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Thulean

2017-04-14T00:28:32Z

Lambehto: /* Vowels */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || qqj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || qj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels —Monophthongs
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| a
|}

c) Vowels —Diphthongs
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| ia
| ua
|-
!Low Falling
| ai
| au
|-
!High Falling
| ui
| iu
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) The glottal stop is not written in word-initial position.

4) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 5 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 4 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| /a/
|}

====Diphthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| /ɛ:/
| /ɔ:/
|-
!Low Falling
| /aɪ/
| /aʊ/
|-
!High Falling
| /ɔɪ/
| /əʊ/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position.

4) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

5) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

6) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

7) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

8) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

9) /i/ is realised as [E] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

10) /i/ is realised as [E] after a /j/ onset.

11) /u/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

12) /u/ is realised as [O] after a /w/ onset.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur within a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʥ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʥ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʨ || ʨ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ɕɕ || ɕ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʨ || ɲʥ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʥ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎɲ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʨ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲɕ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʨ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʨ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʨ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nɕ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎɕ || ɕp || ɕt || ɕtɬ || ɕʨ || ɕk || ɕkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ɕɕ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ɕ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþi || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marsi || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþirassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþi = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsi = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþirassu = 19

pujai = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapujai = 40

kirumpujai = 60

lawampujai = 80

ikum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakum = 200

kirugkum = 300

lawagkum = 400

marsikum = 500

sraikum = 600

saspikum = 700

rassukum = 800

vaþirassukun = 900

milju = 1,000

milljun = 1,000,000

milju vaþirassukun kirumpujai marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþirassu

= nine lords

pik-milki-t vaþirassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpujai vaþi kispit

= the twenty-first month

sin-pujai vaþi kispi-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwirþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwirþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

agja = copper

aqaq = fire

ailrin = April

galin = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

Gjaman = December

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanta = to give

-hanþi = too much, excessively

hilka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jagku = to count, to enumerate

jaipix = fishes

jakkin = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jilin = valley

jillra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jilrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jinsa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

Kantla = May

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakinalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattinat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katin = chains

katigkarvat = railway train

katigwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kavalla = horse is

kavi = coffee

kiapiþ = shadow

kilisja = church

kinalli = general (OF-8)

kintimetra = centimetre

kiram = gram

kirri = land, country

kirta = skeleton, frame

kispe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilukiram = kilogram

kilumitra = kilometre

kimiq = woman

kirun = three

kjukulat = chocolate

kjavi = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

Kukja = November

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwina = a smile

-kwipsu = never

kwirþi = piece, portion

kwitsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lunti = today

lattinat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmaq = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maisit = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkuslusi = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marsi = five

marþin = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþin = bread

milja = thousand

milki = lord, lady

milljun = million

misalka = blackbird

mitra = metre

miha = two

-mmilit = black, brunette

mirkukiram = microgram

mirkumitra = micrometre, micron

millikiram = milligram

millilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

millimitra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwirka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasra = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nravi = eye

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukjia = eels

nummi = to be red

pagkju = to buy

pujai = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

pigkilu = pencil

pinta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

aira = trees, forest

Airan = October

alman = woad

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

Anajat = September

qaniq = willow trees

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aragkja = orange (fruit)

arhat = silver

aru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

arha = to eat

asaþ = to bind, to imprison

aspin = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

aþan = blood

aurikat = apricot

ausla = police, militia

auslax = cop

avan = apples

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

Ekwa = February

Elemvu = March

ekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

ikum = hundred

ilit = bronze

isak = salmon

isin = leaves

ixpi = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

iqku = handsome

isan = iron

iskalva = bird of prey

iskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Islat = Iceland

isparwa = crow

issit = hair

istilu = pen

iqjam = stars

unnu = pillow

unnujakkin = hovercraft

uruk = enemies

usse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

riþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

Rura = August

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

Saman = June

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

silka = person, human being

Simussan = January

sirvintu = sergeant (OR-4)

sirvintuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

sirvintuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tumati = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarki = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

tianinta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqikwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

Þuman = July

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþi = one

vaþirassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Villat = Finland

vinistra = window

-virri = new, young, fresh

virru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wirvu = amber

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

qjammi = sky

-qku = instrumental applicative

-qpak = diminutive suffix

qwistu = winds

Qwiqjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-14T00:27:50Z

Lambehto: /* Orthography */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || qqj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || qj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels —Monophthongs
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| a
|}

c) Vowels —Diphthongs
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| ia
| ua
|-
!Low Falling
| ai
| au
|-
!High Falling
| ui
| iu
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) The glottal stop is not written in word-initial position.

4) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 3 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 6 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| /a/
|}

====Diphthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| /ɛ:/
| /ɔ:/
|-
!Low Falling
| /aɪ/
| /aʊ/
|-
!High Falling
| /ɔɪ/
| /əʊ/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position.

4) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

5) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

6) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

7) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

8) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

9) /i/ is realised as [E] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

10) /i/ is realised as [E] after a /j/ onset.

11) /u/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

12) /u/ is realised as [O] after a /w/ onset.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur within a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʥ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʥ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʨ || ʨ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ɕɕ || ɕ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʨ || ɲʥ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʥ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎɲ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʨ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲɕ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʨ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʨ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʨ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nɕ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎɕ || ɕp || ɕt || ɕtɬ || ɕʨ || ɕk || ɕkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ɕɕ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ɕ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþi || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marsi || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþirassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþi = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsi = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþirassu = 19

pujai = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapujai = 40

kirumpujai = 60

lawampujai = 80

ikum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakum = 200

kirugkum = 300

lawagkum = 400

marsikum = 500

sraikum = 600

saspikum = 700

rassukum = 800

vaþirassukun = 900

milju = 1,000

milljun = 1,000,000

milju vaþirassukun kirumpujai marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþirassu

= nine lords

pik-milki-t vaþirassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpujai vaþi kispit

= the twenty-first month

sin-pujai vaþi kispi-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwirþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwirþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

agja = copper

aqaq = fire

ailrin = April

galin = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

Gjaman = December

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanta = to give

-hanþi = too much, excessively

hilka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jagku = to count, to enumerate

jaipix = fishes

jakkin = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jilin = valley

jillra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jilrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jinsa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

Kantla = May

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakinalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattinat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katin = chains

katigkarvat = railway train

katigwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kavalla = horse is

kavi = coffee

kiapiþ = shadow

kilisja = church

kinalli = general (OF-8)

kintimetra = centimetre

kiram = gram

kirri = land, country

kirta = skeleton, frame

kispe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilukiram = kilogram

kilumitra = kilometre

kimiq = woman

kirun = three

kjukulat = chocolate

kjavi = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

Kukja = November

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwina = a smile

-kwipsu = never

kwirþi = piece, portion

kwitsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lunti = today

lattinat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmaq = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maisit = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkuslusi = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marsi = five

marþin = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþin = bread

milja = thousand

milki = lord, lady

milljun = million

misalka = blackbird

mitra = metre

miha = two

-mmilit = black, brunette

mirkukiram = microgram

mirkumitra = micrometre, micron

millikiram = milligram

millilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

millimitra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwirka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasra = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nravi = eye

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukjia = eels

nummi = to be red

pagkju = to buy

pujai = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

pigkilu = pencil

pinta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

aira = trees, forest

Airan = October

alman = woad

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

Anajat = September

qaniq = willow trees

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aragkja = orange (fruit)

arhat = silver

aru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

arha = to eat

asaþ = to bind, to imprison

aspin = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

aþan = blood

aurikat = apricot

ausla = police, militia

auslax = cop

avan = apples

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

Ekwa = February

Elemvu = March

ekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

ikum = hundred

ilit = bronze

isak = salmon

isin = leaves

ixpi = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

iqku = handsome

isan = iron

iskalva = bird of prey

iskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Islat = Iceland

isparwa = crow

issit = hair

istilu = pen

iqjam = stars

unnu = pillow

unnujakkin = hovercraft

uruk = enemies

usse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

riþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

Rura = August

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

Saman = June

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

silka = person, human being

Simussan = January

sirvintu = sergeant (OR-4)

sirvintuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

sirvintuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tumati = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarki = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

tianinta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqikwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

Þuman = July

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþi = one

vaþirassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Villat = Finland

vinistra = window

-virri = new, young, fresh

virru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wirvu = amber

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

qjammi = sky

-qku = instrumental applicative

-qpak = diminutive suffix

qwistu = winds

Qwiqjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-14T00:24:24Z

Lambehto: /* Vowels */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || qqj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || qj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) The glottal stop is not written in word-initial position.

4) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 3 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 6 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| /a/
|}

====Diphthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| /ɛ:/
| /ɔ:/
|-
!Low Falling
| /aɪ/
| /aʊ/
|-
!High Falling
| /ɔɪ/
| /əʊ/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position.

4) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

5) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

6) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

7) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

8) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

9) /i/ is realised as [E] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

10) /i/ is realised as [E] after a /j/ onset.

11) /u/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

12) /u/ is realised as [O] after a /w/ onset.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur within a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʥ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʥ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʨ || ʨ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ɕɕ || ɕ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʨ || ɲʥ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʥ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎɲ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʨ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲɕ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʨ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʨ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʨ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nɕ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎɕ || ɕp || ɕt || ɕtɬ || ɕʨ || ɕk || ɕkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ɕɕ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ɕ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþi || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marsi || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþirassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþi = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsi = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþirassu = 19

pujai = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapujai = 40

kirumpujai = 60

lawampujai = 80

ikum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakum = 200

kirugkum = 300

lawagkum = 400

marsikum = 500

sraikum = 600

saspikum = 700

rassukum = 800

vaþirassukun = 900

milju = 1,000

milljun = 1,000,000

milju vaþirassukun kirumpujai marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþirassu

= nine lords

pik-milki-t vaþirassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpujai vaþi kispit

= the twenty-first month

sin-pujai vaþi kispi-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwirþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwirþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

agja = copper

aqaq = fire

ailrin = April

galin = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

Gjaman = December

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanta = to give

-hanþi = too much, excessively

hilka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jagku = to count, to enumerate

jaipix = fishes

jakkin = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jilin = valley

jillra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jilrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jinsa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

Kantla = May

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakinalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattinat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katin = chains

katigkarvat = railway train

katigwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kavalla = horse is

kavi = coffee

kiapiþ = shadow

kilisja = church

kinalli = general (OF-8)

kintimetra = centimetre

kiram = gram

kirri = land, country

kirta = skeleton, frame

kispe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilukiram = kilogram

kilumitra = kilometre

kimiq = woman

kirun = three

kjukulat = chocolate

kjavi = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

Kukja = November

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwina = a smile

-kwipsu = never

kwirþi = piece, portion

kwitsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lunti = today

lattinat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmaq = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maisit = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkuslusi = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marsi = five

marþin = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþin = bread

milja = thousand

milki = lord, lady

milljun = million

misalka = blackbird

mitra = metre

miha = two

-mmilit = black, brunette

mirkukiram = microgram

mirkumitra = micrometre, micron

millikiram = milligram

millilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

millimitra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwirka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasra = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nravi = eye

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukjia = eels

nummi = to be red

pagkju = to buy

pujai = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

pigkilu = pencil

pinta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

aira = trees, forest

Airan = October

alman = woad

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

Anajat = September

qaniq = willow trees

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aragkja = orange (fruit)

arhat = silver

aru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

arha = to eat

asaþ = to bind, to imprison

aspin = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

aþan = blood

aurikat = apricot

ausla = police, militia

auslax = cop

avan = apples

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

Ekwa = February

Elemvu = March

ekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

ikum = hundred

ilit = bronze

isak = salmon

isin = leaves

ixpi = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

iqku = handsome

isan = iron

iskalva = bird of prey

iskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Islat = Iceland

isparwa = crow

issit = hair

istilu = pen

iqjam = stars

unnu = pillow

unnujakkin = hovercraft

uruk = enemies

usse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

riþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

Rura = August

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

Saman = June

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

silka = person, human being

Simussan = January

sirvintu = sergeant (OR-4)

sirvintuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

sirvintuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tumati = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarki = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

tianinta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqikwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

Þuman = July

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþi = one

vaþirassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Villat = Finland

vinistra = window

-virri = new, young, fresh

virru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wirvu = amber

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

qjammi = sky

-qku = instrumental applicative

-qpak = diminutive suffix

qwistu = winds

Qwiqjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-14T00:20:42Z

Lambehto: /* Vowels */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || qqj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || qj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) The glottal stop is not written in word-initial position.

4) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| /a/
|}

====Diphthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| /ɛ:/
| /ɔ:/
|-
!Low Falling
| /aɪ/
| /aʊ/
|-
!High Falling
| /ɔɪ/
| /əʊ/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position.

4) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

5) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

6) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

7) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

8) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

9) /i/ is realised as [E] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

10) /i/ is realised as [E] after a /j/ onset.

11) /u/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

12) /u/ is realised as [O] after a /w/ onset.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur within a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʥ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʥ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʨ || ʨ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ɕɕ || ɕ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʨ || ɲʥ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʥ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎɲ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʨ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲɕ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʨ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʨ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʨ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nɕ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎɕ || ɕp || ɕt || ɕtɬ || ɕʨ || ɕk || ɕkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ɕɕ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ɕ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþi || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marsi || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþirassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþi = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsi = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþirassu = 19

pujai = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapujai = 40

kirumpujai = 60

lawampujai = 80

ikum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakum = 200

kirugkum = 300

lawagkum = 400

marsikum = 500

sraikum = 600

saspikum = 700

rassukum = 800

vaþirassukun = 900

milju = 1,000

milljun = 1,000,000

milju vaþirassukun kirumpujai marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþirassu

= nine lords

pik-milki-t vaþirassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpujai vaþi kispit

= the twenty-first month

sin-pujai vaþi kispi-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwirþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwirþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

agja = copper

aqaq = fire

ailrin = April

galin = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

Gjaman = December

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanta = to give

-hanþi = too much, excessively

hilka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jagku = to count, to enumerate

jaipix = fishes

jakkin = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jilin = valley

jillra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jilrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jinsa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

Kantla = May

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakinalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattinat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katin = chains

katigkarvat = railway train

katigwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kavalla = horse is

kavi = coffee

kiapiþ = shadow

kilisja = church

kinalli = general (OF-8)

kintimetra = centimetre

kiram = gram

kirri = land, country

kirta = skeleton, frame

kispe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilukiram = kilogram

kilumitra = kilometre

kimiq = woman

kirun = three

kjukulat = chocolate

kjavi = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

Kukja = November

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwina = a smile

-kwipsu = never

kwirþi = piece, portion

kwitsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lunti = today

lattinat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmaq = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maisit = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkuslusi = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marsi = five

marþin = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþin = bread

milja = thousand

milki = lord, lady

milljun = million

misalka = blackbird

mitra = metre

miha = two

-mmilit = black, brunette

mirkukiram = microgram

mirkumitra = micrometre, micron

millikiram = milligram

millilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

millimitra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwirka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasra = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nravi = eye

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukjia = eels

nummi = to be red

pagkju = to buy

pujai = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

pigkilu = pencil

pinta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

aira = trees, forest

Airan = October

alman = woad

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

Anajat = September

qaniq = willow trees

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aragkja = orange (fruit)

arhat = silver

aru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

arha = to eat

asaþ = to bind, to imprison

aspin = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

aþan = blood

aurikat = apricot

ausla = police, militia

auslax = cop

avan = apples

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

Ekwa = February

Elemvu = March

ekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

ikum = hundred

ilit = bronze

isak = salmon

isin = leaves

ixpi = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

iqku = handsome

isan = iron

iskalva = bird of prey

iskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Islat = Iceland

isparwa = crow

issit = hair

istilu = pen

iqjam = stars

unnu = pillow

unnujakkin = hovercraft

uruk = enemies

usse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

riþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

Rura = August

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

Saman = June

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

silka = person, human being

Simussan = January

sirvintu = sergeant (OR-4)

sirvintuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

sirvintuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tumati = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarki = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

tianinta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqikwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

Þuman = July

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþi = one

vaþirassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Villat = Finland

vinistra = window

-virri = new, young, fresh

virru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wirvu = amber

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

qjammi = sky

-qku = instrumental applicative

-qpak = diminutive suffix

qwistu = winds

Qwiqjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-02T02:33:45Z

Lambehto: /* Consonant Gradation */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || xxj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || xj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

4) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

5) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

6) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʥ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʥ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʨ || ʨ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ɕɕ || ɕ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʨ || ɲʥ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʥ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎɲ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʨ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲɕ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʨ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʨ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʨ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nɕ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎɕ || ɕp || ɕt || ɕtɬ || ɕʨ || ɕk || ɕkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ɕɕ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ɕ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

sraikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jellra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jelrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetra = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametra = kilometre

kimex = woman

kirun = three

kjakalat = chocolate

kjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metra = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukje = eels

numme = to be red

pagkju = to buy

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qagja = copper

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qaragkja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qixjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

xjammi = sky

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwixjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-02T02:31:41Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || xxj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || xj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

4) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

5) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

6) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʥ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎɲ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʨ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲɕ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʨ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʨ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʨ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nɕ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎɕ || ɕp || ɕt || ɕtɬ || ɕʨ || ɕk || ɕkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ɕɕ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ɕ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

sraikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jellra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jelrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetra = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametra = kilometre

kimex = woman

kirun = three

kjakalat = chocolate

kjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metra = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukje = eels

numme = to be red

pagkju = to buy

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qagja = copper

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qaragkja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qixjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

xjammi = sky

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwixjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-02T02:31:18Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || xxj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || xj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

4) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

5) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

6) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʥ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎɲ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʨ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʨ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʨ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʨ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nɕ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎɕ || ɕp || ɕt || ɕtɬ || ɕʨ || ɕk || ɕkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ɕɕ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ɕ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

sraikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jellra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jelrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetra = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametra = kilometre

kimex = woman

kirun = three

kjakalat = chocolate

kjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metra = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukje = eels

numme = to be red

pagkju = to buy

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qagja = copper

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qaragkja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qixjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

xjammi = sky

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwixjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-02T02:20:36Z

Lambehto: /* Phonotactics */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || xxj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || xj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

4) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

5) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

6) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

sraikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jellra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jelrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetra = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametra = kilometre

kimex = woman

kirun = three

kjakalat = chocolate

kjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metra = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukje = eels

numme = to be red

pagkju = to buy

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qagja = copper

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qaragkja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qixjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

xjammi = sky

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwixjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-02T02:17:21Z

Lambehto: /* Allophony */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || xxj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || xj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.

3) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.

4) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

5) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

6) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /n`, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, l`, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ ||lθ|| ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt||θtɬ||θʧ||θk||θkʷ||θʔ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

sraikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jellra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jelrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetra = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametra = kilometre

kimex = woman

kirun = three

kjakalat = chocolate

kjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metra = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukje = eels

numme = to be red

pagkju = to buy

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qagja = copper

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qaragkja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qixjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

xjammi = sky

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwixjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-02T02:14:00Z

Lambehto: /* Consonants */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || xxj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || xj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /n`/ is realised as [d`z`] in onset position.

3) /N_w/ is realised as [g_w] in word-initial position.

4) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

5) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

6) /p, t, tɬ, ts`, ts\, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, s`, s\, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /n`, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, l`, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ ||lθ|| ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt||θtɬ||θʧ||θk||θkʷ||θʔ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

sraikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jellra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jelrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetra = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametra = kilometre

kimex = woman

kirun = three

kjakalat = chocolate

kjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metra = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukje = eels

numme = to be red

pagkju = to buy

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qagja = copper

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qaragkja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qixjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

xjammi = sky

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwixjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-02T02:13:30Z

Lambehto: /* Consonants */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || xxj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || xj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 13.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /n`/ is realised as [d`z`] in onset position.

3) /N_w/ is realised as [g_w] in word-initial position.

4) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

5) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

6) /p, t, tɬ, ts`, ts\, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, s`, s\, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /n`, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, l`, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ ||lθ|| ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt||θtɬ||θʧ||θk||θkʷ||θʔ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

sraikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jellra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.

jelrax = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetra = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametra = kilometre

kimex = woman

kirun = three

kjakalat = chocolate

kjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metra = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukje = eels

numme = to be red

pagkju = to buy

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qagja = copper

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qaragkja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qixjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

xjammi = sky

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwixjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-01T03:19:28Z

Lambehto: /* Orthography */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || xxj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || xj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ are written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /n`/ is realised as [d`z`] in onset position.

3) /N_w/ is realised as [g_w] in word-initial position.

4) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

5) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

6) /p, t, tɬ, ts`, ts\, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, s`, s\, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /n`, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, l`, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ ||lθ|| ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt||θtɬ||θʧ||θk||θkʷ||θʔ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

sraikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetra = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametra = kilometre

kimex = woman

kirun = three

kjakalat = chocolate

kjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metra = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukje = eels

numme = to be red

pagkju = to buy

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qagja = copper

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qaragkja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qixjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

xjammi = sky

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwixjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-04-01T03:14:37Z

Lambehto: /* Consonants */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || kj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || xxj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || xj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Coda /n`/ are written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".

3) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Retroflex
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʂʂ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) /n`/ is realised as [d`z`] in onset position.

3) /N_w/ is realised as [g_w] in word-initial position.

4) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

5) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

6) /p, t, tɬ, ts`, ts\, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, s`, s\, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /n`, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, l`, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ ||lθ|| ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt||θtɬ||θʧ||θk||θkʷ||θʔ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tansrai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

sraikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

gjara = to purr

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = priest

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kantrakaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kantrakarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kantrakattagju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kantrakenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kantralattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kantramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattagju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetra = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kigje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametra = kilometre

kimex = woman

kirun = three

kjakalat = chocolate

kjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

kjuni = nose

kunnra = witch, sorcerer

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakju = thug, bravo

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

lawan = four

-lmax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litra = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metra = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetra = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

nugaxala vuta = hospital

nukje = eels

numme = to be red

pagkju = to buy

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qagja = copper

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qaragkja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qixjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

srai = six

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

sunra = fingers, hand

sunrax = finger

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

xjammi = sky

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwixjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-03-29T01:56:19Z

Lambehto: /* Phonotactics */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

3) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

4) /p, t, tɬ, ʧ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

5) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

6) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ ||lθ|| ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt||θtɬ||θʧ||θk||θkʷ||θʔ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| xai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tagxai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

xaikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kannarkaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kannarkarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kannarkattanju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kannarkenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kannallattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kannarmaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattanju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetla = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametla = kilometre

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kirun = three

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

latju = thug, bravo

lawan = four

-lbax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litla = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metla = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitla = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetla = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

pantju = to buy

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qanja = copper

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qarantja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qisjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sjammi = sky

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tjuni = nose

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xai = six

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-03-29T01:50:11Z

Lambehto: Undo revision 69780 by Anyar (talk)

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

3) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

4) /p, t, tɬ, ʧ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

5) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

6) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rn || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ||rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ ||lθ|| ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt||θtɬ||θʧ||θk||θkʷ||θʔ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| xai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tagxai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

xaikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kannarkaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kannarkarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kannarkattanju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kannarkenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kannallattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kannarmaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattanju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetla = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametla = kilometre

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kirun = three

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

latju = thug, bravo

lawan = four

-lbax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litla = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metla = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitla = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetla = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

pantju = to buy

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qanja = copper

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qarantja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qisjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sjammi = sky

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tjuni = nose

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xai = six

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-03-29T01:33:36Z

Lambehto: Reverted edits by Lambehto (talk) to last revision by Rhebeqah

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

3) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

4) /p, t, tɬ, ʧ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

5) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

6) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rn || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ||rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lkʷ|| lʔ ||lθ|| ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt||θtɬ||θʧ||θkʷ||θʔ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ ||skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| xai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tagxai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

xaikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kannarkaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kannarkarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kannarkattanju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kannarkenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kannallattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kannarmaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattanju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetla = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametla = kilometre

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kirun = three

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

latju = thug, bravo

lawan = four

-lbax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litla = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metla = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitla = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetla = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

pantju = to buy

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qanja = copper

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qarantja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qisjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sjammi = sky

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tjuni = nose

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xai = six

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-03-28T12:09:12Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

3) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.

4) /p, t, tɬ, ʧ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

5) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

6) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rn || rɲ || rŋ || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ||rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lkʷ|| lʔ ||lθ|| ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt||θtɬ||θʧ||θkʷ||θʔ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ ||skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.

4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎJ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikiselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikiselhat tatli

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

paþþa-nti tin

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pikijanat telli

= anyone of the men

pik-janak-t tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikiqavan mutli

= any of the apples

pik-qavan muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

tigki xinnunti

= he sees himself

tin-ki xintu-nti

3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

ligki xinnunti

= he sees him

lin-ki xintu-nti

4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavagxente tenqarxansi

= she eats her own apple

Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavagxelli tenqarxansi

= she eats her apple

Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi

ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reciprocal Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

a)

migka keniqarxammi

= you're eating what?

Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi

ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS

===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.

2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal

3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).

4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþe || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha || *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marse || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| xai || *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþerassu || *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}

tamvaþe = 11

tammiha = 12

tagkirun = 13

tallawan = 14

tammarsa = 15

tagxai = 16

tansaspi = 17

tarrassi = 18

tamvaþerassu = 19

paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)

mihapaje = 40

kirumpaje = 60

lawampaje = 80

qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)

mihakun = 200

kirugkun = 300

lawagkun = 400

marsekun = 500

xaikun = 600

saspikun = 700

rassukun = 800

vaþerassukun = 900

melja = 1,000

melljan = 1,000,000

melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965

5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.

EG:

pigkelhit vaþerassu

= nine lords

pik-melki-t vaþerassu

ABL-lord-PL nine

6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:

EG:

simpaje vaþe kespet

= the twenty-first month

sin-paje vaþe kespe-t

EQU-twenty one month-PL

7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.

EG:

pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi

= the third part of the water, a third of the water

pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi

ABL-water EQU-three portion

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===

galen = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willow trees

hanta = to give

-hanþe = too much, excessively

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

jalla = trees, forest

janak = man

java = night

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kannarkaralla = counter-colonel (OF-5)

kannarkarvalla = counter-corporal (OR-2)

kannarkattanju = counter-captain (OF-3)

kannarkenalli = counter-general (OF-7)

kannallattenat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)

kannarmaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)

karra = stone

karalla = colonel (OF-6)

karvalla = corporal (OR-3)

karvat = wagon, cart

Kastalpari = Constabulary. General term for Thulean armed forces.

kastalpi = constable (OR-1)

katen = chains

kategkarvat = railway train

kategwala = laser

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattanju = captain (OF-4)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kelesja = church

kenalli = general (OF-8)

kentimetla = centimetre

kepeþ = shadow

keram = gram

kerri = land, country

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kiggat = to drink

kilakeram = kilogram

kilametla = kilometre

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kirun = three

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwerþi = piece, portion

kwetsan = feathers

lakka = duck

-lanti = today

lattenat = lieutenant (OF-2)

latju = thug, bravo

lawan = four

-lbax = transitiviser

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

litla = litre

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

mairi = major (OR-7)

mairihalla = master major (OR-8)

mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maristlu = marshal (OF-10)

marse = five

marþen = to desire (stative), to want (active)

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

metla = metre

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

merkukeram = microgram

merkumetla = micrometre, micron

mellikeram = milligram

mellilitla = millilitre, cubic centimetre

mellimetla = millimetre

nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)

Narwerka = Norway

naska = ring (jewellery)

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

panana = banana

pantju = to buy

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qanja = copper

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qarantja = orange (fruit)

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qasaþ = to bind, to imprison

qaspen = be under, be beneath (stative), go beneath (active)

qaþan = blood

qaurikat = apricot

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavan = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesen = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qexku = handsome

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

qiskalvaþatan = aeroplane

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qisjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

qunnujakken = hovercraft

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rassu = eight

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

reþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

saspi = seven

saxwa = sun, day

selka = person, human being

serventu = sergeant (OR-4)

serventuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)

serventuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sjammi = sky

slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)

slahalmax = to rule, to command

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

-sun = detransitiviser

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

taina = foot

-taina = allative applicative

takku = to bring, to fetch

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tjuni = nose

tlanta = children

tlanu = throne

Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

þarja = wheel

þarjaqekwa = automobile

þatan = wing

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

taikut = to name

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vassliþatan = helicopter

vaþe = one

vaþerassu = eight

vau = and (conjoins two phrases)

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xai = six

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xku = instrumental applicative

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

===Thulean Flags===

[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]

[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]

[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]

The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Thulean

2017-03-10T03:10:52Z

Lambehto: /* Phonotactics */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families, have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is largely phonemic but also shows the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

3) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

4) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, T, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

5) /tɬ/ is realised as [dK\] in intervocalic position.

6) /ɬ/ is realised as [K\] in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, T, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rn || rɲ || rŋ || rŋʷ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lŋʷ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" rowspan="5"|
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanatta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanak-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikkavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin xinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin xintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin xinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin xintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavallaqente tenarxansi

= she eats her own apple

qavalla-xe-nte ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavallaxelle tenarxansi

= she eats her apple

qavalla-xe-lle ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavalla lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavalla len-qarxa-mmu ki-janak qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexixon===

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willows

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

janak = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kerru = three

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

laura = four

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

-mani = much, a lot

marsa = five

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = to exist

Narwerka = Norway

nasura = bones

nawan = nine

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

pantju = to buy

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pigkakku sluse = pork

pilun = lead

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalman = woad

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qanja = copper

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qaþan = blood

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavalla = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesel = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qisjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

sarsi = eight

saspi = seven

selka = person

sigkaten karvat = train, locomotive

sigkaten wala = laser

simvassli slatan = helicopter

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sinunnu jakken = hovercraft

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vaþe = one

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xai = six

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

Thulean

2017-03-10T01:01:58Z

Lambehto: /* Phonotactics */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families, have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is largely phonemic but also shows the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

3) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

4) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, T, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

5) /tɬ/ is realised as [dK\] in intervocalic position.

6) /ɬ/ is realised as [K\] in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, T, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rn || rɲ || rŋ || rŋʷ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || ln || lɲ || lŋ || lŋʷ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" rowspan="5"|
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanatta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanak-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikkavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin xinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin xintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin xinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin xintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavallaqente tenarxansi

= she eats her own apple

qavalla-xe-nte ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavallaxelle tenarxansi

= she eats her apple

qavalla-xe-lle ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavalla lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavalla len-qarxa-mmu ki-janak qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexixon===

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willows

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

janak = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kerru = three

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

laura = four

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

-mani = much, a lot

marsa = five

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = to exist

Narwerka = Norway

nasura = bones

nawan = nine

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

pantju = to buy

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pigkakku sluse = pork

pilun = lead

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qanja = copper

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qaþan = blood

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavalla = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesel = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qisjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

sarsi = eight

saspi = seven

selka = person

sigkaten karvat = train, locomotive

sigkaten wala = laser

simvassli slatan = helicopter

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sinunnu jakken = hovercraft

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vaþe = one

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xai = six

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

Thulean

2017-03-10T00:44:46Z

Lambehto: /* Consonants */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families, have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is largely phonemic but also shows the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

3) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

4) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, T, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

5) /tɬ/ is realised as [dK\] in intervocalic position.

6) /ɬ/ is realised as [K\] in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, T, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" rowspan="5"|
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanatta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanak-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikkavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin xinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin xintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin xinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin xintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavallaqente tenarxansi

= she eats her own apple

qavalla-xe-nte ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavallaxelle tenarxansi

= she eats her apple

qavalla-xe-lle ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavalla lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavalla len-qarxa-mmu ki-janak qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexixon===

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willows

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

janak = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kerru = three

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

laura = four

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

-mani = much, a lot

marsa = five

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = to exist

Narwerka = Norway

nasura = bones

nawan = nine

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

pantju = to buy

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pigkakku sluse = pork

pilun = lead

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qanja = copper

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qaþan = blood

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavalla = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesel = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qisjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

sarsi = eight

saspi = seven

selka = person

sigkaten karvat = train, locomotive

sigkaten wala = laser

simvassli slatan = helicopter

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sinunnu jakken = hovercraft

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vaþe = one

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xai = six

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

Thulean

2017-03-10T00:43:59Z

Lambehto: /* Orthography */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families, have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is largely phonemic but also shows the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! colspan="3"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Dental
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===

1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.

2) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

3) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

4) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, T, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

5) /tɬ/ is realised as [dK\] in intervocalic position.

6) /ɬ/ is realised as [K\] in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, T, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" rowspan="5"|
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:

a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant

b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

qakimex katunte = the woman's cat

qa-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

qavallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanatta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanak-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikkavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin xinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin xintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin xinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin xintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

qavallaqente tenarxansi

= she eats her own apple

qavalla-xe-nte ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

qavallaxelle tenarxansi

= she eats her apple

qavalla-xe-lle ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *qavanti tin

= the one who is not

qapa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex qavalla lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-qavalla len-qarxa-mmu ki-janak qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexixon===

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willows

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

janak = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kave = coffee

kerru = three

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

laura = four

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

-mani = much, a lot

marsa = five

maþen = bread

melja = thousand

melki = lord, lady

melljan = million

mesalka = blackbird

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = to exist

Narwerka = Norway

nasura = bones

nawan = nine

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

paje = twenty

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

pantju = to buy

parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pigkakku sluse = pork

pilun = lead

qahax = fire

qaira = trees, forest

qalwa = lark

qana = fruits

qanja = copper

qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary

qarhat = silver

qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)

qarxa = to eat

qaþan = blood

qausla = police, militia

qauslax = cop

qavalla = apples

qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

qekwa = horse

qekum = hundred

qelet = bronze

qesak = salmon

qesel = leaves

qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)

qisan = iron

qiskalva = bird of prey

Qislat = Iceland

qisparwa = crow

qissit = hair

qistilu = pen

qisjam = stars

qunnu = pillow

quruk = enemies

qusse = gemstone

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

sarsi = eight

saspi = seven

selka = person

sigkaten karvat = train, locomotive

sigkaten wala = laser

simvassli slatan = helicopter

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sinunnu jakken = hovercraft

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

Þistlat = Germany

þunna = fist

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

valþa = wolves

vanna = raven

varka = badger

vassli = wasp

vaþe = one

Vellat = Finland

venestla = window

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xai = six

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

Thulean

2017-03-09T06:03:29Z

Lambehto: /* Consonants */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minegkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families, have been made in the past. Also, of course, there are the not unexpected wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is largely phonemic but also shows the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! colspan="3"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Dental !! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

Note that the glottal stop is not written word-initially.

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! colspan="3"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Dental
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /θθ/
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===
1) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

2) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

3) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, T, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

4) /tɬ/ is realised as [dK\] in intervocalic position.

5) /ɬ/ is realised as [K\] in intervocalic position.

6) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

7) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, T, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" rowspan="5"|
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) Sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) If a triconsonantal cluster should result from suffixation then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the triconsonantal cluster.

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|a-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

akimex katunte = the woman's cat

a-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

avallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanatta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanak-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin xinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin xintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin xinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin xintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

avallaqente tenarxansi

= she eats her own apple

avalla-xe-nte ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

avallaxelle tenarxansi

= she eats her apple

avalla-xe-lle ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *avanti tin

= the one who is not

apa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex avalla lenarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-avalla len-arxa-mmu ki-janak qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===
ahax = fire

aira = tree

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

anja = copper, small change

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

arhat = silver, money, cash

aru = kernel, core

arxa = to eat

ausla = police, militia

auslax = policeman, cop

avalla = apple

axxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

ekwa = horse

elet = bronze

esak = salmon

esel = leaves

expe = to taste (stative), to savour (active), figuratively: to perform oral sex (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willows

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

isan = iron

iskalva = bird of prey

Islat = Iceland

isparwa = crow

issit = hair

istilu = pen

isyam = stars

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

janak = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kappe = coffee

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kerru = three

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

laura = four

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

-mani = much, a lot

mare = one

marsa = five

maþen = bread

mesalka = blackbird

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = be located

Narwerka = Norway

nasura = bones

nawan = nine

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

pamma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

pantju = to buy

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

Pellat = Finland

penelku = pencil

penestla = window

penta = to fill

pigkakku sluse = pork

pilun = lead

rarka = be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

runna = fist

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

sarsi = eight

saspi = seven

selka = person

sigkaten karvat = train, locomotive

sigkaten wala = laser

simvassli slatan = helicopter

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sinunnu jakken = hovercraft

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

Þistlat = Germany

unnu = pillow

uruk = foreigners

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

vanna = raven

varka = badger

varra = wolves

vassli = wasp

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xweksa = six

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

Thulean

2017-03-09T05:39:19Z

Lambehto: /* Orthography */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minegkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families, have been made in the past. Also, of course, there are the not unexpected wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is largely phonemic but also shows the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

a) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! colspan="3"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Dental !! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
|}

b) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

Note that the glottal stop is not written word-initially.

2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===
1) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

2) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

3) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, T, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

4) /tɬ/ is realised as [dK\] in intervocalic position.

5) /ɬ/ is realised as [K\] in intervocalic position.

6) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

7) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, T, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" rowspan="5"|
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) Sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) If a triconsonantal cluster should result from suffixation then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the triconsonantal cluster.

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|a-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makux = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -x

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -xe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlannante

= her children

b)

tlannaxeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

akimex katunte = the woman's cat

a-kimex kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janahiksi = this man

b)

avallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paþanti kattu

= the pretty cat

paþþa-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paþanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukxalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanatta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanak-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin xinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin xintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin xinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin xintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

avallaqente tenarxansi

= she eats her own apple

avalla-xe-nte ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

avallaxelle tenarxansi

= she eats her apple

avalla-xe-lle ten-arxa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vamin

4SG ANIM: valin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vatuk

3PL INAN: vamuk

4PL ANIM: valuk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *avanti tin

= the one who is not

apa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Relative Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimex avalla lenarxammu kijanak xinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimex Ø-avalla len-arxa-mmu ki-janak qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===
ahax = fire

aira = tree

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

anja = copper, small change

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

arhat = silver, money, cash

aru = kernel, core

arxa = to eat

ausla = police, militia

auslax = policeman, cop

avalla = apple

axxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

ekwa = horse

elet = bronze

esak = salmon

esel = leaves

expe = to taste (stative), to savour (active), figuratively: to perform oral sex (active)

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

hanex = willows

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

isan = iron

iskalva = bird of prey

Islat = Iceland

isparwa = crow

issit = hair

istilu = pen

isyam = stars

jaipix = fishes

jakken = boat

janak = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kalin = dog

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kappe = coffee

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

katlik = castle, fort

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kerru = three

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimex = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

laura = four

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

-mani = much, a lot

mare = one

marsa = five

maþen = bread

mesalka = blackbird

miha = two

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = be located

Narwerka = Norway

nasura = bones

nawan = nine

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

nugaxala vuta = hospital

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

pakka! = fuck!

palka = to go

pamma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)

pantju = to buy

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty

Pellat = Finland

penelku = pencil

penestla = window

penta = to fill

pigkakku sluse = pork

pilun = lead

rarka = be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

runna = fist

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

sarsi = eight

saspi = seven

selka = person

sigkaten karvat = train, locomotive

sigkaten wala = laser

simvassli slatan = helicopter

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

sinunnu jakken = hovercraft

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

tamman = ten

Tammarke = Denmark

tansa = owl

Telku = Thule

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

Þistlat = Germany

unnu = pillow

uruk = foreigners

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

vanna = raven

varka = badger

varra = wolves

vassli = wasp

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

xaste = world

xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-xpak = diminutive suffix

xweksa = six

xwestu = winds

Xwisjaþ = Sweden

Thulean

2017-03-08T03:14:17Z

Lambehto: /* Consonant Gradation */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minegkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny generally are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the northernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by Finnish and Quenya phonaesthetics but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too conplex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.

-->





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is phonemic but does show the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

1) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || t || tl || tj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || ss || ssl || ssj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || s || sl || sj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="2"| || j || h || w
|}

2) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

Note that the glottal stop is not written word-initially.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 43 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 10.75 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===
1) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

2) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

3) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

4) /tɬ/ is realised as [dð] in intervocalic position.

5) /ɬ/ is realised as [θ] in onset position following a coda consonant of /n, r/.

6) /ɬ/ is realised as [ð] in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) The fortis sonorants /mm, nn, ɲɲ, ŋŋ, ŋŋʷ, rr, ll, ʎʎ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ɲʤ, ŋg, ŋgʷ, rd, ld, ʎʤ].

9) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root. In compound nouns, the primary stress falls within the second root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation. Anomalous stress is indicated by an acute accent.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis consonants

b) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʤ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʤ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" rowspan="5"|
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) Sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) If a triconsonantal cluster should result from suffixation then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the triconsonantal cluster.

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|a-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makuq = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnuq = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -q

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -qe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlantante

= her children

b)

tlannaqeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

akimet katunte = the woman's cat

a-kimet kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janaqiksi
= this man

b)

avallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paslanti kattu

= the pretty cat

passla-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paslanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukqalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanaqta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanaq-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-Li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin qinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin qintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin qinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin qintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

avallaqente tenarqansi

= she eats her own apple

avalla-qe-nte ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

avallaqelle tenarqansi

= she eats her apple

avalla-qe-lle ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vámin

4SG ANIM: válin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vátuk

3PL INAN: vámuk

4PL ANIM: váluk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *avanti tin

= the one who is not

apa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimet avalla lenarqammu kijanaq qinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimet Ø-avalla len-arqa-mmu ki-janaq qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===
ahaq = fire

aira = tree

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

anja = copper, small change

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

arhát = silver, money, cash

arqa = to eat

aru = kernel, core

avalla = apple

ékwa = horse

elet = bronze

eqpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active)

esak = salmon

esel = leaves

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

isan = iron

iskálva = eagle, falcon, hawk

issit = hair

istilu = pen

jaipiq = fishes

jakken = boat

janaq = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kaqqwe = coffee

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

kategkarvat= train

kategwala = laser

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimet = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maslen = bread

mesalka = blackbird

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = be located

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

palka = to go

pantju = to buy

passla = be beautiful

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

qaneq = willows

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-qpak = dimunitive

qwakka = fuck

qwenestla = window

qwestu = winds

rarka = be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

runna = fist

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

selka = person

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamáte = tomato

teninta = tea

tjakalát = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

unnu = pillow

unnujakken = hovercraft

uruk = foreigners

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

vanna = raven

varka = badger

varra = wolves

vassli = wasp

vasslislatan = helicopter

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

Thulean

2017-03-08T02:50:46Z

Lambehto: /* Orthography */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minegkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny generally are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the northernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by Finnish and Quenya phonaesthetics but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, Northern Sami has left its mark. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too conplex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.

-->





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is phonemic but does show the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

1) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || n || || nj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || t || tl || tj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || ss || ssl || ssj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || s || sl || sj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="2"| || j || h || w
|}

2) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

Note that the glottal stop is not written word-initially.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 43 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 10.75 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===
1) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

2) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

3) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

4) /tɬ/ is realised as [dð] in intervocalic position.

5) /ɬ/ is realised as [θ] in onset position following a coda consonant of /n, r/.

6) /ɬ/ is realised as [ð] in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) The fortis sonorants /mm, nn, ɲɲ, ŋŋ, ŋŋʷ, rr, ll, ʎʎ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ɲʤ, ŋg, ŋgʷ, rd, ld, ʎʤ].

9) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root. In compound nouns, the primary stress falls within the second root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation. Anomalous stress is indicated by an acute accent.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis sonorants

b) Fortis obstruents

c) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis obstruents, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| xx || x || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ || style = "background: silver" |
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) Sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) If a triconsonantal cluster should result from suffixation then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the triconsonantal cluster.

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|a-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makuq = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnuq = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -q

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -qe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlantante

= her children

b)

tlannaqeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

akimet katunte = the woman's cat

a-kimet kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janaqiksi
= this man

b)

avallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paslanti kattu

= the pretty cat

passla-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paslanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukqalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanaqta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanaq-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-Li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin qinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin qintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin qinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin qintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

avallaqente tenarqansi

= she eats her own apple

avalla-qe-nte ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

avallaqelle tenarqansi

= she eats her apple

avalla-qe-lle ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vámin

4SG ANIM: válin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vátuk

3PL INAN: vámuk

4PL ANIM: váluk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *avanti tin

= the one who is not

apa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimet avalla lenarqammu kijanaq qinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimet Ø-avalla len-arqa-mmu ki-janaq qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===
ahaq = fire

aira = tree

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

anja = copper, small change

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

arhat = silver, money, cash

arqa = to eat

aru = kernel, core

avalla = apple

ekwa = horse

elet = bronze

eqpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active)

esak = salmon

esel = leaves

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

isan = iron

iskalva = eagle, falcon, hawk

issit = hair

istilu = pen

jaipiq = fishes

jakken = boat

janaq = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kaqqwe = coffee

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

kategkarvat= train

kategwala = laser

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimet = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maslen = bread

mesalka = blackbird

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = be located

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

palka = to go

pantju = to buy

passla = be beautiful

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

qaneq = willows

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-qpak = dimunitive

qwakka = fuck

qwenestla = window

qwestu = winds

rarka = be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

runna = fist

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

selka = person

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

unnu = pillow

unnujakken = hovercraft

uruk = foreigners

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

vanna = raven

varka = badger

varra = wolves

vassli = wasp

vasslislatan = helicopter

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

Thulean

2017-03-08T02:37:33Z

Lambehto: /* Phonotactics */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minegkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny generally are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the northernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by Finnish and Quenya phonaesthetics but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, Northern Sami has left its mark. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too conplex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.

-->





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is phonemic but does show the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

1) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="2"| Sonorant !! Nasal
| m || n || || nj || g || gw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Liquid
| || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || t || tl || tj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || ss || ssl || ssj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || s || sl || sj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="2"| Approximant
| v || colspan="2"| || j || h || w
|}

2) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

Note that the glottal stop is not written word-initially.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 43 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 10.75 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===
1) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

2) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

3) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

4) /tɬ/ is realised as [dð] in intervocalic position.

5) /ɬ/ is realised as [θ] in onset position following a coda consonant of /n, r/.

6) /ɬ/ is realised as [ð] in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) The fortis sonorants /mm, nn, ɲɲ, ŋŋ, ŋŋʷ, rr, ll, ʎʎ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ɲʤ, ŋg, ŋgʷ, rd, ld, ʎʤ].

9) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root. In compound nouns, the primary stress falls within the second root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation. Anomalous stress is indicated by an acute accent.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis sonorants

b) Fortis obstruents

c) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis obstruents, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| xx || x || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ || style = "background: silver" |
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) Sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) If a triconsonantal cluster should result from suffixation then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the triconsonantal cluster.

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|a-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makuq = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnuq = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -q

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -qe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlantante

= her children

b)

tlannaqeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

akimet katunte = the woman's cat

a-kimet kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janaqiksi
= this man

b)

avallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paslanti kattu

= the pretty cat

passla-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paslanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukqalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanaqta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanaq-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-Li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin qinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin qintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin qinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin qintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

avallaqente tenarqansi

= she eats her own apple

avalla-qe-nte ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

avallaqelle tenarqansi

= she eats her apple

avalla-qe-lle ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vámin

4SG ANIM: válin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vátuk

3PL INAN: vámuk

4PL ANIM: váluk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *avanti tin

= the one who is not

apa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimet avalla lenarqammu kijanaq qinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimet Ø-avalla len-arqa-mmu ki-janaq qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===
ahaq = fire

aira = tree

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

anja = copper, small change

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

arhat = silver, money, cash

arqa = to eat

aru = kernel, core

avalla = apple

ekwa = horse

elet = bronze

eqpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active)

esak = salmon

esel = leaves

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

isan = iron

iskalva = eagle, falcon, hawk

issit = hair

istilu = pen

jaipiq = fishes

jakken = boat

janaq = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kaqqwe = coffee

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

kategkarvat= train

kategwala = laser

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimet = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maslen = bread

mesalka = blackbird

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = be located

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

palka = to go

pantju = to buy

passla = be beautiful

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

qaneq = willows

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-qpak = dimunitive

qwakka = fuck

qwenestla = window

qwestu = winds

rarka = be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

runna = fist

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

selka = person

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

unnu = pillow

unnujakken = hovercraft

uruk = foreigners

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

vanna = raven

varka = badger

varra = wolves

vassli = wasp

vasslislatan = helicopter

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

Thulean

2017-03-08T02:30:42Z

Lambehto: /* Consonants */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minegkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny generally are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the northernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by Finnish and Quenya phonaesthetics but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, Northern Sami has left its mark. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too conplex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.

-->





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is phonemic but does show the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

1) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="2"| Sonorant !! Nasal
| m || n || || nj || g || gw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Liquid
| || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || t || tl || tj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || ss || ssl || ssj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || s || sl || sj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="2"| Approximant
| v || colspan="2"| || j || h || w
|}

2) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

Note that the glottal stop is not written word-initially.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 43 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
| /nd/
|
| /ɲʤ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋgw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ʎʤ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 10.75 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===
1) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

2) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

3) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

4) /tɬ/ is realised as [dð] in intervocalic position.

5) /ɬ/ is realised as [θ] in onset position following a coda consonant of /n, r/.

6) /ɬ/ is realised as [ð] in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) The fortis sonorants /mm, nn, ɲɲ, ŋŋ, ŋŋʷ, rr, ll, ʎʎ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ɲʤ, ŋg, ŋgʷ, rd, ld, ʎʤ].

9) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root. In compound nouns, the primary stress falls within the second root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation. Anomalous stress is indicated by an acute accent.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| mm || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| style = "background: silver"| || nn || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɲ || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋŋ || ŋŋʷ || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || rr || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ll || style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʎ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis sonorants

b) Fortis obstruents

c) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis obstruents, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| xx || x || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ || style = "background: silver" |
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) Sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) If a triconsonantal cluster should result from suffixation then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the triconsonantal cluster.

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|a-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makuq = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnuq = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -q

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -qe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlantante

= her children

b)

tlannaqeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

akimet katunte = the woman's cat

a-kimet kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janaqiksi
= this man

b)

avallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paslanti kattu

= the pretty cat

passla-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paslanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukqalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanaqta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanaq-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-Li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin qinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin qintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin qinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin qintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

avallaqente tenarqansi

= she eats her own apple

avalla-qe-nte ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

avallaqelle tenarqansi

= she eats her apple

avalla-qe-lle ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vámin

4SG ANIM: válin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vátuk

3PL INAN: vámuk

4PL ANIM: váluk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *avanti tin

= the one who is not

apa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimet avalla lenarqammu kijanaq qinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimet Ø-avalla len-arqa-mmu ki-janaq qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===
ahaq = fire

aira = tree

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

anja = copper, small change

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

arhat = silver, money, cash

arqa = to eat

aru = kernel, core

avalla = apple

ekwa = horse

elet = bronze

eqpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active)

esak = salmon

esel = leaves

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

isan = iron

iskalva = eagle, falcon, hawk

issit = hair

istilu = pen

jaipiq = fishes

jakken = boat

janaq = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kaqqwe = coffee

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

kategkarvat= train

kategwala = laser

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimet = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maslen = bread

mesalka = blackbird

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = be located

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

palka = to go

pantju = to buy

passla = be beautiful

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

qaneq = willows

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-qpak = dimunitive

qwakka = fuck

qwenestla = window

qwestu = winds

rarka = be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

runna = fist

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

selka = person

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

unnu = pillow

unnujakken = hovercraft

uruk = foreigners

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

vanna = raven

varka = badger

varra = wolves

vassli = wasp

vasslislatan = helicopter

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

Thulean

2017-03-08T02:05:44Z

Lambehto: /* Consonants */

==Introduction==

===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minegkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.

===The Thurse===

Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny generally are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the northernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.

===Influences===

The phonology is inspired by Finnish and Quenya phonaesthetics but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
Also, Northern Sami has left its mark. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.

===Goals===

My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too conplex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.

-->





==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Thulean is written in the Latin script. The orthography is phonemic but does show the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:

1) Consonants

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="2"| Sonorant !! Nasal
| m || n || || nj || g || gw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Liquid
| || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || t || tl || tj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || ss || ssl || ssj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || s || sl || sj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="2"| Approximant
| v || colspan="2"| || j || h || w
|}

2) Vowels

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| e
| a
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| ai
| au
|}

Note that the glottal stop is not written word-initially.

===Consonants===

Thulean has 35 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
! rowspan="2"| Labial
! colspan="2"| Alveolar
! rowspan="2"| Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! |Central
! |Lateral
! |Plain
! |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mm/
| /nn/
|
| /ɲɲ/
| /ŋŋ/
| /ŋŋw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
| /n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋw/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
| /rr/
| /ll/
| /ʎʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
| /pp/
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ttʃ/
| /kk/
| /kkw/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
| /kw/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
| /ss/
| /ɬɬ/
| /ʃʃ/
| /xx/
| /xxw/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
| /s/
| /ɬ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /xw/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}

===Vowels===

Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 8.75 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
! colspan="2"|
! Front
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| /ɛ/
| /ɑ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| /ai/
| /au/
|}

===Allophony===
1) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.

2) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.

3) /p, t, ʧ, k, kʷ, s, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

4) /tɬ/ is realised as [dð] in intervocalic position.

5) /ɬ/ is realised as [θ] in onset position following a coda consonant of /n, r/.

6) /ɬ/ is realised as [ð] in intervocalic position.

7) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.

8) The fortis sonorants /mm, nn, ɲɲ, ŋŋ, ŋŋʷ, rr, ll, ʎʎ/ realised as [mb, nd, ɲʤ, ŋg, ŋgʷ, rd, ld, ʎʤ].

9) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a liquid coda.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root. In compound nouns, the primary stress falls within the second root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation. Anomalous stress is indicated by an acute accent.

====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.

===Phonotactics===

1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).

2) Permitted syllable codas:

a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/

b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, x/

3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.

4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.

5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.

6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.

7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.

8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| mm || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| style = "background: silver"| || nn || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɲ || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋŋ || ŋŋʷ || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || rr || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ll || style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʎ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}

9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.

10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.

11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.

12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.

13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.

14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.

15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.

===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===

1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:

a) Fortis sonorants

b) Fortis obstruents

c) Lenis plosives following a sonorant coda or a vowel

2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.

3) The sequences of consonant gradation are as per the tables below:

a) Fortis obstruents, and lenis stops following a liquid:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʧ || ʧ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| ss || s || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| ʃʃ || ʃ || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| xx || x || style = "background: silver" |
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ || style = "background: silver" |
|}

b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʧ || ɲʤ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}

4) Consonant gradation occurs after metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.

===Sandhi===

1) Sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.

2) If a triconsonantal cluster should result from suffixation then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the triconsonantal cluster.

3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʧ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ʃ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
|}

4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.

==Morphology==




===General Notes===

Thulean morphology has the following constituents:

1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.

2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.

3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.

4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.

===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:

case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix

2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.

3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.

===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
|a-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
|ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
|jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|-
! Allative
|nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|-
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distibutive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}



===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.

2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:

a) singular-plural

b) collective-singulative

3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:

SG: kattu = cat

PL: katut = cats

4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:

COL: makku = pigs

SGV: makuq = pig

5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:

COL: ninta = water

SGV: ninnuq = a drop or sip of water

6) Number suffixes:

a) After vowel:

PL: -t

SGV: -q

b) After consonant or before suffix:

PL: -ta

SGV: -qe

===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:

1SG: -nne

2SG: -gke

3SG ANIM: -nte

3SG INAN: -mme

4SG ANIM: -lle

4SG INAN: -nse

1PL EXCL: -gka

1PL INCL: -ppa

2PL: -kka

3PL ANIM: -tta

3PL INAN: -mma

4PL ANIM: -lka

4PL INAN: -ksa

EG:

a)

tlantante

= her children

b)

tlannaqeppa

= our child

2) Nominal Possession:

This is indicated by the following construction:

NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.

EG:

akimet katunte = the woman's cat

a-kimet kattu-nte

ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS

===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.

EG:

jelelli = a valley

2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.

EG:

a)

pikselhat telli

= any one of the people

pik-selka-t tin-Li

ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

b)

pikselhat talki

= any of the people

pik-selka-t tak-Li

ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF

===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:

a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.

b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.

c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.

d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.

2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:

PROX CIT: -ksi

DIST CIT: -psu

PROX ULT: -tje

DIST ULT: -nja

3) Examples:

a)

janaqiksi
= this man

b)

avallatitje
= yon apples that are in sight

===Gender===

1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.

2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.

3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.

4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.

EG:

a)

paslanti kattu

= the pretty cat

passla-nti Ø-kattu

be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat

b)

helhammu ninta

= the hot water

helka-mmu Ø-ninta

be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water

===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.

2) Personal Pronouns:

a) These are listed as follows:

1SG: nin

2SG: kin

3SG ANIM: tin

3SG INAN: min

4SG ANIM: lin

4SG INAN: sin

1PL EXCL: nuk

1PL INCL: puk

2PL: kuk

3PL ANIM: tuk

3PL INAN: muk

4PL ANIM: luk

4PL INAN: suk

b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.

EG:

paslanti tin

= the pretty one

be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.

EG:

mukqalla

= big things

muk-halla

3PL.INAN.PRON-big

d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".

e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.

IE: we but not you.

f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.

IE: we and you.

3) Indefinite Pronouns:

a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.

b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.

EG:

melli = anything

c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.

EG:

i)

pitjanaqta

= anyone of the men

pik-yanaq-ta tin-li

ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF

ii)

pikavalla malki

= any of the apples

pik-avalla muk-Li

ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF

4) Reflexive Pronouns:

a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.

b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.

EG:

i)

temmaiserittu

= he misleads himself

ten-maiset-ttu

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

temmaiserelku

= he misleads him

ten-maiset-lku

3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS

ii)

kitin qinnunti

= he sees himself

ki-tin qintu-nti

INST-3SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

VS

kilin qinnunti

= he sees him

ki-lin qintu-nti

INST-4SG.ANIM.PRON see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

iii)

avallaqente tenarqansi

= she eats her own apple

avalla-qe-nte ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

VS

avallaqelle tenarqansi

= she eats her apple

avalla-qe-lle ten-arqa-nsi

apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS

5) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.

6) Negative Pronouns:

a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.

b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:

3SG ANIM: vannin

3SG INAN: vámin

4SG ANIM: válin

4SG INAN: vansin

3PL ANIM: vátuk

3PL INAN: vámuk

4PL ANIM: váluk

4PL INAN: vaksuk

c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.

EG:

vannin

< *avanti tin

= the one who is not

apa-nti tin

NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON

7) Demonstrative Pronouns:

a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.

EG:

kiminiksi teghannalli

= she gives this to him

ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli

INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS

b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.

EG:

numinipsu kimpalka

= you go there

nu-min-psu kin-palka

ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go

8) Reflexive Pronouns:

There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.

EG:

kimet avalla lenarqammu kijanaq qinnunti

= the woman sees the man who eats the apples

Ø-kimet Ø-avalla len-arqa-mmu ki-janaq qinnu-nti

ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS

9) Interrogative Pronouns:

===Verbal Morphology===

===Verbal Structure===

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
==Other resources==




[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===
ahaq = fire

aira = tree

alwa = lark

ana = fruits

anja = copper, small change

apa = to be not, negative auxiliary

aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)

arhat = silver, money, cash

arqa = to eat

aru = kernel, core

avalla = apple

ekwa = horse

elet = bronze

eqpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active)

esak = salmon

esel = leaves

gaxala = to heal, to doctor

hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)

-halla = augmentative

-hansle = too much, excessively

hanta = to give

helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)

isan = iron

iskalva = eagle, falcon, hawk

issit = hair

istilu = pen

jaipiq = fishes

jakken = boat

janaq = man

jelen = valley

jensa = pine tree

jiggat = to drink

kai = but

kallun = witch, sorcerer

kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)

kaqqwe = coffee

karra = stone

karvat = wagon, cart

katen = chains

kategkarvat= train

kategwala = laser

katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)

kattu = cat

kerta = skeleton, frame

kespe = moon, month

kimet = woman

kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)

kwena = a smile

-kwepsu = never

kwersi = piece, portion

kwetsala = feathers

lakka = duck

latju = thug, bravo

-limut = should, must, ought

lira = sea ocean

-lkwa = white, blonde

lukat = mice

maiset = to mislead

-mak = can, able to

makku = pigs

makkusluse = pork

-mani = much, a lot

maslen = bread

mesalka = blackbird

-mmelet = black, brunette

nara = be located

nasura = bones

nina = ash tree

ninta = water

njara = to purr

numme = to be red

nutje = eels

palka = to go

pantju = to buy

passla = be beautiful

patata= potatoes

pattu = hare

pattuhalla = donkey

penelku = pencil

penta = to fill

pilun = lead

qaneq = willows

qaste = world

qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)

-qpak = dimunitive

qwakka = fuck

qwenestla = window

qwestu = winds

rarka = be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)

rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)

runna = fist

russla = spirit, soul

-rusta = red, ginger

sahu = sun, day

selka = person

sinarva = gold

sinnak = fox

slaka = maggots

slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)

slatan = wing

-slempi = certain, sure

sluse = meat, flesh

sukkaru = sugar

sunik = snow

suvi = strawberries

tagka = tin

taha = sword

tamate = tomato

teninta = tea

tjakalat = chocolate

tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)

tlanta = children

unnu = pillow

unnujakken = hovercraft

uruk = foreigners

vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)

vakkan = rain

vanna = raven

varka = badger

varra = wolves

vassli = wasp

vasslislatan = helicopter

-verri = new, young, fresh

verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)

vika = bee

-vinja = old, mature, wise

vussu = mouth

vuta = house

wala = light

wervu = amber

Thulean

2017-03-04T19:48:26Z

Lambehto: /* Orthography */

Thulean

2017-03-04T19:44:29Z

Lambehto: /* Vowels */

Thulean

2017-03-04T19:43:43Z

Lambehto: /* Consonants */

Thulean

2017-03-04T19:43:04Z

Lambehto: /* Consonants */

Thulean

2017-03-04T19:41:54Z

Lambehto: /* Orthography */

Thulean

2017-03-04T16:49:21Z

Lambehto: /* Allophony */

Thulean

2017-03-04T16:44:47Z

Lambehto: /* Consonant Gradation */

Thulean

2017-03-04T16:25:54Z

Lambehto: /* Phonotactics */

Thulean

2017-03-04T15:46:03Z

Lambehto: /* Phonotactics */

Thulean

2017-03-04T15:38:48Z

Lambehto: /* Phonotactics */

Thulean

2017-03-04T15:10:18Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

Thulean

2017-03-04T15:02:05Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

Thulean

2017-03-04T14:53:32Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

Thulean

2017-03-04T14:28:53Z

Lambehto: /* Consonant Gradation */

Thulean

2017-03-04T14:25:29Z

Lambehto: /* Consonant Gradation */

Thulean

2017-03-04T14:16:29Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

Thulean

2017-03-04T11:54:57Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

Thulean

2017-03-04T04:44:13Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

Thulean

2017-03-04T04:02:50Z

Lambehto: /* Sandhi */

Thulean

2017-03-04T03:35:08Z

Lambehto:

Thulean

2017-02-22T01:37:06Z

Lambehto: /* Orthography */

Thulean

2017-02-22T01:32:59Z

Lambehto: /* Orthography */