act like a coward, weakling, inexperienced whelp.

As a last note it is important to realize that some diminutivized roots have been lexicalized, and have their own definition separate (at least synchrinically/at first glance) from the meaning of the root whence they were derived.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|stops}}
| p => X
| '''b''' => '''v'''
| '''t''' => '''ŧ'''
| '''d''' => '''đ'''
|
|
| '''k''' => '''č'''
| '''g''' => '''ğ'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|nasals}}
|
| m=> X
|
| n=> X
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
|
| '''s''' => '''š'''
| '''z''' => '''ž'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|approximants}}
|
| '''w''' => '''v'''
| '''l''' => '''ƚ'''
|
|
| y => X
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
| '''r''' => '''ř'''
|
|
|
|
|}

Shown a different way, as the mutations themselves, with the phonemes that can gradate to them:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labial}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|labiovelar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|dental}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|alveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|postalveolar}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|velar}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|unvoiced}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|voiced}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|affricates}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''č''' <= '''k'''
| '''ğ''' <= '''g'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|fricatives}}
|
| '''v''' <= '''b''', '''w'''
|
| '''ƚ''' <= '''l'''
| '''ŧ''' <= '''t'''
| '''đ''' <= '''d'''
|
|
| '''š''' <= '''s'''
| '''ž''' <= '''z'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |{{sc|trills}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''ř''' <= '''r'''
|
|
|
|}

As roots themselves do not feature phonemic fricatives or affricates, the base letters/sounds in the chart below are missing some of the normal [[#Consonants|consonant inventory]], including the entire row for trills and affricates, as the only trill in is found as a gradient of '''/r/''' => '''/r̝/''', and the only affricate as a gradient of '''/k/''' => '''/tʃ/''', as well as the entire column of interdentals.

Note also that '''/l/''' grades to '''/r/''', though this sensu stricto is not an (af)fricativizing process.

=====Diminutive nouns=====
The gradation of the final consonant (and even in instances where the diminutive gradation is expressed by a non-final consonant as explained above) also affects

This happens in the following ways, starting with [[#Ratio casuum|cases]]:

*[[#Partitive|partitive]]: the ending '''''-sXb''''' => '''''-šXv'''''
*[[#Genitive|genitive]]: the ending '''''-r(X)z''''' goes to '''''-r(X)ž ''''' (the ending '''''-ř(X)ž''''' never took hold on account of its difficulty in pronunciation; for a while the diminutive genitive ending was '''''-řXz''''', but over time has settled to '''''-r(X)ž'''''
*[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]: the ending '''''-p(X)r(X)''''' => '''''-p(X)ř(X)'''''
*[[#Telic|telic]]: the ending '''''-n(X)k(X)''''' => '''''-n(X)č'''''
*[[#Locatives|inessive]]: the ending '''''-bi''''' => '''''-vi'''''
*[[#Locatives|superessive]]: the ending '''''-pi''''' as an exception to all other endings '''''stays the same'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]]: the ending '''''-g(X)d(X)''''' => '''''-ž(X)đ(X)'''''
*[[#Instrumental/comitative|caritive]]: the ending '''''-k(X)t(X)''''' => '''''č(X)ŧ(X)'''''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|diminutive declensions}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|ending}}||{{sc|mwk, "dog"}}||{{sc|gdw, "gift"}}||{{sc|bls, "snow"}}||{{sc|azl, "life"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singular}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''''' || '''muč''' || '''góđu''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zára'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''''' || '''mówoč''' || '''góđov''' || '''bálaš''' || '''ázara'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-Xm''' || '''múčum''' || '''góđom''' || '''bĺšam''' || '''záram'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-šXv''' || '''múčšuv''' || '''gódošov''' || '''bĺšav''' || '''zárašav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-rXž / -rž''' || '''mwóčrož''' || '''ógdvorž''' || '''blášraž''' || '''ázararž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-přX / -pXř''' || '''mwóčpřo''' || '''ógdvopoř''' || '''blášpřa''' || '''azárapař'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-nčX / -nXč''' || '''mwónčo''' || '''ogdvónčo''' || '''blášnač''' || '''azáranač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-vi''' || '''mwóžvi''' || '''ógdvovi''' || '''blážvi''' || '''azáravi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-pi''' || '''mwóčpi''' || '''ógdvopi''' || '''blášpi''' || '''azárapi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-žđX / -žXđ''' || '''mwóžđo''' || '''ógdvožođ''' || '''blážgađ''' || '''azáražađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-čŧX / -čXŧ''' || '''mwóčŧo''' || '''ógdvočoŧ''' || '''bláščaŧ''' || '''azáračaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|dual}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ri''' || '''múčri''' || '''góđori''' || '''bĺš''' || '''zárari'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ri''' || '''mowóčri''' || '''godóvli''' || '''balášri''' || '''azárari'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-m''' || '''múčrim''' || '''góđorim''' || '''bĺšrim''' || '''zárarim'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''múčrisub''' || '''gođórišov''' || '''bĺsab''' || '''zarárišav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ri-''' + '''-rž''' || '''mwóčrirž''' || '''ógdvolirž''' || '''blášrirž''' || '''azárarirž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pXř''' || '''mwočrípoř''' || '''ogdvorípoř''' || '''blašrípoř''' || '''azararípoř'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-nXč''' || '''mwočrínoč''' || '''ogdvorínoč''' || '''blašrínač''' || '''azararínač'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočrívi''' || '''ogdvorívi''' || '''blasríbi''' || '''azararívi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočrípi''' || '''ogdvorípi''' || '''blasrípi''' || '''azararípi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-žXđ''' || '''mwočrížođ''' || '''ogdvorížođ''' || '''blasrígad''' || '''azararížađ'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-rí-''' + '''-čXŧ''' || '''mwočríčoŧ''' || '''ogdvoríčoŧ''' || '''blasríkaŧ''' || '''azararíčaŧ'''
|-
|
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|plural}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mučín''' || '''gođúyn''' || '''blšín''' || '''zaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || '''-ín''' || '''mowočín''' || '''godovín''' || '''balašín''' || '''azaráyn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || '''-ín-''' + '''-Xm''' || '''mučínum''' || '''gođóynom''' || '''blšínam''' || '''zaráynam'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-šXv''' || '''mučínšuv''' || '''gođóynšov''' || '''blšínšav''' || '''zaráynšav'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || '''-ín / -yn-''' + '''-rXž''' || '''mwočínrož''' || '''ogdvóynraž''' || '''blašínraž''' || '''azaráynraž'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-přX''' || '''mwočínpřo''' || '''ogdvóynpřo''' || '''blašínpřa''' || '''azaráynpřa'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-čX''' || '''mwočínčo''' || '''ogdvóynčo''' || '''blašínča''' || '''azaráynča'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-vi''' || '''mwočímvi''' || '''ogdvóynvi''' || '''blašínvi''' || '''azaráynvi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-pi''' || '''mwočínpi''' || '''ogdvóynpi''' || '''blašínpi''' || '''azaláynpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || '''-ím- / -ym-''' + '''-đX''' || '''mwočímđo''' || '''ogdvóymđo''' || '''blašímđa''' || '''azaláymđa'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || '''-ín- / -yn-''' + '''-ŧX''' || '''mwočínŧo''' || '''ogdvóynŧo''' || '''blašínŧa''' || '''azaláynŧa'''
|}

=====Diminutive verbs=====

====Augmentatives====
Augmentatives are formed through infixes between the root and the case or conjugation endings. In the following /X/ is a dummy vowel determined by the quality of the verb.

The most common are:
* '''-yXš-''' = great, grand, noble, relatively large (also functions as a [[#Comparatives|comparative]])
* '''-nXč-''' = the biggest, greatest

Examples:
* '''-yXš-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''mwókyoš''', "a big dog"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''ayátyaš''', "a long run"

* '''-nXč-'''
** root '''mwk''', "dog" => '''múknuč''', "the greatest dog you ever had"
** root '''ayt''', "run" => '''áytnač''', "a marathon"

=====Augmented nouns=====

=====Augmented verbs=====

==Syntax==

===Basics===

====Number====
There are three numbers in Rówok:

*'''singular'''
*'''dual'''
*'''plural'''

[[#Verbs|Verbs]] are conjugated for all three numbers, as are [[#Participles|participles]], [[#Nouns|nouns]], and [[#Adjectives|adjectives]] declined.

====Gender====
Gender in Rówok is complicated; there are indeed two types of vowel structure in a word (either '''-a/-e''' or '''-o/-u''', but there is no semantic association to either category, and adjectives do not change to agree with their head nouns in any way but [[#Number|number]] and [[#Nouns|case]].

The protolanguage [[Ruk]] did not have gender, and what little bits of gender there are in Rówok are new inventions picked up from contact with IE speakers. Even then, the language's internal vowel structure doesn't allow for the inherited endings to show in both vowel types. So '''-o''' can be added to an o-vowel word do emphasize a things masculinity, and '''-a''' can be added to an a-vowel word to emphasize its femininity, but there is no way to explicitly show the feminine in an o-vowel word and no way to show the masculine in an a-vowel word.

====Person====
There are the standard three persons in all [[#Number|numbers]], as well as an inclusive 1st person dual and plural. For more see [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].

===Alignment===
Verbs show a partial tripartite alignment, partial fluid-s alignment.

Namely as shown below in the section on [[#Agency|agency]], inanimate subjects show tripartite alignment, with subjects expressed in the [[#Vocative|vocative]], [[#Ergative|ergative]], and [[#Telic|cases]], and animate subjects expressed in the ergative and telic.

===Agency and Animacy===
There are thus 7 levels of agency in Rówok:

#active agent both animate and when inanimate agents cause an effect (i.e. movement, chemical change, destruction of an object, etc.) - subject in the [[#Ergative|ergative]]
#inactive agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent animate - subject in the ergative
#middle agent inanimate - subject in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#middle patient/agent animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]
#middle patient animate - the only subject not shown obliquely with the logical subject in the benefactive with an agentless causative verb in the middle (slip, trip, etc.)
#passive patient both (in)animate - subject in the [[#Telic|telic]]

If the subject of the middle verb is the agent but not (necessarily) the patient, it is marked ergatively/actively; if it is both the agent and patient it is marked in the telic. Also the subject of a passive verb is in the telic.

Examples:

The first of each set of the following 6 sentences shows the middle voice and how agency differs between the alignment of the verbal structure depending on the semantic of the verb. Then follow examples with the same grammatical subject and main verb provided in the [[#Active voice|active]] and [[#Passive|passive]] for comparison.

[[File:Wild brother; strangest of true stories from the north woods (1921) (14597964778).jpg|thumb|right|A bear and a dog playing nice, and not fighting. ]]

- root '''krp''', "to fight"

:1) '''mowokín kárpŧyawan '''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' fight.3.pl.'''MID'''
:the dogs are fighting (each other/amongst themselves)
:+The key being that the dogs are the agents of fighting in a mutual exercise, but not patients, due to the semantics of 'fight'.

:2) '''mowokín razánka kárpawan'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' bear.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are fighting a bear

:3) '''mwokíngod razánka kárpanak'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' bear.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the bear is being fought by the dogs

- root '''wkd''', "to kill"

:4) '''mwokínok wokóđyowon'''
:dog.pl.'''tel''' kill.3.pl.'''MID'''
:The dogs are killing each other
:+Here the dogs are both agents and patients, doing the killing action, of which they are also patients*

:5) '''mowokín saráynka wokódowon'''
:dog.pl.'''erg''' rabbit.tel fight.3.pl.'''ACT'''
:the dogs are killing a rabbit

:6) '''mwokíngod saráynka wokódonok'''
:dog.pl.'''inst''' rabbit.tel fight.3.sg.'''PAS'''
:the rabbit is being killed by the dogs

===Telicity===
Rówok has a tripartite telicity system.

#'''Fully telic''': for actions completed and followed through to the end; expressed with the [[#Telic|telic case]]
#'''Non-telic''': for uncompleted actions, for actions only done in part (shutting the door a little bit); expressed with the [[#Genitive|genitive case]]
#'''Remotely telic''': for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; also used for expressing very small amounts of a direct object; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]

In the [[#Negation|negative]] the telicity system is bipartitie, i.e. just non-telic and remotely telic. Furthermore, in [[#Colloquial Rówok|colloquial Rówok]] some affirmative actions with negative senses (stopping as no longer doing, forgetting as no longer remembering, etc.) can show non-telic objects by analogy.

Examples:

#''ayatyáš'''nak''' éytet''; marathon-S-'''TEL''' run-1-S-PERF; "I ran a marathon (to its completion)"
#''ayatyáš'''raz''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''GEN''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a marathon (but did not finish it)"
#''ayátyaš'''ab''' áytat''; marathon-S-'''PART''' run-1-S-IMPERF; "I ran a tiny bit of a marathon (a lot of interpretations, from 5k to starting and getting an injury, to "ha, yeah right, me run a marathon?!", all depending on context)"

===Constituent phrases===
Word order in Rówok tends in normal circumstances toward SOV, but it's really whatevs. The language features strong [[#Fronting|fronting]], which can result in any sort of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology#Subject.E2.80.93verb.E2.80.93object_positioning structural typology].

Meanwhile its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] is fluid-S, with virtually all verbs able to show all types of [[#Agency|agency valence]] in conjunction with nominal arguments in various cases.

[[#Postpositions|Postpositions]], [[#Clitics|clitics]], and [[#Wh- words|wh- words]] have the most rigid word order, while most other constituents have pretty free word order, not dissimilar to Latin. Convention has led to some other fixed word orders in some situations, the majority of which will be described below.

====Copula====
There is no copula in Rówok.

Instead the sense of the copula is expressed in one of the following ways:

#with [[#Nouns|nouns]] in apposition; [[#Animacy|animate]] subjects are in the [[#Ergative|ergative]] case and inanimate ones in the [[#Vocative|vocative]]
#a noun followed by an [[#Adverbs|adverb]] to express the '''''estar''''' sense of the [[#Adjectives|adjective]]
#a noun in conjunction with a [[#Middle voice|middle voice stative verb]] to express the '''''ser''''' sense of the adjective

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) kanarín zál
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-Ø-Ø
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-VOC-SG
| translation = the forest is a living thing (literally "an animal")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) kanarín zalá
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-á
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL animal-ADV
| translation = the forest is alive right now (in context understood as "lively, teeming with life, very active maybe with animals scurrying too and fro and lush forest growth")
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =3) (zálŧa) kanarín (zálŧa)
|IPA =
| morphemes = kanar.ín.Ø zál-ŧ-a
| gloss = tree-VOC-PL live-MID-3SG.IMPERF
| translation = the forest is alive/lives (in a permanent sense, in context could be understood even as "is healthy")
}}

====Noun phrase====

====Postpositions====
Nouns can be followed and case can be governed by any number of '''postpositions''', which act as unstressed clitics in normal discourse, but the ultimate syllable in disyllabic and the penult in tri- and more-syllabic postpositons can be stressed for emphasis.

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) knarínpra tošu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra tošu
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near
| translation = near the forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) kanarínpra tošú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-pra toš-ú
| gloss = tree-PL-BEN near-EMP
| translation = right by the (edge of the) forest
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) knarínraz pašu
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz pašu
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far
| translation = far from the woods
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) knarínraz pašú
|IPA =
| morphemes = knar-ín-raz paš-ú
| gloss = tree.PL.GEN far-EMP
| translation = nowhere remotely near the woods
}}

=====List of postpositions=====
The chart below shows postpositions by alphabetical order of their English equivalents and by the [[#Ratio casuum|case]] that they govern.

Note 1) that some postpositions with similar semantics differ only by ablaut, and 2) many positions govern more than one case, sometimes between a locative or the telic, and sometimes with other less expected matches, e.g. '''''kawta''''', which means "according to/via" when governing the instrumental and "throughout when governing the inessive.

As a further note all postpositions beginning with a vowel insert an initial '''''y-''''' if the noun it follows ends in a vowel.

The [[#Partitive|partitive]] only has one postposition, and therefore is not included in the chart, namely '''''siyan''''', which roughly means "instead of" or "in the absence of".

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="15"|{{sc|postpositions}}
|-
! rowspan="15" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Genitive|genitive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Benefactive|benefactive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Telic|telic]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Inessive|inessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Superessive|superessive]]}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |{{sc|[[#Instrumental|instrumental]]}}

|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|eng}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|rów}}

|-
|apud
|'''kwutnu'''
|adjacent to
|
|across
|'''čreze'''
|along
|
|above
|
|according to
|'''kewte'''
|-
|far from
|'''pašu'''
|depending on
|'''irpvin'''
|apud
|'''kwotno'''
|amid
|'''kaylna'''
|after
|
|alongside
|'''owoš'''
|-
|from
|'''iltu'''
|near
|'''tošu'''
|onto
|
|among
|'''keylne'''
|against
|
|astride
|'''uvuš'''
|-
|of
|
|next to
|
|over
|
|between
|'''tarku'''
|around
|
|because of
|
|-
|off
|'''vilnu'''
|opposite
|
|through
|
|through
|
|before
|'''ižin'''
|regardless of
|
|-
|out of
|'''iza'''
|prior to
|
|until
|
|throughout
|'''kawta'''
|behind
|'''yalčni'''
|thanks to
|'''pwalžda'''
|-
|outside of
|
|pursuant to
|
|up to
|
|within
|
|below
|
|together, same side as
|'''mukana'''
|-
|past
|
|subsequent to
|
|
|
|
|
|over
|
|via
|'''kawta'''
|-
|since
|
|thanks to
|
|
|
|
|
|under
|
|
|
|-
|up to
|
|versus
|
|
|
|
|
|upon
|
|
|
|}

====Verb phrase====

====Sentence phrase====

===Fronting===

===Negation===
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]]

Normal negation in Rówok takes the form of the second stage of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle Jespersen's Cycle] in normal negation and in the third stage when used as a clitic as explained below.

The normal circumfixed negating words are '''''ár(a) ... lunú'''''. The choice of '''''ár''''' or '''''ár(a)''''' is euphonic, depending on whether the following word begins with a consonant or vowel.

:The word '''lunú''' is the adverb of the root '''lwn-''' or "drop". It is shortened to '''''-lXn''''' when attached as a [[#Clitics|clitic]], whereupon it has the meaning "and not".
:Likewise '''''Xr-''''' can be prefixed on words to negate them, or render their opposite.

[[#Nouns|Nominals]] included as the objects of negated [[#Verbs|verbs]] are either in the [[#Partitive|partitive]] or [[#Genitive|genitive]] case, as explained below in [[#Negative telicity|negative telicity]].

The word '''''áma''''', otherwise a [[#Correlative conjunctions|conjunction]], is used to strengthen negative constructions. It is placed right before a negated word or [[#Constituent phrases|constituent phrase]], and often used in repeated or qualified constructions, with the effect of '''"...and I mean ''no..."'''''

Other complementary negatives instead of '''''lunú''''':
:
:
:

====Negative telicity====
When negating clauses, Rówok shows a bipartite [[#Telicity|telicity]] system, in which:

#Non-telic: whatever noun was not affected by the action of the verb. This is expressed in the [[#Genitive|genitive case]].
#Remotely telic: for actions not even attempted or begun, or for actions given the bare minimum of effort, sometimes with a pejorative sense, i.e. when the speaker wouldn't deign or dare to do something; expressed with the [[#Partitive|partitive case]]. This structure is often doubled or repeated in an inchoative verb infix.

{{Gloss
|phrase =1) ára zaláyštarz lunú yésŧyet
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšt-arz lunú yés-ŧy-e-t
| gloss = NEG biology-GEN NEG study-MID-PERF-1S
| translation = I didn't finish studying biology.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase =2) ára zaláyštasab lunú yásŧyat
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára zaláyšta-sab lunú yás-ŧy-a-t
| gloss = NEG biology-PART NEG study-MID-IMPF-1S
| translation = I've never studied biology (at all).
}}

====Negative fronting====
Unemphatic statements follow Rówok's normal SOV syntax and circumfix the entire clause. Emphasized parts are usually [[#Fronting|fronted]] and then only the fronted unit is circumfixed.

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) ára mowokín razánraz kerpéwen lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG
| translation = the dogs did not fight the bear (unmarked)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) ára mowokín lunú razánraz kerpéwen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára mowok-Ø-ín lunú razán-Ø-raz Ø-kerp-é-wen
| gloss = NEG dog-ERG-PL NEG bear-SG-GEN 3-fight-PERF-PL
| translation = it wasn't the dogs that fought the bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) ára razánraz lunú mowokín kerpéwen, sa nadáynka
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára razán-Ø-raz mowok-Ø-ín Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú, sa nadáy-Ø-nka
| gloss = NEG bear-SG-GEN NEG dog-ERG-PL 3-fight-PERF-PL, but lynx-SG-TEL
| translation = it wasn't the bear that the dogs fought, but the lynx
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) ára kerpéwen lunú mowokín razánraz, sa razángad élđewen
|IPA =
| morphemes = ára Ø-kerp-é-wen lunú mowok-Ø-ín razán-Ø-raz, sa razán-Ø-gad Ø-éld-đ-e-wen
| gloss = NEG 3-fight-PERF-PL NEG dog-ERG-PL bear-SG-GEN, but bear-SG-COM 3-play-MID-PERF-PL
| translation = the dogs didn't fight the bear, but played with it (the bear)
}}



===Wh- words===
Rówok has several ways of forming questions, using both [[#Particles|particles]] and [[#Derivational morphology|enclitic suffixes]].

====Interrogative particles====

:'''''u(m/n)''''', comes at the beginning of both direct questions and indirect questions. In direct questions it means something like '''"did/does the following hold true...?"''', and in indirect questions it means '''"if/whether"'''. It shows euphony, being realized as /u/ before consonants, /um/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is voiced, and /un/ before vowels in words whose first subsequent consonant is unvoiced.

====True wh- words====
The following table shows a couple of things, namely that there is both a long form and a short form of, as well as an imperfective and perfective form of, the classic five '''who, what, where, when, why*''' words. These are all native Rówok roots, while the words for '''how''' are often loaned from Finno-Ugric.

They are in long form if at the beginning of the sentence, and in short form if forced by [[#Fronting|fronting]] to a subsequent position. They are also in short form if they are in dependent clauses, where they act as subordinating [[#Conjunctions|conjunctions]].

They are further "conjugated", for lack of a better term, according to the [[#Aspect|aspect]] of the verb to which they refer.

:*The word for "why", '''''pwočimo''''', is actually a hybrid borrowing from Russian '''почему''' and the original Rówok interrogative root '''''pw-'''''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|imperf. short}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. long}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|perf. short}}
|-
! style="" |{{sc|who}}
| '''pwóso'''
| '''pós/pás'''
| '''pwúsu'''
| '''pús/pés'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|what}}
| '''pwóno'''
| '''pón/pán'''
| '''pwúnu'''
| '''pún/pén'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|when}}
| '''pwóčdo'''
| '''póč'''
| '''pwúčdu'''
| '''púč'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|where}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''póbo'''
| '''pwúbu'''
| '''púb'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|why}}
| '''pwóčimo'''
| '''póčim'''
| '''pwúčimu'''
| '''púčim'''
|-
|}

====Where, here, there====
There are ablative and allative words for '''where, here,''' and ''there''', as shown in the table below.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|where}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|here}}
!style="width: 45px; "|{{sc|there}}

|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)here}}
| '''pwóbo'''
| '''twóbo'''
| '''pábwa'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hence}}
| '''pwóbzo'''
| '''twóbzo'''
| '''pábwaz'''
|-
! style="" |{{sc|(w)(t)hither}}
| '''pwóbok'''
| '''twóbok'''
| '''pábwak'''
|-
|}

====Relativization====
There are 3 main strategies for '''relativization''' in Rówok, depending on whether the relative clause is 1) defining or 2) non-defining, or 3) if it's generic. Relativizers have special [[#Declension of relativizers|declensions]], that differ from what one might expect from [[#Declension tables|nominal and participial declension]].

#Defining relative clauses are formed by means of a [[#Participles|participial construction]] with the resumptive relativizer '''''dXž''''' (from root '''dyz-''', "do") agreeing in case '''and vocalic phonetic structure''' with the relativized participle, '''but not number'''. It comes directly after the relativized participle for clauses containing just one word (1a), and introduces relative clauses for words with more than one word (1b).
#Non-defining relative clauses are formed with the [[#True wh- words|short form of the wh- word]] in the appropriate case and aspect, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause''' if its subject (2a), otherwise '''with the vocalic structure of the nominal antecedent''' from the main clause (2b).
#Generic relative clauses of the sort "Whosoever should do X..." are formed with a mix of the short form of the wh- word with a phonetically reduced verion of "dXž", namely '''''-Xğ''''' infixed between it and the case ending, and '''agreeing with the vocalic structure of the verb in the relative clause'''.

In the glosses below [brackets] are used to show whence the relativizer draws its vocalic structure.

[[File:Greenland 323 (34777287800).jpg|thumb|right|Dogs that are, in fact, barking.]]

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1a) mówok yát dáž kéyte
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [yát dáž] kéyk-e
| gloss = dog.ERG [running.IMPERF REL.IMPERF] bark.PERF-3S.IND
| translation = The dog that is running barked.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1b) mówok dážnak ŧwómgod bazƚának ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = mówok [dáž-nak ŧ-wóm-god bazƚ-ának] ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = dog.ERG [REL-TEL INCL-we-INST pet.DIM.PART-TEL] NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = The dog we are petting did not bark (the dog that is getting pet by us did not bark).
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1c) mwokínko kikínank dážnak lewésket (ára yelŧá wolínroz dóžroz lunú)
|IPA =
| morphemes = mwok-ín-ko [kik-ín-ank dáž-nak] le-wésk-et (ára yelŧá [wol-ín-roz dóž-roz] lunú)
| gloss = dog-PL-TEL [barking-PL-TEL REL-TEL] DU-hear.PL-1Pl.INC (NEG but/immo [howling-PL-GEN REL-GEN] NEG.RES
| translation = The two of us heard the dogs that were barking (but not the ones that were howling)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2a) ŧórz mówok, pás áyta, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz mówok, [pás áyt-a], ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN dog.ERG, [REL.NOM run.IMPERF-3S.IND], NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, who is running, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2b) ŧórz mówok, pósonk yágnat, ára kéyke lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ŧ-órz [mówok, pós-onk] yágn-at, ára kéyk-e lunú
| gloss = me-GEN [dog.ERG, REL-TEL] adore.IMPERF-1S.IND NEG bark.PERF-3S.IND NEG.RES
| translation = My dog, whom I love, did not bark.
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) pubúğ nukwúŧyu, aráda dáyma
|IPA =
| morphemes = [pub-úğ nukwú-ŧy-u], aráda dáym-a
| gloss = [whither-REL arrive.PERF-MID-3S.IND], sun.ERG shine.IMPERF-3S.IND
| translation = Wherever you go, the sun shall shine (wherever it is arrived at, the sun shines).
}}


=====Declension of relativizers=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="7"|{{sc|relativizers}}
|-
!colspan=2|
!{{sc|underlying ending}}||{{sc|dXž}} nondefining ||{{sc|pXs, "who"}}||{{sc|pXn, "that"}}
|-
!colspan=1 rowspan=12|{{sc|singulare tantum}}
| {{sc|vocative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''pwóso''' || '''pwóno'''
|-
| {{sc|ergative}} || {{sc|n/a}} || '''dẊž''' || '''pẊs''' || '''pẊn'''
|-
| {{sc|similative}} || {{sc|-Xm}} || '''dẊžXm''' || '''pẊsXm''' || '''pẊm'''
|-
| {{sc|partitive}} || {{sc|-sXb}} || '''dẊžXb''' || '''pẊsXp''' || '''pẊnsXb'''
|-
| {{sc|genitive}} || {{sc|-rXz / -rz}} || '''dẊř''' || '''pẊlš''' || '''pẊnXř'''
|-
| {{sc|benefactive}} || {{sc|-prX / -pXr}} || '''dẊžbXr''' || '''pẊspXl''' || '''pẊmbXr'''
|-
| {{sc|telic}} || {{sc|-nkX / -nXk}} || '''dẊžnXk''' || '''pẊsnXk''' || '''pẊnkX'''
|-
| {{sc|inessive}} || {{sc|-bi}} || '''dẊžbi''' || '''pẊzbi''' || '''pẊmbi'''
|-
| {{sc|superessive}} || {{sc|-pi}} || '''dẊšpi''' || '''pẊspi''' || '''pẊnpi'''
|-
| {{sc|instr./comit.}} || {{sc|-gdX / -gXd}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊžX''' || '''pẊmžX'''
|-
| {{sc|caritive}} || {{sc|-ktX / -kXt}} || '''dẊžX''' || '''pẊšX''' || '''pẊnšX'''
|}

===Conjunctions===
Conjunctions are phrase-initial in [[#Fronting|unfronted]], unmarked discourse, and in second position in topicalized phrases. Some conjunctions are always in second position in resumptive clauses (see rí and wúnda). Other conjunctions are always [[#Clitics|clitics]], as explained below.

====Coordinating====
*'''órya''' - nam, for
*'''tí''' - and
*'''yún''' - nor
*'''yelŧá''' - immo, but on the other hand
*'''sú''' - or
*'''álŧ''' - yet
*'''žá/nú''' - so
*'''wiká''' - moreover

=====Correlative conjunctions=====
*'''áma...yún''' - neither...nor
*'''súŧa...sú''' - either...or
*'''u(m/n)...sú''' - whether...or
*'''yá...tí/-kX/gX''' - both...and
*'''ár...lún...álŧ''' - not...but
*'''ár yá...lún...yá tí/wiká''' - not only...but also

====Subordinating conjunctions====
*'''čáž''' - as if, so as if
*'''káz''' - ut, in order, so as to

=====Correlative subordinating conjunctions=====
*'''rí...wúnda''' (or vice versa) - if...then
*'''kál(i)...tún''' one the one hand, then; μέν...δέ

====Clitics====
There are 4 enclitic conjunctions appearing at the end of the last fully inflected noun in a string. When the enclisis makes a new consonant cluster, the accented syllable sympathetically moves to the new penult (old ultimate), if not already there by nature (cf. sentence '''4)''' below).

#'''-kX/gX''', "and"
#'''-wX/vX''', exclusive "or"
#'''-li/ri''', inclusive "or" (also used as an [[#Wh- words|interrogative particle]])
#'''-lXn/-rXn''', "and not"

Examples:

{{Gloss
|phrase = 1) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''ka'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''ka'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 2) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''wa'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''wa'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit, or they're killing a bear
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 3) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''li'' wókdowon
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''li'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''or''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
|IPA =
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit or a bear (I can't tell which/I don't care which)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 4) mowokín asráynka arzánka-''lun'' wókdowon
|IPA =
| morphemes = mowok-ín asráy-nka arzá-nka-''lun'' wókd-owon
| gloss = dog.ERG-PL rabbit-TEL bear-TEL-'''''and.not''''' kill.IMPERF-3P
| translation = the dogs are killing a rabbit and not a bear (how could you make that mistake?)
}}

{{Gloss
|phrase = 5) nyažínraž itvoynróž-''go''+ gařáya
|IPA =
| morphemes = nyaž-ín-raž itvo-yn-róž-''go'' gařáya
| gloss = valley.DIM-PL-GEN running.water.DIM-PL-GEN-'''''and''''' child.DIM.ERG
| translation = a child of the valleys and running waters = sweet summer child, naive person
}}
+original accent would be '''''itvóynrož'''''



===Comparison===
'''Comparative''' constructions in Rówok usually include a [[#Particles|particle]] or two and either a referent in the [[#Similative|similative]] case.

====More X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''nyáč''''', "far more than"

====Less X than Y====
The particles used to express "more X than Y" are:

*'''''rúzğu''''', "not so much"

====As X as Y====
The particles used to express "so" or "as X as Y" are:

*'''''ğú''''', "so much"

{{Gloss
|phrase = ówkroz ''bŕsam gú'' tasí kún/kungúyz' ára pwólno lunú
|IPA =
| morphemes = ówk.roz '''bŕs.am ğú''' tas.í kún/kun.gúyzu ára pwóln.o lunú
| gloss = time-GEN '''foot-SIM EMPH''' silent-ADV nothing/nothing-NMZ NEG tread.lightly-3S.IMP.IND RES.NEG
| translation = '''like the''' of time '''foot so''' silent nothing doesn't tread at all = "Naught treads '''so''' silent '''as the foot''' of Time..." - Edward Young

*'''''ásya sáya''''', "just about as"; Note that the referent '''sometimes''' goes between the two words.

*'''''ára X vuƚú''''', "not unlike", literally "not opposite to"; Note that the referent '''always''' goes between the two words (other parts of the noun phrase can also be between the two words, but ''vuƚú'' always goes immediately after the noun in the similative.

}}


===Particles===

====Temporal====
:'''''murú''''', "today"
::'''''yúšmuru''''', "yesterday"
:::'''''liyúšmuru''''', "two days ago"
::'''''awštrá''''', "tomorrow"
:::'''''yilštrá''''', the day after tomorrow
::'''''múmurú''''', "day by day"

:'''''vučú/vúč''''', "now"

:'''''tusú''''', "again"

:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""
:'''''''''', ""

====Yá====
The particle '''yá''' is used extensively, inter alia in the following ways:

#as an intensifier at either the level of word or sentence
#as an [[#Aspect and tense|aspect]] particle meaning "already"

==Numbers==
:'''Note: all numbers in parentheses represent base-10, all numbers not in parentheses are assumed to be base-12.'''

Rówok uses a duodecimal system.

There are special conjugations and declensions that follow some numbers. Namely:

*In existential/stative constructions '''''ár/''(0)''' takes the '''[[#Genitive|genitive]] plural''' for count nouns, and the '''[[#Partitive|partitive]] singular''' for non-count nouns.
*Any naturally or temporarily occurring set of two, '''''líy''/2''', takes the '''dual''' in both [[#Morphology and morphophonology|nominal and verbal morphology]]
**Compounds with '''2''' in them also take the dual, e.g. '''22''' (26), '''102''' (146), etc.
*'''10''' (12) takes the '''singular''' in nominal and verbal morphology
*'''20''' (24) takes the '''dual''' in nominal and verbal morphology

{|class="wikitable
|+ Numbers up to 110 (156) in Rówok
!0 ár!!10 (12) zúmu !!20 (24) yizúmu !!30 (36) úmuz !!40 (48) úmurd !!50 (60) úmru !!60 (72) úmzyi !!70 (84) úmsun !!80 (96) úmyurd !!90 (108) úmtuk !!ᘔ0 (120) úmyir !!Ɛ0 (132) úmbrun !!100 (144) gwóros
|-
!1 wúm
|'''11''' (13) '''zúmuti wúm''' ||'''21''' (25) '''yizúmdi wúm''' ||'''31''' (37) '''umúzdi wúm''' ||'''41''' (49) '''umúrdi wúm''' ||'''51''' (61) '''úmruti wúm''' ||'''61''' (73) '''úmzyiti wúm''' ||'''71''' (85) '''umsúnti wúm''' ||'''81''' (97) '''umyúrdi wúm''' ||'''91''' (109) '''umtíki wúm''' ||'''ᘔ1''' (121) '''umyírdi wúm''' ||'''Ɛ1''' (133) '''umbrúnti wúm''' ||'''101''' (145) '''gworósti wúm'''
|-
!2 líy
|'''12''' (14) '''zúmuti líy''' ||'''22''' (26) '''yizúmdi líy''' ||'''32''' (38) '''umúzdi líy''' ||'''42''' (50) '''umúrdi líy''' ||'''52''' (62) '''úmruti líy''' ||'''62''' (74) '''úmzyiti líy''' ||'''72''' (86) '''umsúnti líy''' ||'''82''' (98) '''umyúrdi líy''' ||'''92''' (110) '''umtíki líy''' ||'''ᘔ2''' (122) '''umyírdi líy''' ||'''Ɛ2''' (134) '''umbrúnti líy''' ||'''102''' (146) '''gworósti líy'''
|-
!3 áz
|'''13''' (15) '''zúmut íz ''' ||'''23''' (27) '''yizúmd íz''' ||'''33''' (39) '''umúzd íz''' ||'''43''' (51) '''umúrd íz''' ||'''53''' (63) '''úmrut íz''' ||'''63''' (75) '''úmzyit íz''' ||'''73''' (87) '''umsúnt íz''' ||'''83''' (99) '''umyúrd íz''' ||'''93''' (111) '''umtík íz''' ||'''ᘔ3''' (123) '''umyírd íz''' ||'''Ɛ3''' (135) '''umbrúnt íz''' ||'''103''' (147) '''gworóst íz'''
|-
!4 árd
|'''14''' (16) '''zúmut írd''' ||'''24''' (28) '''yizúmd írd''' ||'''34''' (40) '''umúzd írd''' ||'''44''' (52) '''umúrd írd''' ||'''54''' (64) '''úmrut írd''' ||'''64''' (76) '''úmzyit írd''' ||'''74''' (88) '''umsúnt írd''' ||'''84''' (100) '''umyúrd írd/stó''' ||'''94''' (112) '''umtík írd''' ||'''ᘔ4''' (124) '''umyírd írd''' ||'''Ɛ4''' (136) '''umbrúnt írd''' ||'''104''' (148) '''gworóst írd'''
|-
!5 wúr
|'''15''' (17) '''zúmuti wúr''' ||'''25''' (29) '''yizúmdi wúr''' ||'''35''' (41) '''umúzdi wúr''' ||'''45''' (53) '''umúrdi wúr''' ||'''55''' (65) '''úmruti wúr''' ||'''65''' (77) '''úmzyiti wúr''' ||'''75''' (89) '''umsúnti wúr''' ||'''85''' (101) '''umyúrdi wúr''' ||'''95''' (113) '''umtíki wúr''' ||'''ᘔ5''' (125) '''umyírdi wúr''' ||'''Ɛ5''' (137) '''umbrúnti wúr''' ||'''105''' (149) '''gworósti wúr'''
|-
!6 yáz
|'''16''' (18) '''zúmuti yíz''' ||'''26''' (30) '''yizúmdi yíz''' ||'''36''' (42) '''umúzdi yíz''' ||'''46''' (54) '''umúrdi yíz''' ||'''56''' (66) '''úmruti yíz''' ||'''66''' (78) '''úmzyiti yíz''' ||'''76''' (90) '''umsúnti yíz''' ||'''86''' (102) '''umyúrdi yíz''' ||'''96''' (114) '''umtíki yíz''' ||'''ᘔ6''' (126) '''umyírdi yíz''' ||'''Ɛ6''' (138) '''umbrúnti yíz''' ||'''106''' (150) '''gworósti yíz'''
|-
!7 sún
|'''17''' (19) '''zúmuti sún''' ||'''27''' (31) '''yizúmdi sún''' ||'''37''' (43) '''umúzdi sún''' ||'''47''' (55) '''umúrdi sún''' ||'''57''' (67) '''úmruti sún''' ||'''67''' (79) '''úmzyiti sún''' ||'''77''' (91) '''umsúnti sún''' ||'''87''' (103) '''umyúrdi sún''' ||'''97''' (115) '''umtíki sún''' ||'''ᘔ7''' (127) '''umyírdi sún''' ||'''Ɛ7''' (139) '''umbrúnti sún''' ||'''107''' (151) '''gworósti sún'''
|-
!8 yárd
|'''18''' (20) '''zúmuti yírd''' ||'''28''' (32) '''yizúmdi yírd''' ||'''38''' (44) '''umúzdi yírd''' ||'''48''' (56) '''umúrdi yírd''' ||'''58''' (68) '''úmruti yírd''' ||'''68''' (80) '''úmzyiti yírd''' ||'''78''' (92) '''umsúnti yírd''' ||'''88''' (104) '''umyúrdi yírd''' ||'''98''' (116) '''umtíki yírd''' ||'''ᘔ8''' (128) '''umyírdi yírd''' ||'''Ɛ8''' (140) '''umbrúnti yírd''' ||'''108''' (152) '''gworósti yírd'''
|-
!9 ták
|'''19''' (21) '''zúmuti tík''' ||'''29''' (33) '''yizúmdi tík''' ||'''39''' (45) '''umúzdi tík''' ||'''49''' (57) '''umúrdi tík''' ||'''59''' (69) '''úmruti tík''' ||'''69''' (81) '''úmzyiti tík''' ||'''79''' (93) '''umsúnti tík''' ||'''89''' (105) '''umyúrdi tík''' ||'''99''' (117) '''umtíki tík''' ||'''ᘔ9''' (129) '''umyírdi tík''' ||'''Ɛ9''' (141) '''umbrúnti tík''' ||'''109''' (153) '''gworósti tík'''
|-
!ᘔ (10) yír/dísit
|'''1ᘔ''' (22) '''zúmut yír''' ||'''2ᘔ''' (34) '''yizúmdi yír''' ||'''3ᘔ''' (46) '''umúzd yír''' ||'''4ᘔ''' (58) '''umúrd yír''' ||'''5ᘔ''' (70) '''úmrut yír''' ||'''6ᘔ''' (82) '''úmzyit yír''' ||'''7ᘔ''' (94) '''umsúnt yír''' ||'''8ᘔ''' (106) '''umyúrd yír''' ||'''9ᘔ''' (118) '''umtík yír''' ||'''ᘔᘔ''' (130) '''umyírd yír''' ||'''Ɛᘔ''' (142) '''umbrúnt yír''' ||'''10ᘔ''' (154) '''gworóst yír'''
|-
!Ɛ (11) brún
|'''1Ɛ''' (23) '''zúmuti brún''' ||'''2Ɛ''' (35) '''yizúmdi brún''' ||'''3Ɛ''' (47) '''umúzdi brún''' ||'''4Ɛ''' (59) '''umúrdi brún''' ||'''5Ɛ''' (71) '''úmruti brún''' ||'''6Ɛ''' (83) '''úmzyiti brún''' ||'''7Ɛ''' (95) '''umsúnti brún''' ||'''8Ɛ''' (107) '''umyúrdi brún''' ||'''9Ɛ''' (119) '''umtíki brún''' ||'''ᘔƐ''' (131) '''umyírdi brún''' ||'''ƐƐ''' (143) '''umbrúnti brún''' ||'''10Ɛ''' (155) '''gworósti brún'''
|}

==Colloquial Rówok==

==Example texts==

{{Gloss
|phrase = Yá wóbom anránkta bwólkto-ke paypayŧyáspap. Wóbo čaščánka zudrúnku čaščágda péyŧye. (Wóbo) panávnak zudrúnku panávgad péyŧye. (Wóbo) samvárnak zudrúnku samvárgad péyŧye. Laylápškya wóbo yuyuwgyu-ge. Wóbom nu paypayŧyáspap, zík.
|IPA = Yá wóbo-m anrán-kta bwólk-to-ke pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p. Wóbo-ø čaščá-nka zudrúnku čaščá-gda pey-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) panáv-nak zudrúnku panáv-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. (Wóbo-ø) samvár-nak zudrúnku samvár-gad péy-ø-ŧy-e. Lay-láp-š-ø-ky-a wóbo yu-yuwg-y-u-ge. Wóbom nu pay-pay-ŧyá-sp-a-p, zík-ø.
| morphemes =
| gloss = Verily water-SIM shape-CAR form-CAR-and IRR-become-MID-INCH-IMPF-2S. Water-VOC cup-TEL poured-VOC cup-INST become-PERF-MID-3S (Water-VOC) horn-TEL poured-VOC horn-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. (Water-VOC) samovar-TEL poured-VOC samovar-INST become-PERF-MID-3S. IRR-flow.DIM-IMPF--FUT.3S water-VOC IRR-crash-FUT-PERF-3S-and. Water.SIM therefore IRR-become-MID-INCH-2S, friend-VOC.
| translation = “You must be shapeless, formless, like water. When you pour water in a cup, it becomes the cup. When you pour water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. When you pour water in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Water can drip and it can crash. Become like water my friend.” - '''Bruce Lee'''
}}



===Idioms===

*'''''nyažínraž itvoynróžgo gařáya''''', "a child of the valleys and running waters" = sweet summer child, naive person
*'''''čižmik''''', utter nonsense, babbling, blithering, talking out your ass
*'''''Ar iwónroz/áparz Novgróžbi lunú!''''', "We're/you're not in Novgorod!", "we" is used to mean "let's conserve resources", while "you" is used to mean "get off your high horse"
*'''''kalwálŧya''''', a general state of lethargy and idleness, expressed as a stative in the middle voice, also "just chilling", also "possibly wasting talent through not doing anything"
*'''''arznáynta''''', "good night", for friends and acquaintances in parting (literally: "free of bears")
*'''''nówoz gukú''''', "good night", for family, lovers, etc.
*'''''ašávapař knarímbi yówčŧop''''', "you're crying over a stick in the woods" = "you're wallowing in misery while an endless amount of opportunities surrounds you"

====Dog idioms====
[[File:Sharr dogs.jpg|thumb|right|"Three dogs, no leash" - a Rówok expression meaning a person has control over a situation.]]

As mentioned above, dogs are an integral part of Rówok culture; as such, many idioms are related to dogs and human interaction with them

*'''''ár kárzawan lunú mowokín rokín''''', "barking dogs do not bite" = "his/her bark is bigger than their bite"
*'''''nučgúyžu mwoklígod''''', "to night it with 2 dogs" = a two dog night/a freezing night
*'''''stlánka lažta''''', "s/he/it is lapping at ice" = conducting an exercise in futility
*'''''ownlópro wólo''''', "s/he/it is howling at the moon" = talking crazy, fervently, even primitively sometimes
*'''''tú (mwókroz) awsánča rátsa''''', "that scratches the (dog) ear" = that hits the spot
*'''''asaváynko bwokinróz-run kárzda''''', "chewing sticks instead of bones" = wasting time, doing something ineffective when a better option is around
*'''''wutmúbu lašíŧya''''', "s/he's humping in autumn" = late to the party, too little too late (note this could to the dogs, whose mating season, like wolves, is January to March, but could also apply to humans, as Rówok speakers generally mate in the summer in order to give birth in the spring, so children are strong enough by the time their first winter comes)
*'''''tármpa''''', "to be like a louse" = to be annoying
*'''''líy mowókli, asáv' álŧ wúm''''', "two dogs, but one stick" = there's competition brewing, that's not gonna end well, there's bound to be a clash

====Snow idioms====
[[File:Sninský kameň (v zime) 010.jpg|thumb|left|371px|"Sideways snow" - an expression meaning "hard to understand/interpret/decipher".]]

Living nearly year-round under snowcover, there are also a lot of idioms related to snow and the cold.

*'''''krúžbi blšínam''''', "like snowflakes in a butt" = "something done half-assedly, pisspoorly", the idea being "about as durable as ice crystals in a warm place"
*'''''bálsŧya belsénkpre''''', "it is snowing upon fallen snow" = to beat a dead horse; to preach to the choir
*'''''zála párzđya, plút nú sálŧya''''', "life is cold, death is freezing" = "life sucks and then you die"
*'''''ráda goğówkŧispo nú bĺsa sašálŧispa''''', "may the sun be warm and the snow freezing" = "travel safe"
*'''''tuzdú, gáři, barsá-lun/brážgađ, dlnádgad, twozgód-vo, gáři, párz išána''''', "by sled, young one, not by foot"/by foot, by snowshoe, by sled, young one, your choice" = "brains over brawn", "work smarter not harder"
*'''''álvyank blášpi / vƚašínpi yižin solwóŧišop''''', "you're hoarding bark* before the snow/some flurries" = "you're panicking, doing something unnecessary when you could be focusing attention elsewhere"

==Other resources==




[[Category:Rówok]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]]