Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Contionary:nella

2026-02-21T15:48:51Z

Larsqui:

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative forms ===
* nedla
* nedela
* nela

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''nedla'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*neděľa}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[nɛ̂lːɐ]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:Sunday#English|Sunday]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| nella
| nelli
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| nellà
| nelli
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| nelle
| nell
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| nelli
| nellam
|}

=== See also ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Days of the week'''
|-
| [[Contionary:pondelc#Carnian|pondelc]]
| [[Contionary:torc#Carnian|torc]]
| [[Contionary:serda#Carnian|serda]]
| [[Contionary:chertec#Carnian|chertec]]
| [[Contionary:pentec#Carnian|pentec]]
| [[Contionary:santa#Carnian|santa]]
| [[Contionary:nella#Carnian|nella]]
|}

==Reneissan==
===Alternative forms===

===Etymology===

===Pronunciation===
(''Reneissan'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /n̪ɛlːa/

===Contraction===
'''nella'''
# ''contraction of'' '''{{C|in}}''' '''{{C|la}}'''; in the, at the

[[Category:Reneissan contractions]][[Category:Reneissan words]]

Contionary:santa

2026-02-21T15:46:07Z

Larsqui: /* Carnian */

==Avendonian==
===Pronunciation===
{{av-IPA|ˈsanta}}
===Etymology===
See ''{{term|santo}}''.
===Noun===
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ''{{#invoke:getn|show_list|f}}'' (''plural'' '''{{term|sante}}''', ''masculine'' '''{{term|santo}}''')
# female saint, saintess
{{av-cat||nouns}}{{av-cat||-stem nouns}}

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative forms ===
* samta
* sobota (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]]'', ''[[Carnian dialects#Upper|NW Upper]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Early Modern Carnian]] ''samta'', from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''sambta'', ''sambota'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*sǫbota}}. Compare {{mn|de|Samstag#German}} and {{mn|fr|samedi#French}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[sântɐ]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[sã̂tɐ]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:Saturday#English|Saturday]]
#: {{ux|carn|Ve '''santà''' ideme ke Pirano.|On '''Saturday''' we're going to Piran.|inline=yes}}

==== Usage notes ====
Some dialects use ''sobota'' instead. In the northwestern Upper dialects this form continues non-nasal {{mn|sla-pro|*sobota}} (as in the West Slavic), while in the Lower dialects it reflects contamination from {{mn|sl|sobota#Slovene}} (from the previous Lower form ''såbota'').

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| santa
| santi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| santà
| santi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| sante
| sant
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| santi
| santam
|}

=== See also ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Days of the week'''
|-
| [[Contionary:pondelc#Carnian|pondelc]]
| [[Contionary:torc#Carnian|torc]]
| [[Contionary:serda#Carnian|serda]]
| [[Contionary:chertec#Carnian|chertec]]
| [[Contionary:pentec#Carnian|pentec]]
| [[Contionary:santa#Carnian|santa]]
| [[Contionary:nella#Carnian|nella]]
|}

==Knrawi==
{{wacag|needle}}
===Etymology===
{{knra-inh}}

===Pronunciation===
{{knra-ipa|x̟a˥nta|x̟a˥ntɛ|xa˥ntə|s̺ä˥ntæ|xʲa˥ntə|ʃa˥ntə}}

===Noun===
{{head|knra|noun}}

# needle, pin, prick
#: {{ux|knra||}}

{{knra-table-n-high1|santa|santa|santá|sànta|santa|santà|sânta|santa|santâ}}

===Descendants===
*{{desc|bor=1|qsc|xande}}

Contionary:santa

2026-02-21T15:45:03Z

Larsqui:

==Avendonian==
===Pronunciation===
{{av-IPA|ˈsanta}}
===Etymology===
See ''{{term|santo}}''.
===Noun===
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ''{{#invoke:getn|show_list|f}}'' (''plural'' '''{{term|sante}}''', ''masculine'' '''{{term|santo}}''')
# female saint, saintess
{{av-cat||nouns}}{{av-cat||-stem nouns}}

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative form ===
* samta
* sobota (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]]'', ''[[Carnian dialects#Upper|NW Upper]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Early Modern Carnian]] ''samta'', from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''sambta'', ''sambota'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*sǫbota}}. Compare {{mn|de|Samstag#German}} and {{mn|fr|samedi#French}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[sântɐ]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[sã̂tɐ]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:Saturday#English|Saturday]]
#: {{ux|carn|Ve '''santà''' ideme ke Pirano.|On '''Saturday''' we're going to Piran.|inline=yes}}

==== Usage notes ====
Some dialects use ''sobota'' instead. In the northwestern Upper dialects this form continues non-nasal {{mn|sla-pro|*sobota}} (as in the West Slavic), while in the Lower dialects it reflects contamination from {{mn|sl|sobota#Slovene}} (from the previous Lower form ''såbota'').

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| santa
| santi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| santà
| santi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| sante
| sant
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| santi
| santam
|}

=== See also ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Days of the week'''
|-
| [[Contionary:pondelc#Carnian|pondelc]]
| [[Contionary:torc#Carnian|torc]]
| [[Contionary:serda#Carnian|serda]]
| [[Contionary:chertec#Carnian|chertec]]
| [[Contionary:pentec#Carnian|pentec]]
| [[Contionary:santa#Carnian|santa]]
| [[Contionary:nella#Carnian|nella]]
|}

==Knrawi==
{{wacag|needle}}
===Etymology===
{{knra-inh}}

===Pronunciation===
{{knra-ipa|x̟a˥nta|x̟a˥ntɛ|xa˥ntə|s̺ä˥ntæ|xʲa˥ntə|ʃa˥ntə}}

===Noun===
{{head|knra|noun}}

# needle, pin, prick
#: {{ux|knra||}}

{{knra-table-n-high1|santa|santa|santá|sànta|santa|santà|sânta|santa|santâ}}

===Descendants===
*{{desc|bor=1|qsc|xande}}

Contionary:dealat

2026-02-21T00:13:30Z

Larsqui:

== Carnian ==

=== Alternative forms ===
* dealar, dealare (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* dealati (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* dälati (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*dělati}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[dɛlât]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[dɛ̌ɐ̯lɐm]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb|g=impf}}

# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:work on#English|work on]]
#: {{ux|carn|'''Dealam''' nœn na jemo projetto.|I'm '''working on''' a project now.|inline=yes}}
# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:make#English|make]]
#: {{syn|carn|tent}}

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| dealat
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| dealau
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| dealajant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| dealan
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| dealanie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| dealam
| dealaṡ
| deala
| dealame
| dealate
| dealajan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem dealau
| jes dealau
| je dealau
| jesme dealau
| jeste dealau
| san dealau
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam dealau
| baṡ dealau
| ba dealau
| bame dealau
| baste dealau
| badan dealau
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| dealai
| ''(hai deala)''
| dealaime
| dealaite
| ''(hai dealajan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim dealau
| biṡ dealau
| bi dealau
| bime dealau
| biste dealau
| bi dealau
|-
|}

==== Related terms ====
{{col|carn
|dealo<t:piece of work>
|deat<t:to do>
}}

Contionary:tent

2026-02-21T00:12:51Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative forms === * tenti (''Lower, Kvarner'') * tener, tenere (''Southwestern Central''), (''Kvarner'') === Etymology === Inherited from Old Carnian ''tenti'' ("to carve, shape"), from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*tęti||to cut}}. Compare {{mn|cs|tnout#Czech}}, {{mn|pl|ciąć#Polish}}. === Pronunciation ===..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative forms ===
* tenti (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* tener, tenere (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''tenti'' ("to carve, shape"), from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*tęti||to cut}}. Compare {{mn|cs|tnout#Czech}}, {{mn|pl|ciąć#Polish}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[tɛ̌nt]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[tjɛ̌ːnɛm]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb}}

# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:make#English|make]], [[wikt:create#English|create]]
#: {{syn|carn|dealat}}
#: {{ux|carn|'''Tienem''' jenà pitzà, tzeṡ si?|I'm '''making''' a pizza, do you want some?|inline=yes}}

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| tent
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| teu
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| tenant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| tent
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| tentie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| tienem
| tieneṡ
| tiene
| tieneme
| tienete
| tienan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem teu
| jes teu
| je teu
| jesme teu
| jeste teu
| san teu
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam teu
| baṡ teu
| ba teu
| bame teu
| baste teu
| badan teu
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| tieni
| ''(hai tiene)''
| tienime
| tienite
| ''(hai tienan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim teu
| biṡ teu
| bi teu
| bime teu
| biste teu
| bi teu
|-
|}

[[Category:Carnian biaspectual verbs]]

Contionary:ois

2026-02-19T23:25:43Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative form === * oise (''Gorso-Tresten'') === Etymology === Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*otьcь}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ɔ̂ɪ̯s]}} === Noun === {{head|carn|noun|g=m-an}} # father ==== Declension ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Si..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative form ===
* oise (''[[Carnian dialects#Gorso-Tresten|Gorso-Tresten]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*otьcь}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɔ̂ɪ̯s]}}
=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=m-an}}

# [[wikt:father#English|father]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| ois
| oisi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| oisa
| oisi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| oisa
| oiseu
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| oiso
| oisem
|}

Contionary:leatit

2026-02-19T20:33:23Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative forms === * leatiti (''Lower, Kvarner'') * leatir, leatire (''Southwestern Central''), (''Kvarner'') === Etymology === From {{der|carn|sla-pro|*lětь}} + {{l|carn|-it}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[lɛtɪ̂t]}} ** (''1sg present indicative'') IPA: {{IPA|[lɛ̌ɐ̯tɪm]..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative forms ===
* leatiti (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* leatir, leatire (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
From {{der|carn|sla-pro|*lětь}} + {{l|carn|-it}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[lɛtɪ̂t]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[lɛ̌ɐ̯tɪm]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb|g=pf|imperfective|leatiat}}

# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:let#English|let]], [[wikt:allow#English|allow]]
#: {{syn|carn|port}}
#: {{ux|carn|'''Leati''' mo kent.|'''Let''' him come in.|inline=yes}}

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| leatit
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| leateu
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| -
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| leatien
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| leatienie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| leatim
| leatiṡ
| leati
| leatime
| leatite
| leatijan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem leateu
| jes leateu
| je leateu
| jesme leateu
| jeste leateu
| san leateu
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam leateu
| baṡ leateu
| ba leateu
| bame leateu
| baste leateu
| badan leateu
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| leati
| ''(hai leati)''
| leatime
| leatite
| ''(hai leatijan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim leateu
| biṡ leateu
| bi leateu
| bime leateu
| biste leateu
| bi leateu
|-
|}

Contionary:lanit

2026-02-18T16:59:55Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative forms === * laniti (''Lower, Kvarner'') * lanir, lanire (''Southwestern Central''), (''Kvarner'') === Etymology === Borrowed from {{der|carn|goh|lēhanōn}}, ultimately from {{mn|gmw-pro|*laihnōn||to lend, loan}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[lɐnɪ̌t]}} ** (''1sg present indicative'')..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative forms ===
* laniti (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* lanir, lanire (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Borrowed from {{der|carn|goh|lēhanōn}}, ultimately from {{mn|gmw-pro|*laihnōn||to lend, loan}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[lɐnɪ̌t]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[lâːnɪm]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb|g=pf|imperfective|lanat}}

# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:lend#English|lend]]
# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:borrow#English|borrow]]

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| lanit
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| laneu
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| -
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| lanien
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| lenienie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| lanim
| laniṡ
| lani
| lanime
| lanite
| lanijan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem laneu
| jes laneu
| je laneu
| jesme laneu
| jeste laneu
| san laneu
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam laneu
| baṡ laneu
| ba laneu
| bame laneu
| baste laneu
| badan laneu
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| lani
| ''(hai lani)''
| lanime
| lanite
| ''(hai lanijan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim laneu
| biṡ laneu
| bi laneu
| bime laneu
| biste laneu
| bi laneu
|-
|}

==== Derived terms ====
{{col|carn
|lan<t:money>
|laner<t:loan>
}}

Contionary:lan

2026-02-17T23:42:22Z

Larsqui:

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''lan'' ("loan"), from {{l|carn|lanit||to lend, borrow}}, itself from {{der|carn|goh|lēhanōn}}. Cognate with {{mn|cs|lán#Czech}}, {{mn|pl|łan#Polish}}, {{mn|uk|лан#Ukrainian}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[lân]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:money#English|money]]
#: {{ux|carn|Maṡ si '''lan'''?|Do you have some '''money'''?|inline=yes}}
#: {{ux|carn|Niem zeu toje '''lani'''.|I didn't take your '''money'''.|inline=yes}}

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| lan
| lani
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| lan
| lani
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| lani
| lani
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| lani
| laniem
|}

==Soc'ul'==
===Etymology===
{{qsc-inh|lanu|ila-|tleno}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA all|qsc|[la˧n]}}

===Particle===
{{head|qsc|particle}}

# ''negative continuous particle''
#: {{ux|qsc||}}
# ''interrogative continuous particle''
#: {{ux|qsc|Aíún' tum'ay tum'ay, '''lan''' hují muzad xad lalam lalam ji seccaru seclaidzi?|It's the middle of the night, what the hell are they do'''ing''' walk'''ing''' around up there when I'm trying to sleep?}}

===Synonyms===
{{term|jin}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Aspect-mood prefixes
|-
! !! {{gcl|PFV}} !! {{gcl|PROG}} !! {{gcl|CONT}} !! {{gcl|SUBJ}} !! {{gcl|ABIL|abilitative}} !! {{gcl|RES|resultative}}
|-
!
| {{term|en}} || {{term|miu}} || {{term|ji}}, {{term|laz}} || {{term|uc'}} || {{term|c'e}} || {{term|c'ez}}
|-
! {{gcl|INCH}}
| {{term|r'uz}} || {{term|miur'}} || {{term|jir'}}, {{term|lar'}} || {{term|r'uc'}} || {{term|c'er'}} || {{term|r'ez}}
|-
! {{gcl|TERM}}
| {{term|coi}} || {{term|miuc}} || {{term|jiuc}}, {{term|lauc}} || {{term|cuc'}} || {{term|c'oc}} || {{term|coz}}
|-
! {{gcl|NEG}}/{{gcl|Q}}
| {{term|xen}} || {{term|miun}} || {{term|jin}}, '''lan''' || {{term|nuc'}} || {{term|c'en}} || {{term|nez}}
|}

Contionary:uzat

2026-02-13T19:12:39Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative forms === * uzati (''Lower, Kvarner'') * uzar, uzare (''Southwestern Central''), (''Kvarner'') === Etymology === Borrowed from {{der|carn|vec|uxar}}, ultimately from {{mn|la-eme|uso}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ɵzât]}} ** (''1sg present indicative'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʊ..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative forms ===
* uzati (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* uzar, uzare (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Borrowed from {{der|carn|vec|uxar}}, ultimately from {{mn|la-eme|uso}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɵzât]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʊ̟̌ːzɐm]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb}}

# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:use#English|use]]
#: {{ux|carn|Tzeṡ '''uzat''' moi telefona?|Do you want to '''use''' my phone?|inline=yes}}

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| uzat
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| uzau
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| uzajant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| uzan
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| uzanie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| uzam
| uzaṡ
| uza
| uzame
| uzate
| uzajan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem uzau
| jes uzau
| je uzau
| jesme uzau
| jeste uzau
| san uzau
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam uzau
| baṡ uzau
| ba uzau
| bame uzau
| baste uzau
| badan uzau
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| uzai
| ''(hai uza)''
| uzaime
| uzate
| ''(hai uzajan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim uzau
| biṡ uzau
| bi uzau
| bime uzau
| biste uzau
| bi uzau
|-
|}

[[Category:Carnian biaspectual verbs]]

Contionary:zent

2026-02-13T18:16:06Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative forms === * zenti (''Lower, Kvarner'') * zener, zenere (''Southwestern Central''), (''Kvarner'') === Etymology === Inherited from Old Carnian ''zenti'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*vъzęti}}. Compare {{mn|sl|vzeti#Slovene}}, {{mn|sh|uzeti#Serbo-Croatian}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard''..."

== Carnian ==

=== Alternative forms ===
* zenti (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* zener, zenere (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''zenti'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*vъzęti}}. Compare {{mn|sl|vzeti#Slovene}}, {{mn|sh|uzeti#Serbo-Croatian}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[zɛ̂nt]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[zɛ̂ːnɛm]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[zɛ̃̂t]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb|g=pf|imperfective|ent}}

# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:take#English|take]]
#: {{ux|carn|Je '''zeu''' ta kengà.|He '''took''' the book.|inline=yes}}

==== Usage notes ====
The present stem ''en-'' replaced the earlier ''em-'' in analogy with other verbs ending in ''*-ęti''.

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| zent
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| zeu
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| -
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| zent
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| zentie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| zenem
| zeneṡ
| zene
| zeneme
| zenete
| zenan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem zeu
| jes zeu
| je zeu
| jesme zeu
| jeste zeu
| san zeu
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam zeu
| baṡ zeu
| ba zeu
| bame zeu
| baste zeu
| badan zeu
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| zeni
| ''(hai zene)''
| zenime
| zenite
| ''(hai zenan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim zeu
| biṡ zeu
| bi zeu
| bime zeu
| biste zeu
| bi zeu
|-
|}

Contionary:ent

2026-02-13T18:01:47Z

Larsqui:

==Ater==

===Pronunciation===
(''Ater'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /ɛnt/

===Pronoun===
'''ent''' ''n''
# it; ''third person singular pronoun''
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12px;"
|+ Ater personal pronouns
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Nominative
! rowspan="2" | Accusative
! colspan="3" | Possessive
|-
! Common
! Neuter
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! First Person
| {{C|tjå}}
| {{C|tjei}}
| {{C|tjed}}
| {{C|tjedt}}
| {{C|tjeder}}
|-
! Second Person
| {{C|ge}}
| {{C|gei}}
| {{C|ged}}
| {{C|gedt}}
| {{C|geder}}
|-
! Third Person
| {{C|en}} {{C|ent}}
| {{C|ein}} {{C|eint}}
| {{C|end}}
| {{C|endt}}
| {{C|ender}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plural
! First Person
| {{C|gjån}}
| {{C|gjei}}
| {{C|gjed}}
| {{C|gjedt}}
| {{C|gjeder}}
|-
! Second Person
| {{C|gånn}}
| {{C|gei}}
| {{C|gåd}}
| {{C|gådt}}
| {{C|gåder}}
|-
! Third Person
| {{C|vett}}
| {{C|vei}}
| {{C|ved}}
| {{C|vedt}}
| {{C|veder}}
|}

== Carnian ==

=== Alternative forms ===
* enti (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* ener, enere (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''enti'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*ęti}}. The expected prothetic /j/ has never been attested, likely in analogy with the perfective {{l|carn|zent}} and other prefixed forms lacking it. Cognate with {{mn|sl|jeti#Slovene||to begin}}, {{mn|pl|jąć#Polish||to seize}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɛ̂nt]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɛ̂ːnɛm]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɛ̃̂t]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb|g=impf|perfective|zent}}

# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:take#English|take]]
#: {{ux|carn|Kei baṡ '''eu''' diens?|What will you be '''taking''' today?|inline=yes}}
#: {{ux|carn|'''Eni''' mojà rancà.|'''Take''' my hand.|inline=yes}}

==== Usage notes ====
The present stem ''en-'' replaced the earlier ''em-'' in analogy with other verbs ending in ''*-ęti''.

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| ent
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| eu
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| entant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| ent
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| entie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| enem
| eneṡ
| ene
| eneme
| enete
| enan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem eu
| jes eu
| je eu
| jesme eu
| jeste eu
| san eu
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam eu
| baṡ eu
| ba eu
| bame eu
| baste eu
| badan eu
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| eni
| ''(hai ene)''
| enime
| enite
| ''(hai enan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim eu
| biṡ eu
| bi eu
| bime eu
| biste eu
| bi eu
|-
|}

==Lifashian==
===Etymology===
From [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*ésmod'', ablative singular of the pronoun ''*is''.

===Pronunciation===
: (''Standard'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ent]}}

===Conjunction===
'''ent'''

# ''(+ subjunctive)'' so that, in order to
#: ''Syenelmi ene nil tom uniwersámom benámi '''ent''' nangtom ng dojúné kirhewm.''
#:: ''I have to go to the supermarket to buy bread and fish.''
====Related terms====

==[[Phrygian (Semitic)|Phrygian]]==
===Etymology===
From Classical Phrygian {{vry-times||ɑүr}} (''ant''), from {{vry-from-pr|Semitic|language|ʔanθ-}}, anomalously formed without the appendment of the feminine suffix. Cognate with {{vry-from-n|Hebrew|language|אִשָּׁה|אשה}} (''ishá''), {{vry-from-n|Aramaic||אִנְתְּתָא|אנתתא}} (''ʾintəṯā''), {{vry-from-n|Arabic||أُنْثَى|أنثى}} (''ʾunṯā''), among others.
====Pronunciation====
* (''Standard Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: /ɛnt/
** (''Smyrna Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: [ənt]
** (''Attalia Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: [ænt]
** (''Prusa Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: [ɛnt]
* (''Classical Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: /ant/

====Noun====
{{phr-root|◌̔|ү|r|h|n|t}}
{{phr-entry-n||ɛүr|ent|feminine|f||үɑrɑ́ɜ}}
# woman, female human being
#: Antonym: [[Contionary:nach|үɑm]]

====Usage notes====
'''{{phr-font|ᴇ|үr}}''' is one of the very few feminine nouns to exhibit stem alteration in its plural forms.

====Inflection====
{{phr-n-f|ɛүr|үɑrɑ́ɜ|ɛ́үrɛ|үɑrɑ́ɜɛ|ɛүrɑ́|ent|natásj|énte|natásje|entá}}
====Related terms====
*[[Contionary:entai|ɛ́үrɑı]]
[[Category:Phrygian lemmas]]
[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Ater pronouns]] [[Category:Ater personal pronouns]] [[Category:Ater words]] [[Category:Lifashian words]] [[Category:Lifashian conjunctions]]

Contionary:brennant

2026-02-12T00:06:04Z

Larsqui: /* Conjugation */

== Carnian ==

=== Alternative forms ===
* brennint (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'')
* brenåti (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* brennar, brennare (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]'')
* brenati, brenar, brenare (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Late Old Carnian]] ''brenknanti'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*bręknǫti}}. Compare {{mn|sh|nabreknuti#Serbo-Croatian}}, {{mn|pl|brzęknąć#Polish}}, and {{mn|uk|брякнути}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[bɾɛnːânt]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[bɾɛ̌nːɛm]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'', ''[[Carnian dialects#Upper|NW Upper]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[βɾɛ̌nːɐnt]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Upper|Middle Sava]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[bʀɛnːânt]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb}}

# {{label|carn|intransitive|nocat=1}} to [[wikt:swell#English|swell]]
#: {{ux|carn|Moja ranca je zacieu '''brennant''' po botzo.|My hand started '''to swell''' after the sting.|inline=yes}}

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| brennant
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| brennau
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| brenniant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| brennent
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| brennentie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| brennem
| brenneṡ
| brenne
| brenneme
| brennete
| brennan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem brennau
| jes brennau
| je brennau
| jesme brennau
| jeste brennau
| san brennau
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam brennau
| baṡ brennau
| ba brennau
| bame brennau
| baste brennau
| badan brennau
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| brenni
| ''(hai brenne)''
| brennime
| brennite
| ''(hai brennan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim brennau
| biṡ brennau
| bi brennau
| bime brennau
| biste brennau
| bi brennau
|-
|}

[[Category:Carnian biaspectual verbs]]

Contionary:mennant

2026-02-12T00:05:39Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative forms === * mennanti (''Lower, Kvarner'') * mennar, mennare (''Southwestern Central''), (''Kvarner'') === Etymology === Inherited from Old Carnian ''mecnanti'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*mъknǫti}}. Compare {{mn|sh|maknuti#Serbo-Croatian}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') Phonetics:..."

== Carnian ==

=== Alternative forms ===
* mennanti (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* mennar, mennare (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''mecnanti'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*mъknǫti}}. Compare {{mn|sh|maknuti#Serbo-Croatian}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[mɛnːǎnt]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[mɛ̂nːɛm]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb}}

# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:move#English|move]]
# {{label|carn|reflexive}} to [[wikt:move#English|move]]

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| mennant
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| mennau
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| menniant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| mennent
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| mennentie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| mennem
| menneṡ
| menne
| menneme
| mennete
| mennan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem mennau
| jes mennau
| je mennau
| jesme mennau
| jeste mennau
| san mennau
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam mennau
| baṡ mennau
| ba mennau
| bame mennau
| baste mennau
| badan mennau
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| menni
| ''(hai menne)''
| mennime
| mennite
| ''(hai mennan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim mennau
| biṡ mennau
| bi mennau
| bime mennau
| biste mennau
| bi mennau
|-
|}

==== Related terms ====
{{col|carn
|mec<t:movement>
}}

[[Category:Carnian biaspectual verbs]]

Contionary:pies

2026-02-11T17:55:18Z

Larsqui:

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''pẹs'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*pьsъ}}. Compare {{mn|sl|pes#Slovene}}, {{mn|sh|pas#Serbo-Croatian}}, and {{mn|pl|pies#Polish}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[pjɛ̌s]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=m-an}}

# [[wikt:dog#English|dog]]
#: {{syn|carn|cian}} (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Central]]'')
#: {{ux|carn|Ten '''pies''' je siensen.|The '''dog''' is happy.|inline=yes}}

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| pies
| piesi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| piesa
| piesi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| piesa
| piesou
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| pieso
| piesom
|}

Contionary:siensen

2026-02-11T17:53:36Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === From Old Carnian ''sciensten'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*sъčęstьnъ}}. The /t/ was first lost in the oblique forms before spreading to the predicative. Compare {{mn|cs|šťastný#Czech}}, {{mn|sk|šťastný#Slovak}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂nsɛn]}} * (''Carinthian'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̃̂sɛ̃]}} ==..."

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
From [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''sciensten'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*sъčęstьnъ}}. The /t/ was first lost in the oblique forms before spreading to the predicative. Compare {{mn|cs|šťastný#Czech}}, {{mn|sk|šťastný#Slovak}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂nsɛn]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̃̂sɛ̃]}}

=== Adjective ===
{{head|carn|adjective|comparative|vent siensen|superlative|nai siensen}}

# [[wikt:happy#English|happy]]
# [[wikt:lucky#English|lucky]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Masculine}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Feminine}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Neuter}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Masculine}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Feminine}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Neuter}}
|-
!colspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Predicative
|colspan=6| siensen
|-
!colspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
|rowspan=2| siensny
| siensna
|rowspan=3| siensne
| siensni
|rowspan=3| siensne
|rowspan=3| siensna
|-
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | {{small|inanimate}}
|rowspan=2| siensnà
|rowspan=2| siensne
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | {{small|animate}}
| rowspan=2| siensnega
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| siensne
| siensnega
|colspan=3| siensni
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| siensnemo
| siensni
| siensnemo
|colspan=3| siensnim
|}

==== Derived terms ====

{{col|carn
|siens<t:happiness, luck>
}}

Contionary:siens

2026-02-11T17:44:02Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Back-formation from {{l|carn|siensen||happy, lucky}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ns]}} * (''Carinthian'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̃̂s]}} === Noun === {{head|carn|noun|g=f}} # happiness # luck ==== Declension ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe..."

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
Back-formation from {{l|carn|siensen||happy, lucky}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ns]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̃̂s]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:happiness#English|happiness]]
# [[wikt:luck#English|luck]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| siens
| siensi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| siens
| siensi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| siensi
| siensi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| siensi
| siensiem
|}

Contionary:nâ

2026-02-10T15:02:54Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === From {{l|carn|ne||not}} + {{l|carn|-â}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[nɐ̃̂]}} === Interjection === {{head|carn|interjection}} # nah # hell no"

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
From {{l|carn|ne||not}} + {{l|carn|-â}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[nɐ̃̂]}}

=== Interjection ===
{{head|carn|interjection}}

# [[wikt:nah#English|nah]]
# [[wikt:hell no#English|hell no]]

Contionary:châ

2026-02-10T14:57:17Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === From {{l|carn|che||what}} + {{l|carn|-â}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʃɐ̃̂]}} === Interjection === {{head|carn|interjection}} # {{label|carn|mildly vulgar}} what the hell"

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
From {{l|carn|che||what}} + {{l|carn|-â}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɐ̃̂]}}

=== Interjection ===
{{head|carn|interjection}}

# {{label|carn|mildly vulgar}} [[wikt:what the hell#English|what the hell]]

Contionary:dupâ

2026-02-10T14:56:52Z

Larsqui: /* Carnian */

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
From {{l|carn|dupè||ass}} + {{l|carn|-â}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[dɵpɐ̃̌]}}

=== Interjection ===
{{head|carn|interjection}}

# [[wikt:damn#English|damn]], [[wikt:dammit#English|dammit]]
#: {{ux|carn|Ah '''dupâ''', jem zabœu moje clucheu!|Ah '''damn''', I forgot my keys!|inline=yes}}

Contionary:de

2026-02-10T14:50:42Z

Larsqui: /* Carnian */

==Avendonian==
===Pronunciation===
{{av-IPA|de}}
===Etymology===
{{av-lat|de|dē}}
===Preposition===
'''de'''
# of
# from
{{av-cat||prepositions}}

==[[Braereth]]==
[[Category: Contionary]]
[[Category: Braereth words]]
[[Category: Braereth adpositions]]
{{Template: Braereth Dialects|de|de|de|de|de|de̞|ti|ti}}

===Etymology===
From [[w: Latin|Latin]] '''''[[wikt: de|dē]]'''''

===Adposition===
'''de'''
# of, from, about
#: ''Before a vowel, '''[[Contionary: de#Braereth|de]]''' becomes '''[[Contionary: d’#Braereth|d’]]'''. ''

==Brooding==
[[Category:Brooding words]]
[[Category:Brooding particles]]

===Pronunciation===
(''Brooding'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /dɛ/

===Particle===
'''de'''

# this, ''proximal demonstrative''.

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
From {{der|carn|sla-pro|*kъde}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[dɛ]}}

=== Pronoun ===
{{head|carn|pronoun}}

# [[wikt:where#English|where]] (in what place?)
#: {{syn|carn|canda}} (to what place?)
#: {{ux|carn|'''De''' san moje cluche?|'''Where''' are my keys?|inline=yes}}

=== Conjunction ===
{{head|carn|conjunction}}

# [[wikt:where#English|where]]

==Esmitan==
===Etymology===
From an unknown [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#substrate|substrate language]].
===Pronunciation===
(''Esmitan'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /de/ [dɛ]

===Adjective===
'''de'''
# previous

{| class="mw-collapsible bluetable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ '''Declension of ''de'' (irregular)'''
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | isolated
! colspan="2" | compound
|-
! colspan="2" | !! singular !! plural !! singular !! plural
|-
! colspan="2" | no mood
| {{term|di}} || {{term|dí}} || {{term|dese}} || {{term|desej}}
|-
! colspan="2" | certain
| {{term|eli}} || {{term|elí}} || {{term|elese}} || {{term|elesej}}
|-
! colspan="2" | uncertain
| {{term|u}} || {{term|uj}} || {{term|dise}} || {{term|disej}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | superlative
! no mood
| {{term|daj}} || {{term|dáj}} || {{term|däse}} || {{term|däsej}}
|-
! certain
| {{term|elaj}} || {{term|eláj}} || {{term|eläse}} || {{term|eläsej}}
|-
! uncertain
| {{term|daje}} || {{term|däj}} || {{term|dajse}} || {{term|dajsej}}
|-
|}

===Derived terms===
* {{term|dechor}}

== [[Intralingua]] ==
=== Pronunciation ===
IPA: /de/

=== Etymology ===
from Latin [[wikt:de|de]], from Proto-Indo-European [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de|*de]].

===Preposition===
# from
# since
# of
# with
# by means of
# to
# for

{{Aquatiki}}
[[Category:Intralingua words]] [[Category:Intralingua prepositions]] [[Category:Contionary]]

==Reneissan==
===Alternative forms===

===Etymology===

===Pronunciation===
(''Reneissan'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /d̪ə/

===Preposition===
'''de'''
# of, 's
# from

==== Derived terms ====
When followed by a definite article, ''de'' is combined with the article to give the following combined forms:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! a + article !! combined form
|-
| de + {{C|il}} || {{C|dé}}
|-
| de + {{C|i}} || {{C|di}}
|-
| de + {{C|la}} || {{C|della}}
|-
| de + {{C|lai}} || {{C|dellai}}
|-
| de + {{C|l'}} || {{C|dell'}}
|-
| de + {{C|lais}} || {{C|dellais}}
|}

[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Reneissan prepositions]][[Category:Reneissan words]]

==Rokadong==
{{number box|anrdg|2}}

===Pronunciation===
(''Pahang'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: [{{IPA|deꜜ}}] ({{term|akajairi|aka}})

===Numeral===
{{Roka-head|eD|numeral}}

# two (number)
#:''example usage of '''de''' here''
#:: ''italicised translation here.''

====Related terms====
{{Roka-numbers}}

[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Rokadong words]]

Contionary:dupâ

2026-02-10T14:04:38Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === From {{l|carn|dupè||ass}} + {{l|carn|-â}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[dɵpɐ̃̌]}} === Noun === {{head|carn|interjection}} # damn, dammit #: {{ux|carn|Ah '''dupâ''', jem zabœu moje clucheu!|Ah '''damn''', I forgot my keys!|inline=yes}}"

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
From {{l|carn|dupè||ass}} + {{l|carn|-â}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[dɵpɐ̃̌]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|interjection}}

# [[wikt:damn#English|damn]], [[wikt:dammit#English|dammit]]
#: {{ux|carn|Ah '''dupâ''', jem zabœu moje clucheu!|Ah '''damn''', I forgot my keys!|inline=yes}}

Phonological history of Carnian

2026-02-10T13:31:15Z

Larsqui: /* Modern Carnian Developments */

This article describes the development of the phonology of Carnian over time, starting from its roots in [[w:Proto-Slavic|Proto-Slavic]] to modern Carnian.

== From Proto-Slavic to Old Carnian ==
=== Northwestern Alpine Slavic Substrate ===

Carnian evolved from Northwestern Alpine Slavic, a peripheral West Slavic variety that retained several archaic Proto-Slavic features not found in neighboring languages. These conservative elements include:

* Preservation of the open realization of *ě as [æ]
* Retention of *tl and *dl clusters
* Maintenance of the phonemic distinction between *i and *y
* Conservation of the prefix *vy-
* Absence of palatalization before *v

The peripheral geographic position of NWAS within the Slavic dialectal continuum accounts for these retentions, as the variety remained relatively isolated from the innovations that characterized the South Slavic core area.

=== Liquid Metathesis ===

Carnian exhibits distinctive reflexes of Proto-Slavic liquid diphthongs that differ substantially from other regional Slavic languages. This divergence results from the prolonged preservation of liquid syllabicity, with its loss occurring chronologically after metathesis processes had been completed.

'''oRT Sequences'''

In the oRT sequences, the retention of liquid syllabicity did not trigger vowel lengthening in the preceding syllable. Lengthening occurred exclusively in syllables bearing acute accent, yielding RaT, while non-acute syllables developed RoT reflexes. This pattern parallels developments in North Slavic languages rather than the typical South Slavic treatment.

'''ToRT and TeRT Sequences'''

Proto-Slavic *ToRT and *TeRT sequences underwent metathesis without compensatory lengthening, producing TRoT and TReT respectively. The subsequent loss of liquid syllabicity triggered insertion of an epenthetic vowel preceding the liquid consonant: TRoT > TəRoT, TReT > TəReT. This development resembles East Slavic pleophony, though without consistent vowel assimilation.

Epenthetic ''ə'' merged later with one of the existing vowel phonemes, most commonly with ''e'', ''o'', or ''a''. Merger with ''e'' and ''o'' reflects assimilation to the following vowel and is most consistent in TəreT, TəleT and TəloT sequences. In TəroT sequences, ə was often colored by the rhotic, resulting in a (cf. *''gordъ'' > ''gərod'' > ''[[Contionary:gard#Carnian|gard]]'').

'''TьRT and TъRT Sequences'''

The *TьRT and *TъRT sequences likewise underwent metathesis. After the loss of weak yers, they first produced syllabic liquids (Tr̥T, Tl̥T, Tł̥T), which later resolved into TərT, TəlT, and TəłT. The epenthetic ''ə'' generally merged with ''e'', most regularly in TəlT sequences. In TərT sequences, the rhotic exerted a strong a-coloring influence, though reflexes in ''e'' also appear. The TəłT pattern shows the usual merger with ''e'', but rare cases of merger with ''o'' occur as well (cf. *''sъlnьce'' > ''sł̥nse'' > ''sołnse'' > ''sonse'').

The distinctive character of Carnian liquid reflexes stems from the subsequent operation of posttonic syncope (see the section on [[#Vowel Reduction and Syncope|syncope]]), which eliminated many of the unstressed vowels directly following the accented syllable, yielding forms that superficially resemble the original Proto-Slavic sequences while differing in vowel quality and liquid syllabicity. Traces of the pleophonic stage remain visible in lexical items where posttonic vowels escaped elision, as in *''serdьnъjь'' > ''srednij'' > ''sərednij'' > ''serenny'' 'middle'.

=== Yer Developments ===

'''Weak Yer Loss'''

Following Havlík's Law, weak yers underwent gradual elision while strong yers vocalized to full mid vowels. Carnian resembles neighboring South Slavic languages in frequent preservation of word-initial yers, similar to Slovene and Chakavian. The degree of initial yer retention varies between words, sometimes yielding doublets regionally (*''pъtica'' > ''petisa'' / ''petza'', ''[[Contionary:tisa#Carnian|tisa]]'').

Crucially, Carnian maintained the original front/back distinction among vocalized yers. Front yer *ь vocalized to ''ẹ'', subsequently breaking to ''ie'' (except following palatal consonants, where it remained ''e''). Back yer *ъ developed to ''ə'', with subsequent evolution varying by phonetic environment and geographic region. Common outcomes include merger with ''e'' or ''a'', though occasional merger with ''o'' also occurs.

'''Tense Yers'''

Tense yer sequences *ьj and *ъj received special treatment with lexically conditioned outcomes. While some items follow regular vocalization patterns (*''kъjь'' > ''[[Contionary:kei#Carnian|kei]]'' 'what'), others exhibit merger to ''ïj'' [ɪj] (modern ''y''), particularly in adjectival morphology. This development appears to result from j-induced assimilation combined with analogical leveling, with presumed intermediate stages *ьj > ''ẹj'' and *ъj > ''əj'' before phonemic merger.

This process preceded the general contraction of *VjV > V̄, which operated concurrently across the Carnian speech territory.

=== Nasal Vowel Developments ===

Proto-Slavic nasal vowels *ę and *ǫ were inherited in Carnian, with *ǫ undergoing early delabialization to ''ą''. Denasalization proceeded through decomposition to vowel + nasal consonant sequences ([Vm] or [Vn] depending on the following consonant environment). Word-final nasal vowels demonstrated greater stability, eventually denasalizing to long vowels that attracted stress (cf. Nom. ''noga'' vs. Acc. ''nogà'' < ''nogą'').

The chronology of denasalization can be established relative to other changes: it began before the loss of third-person plural *-tь (evidenced by modern -n in ''copan'' < *''copąt'' 'they kick'), and was completed by the Late Middle Ages, when only word-final nasal vowels received orthographic marking. The word-final denasalization process clearly postdates the establishment of the penultimate accent (see the section on [[#Penultimate and Ultimate Accent|penultimate accent]]).

=== i-y Merger ===

Unlike neighboring South Slavic languages, Carnian generally preserves *y as a distinct phoneme. However, two waves of partial merger with *i can be identified:

# '''Early merger''' (ca. 10th century): Limited to specific lexical items, commonly when *y followed coronal consonants (*ty > Old Carnian ''tī''). This development is documented in the Freising Manuscripts.
# '''Later merger''': Accent-conditioned merger occurring during the vowel reduction period (see the section on [[#Vowel Reduction and Syncope|vowel reduction]]).

=== Spirantization ===

Common Slavic *dz became ''z'' throughout the South Slavic area, followed in Carnian by deaffrication of *c to ''s''. This development may be attributed to the loss of the voiced counterpart *dz, leaving *c without a phonemic partner, unlike *č, which retained its voiced correlate.

Alternatively, this change may reflect a broader spirantization tendency particularly prominent in Carinthia. The spirantization *g > ''ɣ'' reached Carnian relatively early, though it never encompassed the entire speech territory. Later developments included *b > ''β'' and *d > ''ð''. Much of this spirantization was subsequently reversed due to sociolinguistic pressures, as spirantized forms acquired low-prestige associations.

Contemporary dialects maintaining lenited pronunciation (concentrated in Alpine regions) can be classified according to distributional patterns:
* Regular /b, d, g/ with lenited /β, ð, ɣ/ intervocalically only
* Lenited /β, ð, ɣ/ in all positions (with allophones [ɸ, θ, x] in dialects with word-final devoicing)

=== Postalveolar iotation ===

The breaking of ''ẹ'' to ''ie'' triggered iotation of preceding postalveolar consonants, which became palatal: *čь > ''će'', *šь > ''śe'', *žь > ''źe'', *džь > ''dźe''. Any *čj, *šj, *žj, *džj clusters arising from yer loss likewise participated in this development.

The voiced palatal fricatives ''ź'' and ''dź'' merged before leniting to ''j'' at an early stage, joining the existing palatal approximant. The voiceless palatal affricate ''ć'' merged with the fricative ''ś'', yielding a single palatal fricative. This phoneme remained distinct through the Old Carnian period, during which it developed a more retracted articulation [ç], a change that originated in Carinthian dialects under strong German influence and subsequently spread across the Carnian speaking territory.

=== Regional Shared Innovations ===

Carnian participates in several innovations that developed across the broader Alpine Slavic area, shared with neighboring Slovene, Kajkavian, and Chakavian varieties:

* Absence of general palatalization before front vowels
* Preservation of long falling syllables
* Development of prothetic *v before word-initial *u
* *ď > j in lexically restricted contexts, creating doublets (*meďu > ''mei'', ''[[Contionary:medio#Carnian|medio]]'')
* Rhotacization *ž > ''r'' before vowels (*može da > ''morda''), extended beyond medial positions in Carnian, yielding doublets (*možete > ''mogiete'', ''morete''; *žena > ''giena'', ''rena'')

== Old Carnian Period ==
The Old Carnian period witnessed fundamental phonological restructuring that established the foundation of the modern language. External influences together with internal innovations produced the characteristic features that distinguish contemporary Carnian.

The early stage of Old Carnian had the following vowels:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of the early Old Carnian'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan="3"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!short
!long
!nasal
!short
!long
!short
!long
!nasal
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
|
|[[w:Close-mid central unrounded vowel|ɘ]]
|[[w:Close-mid central unrounded vowel|ɘː]]
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|
|-
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ̃]]
|[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]
|
|rowspan="2"|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|rowspan="2"|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|rowspan="2"|[[w:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ̃]]
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|[[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
|[[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æː]]
|
|[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|aː]]
|-
![[w:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
|colspan="8"|ɪi̯
|}

The language also had the following consonants:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Consonant phonemes of the early Old Carnian
! colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=2| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]] / [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
!hard
!soft
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|nʲ]]
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|tʲ]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]]
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|dʲ]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|
|
| ([[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]])
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
|
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
|
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| ([[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]])
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|lʲ]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[w: Tap and flap consonants|Flap]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾʲ]]
|
|
|
|}

=== Accent System Restructuring ===

Old Carnian experienced a major accent shift from the inherited free and mobile Proto-Slavic system to fixed stem-initial stress. Pitch distinctions were preserved: retracted rising accent became falling, and vice versa. Most prefixes remained unstressed, though their accentual behavior varied according to morphological function.

This development is attributed to High German influence, spreading from northern regions that experienced intensive Germanization.

=== Vowel Reduction and Syncope ===

Accentual system restructuring destabilized the vowel inventory. Unstressed long vowels underwent shortening, along with the loss of phonemic contrast between the pairs i-y, e-ě, and o-u, leaving four contrasting vowel phonemes in unstressed syllables: ''a'', ''e'', ''i'', and ''o''. Due to the merger patterns, it can be inferred that reduced vowels shifted toward more mid-central positions than full vowels, just as they are pronounced in modern Carnian. Vowel reduction did not always affect diphthongs and nasal vowels, which maintained their full quality regardless of accent.

Unstressed vowels became susceptible to elision in posttonic syllables, occurring most frequently after sonorants and fricatives, though other environments are also documented (*''jeden'' > ''jen''). High vowels showed greatest susceptibility to elision, followed by mid vowels, with low vowels demonstrating greatest resistance.

During the transition to vowel loss, a transitional vowel ''ə̆'' often appeared as an intermediate stage. Its ambiguous phonetic quality never received systematic orthographic representation, leading to variant spellings (''malina'' ~ ''malna''), where words retained historical vowel letters or omitted the vowel entirely. This transitional vowel disappeared by the 18th century.

=== Consonant Cluster Simplification ===

Weak yer deletion and posttonic syncope generated numerous complex consonant clusters requiring simplification through two primary strategies:

# '''Epenthetic vowel insertion''': Typically ''ə'' or its derivatives (*''ogňь'' > ''ogen'')
# '''Cluster reduction''': Through consonant elision, assimilation, or lenition

The choice between strategies correlated with morphological factors: clusters in morphologically central forms (e.g., nominative singular) showed greater resistance to reduction when other paradigmatic forms permitted cluster maintenance (Nom. *''ogňь'' > ''ogəň'' vs. Gen. *''ogňa'' > ''ogəňa'' instead of expected ''oňňa''). Sometimes the oblique forms prevailed, leading to epenthetic vowel elision, especially in suffixes where new clusters were permitted (Gen. *''synъka'' > ''sœnca'', Nom. *''synъkъ'' > ''sœnəc'' > ''sœnc'').

Cluster simplification operated according to sonority and articulatory constraints. Assimilation occurred most commonly when a stop was followed by a nasal or lateral consonant (''tn'', ''dn'', ''kn'', ''gn'' > ''nn''; ''dl'', ''gl'' > ll) and in sibilant + affricate sequences (''šč'' > ''šš'', ''ždž'' > ''žž''). Labial and voiced stops often escaped simplification processes.

The velar fricative ''x'' demonstrated particular instability. In initial clusters, it was deleted entirely (e.g., ''xm'', ''xn'', ''xl'' > ''m'', ''n'', ''l''), while in complex environments it triggered deletion of adjacent stops or coalescence into a separate phoneme (see the relevant section [[#Phonemic Innovation|below]]).

While many Slavic languages underwent some sort of cluster simplification and insertion of epenthetic vowels after the loss of yers, Carnian experienced it in the most far-reaching way. Significantly restructured and shortened words, along with geminated consonants, became a defining characteristic distinguishing Carnian from other Slavic languages.

=== Geminate Consonant Development ===

Consonant cluster simplification frequently yielded geminated consonants through assimilation. Progressive assimilation (first consonant to second) predominated (*''radlo'' > ''rallo''), though regressive assimilation also occurred, including in *šč and *ždž clusters (*''ščenę'' > ''sienè'', *''dъždžь'' > ''deġ'').

Geminate stability varied positionally, with word-initial and word-final geminates showing a tendency toward degemination (with compensatory lengthening of the adjacent vowel when possible). Geminates preceded or followed by a consonant also experienced shortening (*''kortъkaja'' > ''corotta'' > ''cortta'' > ''corta'', which is another example of progressive assimilation, vowel assimilation in pleophony, and a case where the predicative adjective assimilated to the non-predicative form: *''kortъkъ'' > ''cort'').

Modern Carnian preserves the following native geminate set: /mm, nn, pp, tt, kk, t͡s:, t͡ʃ:, ss, ʃʃ, ll/. All geminates function as syllable boundaries, with the first element closing the preceding syllable.

=== Phonemic Innovation ===

Cluster simplification processes generated new phonemes absent from the inherited system:

* '''/f/ development''': Coalescence of [xʋ] clusters (*''xvaliti'' > ''falit'') introduced /f/, absent in Proto-Slavic. Phonemicization became evident when /f/ appeared unaltered in loanwords.

* '''/t͡s/ restoration''': ''ts'' and ''ds'' clusters coalesced to [t͡s:] (''jagodisa'' > ''jagotza''), restoring this affricate eliminated during earlier spirantization. Initially predominantly geminate, word-final occurrence as a singleton developed (*''noťьcejǫ'' > ''[[Contionary:notzoi#Carnian|notzoi]]'' [nɔ̂t͡s:ɔɪ̯], *''noťьsь'' > ''[[Contionary:notz#Carnian|notz]]'' [nɔ̂t͡s]). This development, combined with dž loss, reestablished symmetry between alveolar and postalveolar sibilant series.

=== Depalatalization ===

Proto-Slavic palatalized coronals (''ň'', ''ť'', ''ď'', ''ĺ'', ''ř'') underwent systematic depalatalization with varying outcomes:

* Liquids ''ĺ'', ''ř'': Early depalatalization to plain /l/, /r/, with temporary contrast between ''l'' and ''ł'' before merger
* Nasals and stops ''ň'', ''ť'', ''ď'': Variable outcomes including /n/, /nj/, /jn/; /t/, /tj/, /jt/; /d/, /dj/, /jd/
* Assibilation: ''ť'' occasionally developed to /t͡s/ (*''pleťe'' > ''pletzi'')

The distribution of /Cj/ versus /jC/ outcomes correlates with position: /Cj/ predominates initially and medially before vowels, while /jC/ appears word-finally or before final vowels. This suggests original /Cj/ development with subsequent metathesis in final environments, spreading through paradigmatic leveling (Nom. ''[[Contionary:coin#Carnian|coin]]'' < *''koňь'', Gen. ''coina'' < *''koňa'' 'horse').

Complete depalatalization /Cʲ/ > /C/ is less frequent and appears most commonly word-finally, in clusters, and in some words due to analogy with other inflected forms which lacked the palatalization.

Importantly, most /Cj/ sequences resulting from yer loss remained distinct from depalatalized consonants, except liquid sequences ''lj'', ''rj'', which merged with ''ĺ'', ''ř'' reflexes (*''veselьje'' > ''vesele'').

Depalatalization occurred only for palatalized counterparts of dental/alveolar consonants; thus the true palatal ''ś'' (which became ''ch'' [ç] by this stage) did not participate in this process.

=== L-vocalization ===

Following ''ĺ'' depalatalization, Carnian maintained two lateral phonemes: plain ''l'' [l] (continuing *l before front vowels and lost front yers, plus *ĺ) and velarized ''ł'' [ɫ] (continuing *l before non-front vowels). Syllable-coda ''ł'' vocalized to ''u̯'', excluding word-final nominal positions (*''palъka'' > ''pauca'', *''davalъ'' > ''davau'', *''stolъ'' > ''stoł''). This parallels developments in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Slovak, and Slovene dialects.

=== H-Loss ===

The velar fricative ''x'' underwent backing to glottal /h/ during the Old Carnian period. Word-initial /h/ remained stable and is preserved in modern Carnian. However, in all other positions (intervocalic, word-final, and adjacent to consonants) it was lost during the Old Carnian period. The resulting hiatus was resolved when following a high vowel according to one of the following strategies:

* Phonetic resolution via glide insertion: /j/ after /i/, /ʋ/ after /u/.
* Morphological resolution in nominal and adjectival paradigms where Proto-Slavic second regressive palatalization had created *x/*ś alternations (''*duxъ''/''*duśi''). In such paradigms, the sibilant /s/ was generalized throughout, eliminating hiatus entirely (''*duxъ'' > ''du'' > ''dus'', Gen. ''*duxa'' > ''dùa'' > ''dusa'').

After non-high vowels, hiatus was generally preserved.

Analogical restoration of medial /h/ occurred in stem-initial positions following prefixes, but only in formations where the connection to the root remained close. Thus ''*naxoditi'' yields ''nahodit'' (with restored /h/ by analogy with ''hodit'' 'to walk'), while lexicalized compounds like ''*zaxodъ'' produced ''zaod'' 'west' without restoration.

=== Yat Evolution ===

The yat vowel ''ě'' maintained its open character [æ] well beyond Common Slavic disintegration. During Old Carnian, it developed to the centering diphthong [ɛɐ̯] preserved in modern Carnian, as indicated by digraph spelling ⟨ea⟩ already in Late Medieval writings. This evolution parallels Slovak ''ä'' development (< *ę). The breaking was blocked by the following hiatus where instead it merged with ''e'' (''*směxъ'' > ''sme'', Gen. ''*směxa'' > ''smèa'').

Although modern ''ea'' distribution is limited to stem-initial syllables, Carnian remains among the few Slavic languages preserving *ě as a distinct phoneme. The consistent Old Carnian orthography and modern regional variation between [æ] and [ɛ] in closed syllables suggests original development to [ɛɐ̯] in all environments with subsequent monophthongization in closed syllables.

=== Open Syllable Lengthening ===

Following unstressed vowel shortening, length became associated with accent, and subsequently with syllable structure. All short vowels in stressed open syllables underwent lengthening, while all vowels in closed syllables were shortened. This correlation between vowel length and syllable structure, found throughout medieval Europe (including High German, Italian Romance varieties, and Slovene), eliminated the phonemic status of vowel length.

=== ī-Breaking ===

Old Carnian high vowels demonstrated considerable instability. Long ''ī'' broke to ''ïj'', merging with existing tense yer reflexes. The distribution overlap with Proto-Slavic *ī in stem-initial syllables indicates that breaking preceded open syllable lengthening but followed unstressed vowel shortening (*''pivo'' > ''pīvo'' but *''glīsta'' > ''lijsta'', modern ''lysta'').

=== u-Fronting ===

During Late Old Carnian, ''u'' fronted to a position between [ɵ̝] and [ʊ], preserved in modern Carnian. Following labial and back consonants, this process was disrupted through epenthetic ''u̯'' insertion, with subsequent delabialization and fronting of the vowel, yielding ''u̯i''. This development reflects the incompatibility between these consonant articulations and vowel fronting.

=== High Vowel Diphthong Dissimilation ===

The unstable Old Carnian high vowel system underwent systematic restructuring through diphthong dissimilation. When diphthongs contained ''i̯'' or ''u̯'' as the less prominent element, the nuclear vowel lowered: ''ïi̯'' > ''ei̯'', ''iu̯'' > ''eu̯'', ''i̯u'' > ''i̯o'', ''u̯i'' > ''u̯e'', ''ui̯'' > ''oi̯'', ''i̯i'' > ''i̯e''. This accounts for ''u̯e'' reflexes of ''u'' following labials and velars (*''buřa'' > ''buera''), ''eu̯'' in i-stem verb participles (''prosit'', ''proseu''), and ''ei̯'' from tense yers and ī-breaking. The latter phoneme shows considerable regional variation, from standard [ɛɪ̯] to local realizations ranging [ɪi̯] ~ [äɪ̯].

=== œ Development ===

Proto-Slavic *y survived as a distinct phoneme except in documented merger contexts (see the sections on [[#i-y Merger|i-y Merger]] and [[#Vowel Reduction and Syncope|vowel reduction]]). Over time it lowered to /ɜ/, as preserved in modern Carnian. This lowering postdated vowel reduction (where *y merged with *i into ''ï'') but preceded high vowel diphthong dissimilation (where *yu̯ regularly yields ''œu̯'').

The spelling ⟨œ⟩ was introduced during the Late Middle Ages. While modern /ɜ/ is not front rounded, it exhibits slight lip rounding [ɜ̜], unusual for *y, which lost labialization in Proto-Slavic. Two explanations have been proposed:

* *y in the Carnian speech territory retained some degree of rounding
* During lowering, *y achieved a more advanced pronunciation [ɘ̟], sharing place of articulation with High German ''ö'', potentially influencing rounding development. This hypothesis can be supported by the Carinthian dialect, which experienced the highest degree of Germanization, realizing ''œ'' as a front rounded vowel [œ].

== Modern Carnian Developments ==

=== Penultimate and Ultimate Accent ===

The transition from Old to Modern Carnian witnessed another major accent shift toward penultimate syllables, originating in coastal dialects around the 16th century and spreading northward. This development likely reflects Romance influence, particularly the penultimate stress preference prevalent in regional Romance varieties. While now considered standard, northernmost dialects, especially those in Alpine valleys, retain stem-initial accent.

The stress-length correlation remained operative during this shift: newly stressed open syllables underwent lengthening, while previously long syllables losing stress were shortened.

The unstressable ''ə̆'' blocked penultimate shift when occurring in that position. Several later developments created ultimate accent exceptions:
* Final vowel loss (visible in infinitives: *-''ti'' > -''t'')
* Analogical extension in predicative adjectives and participles
* Word-final nasal vowel denasalization with lengthening and stress attraction
* Loanword ultimate accent (from Italian, French)

=== Ł-L Merger ===

The original ''l'' / ''ł'' contrast was eliminated through merger to a single phoneme [l]. Velarized realization was preserved in syllable codas and extended to previously plain *l through merger (*''solь'' > ''sol'' [sɔ̂l] > [sɔ̂ɫ]).

Some dialects exhibit ''ṡuapanie'', where velarized ''ł'' is realized as ''u̯''. These dialects vary in whether the original contrast is preserved (''sol'' vs. ''stou̯'') or lost (''sou̯'', ''stou̯'').

=== Ch-Ṡ Meger ===

The palatal fricative ''ch'' underwent merger with /ʃ/ in most Carnian dialects during the Early Modern period. The merger began in coastal dialects following territorial expansion, as Romance and Chakavian substrate populations approximated the unfamiliar [ç] to the more common [ʃ]. The distinction is still present in the Carinthian dialects.

=== Postalveolar Consonant Developments ===

While Carnian generally preserves postalveolar ''ċ'', ''ġ'', ''ṡ'', leveling occurred in specific environments:

* ''ċ'' lenited to ''ṡ'' (spelt ⟨ch⟩) in clusters and word-finally (*''covaċ'' > ''covach'' 'smith'), with analogical extension (Gen. ''covacha'')
* Assimilation to alveolar counterparts in clusters containing alveolar consonants (*''ṡtœri'' > ''stœri'' 'four'), primarily affecting ''ṡ'' and ''ġ'' as ''ċ'' had been eliminated from most clusters.

=== Loss of V ===

The approximant ''v'' was lost in certain clusters when following a coronal consonant, especially a fricative (''suent'' > ''[[Contionary:sent#Carnian|sent]]''). After a stop, ''v'' is usually preserved (as in ''dua'' 'two'), although is lost in some cases (''tuoi'' > ''toi'' on analogy with ''suoi'' > ''soi'').

=== Nasal â ===

By the late 20th century, a marginal nasal vowel phoneme ''â'' emerged in standard Carnian. It developed from the older emphatic interjection ''ha'', characteristic of the Trestine dialect. The interjection underwent [[w:Rhinoglottophilia|rhinoglottophilia]] and subsequent loss of /h/ as it spread across the [[Carnian dialects#Gorso-Tresten|Gorso-Tresten dialect]] area. During this process, its function shifted from a postpositional interjection to a suffix, accompanying its diffusion to other urban centres through 19th-century working-class migration.

By the early 20th century, the feature had become widespread in [[Carnian dialects#Fyn|Fyn]]. Several lexical items containing the suffix ''-â'' entered the standard language through mass media and popular culture, with the process accelerating in the early 21st century alongside the expansion of Internet communication. The phoneme remains distributionally restricted and is primarily associated with expressive morphology.

[[Category:Carnian]]

Module:languages/data/exceptional

2026-02-09T18:07:20Z

Larsqui:

local m_langdata = require("Module:languages/data")

-- Loaded on demand, as it may not be needed (depending on the data).
local function u(...)
u = require("Module:string utilities").char
return u(...)
end

local c = m_langdata.chars
local p = m_langdata.puaChars
local s = m_langdata.shared

local m = {}

m["afh"] = {
"Afrihili",
384707,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["alo-col"] = {
"Central Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-eol"] = {
"Eastern Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-eon"] = {
"Eastern Onori",
nil,
"alo-tdr",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-kol"] = {
"Coastal Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Alopian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
from = {"[-*·]"},
to = {""},
remove_diacritics = c.macron .. c.breve,
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-sig"] = {
"Sigori",
nil,
"alo-fre",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-sol"] = {
"Southern Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-won"] = {
"Western Onori",
nil,
"alo-tdr",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["art-blk"] = {
"Bolak",
2909283,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-bsp"] = {
"Black Speech",
686210,
"art",
"Latn, Teng",
}

m["art-com"] = {
"Communicationssprache",
35227,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-dtk"] = {
"Dothraki",
2914733,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-elo"] = {
"Eloi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-gld"] = {
"Goa'uld",
19823,
"art",
"Latn, Egyp, Mero",
}

m["art-lap"] = {
"Lapine",
6488195,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-man"] = {
"Mandalorian",
54289,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-mun"] = {
"Mundolinco",
851355,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-nav"] = {
"Na'vi",
316939,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-nox"] = {
"Noxilo",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

local F = "[ɬsṣš]"

m["art-nui"] = {
"ǂA Ṇṵĩ",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
from = {
"^N", "^Ɠ", "ṭr",
F .. "([ʇǃǂǁ])qʼ",
F .. "([ʇǃǂǁ])ʼ",
F .. "([ʇǃǂǁ])",
"ɴ([ʇǃǂǁ])x",
"ɴ([ʇǃǂǁ])ʼ",
"ɴ([ʇǃǂǁʘ])",
"r([ǃǁ]), (ʘ)r",
"([ǃǁ])ʛ",
"([ʇǃǂǁ])qʼ",
"([ʇǃǂǁ])x",
"([ʇǃǂǁ])ʼ",
"^[aeiou]?(.)",
},
to = {
"ɴ", "ʛ", "ṭᵣ",
"%1₊",
"%1₉",
"%1₈",
"%1₇",
"%1₆",
"%1₅",
"%1₄, %1₄",
"%1₃",
"%1₂",
"%1₁",
"%1₀",
"%1",
},
remove_diacritics = c.tildebelow .. c.grave
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["art-una"] = {
"Unas",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["arto-pro"] = {
"Proto-Artonian",
nil,
"ine, mish, arto",
"Latn",
ancestors = "mish-pro, ine-pro",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["avk"] = {
"Kotava",
1377116,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["axwa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Axwan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["azms"] = {
"Azimasi",
nil,
"ine, mish, arto",
"Latn",
ancestors = "azms-old, arto-pro, mish-pro, ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["azms-old"] = {
"Old Azimasi",
nil,
"ine, mish, arto",
"Latn",
ancestors = "arto-pro, mish-pro, ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["beme"] = {
"Bemé",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang"
}

m["brfs-pro"] = {
"Ancient Berfesian",
nil,
"brfs",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["cel-gal"] = {
"Modern Gallaecian",
nil,
"cel-his",
"Latn",
type = "conlang"
}

m["dzhk"] = {
"Dženubiskă",
nil,
"gem",
"Cyrl",
translit = "dzhk-translit",
ancestors = "got",
type = "conlang",
}

m["gwax"] = {
"Gwaxol",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc, nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
entry_name = {
from = {"1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"},
to = {"¹", "²", "³", "⁴", "⁵", "⁶"},
},
display_text = {
from = {"1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"},
to = {"¹", "²", "³", "⁴", "⁵", "⁶"},
}
}

m["hceo"] = {
"Hceor Theec",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "lnent",
type = "conlang",
}

m["hzlc"] = {
"Hazulacanol",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xodc"] = {
"Xodec",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "hzlc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ibe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iberian",
nil,
"ibe",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["kisl"] = {
"Kilīmos-sāîl",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["knra"] = {
"Knrawi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["lnent"] = {
"Late Nentammmi",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["loxw"] = {
"Central Isles Creole",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "knra, qsc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["maat"] = {
"Maahaat",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["maaz"] = {
"Maazha",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mcb"] = {
"Macambese",
nil,
"ine, roa, roa-oil",
"Latn",
type="conlang",
}

m["naedz"] = {
"Naedzur",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "naedz-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["naedz-old"] = {
"Old Naedzur",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nent-pro"] = {
"Nentammmi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["noan"] = {
"Noanglo",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["okan"] = {
"Misa Okan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["popo"] = {
"Po Po",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ravk"] = {
"Ravihkeo",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["soky"] = {
"Sokya",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "qsc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anrdg"] = {
"Rokadong",
nil,
"art",
"Roka",
ancestors = "annen",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anks"] = {
"Ankistran substrate",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anktl"] = {
"Kairitelan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "annen",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anldk"] = {
"Liðakuin",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anldk-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["andbz"] = {
"Debazi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anmnk",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anldk-old"] = {
"Old Liðakuin",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anwgs",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anmnk"] = {
"Classical Munkai",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anpmk",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anpmk"] = {
"Proto-Munkai",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anplm",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anplm"] = {
"Proto-Leyen-Mangellian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["annen"] = {
"Proto-Nenta",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anwgs"] = {
"Proto-West-Gomensayan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anhat"] = {
"Hatzonian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anckr"] = {
"Common Kardonian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anspd"] = {
"Speodan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ancal"] = {
"Calubian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["andya"] = {
"Dyamantian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ankar"] = {
"Middle Kardonian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["cruc"] = {
"Cruckeny",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ga",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ehom"] = {
"Ehomanian",
nil,
"ehmc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ehom-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ehom-old"] = {
"Old Ehomanian",
nil,
"ehmc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ehmc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ehmc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ehomanic",
nil,
"ehmc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["ebur"] = {
"Eburonian",
nil,
"gmw",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ebur-old,ebur-mid",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ebur-old"] = {
"Old Eburonian",
nil,
"gmw",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ebur-mid"] = {
"Middle Eburonian",
nil,
"gmw",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ebur-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["auth"] = {
"Authish",
nil,
"gme",
"Latn",
ancestors = "auth-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["auth-old"] = {
"Old Authish",
nil,
"gme",
"Latn, Runr",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["caim"] = {
"Caimish",
nil,
"vdnc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "caim-old, vdnc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["caim-old"] = {
"Old Caimish",
nil,
"vdnc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vdnc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vond"] = {
"Vondic",
nil,
"vdnc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vdnc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["guim"] = {
"Guimin",
nil,
"ine",
"Cyrl",
translit = "guim-translit",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["hema"] = {
"Hemaluan",
nil,
"map",
"Hani, Kana",
ancestors = "map-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["jl-two"] = {
"Jokelang 2",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["jovl"] = {
"Jovlish",
nil,
"ine, ger, gmw-ang",
"Jovl",
ancestors = "ang",
type = "conlang",
translit = "font-translit"
}

m["gthv"] = {
"Gothevian",
nil,
"ine, ger, gme",
"Gthv",
ancestors = "got",
type = "conlang",
translit = "Gthv-translit"
}

m["keel"] = {
"Keeltyewarem",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ga",
type = "conlang",
}

m["kilta"] = {
"Kílta",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.acute,
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["lthm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lothem",
nil,
"lthm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["sasr"] = {
"Ancient Sassrian",
nil,
"sasr",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["lyti"] = {
"Oltic",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Grek, Cyrl",
ancestors = "cel-pro, ine-pro, lyti-mid, lyti-old",
type = "conlang",
translit = "lyti-translit"
}

m["lyti-mid"] = {
"Middle Oltic",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Grek",
ancestors = "cel-pro, ine-pro, lyti-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["lyti-old"] = {
"Old Oltic",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Grek",
ancestors = "cel-pro, ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mill"] = {
"Millennish",
nil,
"ine, gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro, mill-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mill-old"] = {
"Old Millennish",
nil,
"ine, gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mish-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mish",
nil,
"ine, mish",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["vayr-old"] = {
"Old Vayri",
nil,
"vyrc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vayr-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vayr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vayric",
nil,
"vyrc",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vayr"] = {
"Vayri",
nil,
"vyrc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vayr-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nwc"] = {
"Anchwa",
nil,
"aav",
"Hang, Thai, Khmr",
ancestors = "aav-pro, nwc-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nwc-old"] = {
"Old Anchwa",
nil,
"aav",
"Thai",
ancestors = "aav-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pine"] = {
"Pine",
nil,
"art",
"Teul, Tugv",
entry_name = {
from = {"‧"},
to = {""},
},
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.hook,
},
type = "conlang",
translit = {
Teul = "pine-translit",
},
}

m["old-pnsh"] = {
"Old Ponish",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmw-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pnsh"] = {
"Ponish",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "old-pnsh",
type = "conlang",
}

m["sekh"] = {
"Sekhulla",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["rulh"] = {
"Rulhilli",
nil,
"sit, zhx",
"Deva",
ancestors = "och, rulh-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["rulh-old"] = {
"Old Rulhilli",
nil,
"sit, zhx",
"Deva",
ancestors = "och",
type = "conlang",
}

m["siwa"] = {
"Siwa",
nil,
"alo-fre",
"Latn",
entry_name = {
from = {"‧"},
to = {""},
},
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.hook,
},
ancestors = "alo-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["slaq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Slaq",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["sudy"] = {
"Sudyrnish",
nil,
"ine, gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ang",
type = "conlang",
}

m["thuo"] = {
"Thuōsha",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["tok"] = {
"Toki Pona",
36846,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["uche"] = {
"Uchee",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ucrn"] = {
"Ucrean",
nil,
nil,
"Ucrn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["urka"] = {
"Urka",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vinn"] = {
"Vinnish",
nil,
"gem",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
from = {"ð, æ, ø, å"},
to = {"d" .. p[1], "z" .. p[1], "z" .. p[2], "z" .. p[3]}
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["wasc"] = {
"Wascotl",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["xchc"] = {
"Chiingimec",
nil,
"art",
"Cyrl",
translit = "xchc-translit",
type = "conlang",
}

m["zmlj"] = {
"Zemljask",
nil,
"sla",
"Latn",
ancestors = "sla-pro",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.acute},
type = "conlang",
}

m["rsn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Raysio-Smipharic",
nil,
"vrg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "vrg-pro",
}

m["cuy-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cuyic",
nil,
"cuy",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
}

m["oyp-old"] = {
"Old Oypatha",
nil,
"cuy",
"Hani",
ancestors = "cuy-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["oyp-mod"] = {
"Oypatha",
nil,
"cuy",
"Mong, mnc-Mong, sjo-Mong, xwo-Mong",
ancestors = "oyp-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["icn-old"] = {
"Old Incene",
nil,
"cuy",
"fa-Arab",
ancestors = "cuy-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["syr-icn"] = {
"Syrian Incene",
nil,
"cuy",
"Arab, fa-Arab",
ancestors = "icn-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ant-icn"] = {
"Anatolian Incene",
nil,
"cuy",
"Armn",
ancestors = "icn-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vrg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vergic",
nil,
"vrg",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
}

m["vib-old"] = {
"Old Iberian Vergic",
nil,
"vrg",
"Grek",
ancestors = "vrg-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["dac-old"] = {
"Old Dacian Vergic",
nil,
"vrg",
"Grek",
ancestors = "vrg-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pls-pro"] = {
"Proto-Plains",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang"
}

m["pnn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pannonian",
nil,
"gem",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
}

m["pnw-old"] = {
"Old West Pannonian",
nil,
"gem",
"Pann",
ancestors = "pnn-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pne-old"] = {
"Old East Pannonian",
nil,
"gem",
"Pann",
ancestors = "pnn-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["qasu"] = {
"Qasunattuuji",
nil,
"ine",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["qut-nan"] = {
"Qut",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["asc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Asisic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
"Latn",
}

m["wsc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tephricheic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "asc-pro",
"Latn",
}

m["esc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vainodic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "asc-pro",
"Latn",
}

m["mgx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Myguxic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "asc-pro",
"Latn",
}

m["tfr-old"] = {
"Old Tefrian",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "wsc-pro",
"Latn, Arab, fa-Arab",
type = "conlang",
}

m["tfr-mod"] = {
"Tefrian",
nil,
"asc",
"fa-Arab, Arab",
ancestors = "tfr-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["acs-old"] = {
"Old Achissari",
nil,
"asc",
"Brah",
ancestors = "wsc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["acs-wst"] = {
"West Achissari",
nil,
"asc",
"ur-Arab",
ancestors = "acs-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["acs-est"] = {
"East Achissari",
nil,
"asc",
"ur-Arab",
ancestors = "acs-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vanc"] = {
"Vancian",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "esc-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["buls"] = {
"Bulusic",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "esc-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nygm"] = {
"Nyongom",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "esc-pro",
"Cyrl",
type = "conlang",
}

m["dvs-old"] = {
"Old Dovasene",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "mgx-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["dvs-mod"] = {
"Dovasene",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "dvs-old",
"Cyrl",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xbr-old"] = {
"Old Khbirye",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "mgx-pro",
"Geok",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xbr-mod"] = {
"Khbirye",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "xbr-old",
"Geor",
type = "conlang",
}

m["aav-khs-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khasian",
116773216,
"aav-khs",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aav-nic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nicobarese",
116773793,
"aav-nic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aav-pkl-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam",
116773259,
"aav-pkl",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aav-pro"] = { -- mkh-pro will merge into this
"Proto-Austroasiatic",
116773186,
"aav",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["afa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Afroasiatic",
269125,
"afa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alg-aga"] = {
"Agawam",
nil,
"alg-eas",
"Latn",
}

m["alg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Algonquian",
7251834,
"alg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = "·"},
}

m["alv-ama"] = {
"Amasi",
4740400,
"nic-grs",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.circ .. c.tilde .. c.macron},
}

m["alv-bgu"] = {
"Baïnounk Gubëeher",
17002646,
"alv-bny",
"Latn",
}

m["alv-bua-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bua",
116773723,
"alv-bua",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-cng-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cangin",
116773726,
"alv-cng",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-edo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Edoid",
116773206,
"alv-edo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-fli-pro"] = {
"Proto-Fali",
116773754,
"alv-fli",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gbe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gbe",
116773208,
"alv-gbe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gng-pro"] = {
"Proto-Guang",
116773757,
"alv-gng",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gtm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Togo",
116773732,
"alv-gtm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gwa"] = {
"Gwara",
16945580,
"nic-pla",
"Latn",
}

m["alv-hei-pro"] = {
"Proto-Heiban",
116773760,
"alv-hei",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-ido-pro"] = {
"Proto-Idomoid",
116773764,
"alv-ido",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-igb-pro"] = {
"Proto-Igboid",
116773765,
"alv-igb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-kwa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kwa",
116773780,
"alv-kwa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-mum-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mumuye",
116773791,
"alv-mum",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-nup-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nupoid",
116773795,
"alv-nup",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-pro"] = {
"Proto-Atlantic-Congo",
116732838,
"alv",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-edk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Edekiri",
nil,
"alv-edk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-yor-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yoruba",
nil,
"alv-yor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-yrd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yoruboid",
116773824,
"alv-yrd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-von-pro"] = {
"Proto-Volta-Niger",
116773820,
"alv-von",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["apa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Apachean",
116773135,
"apa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aql-pro"] = {
"Proto-Algic",
18389588,
"aql",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = "·"},
}

m["art-adu"] = {
"Adûni",
1232159,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-bel"] = {
"Belter Creole",
108055510,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.acute,
from = {"ɒ"},
to = {"a"},
},
}

m["art-blk"] = {
"Bolak",
2909283,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-bsp"] = {
"Black Speech",
686210,
"art",
"Latn, Teng",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-com"] = {
"Communicationssprache",
35227,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-dtk"] = {
"Dothraki",
2914733,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-elo"] = {
"Eloi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-gld"] = {
"Goa'uld",
19823,
"art",
"Latn, Egyp, Mero",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-lap"] = {
"Lapine",
6488195,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-man"] = {
"Mandalorian",
54289,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-mun"] = {
"Mundolinco",
851355,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-nav"] = {
"Naʼvi",
316939,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-vlh"] = {
"High Valyrian",
64483808,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["ath-nic"] = {
"Nicola",
20609,
"ath-nor",
"Latn",
}

m["ath-pro"] = {
"Proto-Athabaskan",
104841722,
"ath",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["auf-pro"] = {
"Proto-Arawa",
116773706,
"auf",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-alu"] = {
"Alungul",
16827670,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-and"] = {
"Andjingith",
4754509,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-ang"] = {
"Angkula",
16828520,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-arn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Arnhem",
116773720,
"aus-arn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-bra"] = {
"Barranbinya",
4863220,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-brm"] = {
"Barunggam",
4865914,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-cww-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central New South Wales",
116773199,
"aus-cww",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-dal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Daly",
116773743,
"aus-dal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-guw"] = {
"Guwar",
6652138,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-lsw"] = {
"Little Swanport",
6652138,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["aus-mbi"] = {
"Mbiywom",
6799701,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-ngk"] = {
"Ngkoth",
7022405,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-nyu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nyulnyulan",
116773797,
"aus-nyu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-pam-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pama-Nyungan",
33942,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-tul"] = {
"Tulua",
16938541,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-uwi"] = {
"Uwinymil",
7903995,
"aus-arn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-wdj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iwaidjan",
116773767,
"aus-wdj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-won"] = {
"Wong-gie",
nil,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-wul"] = {
"Wulguru",
8039196,
"aus-dyb",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-ynk"] = { -- contrast nny
"Yangkaal",
3913770,
"aus-tnk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-amc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Amuesha-Chamicuro",
nil,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-kmp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kampa",
nil,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-prw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Paresi-Waura",
nil,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-ama"] = {
"Amarizana",
16827787,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-ana"] = {
"Anauyá",
16828252,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-apo"] = {
"Apolista",
16916645,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-cab"] = {
"Cabre",
16850160,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-gnu"] = {
"Guinau",
3504087,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-kar"] = {
"Cariay",
16920253,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-kaw"] = {
"Kawishana",
6379993,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-kus"] = {
"Kustenau",
5196293,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-man"] = {
"Manao",
6746920,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-mar"] = {
"Marawan",
6755108,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-mpr"] = {
"Maipure",
6736872,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-mrt"] = {
"Mariaté",
16910017,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-nwk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nawiki",
116773234,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-pai"] = {
"Paikoneka",
128807835,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-pas"] = {
"Pasé",
7143168,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Arawak",
97573478,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-she"] = {
"Shebayo",
7492248,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-taa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ta-Arawak",
116773282,
"awd-taa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-wai"] = {
"Wainumá",
16910017,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-yum"] = {
"Yumana",
8061062,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["azc-caz"] = {
"Cazcan",
5055514,
"azc",
"Latn",
}

m["azc-cup-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cupan",
116773738,
"azc-cup",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-ktn"] = {
"Kitanemuk",
3197558,
"azc-tak",
"Latn",
}

m["azc-nah-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nahuan",
7251860,
"azc-nah",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-num-pro"] = {
"Proto-Numic",
116773247,
"azc-num",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Uto-Aztecan",
96400333,
"azc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-tak-pro"] = {
"Proto-Takic",
116773283,
"azc-tak",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-tat"] = {
"Tataviam",
743736,
"azc",
"Latn",
}

m["ber-pro"] = {
"Proto-Berber",
2855698,
"ber",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ber-fog"] = {
"Fogaha",
107610173,
"ber",
"Latn",
}

m["ber-zuw"] = {
"Zuwara",
4117169,
"ber",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-bal"] = {
"Balong",
93935237,
"bnt-bbo",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-bon"] = {
"Boma Nkuu",
nil,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-boy"] = {
"Boma Yumu",
nil,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-bwa"] = {
"Bwala",
128810345,
"bnt-tek",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-cmw"] = {
"Chimwiini",
4958328,
"bnt-swh",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-ind"] = {
"Indanga",
51412803,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-lal"] = {
"Lala (South Africa)",
6480154,
"bnt-ngu",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-mpi"] = {
"Mpiin",
93937013,
"bnt-bdz",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-mpu"] = {
"Mpuono", -- not to be confused with Mbuun zmp
36056,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-ngu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nguni",
961559,
"bnt-ngu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.circ .. c.caron},
}

m["bnt-phu"] = {
"Phuthi",
33796,
"bnt-ngu",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute},
}

m["bnt-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bantu",
3408025,
"bnt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = "bnt-pro-sortkey",
}

m["bnt-sbo"] = {
"South Boma",
nil,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-sts-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sotho-Tswana",
116773278,
"bnt-sts",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["btk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Batak",
116773191,
"btk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-abz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza",
7251831,
"cau-abz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-and-pro"] = {
"Proto-Andian",
nil,
"cau-and",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-ava-pro"] = {
"Proto-Avaro-Andian",
116773187,
"cau-ava",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-cir-pro"] = {
"Proto-Circassian",
7251838,
"cau-cir",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-drg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Dargwa",
116773205,
"cau-drg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-lzg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lezghian",
116773223,
"cau-lzg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-nec-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northeast Caucasian",
116773244,
"cau-nec",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-nkh-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nakh",
108032840,
"cau-nkh",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-nwc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northwest Caucasian",
7251861,
"cau-nwc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-tsz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tsezian",
116773287,
"cau-tsz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cba-ata"] = {
"Atanques",
4812783,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-cat"] = {
"Catío Chibcha",
7083619,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-dor"] = {
"Dorasque",
5297532,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-dui"] = {
"Duit",
3041061,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-hue"] = {
"Huetar",
35514,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-nut"] = {
"Nutabe",
7070405,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chibchan",
116773203,
"cba",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ccs-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kartvelian",
2608203,
"ccs",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
entry_name = {
from = {"q̣", "p̣", "ʓ", "ċ"},
to = {"q̇", "ṗ", "ʒ", "c̣"}
},
}

m["ccs-gzn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Georgian-Zan",
23808119,
"ccs-gzn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
entry_name = {
from = {"q̣", "p̣", "ʓ", "ċ"},
to = {"q̇", "ṗ", "ʒ", "c̣"}
},
}

m["cdc-cbm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Chadic",
116773197,
"cdc-cbm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cdc-mas-pro"] = {
"Proto-Masa",
116773789,
"cdc-mas",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cdc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chadic",
116773201,
"cdc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cdd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Caddoan",
116773725,
"cdd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cel-bry-pro"] = {
"Proto-Brythonic",
1248800,
"cel-bry",
"Latn, Polyt",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Latn = "cel-bry-pro-sortkey",
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["cel-gau"] = {
"Gaulish",
29977,
"cel",
"Latn, Polyt, Ital",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
Ital = "Ital-translit"
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Latn = {remove_diacritics = c.macron .. c.breve .. c.diaer},
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Latn = "cel-bry-pro-sortkey",
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["cel-pro"] = {
"Proto-Celtic",
653649,
"cel",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = "cel-pro-sortkey",
}

m["chi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chimakuan",
116773734,
"chi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["chm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mari",
116773788,
"chm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cmc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chamic",
114793834,
"cmc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["crp-bip"] = {
"Basque-Icelandic Pidgin",
810378,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "eu",
}

m["crp-gep"] = {
"West Greenlandic Pidgin",
17036301,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "kl",
}

m["crp-kia"] = {
"Kiautschou German Pidgin",
108314615,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "de",
}

m["crp-mar"] = {
"Maroon Spirit Language",
1093206,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "en",
}

m["crp-mpp"] = {
"Macau Pidgin Portuguese",
128804537,
"crp",
"Hant, Latn",
ancestors = "pt",
sort_key = {Hant = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["crp-rsn"] = {
"Russenorsk",
505125,
"crp",
"Cyrl, Latn",
ancestors = "nn, ru",
translit = {Cyrl = "ru-translit"},
}

m["crp-spp"] = {
"Samoan Plantation Pidgin",
7409948,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "en",
}

m["crp-slb"] = {
"Solombala English",
7558525,
"crp",
"Cyrl, Latn",
ancestors = "en, ru",
translit = {Cyrl = "ru-translit"},
}

m["crp-tpr"] = {
"Taimyr Pidgin Russian",
16930506,
"crp",
"Cyrl",
ancestors = "ru",
translit = "ru-translit",
}

m["csu-bba-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bongo-Bagirmi",
116773722,
"csu-bba",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["csu-maa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mangbetu",
116773786,
"csu-maa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["csu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Sudanic",
116773730,
"csu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["csu-sar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sara",
116773809,
"csu-sar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-ash"] = {
"Ashraaf",
4805855,
"cus-som",
"Latn",
}

m["cus-hec-pro"] = {
"Proto-Highland East Cushitic",
116773761,
"cus-hec",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-som-pro"] = {
"Proto-Somaloid",
nil,
"cus-som",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-sou-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Cushitic",
126081567,
"cus-sou",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cushitic",
116773204,
"cus",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dmn-dam"] = {
"Dama (Sierra Leone)",
19601574,
"dmn",
"Latn",
}

m["dra-bry"] = {
"Beary",
1089116,
"qfa-mix",
"Mlym, Knda",
ancestors = "ml, tcy",
translit = {
Mlym = "ml-translit",
Knda = "kn-translit",
},
}

m["dra-cen-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Dravidian",
nil,
"dra-cen",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-mkn"] = {
"Middle Kannada",
128810572,
"dra-kan",
"Knda",
translit = "kn-translit",
}

m["dra-nor-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Dravidian",
124433593,
"dra-nor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-okn"] = {
"Old Kannada",
15723156,
"dra-kan",
"Knda",
translit = "kn-translit",
}

m["dra-ote"] = {
"Old Telugu",
126720868,
"dra-tel",
"Telu",
translit = "te-translit",
}

m["dra-pro"] = {
"Proto-Dravidian",
1702853,
"dra",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-sdo-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Dravidian I",
104847952, -- Wikipedia's "Proto-South Dravidian" is Proto-South Dravidian I in this scheme.
"dra-sdo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-sdt-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Dravidian II",
128885257,
"dra-sdt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-sou-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Dravidian",
128886121,
"dra-sou",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["egx-dem"] = {
"Demotic",
36765,
"egx",
"Latn, Egyd, Polyt",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Latn = {
remove_diacritics = "'%-%s",
from = {"ꜣ", "j", "e", "ꜥ", "y", "w", "b", "p", "f", "m", "n", "r", "l", "ḥ", "ḫ", "h̭", "ẖ", "h", "š", "s", "q", "k", "g", "ṱ", "ṯ", "t", "ḏ", "%.", "⸗"},
to = {p[1], p[2], p[3], p[4], p[5], p[6], p[7], p[8], p[9], p[10], p[11], p[12], p[13], p[15], p[16], p[16], p[17], p[14], p[19], p[18], p[20], p[21], p[22], p[23], p[24], p[23], p[25], p[26], p[26]}
},
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["dmn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mande",
116773785,
"dmn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dmn-mdw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Western Mande",
116773822,
"dmn-mdw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dru-pro"] = {
"Proto-Rukai",
116773807,
"map",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ero-gsz"] = {
"Geshiza",
nil,
"ero",
"Latn",
}

m["ero-nya"] = {
"Nyagrong Minyag",
nil,
"ero",
"Latn",
}

m["ero-tau"] = {
"Stau",
nil,
"ero",
"Latn",
}

m["esx-esk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eskimo",
7251842,
"esx-esk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["esx-ink"] = {
"Inuktun",
1671647,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
}

m["esx-inq"] = {
"Inuinnaqtun",
28070,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
}

m["esx-inu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Inuit",
60785588,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["esx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eskimo-Aleut",
7251843,
"esx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["esx-tut"] = {
"Tunumiisut",
15665389,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
}

m["euq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Basque",
938011,
"euq",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["gba-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gbaya",
nil,
"gba",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["gem-pro"] = {
"Proto-Germanic",
669623,
"gem",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = "gem-pro-sortkey",
}

m["gme-bur"] = {
"Burgundian",
47625,
"gme",
"Latn",
}

m["gme-cgo"] = {
"Crimean Gothic",
36211,
"gme",
"Latn",
}

m["gmq-gut"] = {
"Gutnish",
1256646,
"gmq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmq-ogt",
}

m["gmq-jmk"] = {
"Jamtish",
35512,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn",
}

m["gmq-mno"] = {
"Middle Norwegian",
3417070,
"gmq-wes",
"Latn",
}

m["gmq-oda"] = {
"Old Danish",
12330003,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn, Runr",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.macron},
}

m["gmq-ogt"] = {
"Old Gutnish",
1133488,
"gmq",
"Latn, Runr",
ancestors = "non",
}

m["gmq-osw"] = {
"Old Swedish",
2417210,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn, Runr",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.macron},
}

m["gmq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Norse",
1671294,
"gmq",
"Runr",
translit = "Runr-translit",
}

m["gmq-scy"] = {
"Scanian",
768017,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn",
}

m["gmw-bgh"] = {
"Bergish",
329030,
"gmw-frk",
"Latn",
}

m["gmw-cfr"] = {
"Central Franconian",
572197,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
wikimedia_codes = "ksh",
}

m["gmw-ecg"] = {
"East Central German",
499344, -- subsumes Q699284, Q152965
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
}

m["gmw-fin"] = {
"Fingallian",
3072588,
"gmw-ian",
"Latn",
}

m["gmw-gts"] = {
"Gottscheerish",
533109,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "bar",
}

m["gmw-jdt"] = {
"Jersey Dutch",
1687911,
"gmw-frk",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nl",
}

m["gmw-msc"] = {
"Middle Scots",
3327000,
"gmw-ang",
"Latn",
ancestors = "enm-esc",
}

m["gmw-pro"] = {
"Proto-West Germanic",
78079021,
"gmw",
"Latn, Runr",
-- type = "reconstructed",
-- largely but not entirely reconstructed (like Proto-Norse); see April '24 BP, set back to reconstructed (?) if 'anti-asterisk' is added
sort_key = "gmw-pro-sortkey",
}

m["gmw-rfr"] = {
"Rhine Franconian",
707007,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
}

m["gmw-stm"] = {
"Sathmar Swabian",
2223059,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "swg",
}

m["gmw-tsx"] = {
"Transylvanian Saxon",
260942,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmw-cfr",
}

m["gmw-vog"] = {
"Volga German",
312574,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmw-rfr",
}

m["gmw-zps"] = {
"Zipser German",
205548,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
}

m["gn-cls"] = {
"Classical Guaraní",
17478065,
"tup-gua",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gn",
}

m["grk-cal"] = {
"Calabrian Greek",
1146398,
"grk",
"Latn, Grek",
ancestors = "grk-ita",
translit = {
Grek = "el-translit",
},
display_text = {
Grek = s["Grek-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Grek = s["Grek-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Grek = s["Grek-sortkey"],
},
}

m["grk-ita"] = {
"Italiot Greek",
19720507,
"grk",
"Latn, Grek",
ancestors = "gkm",
translit = {
Grek = "el-translit",
},
display_text = {
Grek = s["Grek-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Grek = s["Grek-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Grek = s["Grek-sortkey"],
},
}

m["grk-mar"] = {
"Mariupol Greek",
4400023,
"grk",
"Cyrl, Latn, Grek",
ancestors = "gkm",
translit = {
Cyrl = "grk-mar-translit",
Grek = "grk-mar-translit",
},
override_translit = true,
display_text = {
Grek = s["Grek-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Cyrl = {remove_diacritics = c.acute},
Grek = s["Grek-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Grek = s["Grek-sortkey"],
},
}

m["grk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hellenic",
1231805,
"grk",
"Latn, Polyt",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {Latn = {
from = {"ʰ", "ʷ"},
to = {"h", "w"},
remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.macron .. c.breve .. c.caron
}},
}

m["hmn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hmong",
116773210,
"hmn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["hmx-mie-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mien",
116773229,
"hmx-mie",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["hmx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hmong-Mien",
7251846,
"hmx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["hyx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Armenian",
3848498,
"hyx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["iir-nur-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nuristani",
116773248,
"iir-nur",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["iir-pro"] = {
"Proto-Indo-Iranian",
966439,
"iir",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ijo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ijoid",
116773766,
"ijo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["inc-apa"] = {
"Apabhramsa",
616419,
"inc-mid",
"Deva, Shrd, Sidd",
ancestors = "pra",
translit = {
Deva = "sa-translit",
Shrd = "Shrd-translit",
Sidd = "Sidd-translit",
},
}

m["inc-ash"] = {
"Ashokan Prakrit",
104854379,
"inc-mid",
"Brah, Khar",
ancestors = "sa",
translit = {
Brah = "Brah-translit",
Khar = "Khar-translit",
},
}

m["inc-kam"] = {
"Kamarupi Prakrit",
6356097,
"inc-bas",
"Brah, Sidd",
translit = {
Brah = "Brah-translit",
Sidd = "Sidd-translit",
},
}

m["inc-kho"] = {
"Kholosi",
24952008,
"inc-snd",
"Latn",
}

m["inc-krd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kamta",
128816843,
"inc-bas",
"Latn",
ancestors = "inc-kam",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["inc-mas"] = {
"Middle Assamese",
128806836,
"inc-bas",
"as-Beng",
ancestors = "inc-oas",
translit = "inc-mas-translit",
}

m["inc-mbn"] = {
"Middle Bengali",
113559927,
"inc-bas",
"Beng",
ancestors = "inc-obn",
translit = "inc-mbn-translit",
}

m["inc-mgu"] = {
"Middle Gujarati",
24907429,
"inc-wes",
"Deva",
ancestors = "inc-ogu",
}

m["inc-mor"] = {
"Middle Odia",
128810882,
"inc-eas",
"Orya",
ancestors = "inc-oor",
}

m["inc-oas"] = {
"Early Assamese",
85758237,
"inc-bas",
"as-Beng",
ancestors = "inc-kam",
translit = "inc-oas-translit",
}

m["inc-oaw"] = {
"Old Awadhi",
nil,
"inc-hie",
"Deva, Kthi, ur-Arab",
entry_name = {
from = {"هٔ", "ۂ"}, -- character "ۂ" code U+06C2 to "ه" and "هٔ"‎ (U+0647 + U+0654) to "ه"
to = {"ہ", "ہ"},
remove_diacritics = c.fathatan .. c.dammatan .. c.kasratan .. c.fatha .. c.damma .. c.kasra .. c.shadda .. c.sukun .. c.nunghunna .. c.superalef
},
translit = {
Deva = "sa-translit",
Kthi = "sa-Kthi-translit",
["ur-Arab"] = "inc-ohi-translit",
},
}

m["inc-obn"] = {
"Old Bengali",
113559926,
"inc-bas",
"Beng",
}

m["inc-ogu"] = {
"Old Gujarati",
24907427,
"inc-wes",
"Deva",
translit = "sa-translit",
}

m["inc-ohi"] = {
"Old Hindi",
48767781,
"inc-hiw",
"Deva, ur-Arab",
entry_name = {
from = {"هٔ", "ۂ"}, -- character "ۂ" code U+06C2 to "ه" and "هٔ"‎ (U+0647 + U+0654) to "ه"
to = {"ہ", "ہ"},
remove_diacritics = c.fathatan .. c.dammatan .. c.kasratan .. c.fatha .. c.damma .. c.kasra .. c.shadda .. c.sukun .. c.nunghunna .. c.superalef
},
translit = {
Deva = "sa-translit",
["ur-Arab"] = "inc-ohi-translit",
},
}

m["inc-oor"] = {
"Old Odia",
128807801,
"inc-eas",
"Orya",
}

m["inc-opa"] = {
"Old Punjabi",
115270971,
"inc-pan",
"Guru, pa-Arab",
translit = {
Guru = "inc-opa-Guru-translit",
["pa-Arab"] = "pa-Arab-translit",
},
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.fathatan .. c.dammatan .. c.kasratan .. c.fatha .. c.damma .. c.kasra .. c.shadda .. c.sukun},
}

m["inc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Indo-Aryan",
23808344,
"inc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ine-ana-pro"] = {
"Proto-Anatolian",
7251833,
"ine-ana",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ine-bsl-pro"] = {
"Proto-Balto-Slavic",
1703347,
"ine-bsl",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"[áā]", "[éēḗ]", "[íī]", "[óōṓ]", "[úū]", c.acute, c.macron, "ˀ"},
to = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u"}
},
}

m["ine-kal"] = {
"Kalašma",
122770439,
"ine-ana",
"Xsux",
}

m["ine-pae"] = {
"Paeonian",
2705672,
"ine",
"Polyt",
translit = "grc-translit",
display_text = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
entry_name = s["Polyt-entryname"],
sort_key = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
}

m["ine-pro"] = {
"Proto-Indo-European",
37178,
"ine",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"[áā]", "[éēḗ]", "[íī]", "[óōṓ]", "[úū]", "ĺ", "ḿ", "ń", "ŕ", "ǵ", "ḱ", "ʰ", "ʷ", "₁", "₂", "₃", c.ringbelow, c.acute, c.macron},
to = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "l", "m", "n", "r", "g'", "k'", "¯h", "¯w", "1", "2", "3"}
},
}

m["ine-toc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tocharian",
104841462,
"ine-toc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xme-old"] = {
"Old Median",
36461,
"xme",
"Polyt, Latn",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["xme-mid"] = {
"Middle Median",
12836150,
"xme",
"Latn",
}

m["xme-ker"] = {
"Kermanic",
129850,
"xme",
"fa-Arab, Latn, Hebr",
ancestors = "xme-mid",
}

m["xme-taf"] = {
"Tafreshi",
nil,
"xme",
"fa-Arab, Latn",
ancestors = "xme-mid",
}

m["xme-ttc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tatic",
122973870,
"xme-ttc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "xme-mid",
}

m["xme-kls"] = {
"Kalasuri",
nil,
"xme-ttc",
ancestors = "xme-ttc-nor",
}

m["xme-klt"] = {
"Kilit",
3612452,
"xme-ttc",
"Cyrl", -- and fa-Arab?
}

m["xme-ott"] = {
"Old Tati",
434697,
"xme-ttc",
"fa-Arab, Latn",
}

m["ira-kms-pro"] = {
"Proto-Komisenian",
116773777,
"ira-kms",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-mpr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Medo-Parthian",
116773227,
"ira-mpr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-pat-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pathan",
116773255,
"ira-pat",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iranian",
4167865,
"ira",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-zgr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Zaza-Gorani",
116775031,
"ira-zgr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Scythian",
116773273,
"xsc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-sar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sarmatian",
116773249,
"xsc-sar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-skw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Saka-Wakhi",
116773267,
"xsc-skw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-sak-pro"] = {
"Proto-Saka",
116773264,
"xsc-sak",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-sym-pro"] = {
"Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji",
116773813,
"ira-sym",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-sgi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi",
116773808,
"ira-sgi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-mny-pro"] = {
"Proto-Munji-Yidgha",
116773792,
"ira-mny",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-shy-pro"] = {
"Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami",
116773812,
"ira-shy",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-shr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Shughni-Roshani",
116773811,
"ira-shr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-sgc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sogdic",
116773276,
"ira-sgc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-wnj"] = {
"Vanji",
3398419,
"ira-shy",
"Latn",
}

m["iro-ere"] = {
"Erie",
5388365,
"iro-nor",
"Latn",
}

m["iro-min"] = {
"Mingo",
128531,
"iro-nor",
"Latn",
ietf_subtag = "i-mingo", -- grandfathered IETF tag
}

m["iro-nor-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Iroquoian",
116773242,
"iro-nor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["iro-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iroquoian",
7251852,
"iro",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["itc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Italic",
17102720,
"itc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["itc-psa"] = {
"Pre-Samnite",
7239186,
"itc-sbl",
"Ital, Polyt, Latn",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["jpx-hcj"] = {
"Hachijō",
5637049,
"jpx",
"Jpan",
ancestors = "ojp-eas",
translit = s["jpx-translit"],
display_text = s["jpx-displaytext"],
entry_name = s["jpx-entryname"],
sort_key = s["jpx-sortkey"],
}

m["jpx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Japonic",
3924309,
"jpx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["jpx-ryu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ryukyuan",
56349069,
"jpx-ryu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["kar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Karen",
85794783,
"kar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["kca-eas"] = {
"Eastern Khanty",
30304622,
"kca",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kca-translit",
override_translit = true,
-- TODO temporary until MediaWiki supports Unicode 16 (probably requires a PHP update from their side)
sort_key = { Cyrl = { from = {"ᲊ"}, to = {"Ᲊ"} } },
}

m["kca-nor"] = {
"Northern Khanty",
30304527,
"kca",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kca-translit",
override_translit = true,
-- TODO temporary until MediaWiki supports Unicode 16 (probably requires a PHP update from their side)
sort_key = { Cyrl = { from = {"ᲊ"}, to = {"Ᲊ"} } },
}

m["kca-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khanty",
127505171,
"kca",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["kca-sou"] = {
"Southern Khanty",
30304618,
"kca",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kca-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["khi-kho-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khoe",
116773218,
"khi-kho",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["khi-kun"] = {
"ǃKung",
32904,
"khi-kxa",
"Latn",
}

m["ko-ear"] = {
"Early Modern Korean",
756014,
"qfa-kor",
"Kore",
ancestors = "okm",
translit = "okm-translit",
entry_name = s["Kore-entryname"],
}

m["kro-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kru",
116773778,
"kro",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ku-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kurdish",
116773221,
"ku",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["map-ata-pro"] = {
"Proto-Atayalic",
116773151,
"map-ata",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["map-bms"] = {
"Banyumasan",
33219,
"map",
"Latn, Java",
}

m["map-pro"] = {
"Proto-Austronesian",
49230,
"map",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mis-hkl"] = {
"Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien",
108794818,
"qfa-mix",
ancestors = "nan-hbl, sou, mfa",
}

m["mis-idn"] = {
"Idiom Neutral",
35847,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["mis-isa"] = {
"Isaurian",
16956868,
nil,
-- "Xsux, Hluw, Latn",
}

m["mis-jie"] = {
"Jie",
124424186,
nil,
"Hani",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["mis-jzh"] = {
"Jizhao",
45242758,
"qfa-bej",
"Latn",
}

m["mis-kas"] = {
"Kassite",
35612,
nil,
"Xsux",
}

m["mis-mmd"] = {
"Mimi of Decorse",
6862206,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["mis-mmn"] = {
"Mimi of Nachtigal",
6862207,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["mis-phi"] = {
"Philistine",
2230924,
nil,
"Phnx",
}

m["mis-rou"] = {
"Rouran",
48816637,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-tdl"] = {
"Turdulian",
133176492,
}

m["mis-tdt"] = {
"Turdetanian",
133176461,
}

m["mis-tnw"] = {
"Tangwang",
7683179,
"qfa-mix",
"Latn",
ancestors = "cmn, sce",
}

m["mis-tuh"] = {
"Tuyuhun",
48816625,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-tuo"] = {
"Tuoba",
48816629,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-wuh"] = {
"Wuhuan",
118976867,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-xbi"] = {
"Xianbei",
4448647,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-xnu"] = {
"Xiongnu",
10901674,
nil,
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mjg-mgl"] = {
"Mongghul",
53765528,
"mjg",
"Latn", -- also Mong, Cyrl ?
}

m["mjg-mgr"] = {
"Mangghuer",
56285392,
"mjg",
"Latn", -- also Mong, Cyrl ?
}

m["mkh-asl-pro"] = {
"Proto-Aslian",
55630680,
"mkh-asl",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-ban-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bahnaric",
116773189,
"mkh-ban",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-kat-pro"] = {
"Proto-Katuic",
116773772,
"mkh-kat",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-khm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khmuic",
116773774,
"mkh-khm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-kmr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khmeric",
55630684,
"mkh-kmr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-mmn"] = {
"Middle Mon",
121337926,
"mkh-mnc",
"Latn, Mymr", --and also Pallava
ancestors = "omx",
}

m["mkh-mnc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Monic",
116773231,
"mkh-mnc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-mvi"] = {
"Middle Vietnamese",
9199,
"mkh-vie",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mkh-pal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Palaungic",
104847372,
"mkh-pal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-pea-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pearic",
116773804,
"mkh-pea",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-pkn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pakanic",
116773803,
"mkh-pkn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-pro"] = { --This will be merged into 2015 aav-pro.
"Proto-Mon-Khmer",
7251859,
"mkh",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mnw-tha"] = { -- To be removed.
"Thai Mon",
nil,
"mkh-mnc",
"Mymr, Thai",
ancestors = "mkh-mmn",
sort_key = {
from = {"[%p]", "ျ", "ြ", "ွ", "ှ", "ၞ", "ၟ", "ၠ", "ၚ", "ဿ", "[็-๎]", "([เแโใไ])([ก-ฮ])ฺ?"},
to = {"", "္ယ", "္ရ", "္ဝ", "္ဟ", "္န", "္မ", "္လ", "င", "သ္သ", "", "%2%1"}
},
}

m["mkh-vie-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vietic",
109432616,
"mkh-vie",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mns-cen"] = {
"Central Mansi",
128810384,
"mns",
"Cyrl",
translit = "mns-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["mns-nor"] = {
"Northern Mansi",
30304537,
"mns",
"Cyrl",
translit = "mns-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["mns-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mansi",
128883093,
"mns",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mns-sou"] = {
"Southern Mansi",
30304629,
"mns",
"Cyrl",
translit = "mns-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["mun-pro"] = {
"Proto-Munda",
105102373,
"mun",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["myn-chl"] = { -- the stage after ''emy''
"Ch'olti'",
873995,
"myn",
"Latn",
}

m["myn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mayan",
3321532,
"myn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-ala"] = {
"Alazapa",
128810233,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-bay"] = {
"Bayogoula",
1563704,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-cal"] = {
"Calusa",
51782,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-chi"] = {
"Chiquimulilla",
25339627,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-chu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chumash",
116773736,
"nai-chu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-cig"] = {
"Ciguayo",
20741700,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-ckn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chinookan",
116773735,
"nai-ckn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-guz"] = {
"Guazacapán",
19572028,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-hit"] = {
"Hitchiti",
1542882,
"nai-mus",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-ipa"] = {
"Ipai",
3027474,
"nai-yuc",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-jtp"] = {
"Jutiapa",
nil,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-jum"] = {
"Jumaytepeque",
25339626,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-kat"] = {
"Kathlamet",
6376639,
"nai-ckn",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-klp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kalapuyan",
116773771,
"nai-klp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-knm"] = {
"Konomihu",
3198734,
"nai-shs",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-kum"] = {
"Kumeyaay",
4910139,
"nai-yuc",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-mac"] = {
"Macoris",
21070851,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-mdu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Maidun",
116773784,
"nai-mdu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-miz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mixe-Zoque",
7251858,
"nai-miz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-mus-pro"] = {
"Proto-Muskogean",
116775368,
"nai-mus",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-nao"] = {
"Naolan",
6964594,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-nrs"] = {
"New River Shasta",
7011254,
"nai-shs",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-okw"] = {
"Okwanuchu",
3350126,
"nai-shs",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-per"] = {
"Pericú",
3375369,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-pic"] = {
"Picuris",
7191257,
"nai-kta",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-plp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Plateau Penutian",
116773806,
"nai-plp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-pom-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pomo",
116773262,
"nai-pom",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-qng"] = {
"Quinigua",
36360,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-sca-pro"] = { -- NB 'sio-pro' "Proto-Siouan" which is Proto-Western Siouan
"Proto-Siouan-Catawban",
116773275,
"nai-sca",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-sin"] = {
"Sinacantán",
24190249,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-sln"] = {
"Salvadoran Lenca",
3229434,
"nai-len",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-spt"] = {
"Sahaptin",
3833015,
"nai-shp",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-tap"] = {
"Tapachultec",
7684401,
"nai-miz",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-taw"] = {
"Tawasa",
7689233,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-teq"] = {
"Tequistlatec",
2964454,
"nai-tqn",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-tip"] = {
"Tipai",
3027471,
"nai-yuc",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-tot-pro"] = {
"Proto-Totozoquean",
116773285,
"nai-tot",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-tsi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tsimshianic",
nil,
"nai-tsi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-utn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Utian",
116773290,
"nai-utn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-wai"] = {
"Waikuri",
3118702,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-wji"] = {
"Western Jicaque",
3178610,
"nai-jcq",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-yup"] = {
"Yupiltepeque",
25339628,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nan-dat"] = {
"Datian Min",
19855572,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-hbl"] = {
"Hokkien",
1624231,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants, Latn, Bopo, Kana",
wikimedia_codes = "zh-min-nan",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = {
Hani = "Hani-sortkey",
Kana = "Kana-sortkey"
},
}

m["nan-hlh"] = {
"Hailufeng Min",
120755728,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-lnx"] = {
"Longyan Min",
6674568,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-tws"] = {
"Teochew",
36759,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
translit = "zh-translit",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-zhe"] = {
"Zhenan Min",
3846710,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-zsh"] = {
"Sanxiang Min",
7420769,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nds-de"] = {
"German Low German",
25433,
"gmw-lgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nds",
ietf_subtag = "nds-DE", -- should we make this the actual code?
wikimedia_codes = "nds",
}

m["nds-nl"] = {
"Dutch Low Saxon",
516137,
"gmw-lgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nds",
ietf_subtag = "nds-NL", -- should we make this the actual code?
wikimedia_codes = "nds-nl",
}

m["ngf-pro"] = {
"Proto-Trans-New Guinea",
85794785,
"ngf",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-bco-pro"] = {
"Proto-Benue-Congo",
116773194,
"nic-bco",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-bod-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bantoid",
116773190,
"nic-bod",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-eov-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Oti-Volta",
116773753,
"nic-eov",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-gns-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gurunsi",
116773759,
"nic-gns",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-grf-pro"] = {
"Proto-Grassfields",
116773755,
"nic-grf",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-gur-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gur",
116773758,
"nic-gur",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-jkn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Jukunoid",
116773769,
"nic-jkn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-lcr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lower Cross River",
116773782,
"nic-lcr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ogo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ogoni",
116773799,
"nic-ogo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ovo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oti-Volta",
116773802,
"nic-ovo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-plt-pro"] = {
"Proto-Plateau",
116773805,
"nic-plt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Niger-Congo",
108000748,
"nic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ubg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ubangian",
116773818,
"nic-ubg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ucr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Upper Cross River",
116773819,
"nic-ucr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-vco-pro"] = {
"Proto-Volta-Congo",
116773293,
"nic-vco",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nub-har"] = {
"Haraza",
19572059,
"nub",
"Arab, Latn",
}

m["nub-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nubian",
116773246,
"nub",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-cha-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chatino",
116773202,
"omq-cha",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-maz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mazatec",
116773790,
"omq-maz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-mix-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mixtecan",
21573423,
"omq-mix",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-mxt-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mixtec",
21573424,
"omq-mxt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-otp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oto-Pamean",
116773251,
"omq-otp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oto-Manguean",
33669,
"omq",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-sjq"] = {
"San Juan Quiahije Chatino",
17003130,
"omq-cha",
"Latn",
}

m["omq-tel"] = {
"Teposcolula Mixtec",
nil,
"omq-mxt",
"Latn",
}

m["omq-teo"] = {
"Teojomulco Chatino",
25340451,
"omq-cha",
"Latn",
}

m["omq-tri-pro"] = {
"Proto-Trique",
116773817,
"omq-tri",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-zap-pro"] = {
"Proto-Zapotecan",
116773297,
"omq-zap",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-zpc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Zapotec",
116773296,
"omq-zpc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omv-aro-pro"] = {
"Proto-Aroid",
116773721,
"omv-aro",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omv-diz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Dizoid",
116773750,
"omv-diz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omv-pro"] = {
"Proto-Omotic",
116773800,
"omv",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["oto-otm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Otomi",
5908710,
"oto-otm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["oto-pro"] = {
"Proto-Otomian",
116773252,
"oto",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["paa-kom"] = {
"Kómnzo",
18344310,
"paa-yam",
"Latn",
}

m["paa-kwn"] = {
"Kuwani",
6449056,
"paa",
"Latn",
}

m["paa-nha-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Halmahera",
116773241,
"paa-nha",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed"
}

m["paa-nun"] = {
"Nungon",
128807788,
"paa",
"Latn",
}

m["phi-din"] = {
"Dinapigue Agta",
16945774,
"phi",
"Latn",
}

m["phi-kal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kalamian",
116773213,
"phi-kal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["phi-nag"] = {
"Nagtipunan Agta",
16966111,
"phi",
"Latn",
}

m["phi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Philippine",
18204898,
"phi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-abi"] = {
"Abai",
19570729,
"poz-san",
"Latn",
}

m["poz-bal"] = {
"Baliledo",
4850912,
"poz",
"Latn",
}

m["poz-btk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bungku-Tolaki",
116773724,
"poz-btk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-cet-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian",
2269883,
"poz-cet",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-hce-pro"] = {
"Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih",
116773209,
"poz-hce",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-lgx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lampungic",
116773222,
"poz-lgx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-mcm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayo-Chamic",
116773225,
"poz-mcm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-mic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Micronesian",
111939079,
"poz-mic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-mly-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayic",
98057728,
"poz-mly",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-msa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan",
116773226,
"poz-msa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-oce-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oceanic",
141741,
"poz-oce",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pep-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Polynesian",
113988745,
"poz-pep",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pnp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nuclear Polynesian",
113988746,
"poz-pnp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pol-pro"] = {
"Proto-Polynesian",
1658709,
"poz-pol",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
3832960,
"poz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-sml"] = {
"Sarawak Malay",
4251702,
"poz-mly",
"Latn, ms-Arab",
}

m["poz-ssw-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Sulawesi",
116773279,
"poz-ssw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-swa-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Sarawak",
116773243,
"poz-swa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-ter"] = {
"Terengganu Malay",
4207412,
"poz-mly",
"Latn, ms-Arab",
}

m["pqe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian",
2269883,
"pqe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["pra-niy"] = {
"Niya Prakrit",
11991601,
"inc-mid",
"Khar",
ancestors = "inc-ash",
translit = "Khar-translit",
}

m["qfa-adm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Great Andamanese",
116773756,
"qfa-adm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-bet-pro"] = {
"Proto-Be-Tai",
116773193,
"qfa-bet",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-cka-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan",
7251837,
"qfa-cka",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-hur-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hurro-Urartian",
116773211,
"qfa-hur",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kad-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kadu",
116773770,
"qfa-kad",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kms-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kam-Sui",
55630682,
"qfa-kms",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kor-pro"] = {
"Proto-Koreanic",
467883,
"qfa-kor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kra-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kra",
7251854,
"qfa-kra",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-lic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hlai",
7251845,
"qfa-lic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-onb-pro"] = {
"Proto-Be",
116773192,
"qfa-onb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-ong-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ongan",
116773801,
"qfa-ong",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-tak-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kra-Dai",
104901616,
"qfa-tak",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-yen-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yeniseian",
27639,
"qfa-yen",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-yuk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yukaghir",
116773294,
"qfa-yuk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qwe-kch"] = {
"Kichwa",
1740805,
"qwe",
"Latn",
ancestors = "qu",
}

m["qwe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Quechuan",
5575757,
"qwe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["roa-ang"] = {
"Angevin",
56782,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-bbn"] = {
"Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
2899128,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-brg"] = {
"Bourguignon",
508332,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-can"] = {
"Cantabrian",
917021,
"roa-asl",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-cha"] = {
"Champenois",
430018,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-fcm"] = {
"Franc-Comtois",
510561,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-gal"] = {
"Gallo",
37300,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-gib"] = {
"Gallo-Italic of Basilicata",
3094838,
"roa-git",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-gis"] = {
"Gallo-Italic of Sicily",
2629019,
"roa-git",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-leo"] = {
"Leonese",
34108,
"roa-asl",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-lor"] = {
"Lorrain",
671198,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-oca"] = {
"Old Catalan",
15478520,
"roa-ocr",
"Latn",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.diaer .. c.cedilla .. "·"},
}

m["roa-ole"] = {
"Old Leonese",
125977465,
"roa-asl",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-ona"] = {
"Old Navarro-Aragonese",
2736184,
"roa-nar",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-opt"] = {
"Old Galician-Portuguese",
1072111,
"roa-gap",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.circ},
}

m["roa-orl"] = {
"Orléanais",
28497058,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-poi"] = {
"Poitevin-Saintongeais",
514123,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-tar"] = {
"Tarantino",
695526,
"roa-itr",
"Latn",
wikimedia_codes = "roa-tara",
}

m["sai-all"] = {
"Allentiac",
19570789,
"sai-hrp",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-and"] = { -- not to be confused with 'cbc' or 'ano'
"Andoquero",
16828359,
"sai-wit",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ayo"] = {
"Ayomán",
16937754,
"sai-jir",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bae"] = {
"Baenan",
3401998,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bag"] = {
"Bagua",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bet"] = {
"Betoi",
926551,
"qfa-iso",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bor-pro"] = {
"Proto-Boran",
nil,
"sai-bor",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cac"] = {
"Cacán",
945482,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-caq"] = {
"Caranqui",
2937753,
"sai-bar",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-car-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cariban",
116773196,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-cat"] = {
"Catacao",
5051136,
"sai-ctc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cer-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cerrado",
116773200,
"sai-cer",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-chi"] = {
"Chirino",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chn"] = {
"Chaná",
5072718,
"sai-crn",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chp"] = {
"Chapacura",
5072884,
"sai-cpc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chr"] = {
"Charrua",
5086680,
"sai-crn",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chu"] = {
"Churuya",
5118339,
"sai-guh",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Jê",
116773198,
"sai-cje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-cmg"] = {
"Comechingon",
6644203,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cno"] = {
"Chono",
5104704,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cnr"] = {
"Cañari",
5055572,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-coe"] = {
"Coeruna",
6425639,
"sai-wit",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-col"] = {
"Colán",
5141893,
"sai-ctc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cop"] = {
"Copallén",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-crd"] = {
"Coroado Puri",
24191321,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ctq"] = {
"Catuquinaru",
16858455,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cul"] = {
"Culli",
2879660,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cva"] = {
"Cueva",
5192644,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-esm"] = {
"Esmeralda",
3058083,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ewa"] = {
"Ewarhuyana",
16898104,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gam"] = {
"Gamela",
5403661,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gay"] = {
"Gayón",
5528902,
"sai-jir",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gmo"] = {
"Guamo",
5613495,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gua"] = {
"Guachí",
5613172,
"sai-guc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gue"] = {
"Güenoa",
5626799,
"sai-crn",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-hau"] = {
"Haush",
3128376,
"sai-cho",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-jee-pro"] = {
"Proto-Jê",
116773212,
"sai-jee",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-jko"] = {
"Jeikó",
6176527,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-jrj"] = {
"Jirajara",
6202966,
"sai-jir",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-kat"] = { -- contrast xoo, kzw, sai-xoc
"Katembri",
6375925,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mal"] = {
"Malalí",
6741212,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mar"] = {
"Maratino",
6755055,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mat"] = {
"Matanawi",
6786047,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mcn"] = {
"Mocana",
3402048,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-men"] = {
"Menien",
16890110,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mil"] = {
"Millcayac",
19573012,
"sai-hrp",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mlb"] = {
"Malibu",
3402048,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-msk"] = {
"Masakará",
6782426,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-muc"] = {
"Mucuchí",
6931290,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mue"] = {
"Muellama",
16886936,
"sai-bar",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-muz"] = {
"Muzo",
6644203,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mys"] = {
"Maynas",
16919393,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-nat"] = {
"Natú",
9006749,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-nje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northern Jê",
116773245,
"sai-nje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-opo"] = {
"Opón",
7099152,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-oto"] = {
"Otomaco",
16879234,
"sai-otm",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pal"] = {
"Palta",
3042978,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pam"] = {
"Pamigua",
5908689,
"sai-otm",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-par"] = {
"Paratió",
16890038,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pnz"] = {
"Panzaleo",
3123275,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-prh"] = {
"Puruhá",
3410994,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ptg"] = {
"Patagón",
128807870,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pur"] = {
"Purukotó",
7261622,
"sai-pem",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pyg"] = {
"Payaguá",
7156643,
"sai-guc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pyk"] = {
"Pykobjê",
98113977,
"sai-nje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-qmb"] = {
"Quimbaya",
7272043,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-qtm"] = {
"Quitemo",
7272651,
"sai-cpc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-rab"] = {
"Rabona",
6644203,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ram"] = {
"Ramanos",
16902824,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sac"] = {
"Sácata",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-san"] = {
"Sanaviron",
16895999,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sap"] = {
"Sapará",
7420922,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sec"] = {
"Sechura",
7442912,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sin"] = {
"Sinúfana",
7525275,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Southern Jê",
116773814,
"sai-sje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-tab"] = {
"Tabancale",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tal"] = {
"Tallán",
16910468,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tap"] = {
"Tapayuna",
30719984,
"sai-nje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Taranoan",
116773816,
"sai-tar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-teu"] = {
"Teushen",
3519243,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tim"] = {
"Timote",
7806995,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tpr"] = {
"Taparita",
7684460,
"sai-otm",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-trr"] = {
"Tarairiú",
7685313,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-wai"] = {
"Waitaká",
16918610,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-way"] = {
"Wayumara",
7960726,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-wit-pro"] = {
"Proto-Witotoan",
116773823,
"sai-wit",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-wnm"] = {
"Wanham",
16879440,
"sai-cpc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-xoc"] = { -- contrast xoo, kzw, sai-kat
"Xocó",
12953620,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yao"] = {
"Yao (South America)",
16979655,
"sai-ven",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yar"] = { -- not the same family as 'suy'
"Yarumá",
3505859,
"sai-pek",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yri"] = {
"Yuri",
2669157,
"sai-tyu",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yup"] = {
"Yupua",
8061430,
"sai-tuc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yur"] = {
"Yurumanguí",
1281291,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Salish",
116773269,
"sal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-daj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Daju",
116773739,
"sdv-daj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-eje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Jebel",
116773751,
"sdv-eje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-nil-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nilotic",
116773794,
"sdv-nil",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-nyi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nyima",
116773796,
"sdv-nyi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-tmn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Taman",
116773815,
"sdv-tmn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sel-nor"] = {
"Northern Selkup",
30304565,
"sel",
"Cyrl",
translit = "sel-nor-translit",
}

m["sel-pro"] = {
"Proto-Selkup",
128884235,
"sel",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sel-sou"] = {
"Southern Selkup",
30304639,
"sel",
"Cyrl",
translit = "sel-sou-translit",
}

m["sem-amm"] = {
"Ammonite",
279181,
"sem-can",
"Phnx",
translit = "Phnx-translit",
}

m["sem-amo"] = {
"Amorite",
35941,
"sem-nwe",
"Xsux, Latn",
}

m["sem-cha"] = {
"Chaha",
35543,
"sem-eth",
"Ethi",
translit = "Ethi-translit",
}

m["sem-dad"] = {
"Dadanitic",
21838040,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-dum"] = {
"Dumaitic",
128810397,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-has"] = {
"Hasaitic",
3541433,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-his"] = {
"Hismaic",
22948260,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-mhr"] = {
"Muher",
33743,
"sem-eth",
"Latn",
}

m["sem-pro"] = {
"Proto-Semitic",
1658554,
"sem",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sem-saf"] = {
"Safaitic",
472586,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-srb"] = {
"Old South Arabian",
35025,
"sem-osa",
"Sarb",
translit = "Sarb-translit",
}

m["sem-tay"] = {
"Taymanitic",
24912301,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-tha"] = {
"Thamudic",
843030,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-wes-pro"] = {
"Proto-West Semitic",
98021726,
"sem-wes",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sio-pro"] = { -- NB this is not Proto-Siouan-Catawban 'nai-sca-pro'
"Proto-Siouan",
34181,
"sio",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-aao-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Naga",
nil,
"sit-aao",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-bai-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bai",
nil,
"sit-bai",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-ban"] = {
"Bangru",
56071779,
"sit-hrs",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-bdi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bodish",
nil,
"sit-bdi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-bok"] = {
"Bokar",
4938727,
"sit-tan",
"Latn, Tibt",
translit = {Tibt = "Tibt-translit"},
override_translit = true,
display_text = {Tibt = s["Tibt-displaytext"]},
entry_name = {Tibt = s["Tibt-entryname"]},
sort_key = {Tibt = "Tibt-sortkey"},
}

m["sit-cai"] = {
"Caijia",
5017528,
"sit-cln",
"Latn"
}

m["sit-cha"] = {
"Chairel",
5068066,
"sit-luu",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-ers-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ersuic",
nil,
"sit-ers",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-hrs-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hrusish",
116773762,
"sit-hrs",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-jap"] = {
"Japhug",
3162245,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-kha-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kham",
116773773,
"sit-kha",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-khb-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kho-Bwa",
nil,
"sit-khb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-khp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Puroik",
nil,
"sit-khb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-khw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Western Kho-Bwa",
nil,
"sit-khw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-kon-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northern Naga",
nil,
"sit-kon",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-liz"] = {
"Lizu",
6660653,
"sit-ers",
"Latn", -- and Ersu Shaba
}

m["sit-lnj"] = {
"Longjia",
17096251,
"sit-cln",
"Latn"
}

m["sit-lrn"] = {
"Luren",
16946370,
"sit-cln",
"Latn"
}

m["sit-luu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Luish",
116773783,
"sit-luu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-nas-pro"] = {
"Proto-Naish",
nil,
"sit-nas",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-prn"] = {
"Puiron",
7259048,
"sit-zem",
}

m["sit-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
24839178,
"sit",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-sit"] = {
"Situ",
19840830,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-tam-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tamangic",
117469295,
"sit-tam",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-tan-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tani",
116773284,
"sit-tan",
"Latn", -- needs verification
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-tgm"] = {
"Tangam",
17041370,
"sit-tan",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-tng-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tangkhulic",
nil,
"sit-tng",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed"
}

m["sit-tos"] = {
"Tosu",
7827899,
"sit-ers",
"Latn", -- also Ersu Shaba
}

m["sit-tsh"] = {
"Tshobdun",
19840950,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-zbu"] = {
"Zbu",
19841106,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sla-pro"] = {
"Proto-Slavic",
747537,
"sla",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
entry_name = {
remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.tilde .. c.macron .. c.dgrave .. c.invbreve,
remove_exceptions = {'ś'},
},
sort_key = {
from = {"č", "ď", "ě", "ę", "ь", "ľ", "ň", "ǫ", "ř", "š", "ś", "ť", "ъ", "ž"},
to = {"c²", "d²", "e²", "e³", "i²", "l²", "nj", "o²", "r²", "s²", "s³", "t²", "u²", "z²"},
}
}

m["smi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Samic",
7251862,
"smi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"ā", "č", "δ", "[ëē]", "ŋ", "ń", "ō", "š", "θ", "%([^()]+%)"},
to = {"a", "c²", "d", "e", "n²", "n³", "o", "s²", "t²"}
},
}

m["son-pro"] = {
"Proto-Songhay",
116773277,
"son",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sqj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Albanian",
18210846,
"sqj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ssa-klk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kuliak",
116773779,
"ssa-klk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ssa-kom-pro"] = {
"Proto-Koman",
116773775,
"ssa-kom",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ssa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nilo-Saharan",
116773236,
"ssa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["syd-fne"] = {
"Forest Nenets",
1295107,
"syd",
"Cyrl",
translit = "syd-fne-translit",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.macron .. c.breve .. c.dotabove},
}

m["syd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Samoyedic",
7251863,
"syd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tai-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tai",
6583709,
"tai",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tai-swe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Southwestern Tai",
116773280,
"tai-swe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-bdg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bodo-Garo",
116773195,
"tbq-bdg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-blg"] = {
"Bailang",
2879843,
"tbq-lob",
"Hani",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["tbq-brm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Burmish",
nil,
"tbq-brm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-gkh"] = {
"Gokhy",
5578069,
"tbq-sil",
"Latn",
}

m["tbq-kuk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kuki-Chin",
116773220,
"tbq-kuk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-lal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lalo",
116773781,
"tbq-lal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-laz"] = {
"Laze",
17007626,
"sit-nas",
"Latn",
}

m["tbq-lob-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lolo-Burmese",
116773224,
"tbq-lob",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-lol-pro"] = {
"Proto-Loloish",
7251855,
"tbq-lol",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-mil"] = {
"Milang",
6850761,
"sit-gsi",
"Deva, Latn",
}

m["tbq-mor"] = {
"Moran",
6909216,
"tbq-bdg",
"Latn",
}

m["tbq-ngo"] = {
"Ngochang",
56582,
"tbq-brm",
"Latn",
}

-- tbq-pro is now etymology-only

m["trk-dkh"] = {
"Dukhan",
12809273,
"trk-ssb",
"Latn, Cyrl, Mong",
translit = {Mong = "Mong-translit"},
display_text = {Mong = s["Mong-displaytext"]},
entry_name = {Mong = s["Mong-entryname"]},
}

-- As described in Mahmud al-Kashgari's 11th century ''Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk''.
m["trk-eog"] = {
"Early Old Oghuz",
nil,
"trk-ogz",
"ota-Arab",
entry_name = {["ota-Arab"] = "ar-entryname"},
}

m["trk-oat"] = {
"Old Anatolian Turkish",
7083390,
"trk-ogz",
"ota-Arab",
entry_name = {["ota-Arab"] = "ar-entryname"},
ancestors = "trk-eog",
}

m["trk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Turkic",
3657773,
"trk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
standardChars = {
Latn = " ()-abdegiklmnoprstuxyzïöüāčēīĺŋōŕšūǖȫẹ" .. c.macron,
}
}

m["tup-gua-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tupi-Guarani",
116773288,
"tup-gua",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tup-kab"] = {
"Kabishiana",
15302988,
"tup",
"Latn",
}

m["tup-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tupian",
10354700,
"tup",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tut-pro"] = {
"Proto-Altaic",
20476501,
"tut",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tuw-alk"] = {
"Alchuka",
113553616,
"tuw-jrc",
"Latn, Hans",
sort_key = {Hans = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["tuw-bal"] = {
"Bala",
86730632,
"tuw-jrc",
"Latn, Hans",
sort_key = {Hans = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["tuw-kkl"] = {
"Kyakala",
118875708,
"tuw-jrc",
"Latn, Hans",
sort_key = {Hans = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["tuw-kli"] = {
"Kili",
6406892,
"tuw-ewe",
"Cyrl",
}

m["tuw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tungusic",
85872335,
"tuw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tuw-sol"] = {
"Solon",
30004,
"tuw-ewe",
}

m["urj-fin-pro"] = {
"Proto-Finnic",
11883720,
"urj-fin",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-koo"] = {
"Old Komi",
86679962,
"urj-prm",
"Perm, Cyrs",
translit = "urj-koo-translit",
sort_key = {Cyrs = s["Cyrs-sortkey"]},
}

m["urj-kuk"] = {
"Kukkuzi",
107410460,
"urj-fin",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vot",
}

m["urj-kya"] = {
"Komi-Yazva",
2365210,
"urj-prm",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kv-translit",
override_translit = true,
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.acute},
}

m["urj-mdv-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mordvinic",
116773232,
"urj-mdv",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-prm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Permic",
116773257,
"urj-prm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Uralic",
288765,
"urj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-ugr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ugric",
156631,
"urj-ugr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xnd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Na-Dene",
116773233,
"xnd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xgn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mongolic",
2493677,
"xgn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"č", "i", "ï", "ǰ", "ŋ", "ö", "š", "ü"},
to = {"c", "i" .. p[1], "i", "j", "n" .. p[1], "o" .. p[1], "s" .. p[1], "u" .. p[1]},
},
}

m["yok-bvy"] = {
"Buena Vista Yokuts",
4985474,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-dly"] = {
"Delta Yokuts",
70923266,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-gsy"] = {
"Gashowu",
3098708,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-kry"] = {
"Kings River Yokuts",
6413014,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-nvy"] = {
"Northern Valley Yokuts",
85789777,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-ply"] = {
"Palewyami",
2387391,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-svy"] = {
"Southern Valley Yokuts",
12642473,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-tky"] = {
"Tule-Kaweah Yokuts",
7851988,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["ypk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yupik",
116773295,
"ypk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["zhx-min-pro"] = {
"Proto-Min",
19646347,
"zhx-min",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["zhx-sht"] = {
"Shaozhou Tuhua",
1920769,
"zhx",
"Nshu, Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["zhx-sic"] = {
"Sichuanese",
2278732,
"zhx-man",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
translit = "zh-translit",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["zhx-tai"] = {
"Taishanese",
2208940,
"zhx-yue",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
translit = "zh-translit",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["zle-ono"] = {
"Old Novgorodian",
162013,
"zle",
"Cyrs, Glag",
translit = {Cyrs = "Cyrs-translit", Glag = "Glag-translit"},
entry_name = {Cyrs = s["Cyrs-entryname"]},
sort_key = {Cyrs = s["Cyrs-sortkey"]},
}

m["zle-ort"] = {
"Old Ruthenian",
13211,
"zle",
"Arab, Cyrs, Latn",
ancestors = "orv",
translit = {
Cyrs = "zle-ort-translit",
Arab = "zle-ort-Arab-translit",
},
entry_name = {
remove_diacritics = s["Cyrs-entryname"].remove_diacritics,
remove_exceptions = {"Ї", "ї"},
Arab = "ar-entryname",
},
sort_key = s["Cyrs-sortkey"],
}

m["zls-chs"] = {
"Church Slavonic",
33251,
"zls",
"Cyrs, Glag, Latn",
ancestors = "cu",
translit = {
Cyrs = "Cyrs-translit",
Glag = "Glag-translit"
},
entry_name = {
Cyrs = s["Cyrs-entryname"]
},
sort_key = {
Cyrs = s["Cyrs-sortkey"]
},
}

m["zlw-ocs"] = {
"Old Czech",
593096,
"zlw",
"Latn",
}

m["zlw-opl"] = {
"Old Polish",
149838,
"zlw-lch",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.ringabove},
}

m["zlw-osk"] = {
"Old Slovak",
12776676,
"zlw",
"Latn",
}

m["zlw-slv"] = {
"Slovincian",
36822,
"zlw-pom",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.macron .. c.breve},
}

m["carn"] = {
"Carnian",
nil,
"sla",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.circumflex,
from = {"ċ","ġ","œ","ṡ"},
to = {
"c"..p[1],
"g"..p[1],
"o"..p[1],
"s"..p[1]
},
},
ancestors = "sla-pro, carn-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["indv"] = {
"Indevroplu",
nil,
"ine",
"Cyrs, Latn",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
main_category = "word",
}

return require("Module:languages").finalizeData(m, "language")

Module:languages/data/exceptional

2026-02-08T22:07:17Z

Larsqui:

local m_langdata = require("Module:languages/data")

-- Loaded on demand, as it may not be needed (depending on the data).
local function u(...)
u = require("Module:string utilities").char
return u(...)
end

local c = m_langdata.chars
local p = m_langdata.puaChars
local s = m_langdata.shared

local m = {}

m["afh"] = {
"Afrihili",
384707,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["alo-col"] = {
"Central Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-eol"] = {
"Eastern Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-eon"] = {
"Eastern Onori",
nil,
"alo-tdr",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-kol"] = {
"Coastal Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Alopian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
from = {"[-*·]"},
to = {""},
remove_diacritics = c.macron .. c.breve,
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-sig"] = {
"Sigori",
nil,
"alo-fre",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-sol"] = {
"Southern Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-won"] = {
"Western Onori",
nil,
"alo-tdr",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["art-blk"] = {
"Bolak",
2909283,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-bsp"] = {
"Black Speech",
686210,
"art",
"Latn, Teng",
}

m["art-com"] = {
"Communicationssprache",
35227,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-dtk"] = {
"Dothraki",
2914733,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-elo"] = {
"Eloi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-gld"] = {
"Goa'uld",
19823,
"art",
"Latn, Egyp, Mero",
}

m["art-lap"] = {
"Lapine",
6488195,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-man"] = {
"Mandalorian",
54289,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-mun"] = {
"Mundolinco",
851355,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-nav"] = {
"Na'vi",
316939,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-nox"] = {
"Noxilo",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

local F = "[ɬsṣš]"

m["art-nui"] = {
"ǂA Ṇṵĩ",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
from = {
"^N", "^Ɠ", "ṭr",
F .. "([ʇǃǂǁ])qʼ",
F .. "([ʇǃǂǁ])ʼ",
F .. "([ʇǃǂǁ])",
"ɴ([ʇǃǂǁ])x",
"ɴ([ʇǃǂǁ])ʼ",
"ɴ([ʇǃǂǁʘ])",
"r([ǃǁ]), (ʘ)r",
"([ǃǁ])ʛ",
"([ʇǃǂǁ])qʼ",
"([ʇǃǂǁ])x",
"([ʇǃǂǁ])ʼ",
"^[aeiou]?(.)",
},
to = {
"ɴ", "ʛ", "ṭᵣ",
"%1₊",
"%1₉",
"%1₈",
"%1₇",
"%1₆",
"%1₅",
"%1₄, %1₄",
"%1₃",
"%1₂",
"%1₁",
"%1₀",
"%1",
},
remove_diacritics = c.tildebelow .. c.grave
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["art-una"] = {
"Unas",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["arto-pro"] = {
"Proto-Artonian",
nil,
"ine, mish, arto",
"Latn",
ancestors = "mish-pro, ine-pro",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["avk"] = {
"Kotava",
1377116,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["axwa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Axwan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["azms"] = {
"Azimasi",
nil,
"ine, mish, arto",
"Latn",
ancestors = "azms-old, arto-pro, mish-pro, ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["azms-old"] = {
"Old Azimasi",
nil,
"ine, mish, arto",
"Latn",
ancestors = "arto-pro, mish-pro, ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["beme"] = {
"Bemé",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang"
}

m["brfs-pro"] = {
"Ancient Berfesian",
nil,
"brfs",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["cel-gal"] = {
"Modern Gallaecian",
nil,
"cel-his",
"Latn",
type = "conlang"
}

m["dzhk"] = {
"Dženubiskă",
nil,
"gem",
"Cyrl",
translit = "dzhk-translit",
ancestors = "got",
type = "conlang",
}

m["gwax"] = {
"Gwaxol",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc, nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
entry_name = {
from = {"1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"},
to = {"¹", "²", "³", "⁴", "⁵", "⁶"},
},
display_text = {
from = {"1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"},
to = {"¹", "²", "³", "⁴", "⁵", "⁶"},
}
}

m["hceo"] = {
"Hceor Theec",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "lnent",
type = "conlang",
}

m["hzlc"] = {
"Hazulacanol",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xodc"] = {
"Xodec",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "hzlc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ibe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iberian",
nil,
"ibe",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["kisl"] = {
"Kilīmos-sāîl",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["knra"] = {
"Knrawi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["lnent"] = {
"Late Nentammmi",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["loxw"] = {
"Central Isles Creole",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "knra, qsc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["maat"] = {
"Maahaat",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["maaz"] = {
"Maazha",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mcb"] = {
"Macambese",
nil,
"ine, roa, roa-oil",
"Latn",
type="conlang",
}

m["naedz"] = {
"Naedzur",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "naedz-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["naedz-old"] = {
"Old Naedzur",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nent-pro"] = {
"Nentammmi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["noan"] = {
"Noanglo",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["okan"] = {
"Misa Okan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["popo"] = {
"Po Po",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ravk"] = {
"Ravihkeo",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["soky"] = {
"Sokya",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "qsc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anrdg"] = {
"Rokadong",
nil,
"art",
"Roka",
ancestors = "annen",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anks"] = {
"Ankistran substrate",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anktl"] = {
"Kairitelan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "annen",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anldk"] = {
"Liðakuin",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anldk-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["andbz"] = {
"Debazi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anmnk",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anldk-old"] = {
"Old Liðakuin",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anwgs",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anmnk"] = {
"Classical Munkai",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anpmk",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anpmk"] = {
"Proto-Munkai",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anplm",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anplm"] = {
"Proto-Leyen-Mangellian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["annen"] = {
"Proto-Nenta",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anwgs"] = {
"Proto-West-Gomensayan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anhat"] = {
"Hatzonian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anckr"] = {
"Common Kardonian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anspd"] = {
"Speodan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ancal"] = {
"Calubian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["andya"] = {
"Dyamantian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ankar"] = {
"Middle Kardonian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["cruc"] = {
"Cruckeny",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ga",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ehom"] = {
"Ehomanian",
nil,
"ehmc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ehom-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ehom-old"] = {
"Old Ehomanian",
nil,
"ehmc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ehmc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ehmc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ehomanic",
nil,
"ehmc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["ebur"] = {
"Eburonian",
nil,
"gmw",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ebur-old,ebur-mid",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ebur-old"] = {
"Old Eburonian",
nil,
"gmw",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ebur-mid"] = {
"Middle Eburonian",
nil,
"gmw",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ebur-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["auth"] = {
"Authish",
nil,
"gme",
"Latn",
ancestors = "auth-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["auth-old"] = {
"Old Authish",
nil,
"gme",
"Latn, Runr",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["caim"] = {
"Caimish",
nil,
"vdnc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "caim-old, vdnc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["caim-old"] = {
"Old Caimish",
nil,
"vdnc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vdnc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vond"] = {
"Vondic",
nil,
"vdnc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vdnc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["guim"] = {
"Guimin",
nil,
"ine",
"Cyrl",
translit = "guim-translit",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["hema"] = {
"Hemaluan",
nil,
"map",
"Hani, Kana",
ancestors = "map-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["jl-two"] = {
"Jokelang 2",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["jovl"] = {
"Jovlish",
nil,
"ine, ger, gmw-ang",
"Jovl",
ancestors = "ang",
type = "conlang",
translit = "font-translit"
}

m["gthv"] = {
"Gothevian",
nil,
"ine, ger, gme",
"Gthv",
ancestors = "got",
type = "conlang",
translit = "Gthv-translit"
}

m["keel"] = {
"Keeltyewarem",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ga",
type = "conlang",
}

m["kilta"] = {
"Kílta",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.acute,
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["lthm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lothem",
nil,
"lthm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["sasr"] = {
"Ancient Sassrian",
nil,
"sasr",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["lyti"] = {
"Oltic",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Grek, Cyrl",
ancestors = "cel-pro, ine-pro, lyti-mid, lyti-old",
type = "conlang",
translit = "lyti-translit"
}

m["lyti-mid"] = {
"Middle Oltic",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Grek",
ancestors = "cel-pro, ine-pro, lyti-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["lyti-old"] = {
"Old Oltic",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Grek",
ancestors = "cel-pro, ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mill"] = {
"Millennish",
nil,
"ine, gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro, mill-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mill-old"] = {
"Old Millennish",
nil,
"ine, gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mish-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mish",
nil,
"ine, mish",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["vayr-old"] = {
"Old Vayri",
nil,
"vyrc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vayr-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vayr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vayric",
nil,
"vyrc",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vayr"] = {
"Vayri",
nil,
"vyrc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vayr-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nwc"] = {
"Anchwa",
nil,
"aav",
"Hang, Thai, Khmr",
ancestors = "aav-pro, nwc-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nwc-old"] = {
"Old Anchwa",
nil,
"aav",
"Thai",
ancestors = "aav-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pine"] = {
"Pine",
nil,
"art",
"Teul, Tugv",
entry_name = {
from = {"‧"},
to = {""},
},
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.hook,
},
type = "conlang",
translit = {
Teul = "pine-translit",
},
}

m["old-pnsh"] = {
"Old Ponish",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmw-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pnsh"] = {
"Ponish",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "old-pnsh",
type = "conlang",
}

m["sekh"] = {
"Sekhulla",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["rulh"] = {
"Rulhilli",
nil,
"sit, zhx",
"Deva",
ancestors = "och, rulh-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["rulh-old"] = {
"Old Rulhilli",
nil,
"sit, zhx",
"Deva",
ancestors = "och",
type = "conlang",
}

m["siwa"] = {
"Siwa",
nil,
"alo-fre",
"Latn",
entry_name = {
from = {"‧"},
to = {""},
},
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.hook,
},
ancestors = "alo-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["slaq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Slaq",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["sudy"] = {
"Sudyrnish",
nil,
"ine, gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ang",
type = "conlang",
}

m["thuo"] = {
"Thuōsha",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["tok"] = {
"Toki Pona",
36846,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["uche"] = {
"Uchee",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ucrn"] = {
"Ucrean",
nil,
nil,
"Ucrn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["urka"] = {
"Urka",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vinn"] = {
"Vinnish",
nil,
"gem",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
from = {"ð, æ, ø, å"},
to = {"d" .. p[1], "z" .. p[1], "z" .. p[2], "z" .. p[3]}
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["wasc"] = {
"Wascotl",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["xchc"] = {
"Chiingimec",
nil,
"art",
"Cyrl",
translit = "xchc-translit",
type = "conlang",
}

m["zmlj"] = {
"Zemljask",
nil,
"sla",
"Latn",
ancestors = "sla-pro",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.acute},
type = "conlang",
}

m["rsn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Raysio-Smipharic",
nil,
"vrg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "vrg-pro",
}

m["cuy-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cuyic",
nil,
"cuy",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
}

m["oyp-old"] = {
"Old Oypatha",
nil,
"cuy",
"Hani",
ancestors = "cuy-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["oyp-mod"] = {
"Oypatha",
nil,
"cuy",
"Mong, mnc-Mong, sjo-Mong, xwo-Mong",
ancestors = "oyp-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["icn-old"] = {
"Old Incene",
nil,
"cuy",
"fa-Arab",
ancestors = "cuy-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["syr-icn"] = {
"Syrian Incene",
nil,
"cuy",
"Arab, fa-Arab",
ancestors = "icn-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ant-icn"] = {
"Anatolian Incene",
nil,
"cuy",
"Armn",
ancestors = "icn-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vrg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vergic",
nil,
"vrg",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
}

m["vib-old"] = {
"Old Iberian Vergic",
nil,
"vrg",
"Grek",
ancestors = "vrg-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["dac-old"] = {
"Old Dacian Vergic",
nil,
"vrg",
"Grek",
ancestors = "vrg-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pls-pro"] = {
"Proto-Plains",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang"
}

m["pnn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pannonian",
nil,
"gem",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
}

m["pnw-old"] = {
"Old West Pannonian",
nil,
"gem",
"Pann",
ancestors = "pnn-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pne-old"] = {
"Old East Pannonian",
nil,
"gem",
"Pann",
ancestors = "pnn-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["qasu"] = {
"Qasunattuuji",
nil,
"ine",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["qut-nan"] = {
"Qut",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["asc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Asisic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
"Latn",
}

m["wsc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tephricheic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "asc-pro",
"Latn",
}

m["esc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vainodic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "asc-pro",
"Latn",
}

m["mgx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Myguxic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "asc-pro",
"Latn",
}

m["tfr-old"] = {
"Old Tefrian",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "wsc-pro",
"Latn, Arab, fa-Arab",
type = "conlang",
}

m["tfr-mod"] = {
"Tefrian",
nil,
"asc",
"fa-Arab, Arab",
ancestors = "tfr-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["acs-old"] = {
"Old Achissari",
nil,
"asc",
"Brah",
ancestors = "wsc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["acs-wst"] = {
"West Achissari",
nil,
"asc",
"ur-Arab",
ancestors = "acs-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["acs-est"] = {
"East Achissari",
nil,
"asc",
"ur-Arab",
ancestors = "acs-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vanc"] = {
"Vancian",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "esc-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["buls"] = {
"Bulusic",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "esc-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nygm"] = {
"Nyongom",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "esc-pro",
"Cyrl",
type = "conlang",
}

m["dvs-old"] = {
"Old Dovasene",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "mgx-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["dvs-mod"] = {
"Dovasene",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "dvs-old",
"Cyrl",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xbr-old"] = {
"Old Khbirye",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "mgx-pro",
"Geok",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xbr-mod"] = {
"Khbirye",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "xbr-old",
"Geor",
type = "conlang",
}

m["aav-khs-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khasian",
116773216,
"aav-khs",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aav-nic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nicobarese",
116773793,
"aav-nic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aav-pkl-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam",
116773259,
"aav-pkl",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aav-pro"] = { -- mkh-pro will merge into this
"Proto-Austroasiatic",
116773186,
"aav",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["afa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Afroasiatic",
269125,
"afa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alg-aga"] = {
"Agawam",
nil,
"alg-eas",
"Latn",
}

m["alg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Algonquian",
7251834,
"alg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = "·"},
}

m["alv-ama"] = {
"Amasi",
4740400,
"nic-grs",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.circ .. c.tilde .. c.macron},
}

m["alv-bgu"] = {
"Baïnounk Gubëeher",
17002646,
"alv-bny",
"Latn",
}

m["alv-bua-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bua",
116773723,
"alv-bua",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-cng-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cangin",
116773726,
"alv-cng",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-edo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Edoid",
116773206,
"alv-edo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-fli-pro"] = {
"Proto-Fali",
116773754,
"alv-fli",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gbe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gbe",
116773208,
"alv-gbe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gng-pro"] = {
"Proto-Guang",
116773757,
"alv-gng",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gtm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Togo",
116773732,
"alv-gtm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gwa"] = {
"Gwara",
16945580,
"nic-pla",
"Latn",
}

m["alv-hei-pro"] = {
"Proto-Heiban",
116773760,
"alv-hei",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-ido-pro"] = {
"Proto-Idomoid",
116773764,
"alv-ido",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-igb-pro"] = {
"Proto-Igboid",
116773765,
"alv-igb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-kwa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kwa",
116773780,
"alv-kwa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-mum-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mumuye",
116773791,
"alv-mum",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-nup-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nupoid",
116773795,
"alv-nup",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-pro"] = {
"Proto-Atlantic-Congo",
116732838,
"alv",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-edk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Edekiri",
nil,
"alv-edk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-yor-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yoruba",
nil,
"alv-yor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-yrd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yoruboid",
116773824,
"alv-yrd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-von-pro"] = {
"Proto-Volta-Niger",
116773820,
"alv-von",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["apa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Apachean",
116773135,
"apa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aql-pro"] = {
"Proto-Algic",
18389588,
"aql",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = "·"},
}

m["art-adu"] = {
"Adûni",
1232159,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-bel"] = {
"Belter Creole",
108055510,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.acute,
from = {"ɒ"},
to = {"a"},
},
}

m["art-blk"] = {
"Bolak",
2909283,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-bsp"] = {
"Black Speech",
686210,
"art",
"Latn, Teng",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-com"] = {
"Communicationssprache",
35227,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-dtk"] = {
"Dothraki",
2914733,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-elo"] = {
"Eloi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-gld"] = {
"Goa'uld",
19823,
"art",
"Latn, Egyp, Mero",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-lap"] = {
"Lapine",
6488195,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-man"] = {
"Mandalorian",
54289,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-mun"] = {
"Mundolinco",
851355,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-nav"] = {
"Naʼvi",
316939,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-vlh"] = {
"High Valyrian",
64483808,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["ath-nic"] = {
"Nicola",
20609,
"ath-nor",
"Latn",
}

m["ath-pro"] = {
"Proto-Athabaskan",
104841722,
"ath",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["auf-pro"] = {
"Proto-Arawa",
116773706,
"auf",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-alu"] = {
"Alungul",
16827670,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-and"] = {
"Andjingith",
4754509,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-ang"] = {
"Angkula",
16828520,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-arn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Arnhem",
116773720,
"aus-arn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-bra"] = {
"Barranbinya",
4863220,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-brm"] = {
"Barunggam",
4865914,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-cww-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central New South Wales",
116773199,
"aus-cww",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-dal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Daly",
116773743,
"aus-dal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-guw"] = {
"Guwar",
6652138,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-lsw"] = {
"Little Swanport",
6652138,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["aus-mbi"] = {
"Mbiywom",
6799701,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-ngk"] = {
"Ngkoth",
7022405,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-nyu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nyulnyulan",
116773797,
"aus-nyu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-pam-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pama-Nyungan",
33942,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-tul"] = {
"Tulua",
16938541,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-uwi"] = {
"Uwinymil",
7903995,
"aus-arn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-wdj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iwaidjan",
116773767,
"aus-wdj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-won"] = {
"Wong-gie",
nil,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-wul"] = {
"Wulguru",
8039196,
"aus-dyb",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-ynk"] = { -- contrast nny
"Yangkaal",
3913770,
"aus-tnk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-amc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Amuesha-Chamicuro",
nil,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-kmp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kampa",
nil,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-prw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Paresi-Waura",
nil,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-ama"] = {
"Amarizana",
16827787,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-ana"] = {
"Anauyá",
16828252,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-apo"] = {
"Apolista",
16916645,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-cab"] = {
"Cabre",
16850160,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-gnu"] = {
"Guinau",
3504087,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-kar"] = {
"Cariay",
16920253,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-kaw"] = {
"Kawishana",
6379993,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-kus"] = {
"Kustenau",
5196293,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-man"] = {
"Manao",
6746920,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-mar"] = {
"Marawan",
6755108,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-mpr"] = {
"Maipure",
6736872,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-mrt"] = {
"Mariaté",
16910017,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-nwk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nawiki",
116773234,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-pai"] = {
"Paikoneka",
128807835,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-pas"] = {
"Pasé",
7143168,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Arawak",
97573478,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-she"] = {
"Shebayo",
7492248,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-taa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ta-Arawak",
116773282,
"awd-taa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-wai"] = {
"Wainumá",
16910017,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-yum"] = {
"Yumana",
8061062,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["azc-caz"] = {
"Cazcan",
5055514,
"azc",
"Latn",
}

m["azc-cup-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cupan",
116773738,
"azc-cup",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-ktn"] = {
"Kitanemuk",
3197558,
"azc-tak",
"Latn",
}

m["azc-nah-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nahuan",
7251860,
"azc-nah",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-num-pro"] = {
"Proto-Numic",
116773247,
"azc-num",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Uto-Aztecan",
96400333,
"azc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-tak-pro"] = {
"Proto-Takic",
116773283,
"azc-tak",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-tat"] = {
"Tataviam",
743736,
"azc",
"Latn",
}

m["ber-pro"] = {
"Proto-Berber",
2855698,
"ber",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ber-fog"] = {
"Fogaha",
107610173,
"ber",
"Latn",
}

m["ber-zuw"] = {
"Zuwara",
4117169,
"ber",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-bal"] = {
"Balong",
93935237,
"bnt-bbo",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-bon"] = {
"Boma Nkuu",
nil,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-boy"] = {
"Boma Yumu",
nil,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-bwa"] = {
"Bwala",
128810345,
"bnt-tek",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-cmw"] = {
"Chimwiini",
4958328,
"bnt-swh",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-ind"] = {
"Indanga",
51412803,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-lal"] = {
"Lala (South Africa)",
6480154,
"bnt-ngu",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-mpi"] = {
"Mpiin",
93937013,
"bnt-bdz",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-mpu"] = {
"Mpuono", -- not to be confused with Mbuun zmp
36056,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-ngu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nguni",
961559,
"bnt-ngu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.circ .. c.caron},
}

m["bnt-phu"] = {
"Phuthi",
33796,
"bnt-ngu",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute},
}

m["bnt-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bantu",
3408025,
"bnt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = "bnt-pro-sortkey",
}

m["bnt-sbo"] = {
"South Boma",
nil,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-sts-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sotho-Tswana",
116773278,
"bnt-sts",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["btk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Batak",
116773191,
"btk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-abz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza",
7251831,
"cau-abz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-and-pro"] = {
"Proto-Andian",
nil,
"cau-and",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-ava-pro"] = {
"Proto-Avaro-Andian",
116773187,
"cau-ava",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-cir-pro"] = {
"Proto-Circassian",
7251838,
"cau-cir",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-drg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Dargwa",
116773205,
"cau-drg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-lzg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lezghian",
116773223,
"cau-lzg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-nec-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northeast Caucasian",
116773244,
"cau-nec",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-nkh-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nakh",
108032840,
"cau-nkh",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-nwc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northwest Caucasian",
7251861,
"cau-nwc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-tsz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tsezian",
116773287,
"cau-tsz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cba-ata"] = {
"Atanques",
4812783,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-cat"] = {
"Catío Chibcha",
7083619,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-dor"] = {
"Dorasque",
5297532,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-dui"] = {
"Duit",
3041061,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-hue"] = {
"Huetar",
35514,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-nut"] = {
"Nutabe",
7070405,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chibchan",
116773203,
"cba",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ccs-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kartvelian",
2608203,
"ccs",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
entry_name = {
from = {"q̣", "p̣", "ʓ", "ċ"},
to = {"q̇", "ṗ", "ʒ", "c̣"}
},
}

m["ccs-gzn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Georgian-Zan",
23808119,
"ccs-gzn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
entry_name = {
from = {"q̣", "p̣", "ʓ", "ċ"},
to = {"q̇", "ṗ", "ʒ", "c̣"}
},
}

m["cdc-cbm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Chadic",
116773197,
"cdc-cbm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cdc-mas-pro"] = {
"Proto-Masa",
116773789,
"cdc-mas",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cdc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chadic",
116773201,
"cdc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cdd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Caddoan",
116773725,
"cdd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cel-bry-pro"] = {
"Proto-Brythonic",
1248800,
"cel-bry",
"Latn, Polyt",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Latn = "cel-bry-pro-sortkey",
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["cel-gau"] = {
"Gaulish",
29977,
"cel",
"Latn, Polyt, Ital",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
Ital = "Ital-translit"
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Latn = {remove_diacritics = c.macron .. c.breve .. c.diaer},
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Latn = "cel-bry-pro-sortkey",
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["cel-pro"] = {
"Proto-Celtic",
653649,
"cel",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = "cel-pro-sortkey",
}

m["chi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chimakuan",
116773734,
"chi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["chm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mari",
116773788,
"chm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cmc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chamic",
114793834,
"cmc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["crp-bip"] = {
"Basque-Icelandic Pidgin",
810378,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "eu",
}

m["crp-gep"] = {
"West Greenlandic Pidgin",
17036301,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "kl",
}

m["crp-kia"] = {
"Kiautschou German Pidgin",
108314615,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "de",
}

m["crp-mar"] = {
"Maroon Spirit Language",
1093206,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "en",
}

m["crp-mpp"] = {
"Macau Pidgin Portuguese",
128804537,
"crp",
"Hant, Latn",
ancestors = "pt",
sort_key = {Hant = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["crp-rsn"] = {
"Russenorsk",
505125,
"crp",
"Cyrl, Latn",
ancestors = "nn, ru",
translit = {Cyrl = "ru-translit"},
}

m["crp-spp"] = {
"Samoan Plantation Pidgin",
7409948,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "en",
}

m["crp-slb"] = {
"Solombala English",
7558525,
"crp",
"Cyrl, Latn",
ancestors = "en, ru",
translit = {Cyrl = "ru-translit"},
}

m["crp-tpr"] = {
"Taimyr Pidgin Russian",
16930506,
"crp",
"Cyrl",
ancestors = "ru",
translit = "ru-translit",
}

m["csu-bba-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bongo-Bagirmi",
116773722,
"csu-bba",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["csu-maa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mangbetu",
116773786,
"csu-maa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["csu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Sudanic",
116773730,
"csu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["csu-sar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sara",
116773809,
"csu-sar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-ash"] = {
"Ashraaf",
4805855,
"cus-som",
"Latn",
}

m["cus-hec-pro"] = {
"Proto-Highland East Cushitic",
116773761,
"cus-hec",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-som-pro"] = {
"Proto-Somaloid",
nil,
"cus-som",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-sou-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Cushitic",
126081567,
"cus-sou",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cushitic",
116773204,
"cus",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dmn-dam"] = {
"Dama (Sierra Leone)",
19601574,
"dmn",
"Latn",
}

m["dra-bry"] = {
"Beary",
1089116,
"qfa-mix",
"Mlym, Knda",
ancestors = "ml, tcy",
translit = {
Mlym = "ml-translit",
Knda = "kn-translit",
},
}

m["dra-cen-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Dravidian",
nil,
"dra-cen",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-mkn"] = {
"Middle Kannada",
128810572,
"dra-kan",
"Knda",
translit = "kn-translit",
}

m["dra-nor-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Dravidian",
124433593,
"dra-nor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-okn"] = {
"Old Kannada",
15723156,
"dra-kan",
"Knda",
translit = "kn-translit",
}

m["dra-ote"] = {
"Old Telugu",
126720868,
"dra-tel",
"Telu",
translit = "te-translit",
}

m["dra-pro"] = {
"Proto-Dravidian",
1702853,
"dra",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-sdo-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Dravidian I",
104847952, -- Wikipedia's "Proto-South Dravidian" is Proto-South Dravidian I in this scheme.
"dra-sdo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-sdt-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Dravidian II",
128885257,
"dra-sdt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-sou-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Dravidian",
128886121,
"dra-sou",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["egx-dem"] = {
"Demotic",
36765,
"egx",
"Latn, Egyd, Polyt",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Latn = {
remove_diacritics = "'%-%s",
from = {"ꜣ", "j", "e", "ꜥ", "y", "w", "b", "p", "f", "m", "n", "r", "l", "ḥ", "ḫ", "h̭", "ẖ", "h", "š", "s", "q", "k", "g", "ṱ", "ṯ", "t", "ḏ", "%.", "⸗"},
to = {p[1], p[2], p[3], p[4], p[5], p[6], p[7], p[8], p[9], p[10], p[11], p[12], p[13], p[15], p[16], p[16], p[17], p[14], p[19], p[18], p[20], p[21], p[22], p[23], p[24], p[23], p[25], p[26], p[26]}
},
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["dmn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mande",
116773785,
"dmn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dmn-mdw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Western Mande",
116773822,
"dmn-mdw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dru-pro"] = {
"Proto-Rukai",
116773807,
"map",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ero-gsz"] = {
"Geshiza",
nil,
"ero",
"Latn",
}

m["ero-nya"] = {
"Nyagrong Minyag",
nil,
"ero",
"Latn",
}

m["ero-tau"] = {
"Stau",
nil,
"ero",
"Latn",
}

m["esx-esk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eskimo",
7251842,
"esx-esk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["esx-ink"] = {
"Inuktun",
1671647,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
}

m["esx-inq"] = {
"Inuinnaqtun",
28070,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
}

m["esx-inu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Inuit",
60785588,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["esx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eskimo-Aleut",
7251843,
"esx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["esx-tut"] = {
"Tunumiisut",
15665389,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
}

m["euq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Basque",
938011,
"euq",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["gba-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gbaya",
nil,
"gba",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["gem-pro"] = {
"Proto-Germanic",
669623,
"gem",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = "gem-pro-sortkey",
}

m["gme-bur"] = {
"Burgundian",
47625,
"gme",
"Latn",
}

m["gme-cgo"] = {
"Crimean Gothic",
36211,
"gme",
"Latn",
}

m["gmq-gut"] = {
"Gutnish",
1256646,
"gmq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmq-ogt",
}

m["gmq-jmk"] = {
"Jamtish",
35512,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn",
}

m["gmq-mno"] = {
"Middle Norwegian",
3417070,
"gmq-wes",
"Latn",
}

m["gmq-oda"] = {
"Old Danish",
12330003,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn, Runr",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.macron},
}

m["gmq-ogt"] = {
"Old Gutnish",
1133488,
"gmq",
"Latn, Runr",
ancestors = "non",
}

m["gmq-osw"] = {
"Old Swedish",
2417210,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn, Runr",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.macron},
}

m["gmq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Norse",
1671294,
"gmq",
"Runr",
translit = "Runr-translit",
}

m["gmq-scy"] = {
"Scanian",
768017,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn",
}

m["gmw-bgh"] = {
"Bergish",
329030,
"gmw-frk",
"Latn",
}

m["gmw-cfr"] = {
"Central Franconian",
572197,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
wikimedia_codes = "ksh",
}

m["gmw-ecg"] = {
"East Central German",
499344, -- subsumes Q699284, Q152965
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
}

m["gmw-fin"] = {
"Fingallian",
3072588,
"gmw-ian",
"Latn",
}

m["gmw-gts"] = {
"Gottscheerish",
533109,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "bar",
}

m["gmw-jdt"] = {
"Jersey Dutch",
1687911,
"gmw-frk",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nl",
}

m["gmw-msc"] = {
"Middle Scots",
3327000,
"gmw-ang",
"Latn",
ancestors = "enm-esc",
}

m["gmw-pro"] = {
"Proto-West Germanic",
78079021,
"gmw",
"Latn, Runr",
-- type = "reconstructed",
-- largely but not entirely reconstructed (like Proto-Norse); see April '24 BP, set back to reconstructed (?) if 'anti-asterisk' is added
sort_key = "gmw-pro-sortkey",
}

m["gmw-rfr"] = {
"Rhine Franconian",
707007,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
}

m["gmw-stm"] = {
"Sathmar Swabian",
2223059,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "swg",
}

m["gmw-tsx"] = {
"Transylvanian Saxon",
260942,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmw-cfr",
}

m["gmw-vog"] = {
"Volga German",
312574,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmw-rfr",
}

m["gmw-zps"] = {
"Zipser German",
205548,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
}

m["gn-cls"] = {
"Classical Guaraní",
17478065,
"tup-gua",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gn",
}

m["grk-cal"] = {
"Calabrian Greek",
1146398,
"grk",
"Latn, Grek",
ancestors = "grk-ita",
translit = {
Grek = "el-translit",
},
display_text = {
Grek = s["Grek-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Grek = s["Grek-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Grek = s["Grek-sortkey"],
},
}

m["grk-ita"] = {
"Italiot Greek",
19720507,
"grk",
"Latn, Grek",
ancestors = "gkm",
translit = {
Grek = "el-translit",
},
display_text = {
Grek = s["Grek-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Grek = s["Grek-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Grek = s["Grek-sortkey"],
},
}

m["grk-mar"] = {
"Mariupol Greek",
4400023,
"grk",
"Cyrl, Latn, Grek",
ancestors = "gkm",
translit = {
Cyrl = "grk-mar-translit",
Grek = "grk-mar-translit",
},
override_translit = true,
display_text = {
Grek = s["Grek-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Cyrl = {remove_diacritics = c.acute},
Grek = s["Grek-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Grek = s["Grek-sortkey"],
},
}

m["grk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hellenic",
1231805,
"grk",
"Latn, Polyt",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {Latn = {
from = {"ʰ", "ʷ"},
to = {"h", "w"},
remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.macron .. c.breve .. c.caron
}},
}

m["hmn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hmong",
116773210,
"hmn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["hmx-mie-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mien",
116773229,
"hmx-mie",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["hmx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hmong-Mien",
7251846,
"hmx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["hyx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Armenian",
3848498,
"hyx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["iir-nur-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nuristani",
116773248,
"iir-nur",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["iir-pro"] = {
"Proto-Indo-Iranian",
966439,
"iir",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ijo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ijoid",
116773766,
"ijo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["inc-apa"] = {
"Apabhramsa",
616419,
"inc-mid",
"Deva, Shrd, Sidd",
ancestors = "pra",
translit = {
Deva = "sa-translit",
Shrd = "Shrd-translit",
Sidd = "Sidd-translit",
},
}

m["inc-ash"] = {
"Ashokan Prakrit",
104854379,
"inc-mid",
"Brah, Khar",
ancestors = "sa",
translit = {
Brah = "Brah-translit",
Khar = "Khar-translit",
},
}

m["inc-kam"] = {
"Kamarupi Prakrit",
6356097,
"inc-bas",
"Brah, Sidd",
translit = {
Brah = "Brah-translit",
Sidd = "Sidd-translit",
},
}

m["inc-kho"] = {
"Kholosi",
24952008,
"inc-snd",
"Latn",
}

m["inc-krd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kamta",
128816843,
"inc-bas",
"Latn",
ancestors = "inc-kam",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["inc-mas"] = {
"Middle Assamese",
128806836,
"inc-bas",
"as-Beng",
ancestors = "inc-oas",
translit = "inc-mas-translit",
}

m["inc-mbn"] = {
"Middle Bengali",
113559927,
"inc-bas",
"Beng",
ancestors = "inc-obn",
translit = "inc-mbn-translit",
}

m["inc-mgu"] = {
"Middle Gujarati",
24907429,
"inc-wes",
"Deva",
ancestors = "inc-ogu",
}

m["inc-mor"] = {
"Middle Odia",
128810882,
"inc-eas",
"Orya",
ancestors = "inc-oor",
}

m["inc-oas"] = {
"Early Assamese",
85758237,
"inc-bas",
"as-Beng",
ancestors = "inc-kam",
translit = "inc-oas-translit",
}

m["inc-oaw"] = {
"Old Awadhi",
nil,
"inc-hie",
"Deva, Kthi, ur-Arab",
entry_name = {
from = {"هٔ", "ۂ"}, -- character "ۂ" code U+06C2 to "ه" and "هٔ"‎ (U+0647 + U+0654) to "ه"
to = {"ہ", "ہ"},
remove_diacritics = c.fathatan .. c.dammatan .. c.kasratan .. c.fatha .. c.damma .. c.kasra .. c.shadda .. c.sukun .. c.nunghunna .. c.superalef
},
translit = {
Deva = "sa-translit",
Kthi = "sa-Kthi-translit",
["ur-Arab"] = "inc-ohi-translit",
},
}

m["inc-obn"] = {
"Old Bengali",
113559926,
"inc-bas",
"Beng",
}

m["inc-ogu"] = {
"Old Gujarati",
24907427,
"inc-wes",
"Deva",
translit = "sa-translit",
}

m["inc-ohi"] = {
"Old Hindi",
48767781,
"inc-hiw",
"Deva, ur-Arab",
entry_name = {
from = {"هٔ", "ۂ"}, -- character "ۂ" code U+06C2 to "ه" and "هٔ"‎ (U+0647 + U+0654) to "ه"
to = {"ہ", "ہ"},
remove_diacritics = c.fathatan .. c.dammatan .. c.kasratan .. c.fatha .. c.damma .. c.kasra .. c.shadda .. c.sukun .. c.nunghunna .. c.superalef
},
translit = {
Deva = "sa-translit",
["ur-Arab"] = "inc-ohi-translit",
},
}

m["inc-oor"] = {
"Old Odia",
128807801,
"inc-eas",
"Orya",
}

m["inc-opa"] = {
"Old Punjabi",
115270971,
"inc-pan",
"Guru, pa-Arab",
translit = {
Guru = "inc-opa-Guru-translit",
["pa-Arab"] = "pa-Arab-translit",
},
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.fathatan .. c.dammatan .. c.kasratan .. c.fatha .. c.damma .. c.kasra .. c.shadda .. c.sukun},
}

m["inc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Indo-Aryan",
23808344,
"inc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ine-ana-pro"] = {
"Proto-Anatolian",
7251833,
"ine-ana",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ine-bsl-pro"] = {
"Proto-Balto-Slavic",
1703347,
"ine-bsl",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"[áā]", "[éēḗ]", "[íī]", "[óōṓ]", "[úū]", c.acute, c.macron, "ˀ"},
to = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u"}
},
}

m["ine-kal"] = {
"Kalašma",
122770439,
"ine-ana",
"Xsux",
}

m["ine-pae"] = {
"Paeonian",
2705672,
"ine",
"Polyt",
translit = "grc-translit",
display_text = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
entry_name = s["Polyt-entryname"],
sort_key = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
}

m["ine-pro"] = {
"Proto-Indo-European",
37178,
"ine",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"[áā]", "[éēḗ]", "[íī]", "[óōṓ]", "[úū]", "ĺ", "ḿ", "ń", "ŕ", "ǵ", "ḱ", "ʰ", "ʷ", "₁", "₂", "₃", c.ringbelow, c.acute, c.macron},
to = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "l", "m", "n", "r", "g'", "k'", "¯h", "¯w", "1", "2", "3"}
},
}

m["ine-toc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tocharian",
104841462,
"ine-toc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xme-old"] = {
"Old Median",
36461,
"xme",
"Polyt, Latn",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["xme-mid"] = {
"Middle Median",
12836150,
"xme",
"Latn",
}

m["xme-ker"] = {
"Kermanic",
129850,
"xme",
"fa-Arab, Latn, Hebr",
ancestors = "xme-mid",
}

m["xme-taf"] = {
"Tafreshi",
nil,
"xme",
"fa-Arab, Latn",
ancestors = "xme-mid",
}

m["xme-ttc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tatic",
122973870,
"xme-ttc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "xme-mid",
}

m["xme-kls"] = {
"Kalasuri",
nil,
"xme-ttc",
ancestors = "xme-ttc-nor",
}

m["xme-klt"] = {
"Kilit",
3612452,
"xme-ttc",
"Cyrl", -- and fa-Arab?
}

m["xme-ott"] = {
"Old Tati",
434697,
"xme-ttc",
"fa-Arab, Latn",
}

m["ira-kms-pro"] = {
"Proto-Komisenian",
116773777,
"ira-kms",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-mpr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Medo-Parthian",
116773227,
"ira-mpr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-pat-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pathan",
116773255,
"ira-pat",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iranian",
4167865,
"ira",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-zgr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Zaza-Gorani",
116775031,
"ira-zgr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Scythian",
116773273,
"xsc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-sar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sarmatian",
116773249,
"xsc-sar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-skw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Saka-Wakhi",
116773267,
"xsc-skw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-sak-pro"] = {
"Proto-Saka",
116773264,
"xsc-sak",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-sym-pro"] = {
"Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji",
116773813,
"ira-sym",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-sgi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi",
116773808,
"ira-sgi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-mny-pro"] = {
"Proto-Munji-Yidgha",
116773792,
"ira-mny",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-shy-pro"] = {
"Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami",
116773812,
"ira-shy",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-shr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Shughni-Roshani",
116773811,
"ira-shr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-sgc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sogdic",
116773276,
"ira-sgc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-wnj"] = {
"Vanji",
3398419,
"ira-shy",
"Latn",
}

m["iro-ere"] = {
"Erie",
5388365,
"iro-nor",
"Latn",
}

m["iro-min"] = {
"Mingo",
128531,
"iro-nor",
"Latn",
ietf_subtag = "i-mingo", -- grandfathered IETF tag
}

m["iro-nor-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Iroquoian",
116773242,
"iro-nor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["iro-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iroquoian",
7251852,
"iro",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["itc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Italic",
17102720,
"itc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["itc-psa"] = {
"Pre-Samnite",
7239186,
"itc-sbl",
"Ital, Polyt, Latn",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["jpx-hcj"] = {
"Hachijō",
5637049,
"jpx",
"Jpan",
ancestors = "ojp-eas",
translit = s["jpx-translit"],
display_text = s["jpx-displaytext"],
entry_name = s["jpx-entryname"],
sort_key = s["jpx-sortkey"],
}

m["jpx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Japonic",
3924309,
"jpx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["jpx-ryu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ryukyuan",
56349069,
"jpx-ryu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["kar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Karen",
85794783,
"kar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["kca-eas"] = {
"Eastern Khanty",
30304622,
"kca",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kca-translit",
override_translit = true,
-- TODO temporary until MediaWiki supports Unicode 16 (probably requires a PHP update from their side)
sort_key = { Cyrl = { from = {"ᲊ"}, to = {"Ᲊ"} } },
}

m["kca-nor"] = {
"Northern Khanty",
30304527,
"kca",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kca-translit",
override_translit = true,
-- TODO temporary until MediaWiki supports Unicode 16 (probably requires a PHP update from their side)
sort_key = { Cyrl = { from = {"ᲊ"}, to = {"Ᲊ"} } },
}

m["kca-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khanty",
127505171,
"kca",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["kca-sou"] = {
"Southern Khanty",
30304618,
"kca",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kca-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["khi-kho-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khoe",
116773218,
"khi-kho",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["khi-kun"] = {
"ǃKung",
32904,
"khi-kxa",
"Latn",
}

m["ko-ear"] = {
"Early Modern Korean",
756014,
"qfa-kor",
"Kore",
ancestors = "okm",
translit = "okm-translit",
entry_name = s["Kore-entryname"],
}

m["kro-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kru",
116773778,
"kro",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ku-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kurdish",
116773221,
"ku",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["map-ata-pro"] = {
"Proto-Atayalic",
116773151,
"map-ata",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["map-bms"] = {
"Banyumasan",
33219,
"map",
"Latn, Java",
}

m["map-pro"] = {
"Proto-Austronesian",
49230,
"map",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mis-hkl"] = {
"Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien",
108794818,
"qfa-mix",
ancestors = "nan-hbl, sou, mfa",
}

m["mis-idn"] = {
"Idiom Neutral",
35847,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["mis-isa"] = {
"Isaurian",
16956868,
nil,
-- "Xsux, Hluw, Latn",
}

m["mis-jie"] = {
"Jie",
124424186,
nil,
"Hani",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["mis-jzh"] = {
"Jizhao",
45242758,
"qfa-bej",
"Latn",
}

m["mis-kas"] = {
"Kassite",
35612,
nil,
"Xsux",
}

m["mis-mmd"] = {
"Mimi of Decorse",
6862206,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["mis-mmn"] = {
"Mimi of Nachtigal",
6862207,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["mis-phi"] = {
"Philistine",
2230924,
nil,
"Phnx",
}

m["mis-rou"] = {
"Rouran",
48816637,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-tdl"] = {
"Turdulian",
133176492,
}

m["mis-tdt"] = {
"Turdetanian",
133176461,
}

m["mis-tnw"] = {
"Tangwang",
7683179,
"qfa-mix",
"Latn",
ancestors = "cmn, sce",
}

m["mis-tuh"] = {
"Tuyuhun",
48816625,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-tuo"] = {
"Tuoba",
48816629,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-wuh"] = {
"Wuhuan",
118976867,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-xbi"] = {
"Xianbei",
4448647,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-xnu"] = {
"Xiongnu",
10901674,
nil,
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mjg-mgl"] = {
"Mongghul",
53765528,
"mjg",
"Latn", -- also Mong, Cyrl ?
}

m["mjg-mgr"] = {
"Mangghuer",
56285392,
"mjg",
"Latn", -- also Mong, Cyrl ?
}

m["mkh-asl-pro"] = {
"Proto-Aslian",
55630680,
"mkh-asl",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-ban-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bahnaric",
116773189,
"mkh-ban",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-kat-pro"] = {
"Proto-Katuic",
116773772,
"mkh-kat",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-khm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khmuic",
116773774,
"mkh-khm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-kmr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khmeric",
55630684,
"mkh-kmr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-mmn"] = {
"Middle Mon",
121337926,
"mkh-mnc",
"Latn, Mymr", --and also Pallava
ancestors = "omx",
}

m["mkh-mnc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Monic",
116773231,
"mkh-mnc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-mvi"] = {
"Middle Vietnamese",
9199,
"mkh-vie",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mkh-pal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Palaungic",
104847372,
"mkh-pal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-pea-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pearic",
116773804,
"mkh-pea",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-pkn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pakanic",
116773803,
"mkh-pkn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-pro"] = { --This will be merged into 2015 aav-pro.
"Proto-Mon-Khmer",
7251859,
"mkh",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mnw-tha"] = { -- To be removed.
"Thai Mon",
nil,
"mkh-mnc",
"Mymr, Thai",
ancestors = "mkh-mmn",
sort_key = {
from = {"[%p]", "ျ", "ြ", "ွ", "ှ", "ၞ", "ၟ", "ၠ", "ၚ", "ဿ", "[็-๎]", "([เแโใไ])([ก-ฮ])ฺ?"},
to = {"", "္ယ", "္ရ", "္ဝ", "္ဟ", "္န", "္မ", "္လ", "င", "သ္သ", "", "%2%1"}
},
}

m["mkh-vie-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vietic",
109432616,
"mkh-vie",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mns-cen"] = {
"Central Mansi",
128810384,
"mns",
"Cyrl",
translit = "mns-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["mns-nor"] = {
"Northern Mansi",
30304537,
"mns",
"Cyrl",
translit = "mns-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["mns-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mansi",
128883093,
"mns",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mns-sou"] = {
"Southern Mansi",
30304629,
"mns",
"Cyrl",
translit = "mns-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["mun-pro"] = {
"Proto-Munda",
105102373,
"mun",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["myn-chl"] = { -- the stage after ''emy''
"Ch'olti'",
873995,
"myn",
"Latn",
}

m["myn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mayan",
3321532,
"myn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-ala"] = {
"Alazapa",
128810233,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-bay"] = {
"Bayogoula",
1563704,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-cal"] = {
"Calusa",
51782,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-chi"] = {
"Chiquimulilla",
25339627,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-chu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chumash",
116773736,
"nai-chu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-cig"] = {
"Ciguayo",
20741700,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-ckn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chinookan",
116773735,
"nai-ckn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-guz"] = {
"Guazacapán",
19572028,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-hit"] = {
"Hitchiti",
1542882,
"nai-mus",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-ipa"] = {
"Ipai",
3027474,
"nai-yuc",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-jtp"] = {
"Jutiapa",
nil,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-jum"] = {
"Jumaytepeque",
25339626,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-kat"] = {
"Kathlamet",
6376639,
"nai-ckn",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-klp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kalapuyan",
116773771,
"nai-klp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-knm"] = {
"Konomihu",
3198734,
"nai-shs",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-kum"] = {
"Kumeyaay",
4910139,
"nai-yuc",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-mac"] = {
"Macoris",
21070851,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-mdu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Maidun",
116773784,
"nai-mdu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-miz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mixe-Zoque",
7251858,
"nai-miz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-mus-pro"] = {
"Proto-Muskogean",
116775368,
"nai-mus",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-nao"] = {
"Naolan",
6964594,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-nrs"] = {
"New River Shasta",
7011254,
"nai-shs",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-okw"] = {
"Okwanuchu",
3350126,
"nai-shs",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-per"] = {
"Pericú",
3375369,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-pic"] = {
"Picuris",
7191257,
"nai-kta",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-plp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Plateau Penutian",
116773806,
"nai-plp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-pom-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pomo",
116773262,
"nai-pom",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-qng"] = {
"Quinigua",
36360,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-sca-pro"] = { -- NB 'sio-pro' "Proto-Siouan" which is Proto-Western Siouan
"Proto-Siouan-Catawban",
116773275,
"nai-sca",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-sin"] = {
"Sinacantán",
24190249,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-sln"] = {
"Salvadoran Lenca",
3229434,
"nai-len",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-spt"] = {
"Sahaptin",
3833015,
"nai-shp",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-tap"] = {
"Tapachultec",
7684401,
"nai-miz",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-taw"] = {
"Tawasa",
7689233,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-teq"] = {
"Tequistlatec",
2964454,
"nai-tqn",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-tip"] = {
"Tipai",
3027471,
"nai-yuc",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-tot-pro"] = {
"Proto-Totozoquean",
116773285,
"nai-tot",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-tsi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tsimshianic",
nil,
"nai-tsi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-utn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Utian",
116773290,
"nai-utn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-wai"] = {
"Waikuri",
3118702,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-wji"] = {
"Western Jicaque",
3178610,
"nai-jcq",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-yup"] = {
"Yupiltepeque",
25339628,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nan-dat"] = {
"Datian Min",
19855572,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-hbl"] = {
"Hokkien",
1624231,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants, Latn, Bopo, Kana",
wikimedia_codes = "zh-min-nan",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = {
Hani = "Hani-sortkey",
Kana = "Kana-sortkey"
},
}

m["nan-hlh"] = {
"Hailufeng Min",
120755728,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-lnx"] = {
"Longyan Min",
6674568,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-tws"] = {
"Teochew",
36759,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
translit = "zh-translit",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-zhe"] = {
"Zhenan Min",
3846710,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-zsh"] = {
"Sanxiang Min",
7420769,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nds-de"] = {
"German Low German",
25433,
"gmw-lgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nds",
ietf_subtag = "nds-DE", -- should we make this the actual code?
wikimedia_codes = "nds",
}

m["nds-nl"] = {
"Dutch Low Saxon",
516137,
"gmw-lgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nds",
ietf_subtag = "nds-NL", -- should we make this the actual code?
wikimedia_codes = "nds-nl",
}

m["ngf-pro"] = {
"Proto-Trans-New Guinea",
85794785,
"ngf",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-bco-pro"] = {
"Proto-Benue-Congo",
116773194,
"nic-bco",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-bod-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bantoid",
116773190,
"nic-bod",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-eov-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Oti-Volta",
116773753,
"nic-eov",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-gns-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gurunsi",
116773759,
"nic-gns",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-grf-pro"] = {
"Proto-Grassfields",
116773755,
"nic-grf",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-gur-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gur",
116773758,
"nic-gur",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-jkn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Jukunoid",
116773769,
"nic-jkn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-lcr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lower Cross River",
116773782,
"nic-lcr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ogo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ogoni",
116773799,
"nic-ogo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ovo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oti-Volta",
116773802,
"nic-ovo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-plt-pro"] = {
"Proto-Plateau",
116773805,
"nic-plt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Niger-Congo",
108000748,
"nic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ubg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ubangian",
116773818,
"nic-ubg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ucr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Upper Cross River",
116773819,
"nic-ucr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-vco-pro"] = {
"Proto-Volta-Congo",
116773293,
"nic-vco",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nub-har"] = {
"Haraza",
19572059,
"nub",
"Arab, Latn",
}

m["nub-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nubian",
116773246,
"nub",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-cha-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chatino",
116773202,
"omq-cha",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-maz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mazatec",
116773790,
"omq-maz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-mix-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mixtecan",
21573423,
"omq-mix",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-mxt-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mixtec",
21573424,
"omq-mxt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-otp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oto-Pamean",
116773251,
"omq-otp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oto-Manguean",
33669,
"omq",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-sjq"] = {
"San Juan Quiahije Chatino",
17003130,
"omq-cha",
"Latn",
}

m["omq-tel"] = {
"Teposcolula Mixtec",
nil,
"omq-mxt",
"Latn",
}

m["omq-teo"] = {
"Teojomulco Chatino",
25340451,
"omq-cha",
"Latn",
}

m["omq-tri-pro"] = {
"Proto-Trique",
116773817,
"omq-tri",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-zap-pro"] = {
"Proto-Zapotecan",
116773297,
"omq-zap",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-zpc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Zapotec",
116773296,
"omq-zpc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omv-aro-pro"] = {
"Proto-Aroid",
116773721,
"omv-aro",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omv-diz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Dizoid",
116773750,
"omv-diz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omv-pro"] = {
"Proto-Omotic",
116773800,
"omv",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["oto-otm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Otomi",
5908710,
"oto-otm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["oto-pro"] = {
"Proto-Otomian",
116773252,
"oto",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["paa-kom"] = {
"Kómnzo",
18344310,
"paa-yam",
"Latn",
}

m["paa-kwn"] = {
"Kuwani",
6449056,
"paa",
"Latn",
}

m["paa-nha-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Halmahera",
116773241,
"paa-nha",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed"
}

m["paa-nun"] = {
"Nungon",
128807788,
"paa",
"Latn",
}

m["phi-din"] = {
"Dinapigue Agta",
16945774,
"phi",
"Latn",
}

m["phi-kal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kalamian",
116773213,
"phi-kal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["phi-nag"] = {
"Nagtipunan Agta",
16966111,
"phi",
"Latn",
}

m["phi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Philippine",
18204898,
"phi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-abi"] = {
"Abai",
19570729,
"poz-san",
"Latn",
}

m["poz-bal"] = {
"Baliledo",
4850912,
"poz",
"Latn",
}

m["poz-btk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bungku-Tolaki",
116773724,
"poz-btk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-cet-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian",
2269883,
"poz-cet",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-hce-pro"] = {
"Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih",
116773209,
"poz-hce",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-lgx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lampungic",
116773222,
"poz-lgx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-mcm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayo-Chamic",
116773225,
"poz-mcm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-mic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Micronesian",
111939079,
"poz-mic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-mly-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayic",
98057728,
"poz-mly",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-msa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan",
116773226,
"poz-msa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-oce-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oceanic",
141741,
"poz-oce",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pep-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Polynesian",
113988745,
"poz-pep",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pnp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nuclear Polynesian",
113988746,
"poz-pnp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pol-pro"] = {
"Proto-Polynesian",
1658709,
"poz-pol",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
3832960,
"poz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-sml"] = {
"Sarawak Malay",
4251702,
"poz-mly",
"Latn, ms-Arab",
}

m["poz-ssw-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Sulawesi",
116773279,
"poz-ssw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-swa-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Sarawak",
116773243,
"poz-swa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-ter"] = {
"Terengganu Malay",
4207412,
"poz-mly",
"Latn, ms-Arab",
}

m["pqe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian",
2269883,
"pqe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["pra-niy"] = {
"Niya Prakrit",
11991601,
"inc-mid",
"Khar",
ancestors = "inc-ash",
translit = "Khar-translit",
}

m["qfa-adm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Great Andamanese",
116773756,
"qfa-adm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-bet-pro"] = {
"Proto-Be-Tai",
116773193,
"qfa-bet",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-cka-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan",
7251837,
"qfa-cka",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-hur-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hurro-Urartian",
116773211,
"qfa-hur",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kad-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kadu",
116773770,
"qfa-kad",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kms-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kam-Sui",
55630682,
"qfa-kms",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kor-pro"] = {
"Proto-Koreanic",
467883,
"qfa-kor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kra-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kra",
7251854,
"qfa-kra",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-lic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hlai",
7251845,
"qfa-lic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-onb-pro"] = {
"Proto-Be",
116773192,
"qfa-onb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-ong-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ongan",
116773801,
"qfa-ong",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-tak-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kra-Dai",
104901616,
"qfa-tak",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-yen-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yeniseian",
27639,
"qfa-yen",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-yuk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yukaghir",
116773294,
"qfa-yuk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qwe-kch"] = {
"Kichwa",
1740805,
"qwe",
"Latn",
ancestors = "qu",
}

m["qwe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Quechuan",
5575757,
"qwe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["roa-ang"] = {
"Angevin",
56782,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-bbn"] = {
"Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
2899128,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-brg"] = {
"Bourguignon",
508332,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-can"] = {
"Cantabrian",
917021,
"roa-asl",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-cha"] = {
"Champenois",
430018,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-fcm"] = {
"Franc-Comtois",
510561,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-gal"] = {
"Gallo",
37300,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-gib"] = {
"Gallo-Italic of Basilicata",
3094838,
"roa-git",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-gis"] = {
"Gallo-Italic of Sicily",
2629019,
"roa-git",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-leo"] = {
"Leonese",
34108,
"roa-asl",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-lor"] = {
"Lorrain",
671198,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-oca"] = {
"Old Catalan",
15478520,
"roa-ocr",
"Latn",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.diaer .. c.cedilla .. "·"},
}

m["roa-ole"] = {
"Old Leonese",
125977465,
"roa-asl",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-ona"] = {
"Old Navarro-Aragonese",
2736184,
"roa-nar",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-opt"] = {
"Old Galician-Portuguese",
1072111,
"roa-gap",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.circ},
}

m["roa-orl"] = {
"Orléanais",
28497058,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-poi"] = {
"Poitevin-Saintongeais",
514123,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-tar"] = {
"Tarantino",
695526,
"roa-itr",
"Latn",
wikimedia_codes = "roa-tara",
}

m["sai-all"] = {
"Allentiac",
19570789,
"sai-hrp",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-and"] = { -- not to be confused with 'cbc' or 'ano'
"Andoquero",
16828359,
"sai-wit",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ayo"] = {
"Ayomán",
16937754,
"sai-jir",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bae"] = {
"Baenan",
3401998,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bag"] = {
"Bagua",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bet"] = {
"Betoi",
926551,
"qfa-iso",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bor-pro"] = {
"Proto-Boran",
nil,
"sai-bor",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cac"] = {
"Cacán",
945482,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-caq"] = {
"Caranqui",
2937753,
"sai-bar",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-car-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cariban",
116773196,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-cat"] = {
"Catacao",
5051136,
"sai-ctc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cer-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cerrado",
116773200,
"sai-cer",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-chi"] = {
"Chirino",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chn"] = {
"Chaná",
5072718,
"sai-crn",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chp"] = {
"Chapacura",
5072884,
"sai-cpc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chr"] = {
"Charrua",
5086680,
"sai-crn",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chu"] = {
"Churuya",
5118339,
"sai-guh",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Jê",
116773198,
"sai-cje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-cmg"] = {
"Comechingon",
6644203,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cno"] = {
"Chono",
5104704,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cnr"] = {
"Cañari",
5055572,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-coe"] = {
"Coeruna",
6425639,
"sai-wit",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-col"] = {
"Colán",
5141893,
"sai-ctc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cop"] = {
"Copallén",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-crd"] = {
"Coroado Puri",
24191321,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ctq"] = {
"Catuquinaru",
16858455,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cul"] = {
"Culli",
2879660,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cva"] = {
"Cueva",
5192644,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-esm"] = {
"Esmeralda",
3058083,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ewa"] = {
"Ewarhuyana",
16898104,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gam"] = {
"Gamela",
5403661,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gay"] = {
"Gayón",
5528902,
"sai-jir",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gmo"] = {
"Guamo",
5613495,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gua"] = {
"Guachí",
5613172,
"sai-guc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gue"] = {
"Güenoa",
5626799,
"sai-crn",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-hau"] = {
"Haush",
3128376,
"sai-cho",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-jee-pro"] = {
"Proto-Jê",
116773212,
"sai-jee",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-jko"] = {
"Jeikó",
6176527,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-jrj"] = {
"Jirajara",
6202966,
"sai-jir",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-kat"] = { -- contrast xoo, kzw, sai-xoc
"Katembri",
6375925,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mal"] = {
"Malalí",
6741212,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mar"] = {
"Maratino",
6755055,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mat"] = {
"Matanawi",
6786047,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mcn"] = {
"Mocana",
3402048,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-men"] = {
"Menien",
16890110,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mil"] = {
"Millcayac",
19573012,
"sai-hrp",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mlb"] = {
"Malibu",
3402048,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-msk"] = {
"Masakará",
6782426,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-muc"] = {
"Mucuchí",
6931290,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mue"] = {
"Muellama",
16886936,
"sai-bar",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-muz"] = {
"Muzo",
6644203,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mys"] = {
"Maynas",
16919393,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-nat"] = {
"Natú",
9006749,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-nje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northern Jê",
116773245,
"sai-nje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-opo"] = {
"Opón",
7099152,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-oto"] = {
"Otomaco",
16879234,
"sai-otm",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pal"] = {
"Palta",
3042978,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pam"] = {
"Pamigua",
5908689,
"sai-otm",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-par"] = {
"Paratió",
16890038,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pnz"] = {
"Panzaleo",
3123275,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-prh"] = {
"Puruhá",
3410994,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ptg"] = {
"Patagón",
128807870,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pur"] = {
"Purukotó",
7261622,
"sai-pem",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pyg"] = {
"Payaguá",
7156643,
"sai-guc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pyk"] = {
"Pykobjê",
98113977,
"sai-nje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-qmb"] = {
"Quimbaya",
7272043,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-qtm"] = {
"Quitemo",
7272651,
"sai-cpc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-rab"] = {
"Rabona",
6644203,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ram"] = {
"Ramanos",
16902824,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sac"] = {
"Sácata",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-san"] = {
"Sanaviron",
16895999,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sap"] = {
"Sapará",
7420922,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sec"] = {
"Sechura",
7442912,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sin"] = {
"Sinúfana",
7525275,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Southern Jê",
116773814,
"sai-sje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-tab"] = {
"Tabancale",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tal"] = {
"Tallán",
16910468,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tap"] = {
"Tapayuna",
30719984,
"sai-nje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Taranoan",
116773816,
"sai-tar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-teu"] = {
"Teushen",
3519243,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tim"] = {
"Timote",
7806995,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tpr"] = {
"Taparita",
7684460,
"sai-otm",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-trr"] = {
"Tarairiú",
7685313,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-wai"] = {
"Waitaká",
16918610,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-way"] = {
"Wayumara",
7960726,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-wit-pro"] = {
"Proto-Witotoan",
116773823,
"sai-wit",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-wnm"] = {
"Wanham",
16879440,
"sai-cpc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-xoc"] = { -- contrast xoo, kzw, sai-kat
"Xocó",
12953620,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yao"] = {
"Yao (South America)",
16979655,
"sai-ven",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yar"] = { -- not the same family as 'suy'
"Yarumá",
3505859,
"sai-pek",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yri"] = {
"Yuri",
2669157,
"sai-tyu",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yup"] = {
"Yupua",
8061430,
"sai-tuc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yur"] = {
"Yurumanguí",
1281291,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Salish",
116773269,
"sal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-daj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Daju",
116773739,
"sdv-daj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-eje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Jebel",
116773751,
"sdv-eje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-nil-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nilotic",
116773794,
"sdv-nil",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-nyi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nyima",
116773796,
"sdv-nyi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-tmn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Taman",
116773815,
"sdv-tmn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sel-nor"] = {
"Northern Selkup",
30304565,
"sel",
"Cyrl",
translit = "sel-nor-translit",
}

m["sel-pro"] = {
"Proto-Selkup",
128884235,
"sel",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sel-sou"] = {
"Southern Selkup",
30304639,
"sel",
"Cyrl",
translit = "sel-sou-translit",
}

m["sem-amm"] = {
"Ammonite",
279181,
"sem-can",
"Phnx",
translit = "Phnx-translit",
}

m["sem-amo"] = {
"Amorite",
35941,
"sem-nwe",
"Xsux, Latn",
}

m["sem-cha"] = {
"Chaha",
35543,
"sem-eth",
"Ethi",
translit = "Ethi-translit",
}

m["sem-dad"] = {
"Dadanitic",
21838040,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-dum"] = {
"Dumaitic",
128810397,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-has"] = {
"Hasaitic",
3541433,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-his"] = {
"Hismaic",
22948260,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-mhr"] = {
"Muher",
33743,
"sem-eth",
"Latn",
}

m["sem-pro"] = {
"Proto-Semitic",
1658554,
"sem",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sem-saf"] = {
"Safaitic",
472586,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-srb"] = {
"Old South Arabian",
35025,
"sem-osa",
"Sarb",
translit = "Sarb-translit",
}

m["sem-tay"] = {
"Taymanitic",
24912301,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-tha"] = {
"Thamudic",
843030,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-wes-pro"] = {
"Proto-West Semitic",
98021726,
"sem-wes",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sio-pro"] = { -- NB this is not Proto-Siouan-Catawban 'nai-sca-pro'
"Proto-Siouan",
34181,
"sio",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-aao-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Naga",
nil,
"sit-aao",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-bai-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bai",
nil,
"sit-bai",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-ban"] = {
"Bangru",
56071779,
"sit-hrs",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-bdi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bodish",
nil,
"sit-bdi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-bok"] = {
"Bokar",
4938727,
"sit-tan",
"Latn, Tibt",
translit = {Tibt = "Tibt-translit"},
override_translit = true,
display_text = {Tibt = s["Tibt-displaytext"]},
entry_name = {Tibt = s["Tibt-entryname"]},
sort_key = {Tibt = "Tibt-sortkey"},
}

m["sit-cai"] = {
"Caijia",
5017528,
"sit-cln",
"Latn"
}

m["sit-cha"] = {
"Chairel",
5068066,
"sit-luu",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-ers-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ersuic",
nil,
"sit-ers",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-hrs-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hrusish",
116773762,
"sit-hrs",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-jap"] = {
"Japhug",
3162245,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-kha-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kham",
116773773,
"sit-kha",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-khb-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kho-Bwa",
nil,
"sit-khb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-khp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Puroik",
nil,
"sit-khb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-khw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Western Kho-Bwa",
nil,
"sit-khw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-kon-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northern Naga",
nil,
"sit-kon",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-liz"] = {
"Lizu",
6660653,
"sit-ers",
"Latn", -- and Ersu Shaba
}

m["sit-lnj"] = {
"Longjia",
17096251,
"sit-cln",
"Latn"
}

m["sit-lrn"] = {
"Luren",
16946370,
"sit-cln",
"Latn"
}

m["sit-luu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Luish",
116773783,
"sit-luu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-nas-pro"] = {
"Proto-Naish",
nil,
"sit-nas",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-prn"] = {
"Puiron",
7259048,
"sit-zem",
}

m["sit-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
24839178,
"sit",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-sit"] = {
"Situ",
19840830,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-tam-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tamangic",
117469295,
"sit-tam",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-tan-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tani",
116773284,
"sit-tan",
"Latn", -- needs verification
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-tgm"] = {
"Tangam",
17041370,
"sit-tan",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-tng-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tangkhulic",
nil,
"sit-tng",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed"
}

m["sit-tos"] = {
"Tosu",
7827899,
"sit-ers",
"Latn", -- also Ersu Shaba
}

m["sit-tsh"] = {
"Tshobdun",
19840950,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-zbu"] = {
"Zbu",
19841106,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sla-pro"] = {
"Proto-Slavic",
747537,
"sla",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
entry_name = {
remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.tilde .. c.macron .. c.dgrave .. c.invbreve,
remove_exceptions = {'ś'},
},
sort_key = {
from = {"č", "ď", "ě", "ę", "ь", "ľ", "ň", "ǫ", "ř", "š", "ś", "ť", "ъ", "ž"},
to = {"c²", "d²", "e²", "e³", "i²", "l²", "nj", "o²", "r²", "s²", "s³", "t²", "u²", "z²"},
}
}

m["smi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Samic",
7251862,
"smi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"ā", "č", "δ", "[ëē]", "ŋ", "ń", "ō", "š", "θ", "%([^()]+%)"},
to = {"a", "c²", "d", "e", "n²", "n³", "o", "s²", "t²"}
},
}

m["son-pro"] = {
"Proto-Songhay",
116773277,
"son",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sqj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Albanian",
18210846,
"sqj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ssa-klk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kuliak",
116773779,
"ssa-klk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ssa-kom-pro"] = {
"Proto-Koman",
116773775,
"ssa-kom",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ssa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nilo-Saharan",
116773236,
"ssa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["syd-fne"] = {
"Forest Nenets",
1295107,
"syd",
"Cyrl",
translit = "syd-fne-translit",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.macron .. c.breve .. c.dotabove},
}

m["syd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Samoyedic",
7251863,
"syd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tai-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tai",
6583709,
"tai",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tai-swe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Southwestern Tai",
116773280,
"tai-swe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-bdg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bodo-Garo",
116773195,
"tbq-bdg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-blg"] = {
"Bailang",
2879843,
"tbq-lob",
"Hani",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["tbq-brm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Burmish",
nil,
"tbq-brm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-gkh"] = {
"Gokhy",
5578069,
"tbq-sil",
"Latn",
}

m["tbq-kuk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kuki-Chin",
116773220,
"tbq-kuk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-lal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lalo",
116773781,
"tbq-lal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-laz"] = {
"Laze",
17007626,
"sit-nas",
"Latn",
}

m["tbq-lob-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lolo-Burmese",
116773224,
"tbq-lob",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-lol-pro"] = {
"Proto-Loloish",
7251855,
"tbq-lol",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-mil"] = {
"Milang",
6850761,
"sit-gsi",
"Deva, Latn",
}

m["tbq-mor"] = {
"Moran",
6909216,
"tbq-bdg",
"Latn",
}

m["tbq-ngo"] = {
"Ngochang",
56582,
"tbq-brm",
"Latn",
}

-- tbq-pro is now etymology-only

m["trk-dkh"] = {
"Dukhan",
12809273,
"trk-ssb",
"Latn, Cyrl, Mong",
translit = {Mong = "Mong-translit"},
display_text = {Mong = s["Mong-displaytext"]},
entry_name = {Mong = s["Mong-entryname"]},
}

-- As described in Mahmud al-Kashgari's 11th century ''Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk''.
m["trk-eog"] = {
"Early Old Oghuz",
nil,
"trk-ogz",
"ota-Arab",
entry_name = {["ota-Arab"] = "ar-entryname"},
}

m["trk-oat"] = {
"Old Anatolian Turkish",
7083390,
"trk-ogz",
"ota-Arab",
entry_name = {["ota-Arab"] = "ar-entryname"},
ancestors = "trk-eog",
}

m["trk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Turkic",
3657773,
"trk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
standardChars = {
Latn = " ()-abdegiklmnoprstuxyzïöüāčēīĺŋōŕšūǖȫẹ" .. c.macron,
}
}

m["tup-gua-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tupi-Guarani",
116773288,
"tup-gua",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tup-kab"] = {
"Kabishiana",
15302988,
"tup",
"Latn",
}

m["tup-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tupian",
10354700,
"tup",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tut-pro"] = {
"Proto-Altaic",
20476501,
"tut",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tuw-alk"] = {
"Alchuka",
113553616,
"tuw-jrc",
"Latn, Hans",
sort_key = {Hans = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["tuw-bal"] = {
"Bala",
86730632,
"tuw-jrc",
"Latn, Hans",
sort_key = {Hans = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["tuw-kkl"] = {
"Kyakala",
118875708,
"tuw-jrc",
"Latn, Hans",
sort_key = {Hans = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["tuw-kli"] = {
"Kili",
6406892,
"tuw-ewe",
"Cyrl",
}

m["tuw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tungusic",
85872335,
"tuw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tuw-sol"] = {
"Solon",
30004,
"tuw-ewe",
}

m["urj-fin-pro"] = {
"Proto-Finnic",
11883720,
"urj-fin",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-koo"] = {
"Old Komi",
86679962,
"urj-prm",
"Perm, Cyrs",
translit = "urj-koo-translit",
sort_key = {Cyrs = s["Cyrs-sortkey"]},
}

m["urj-kuk"] = {
"Kukkuzi",
107410460,
"urj-fin",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vot",
}

m["urj-kya"] = {
"Komi-Yazva",
2365210,
"urj-prm",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kv-translit",
override_translit = true,
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.acute},
}

m["urj-mdv-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mordvinic",
116773232,
"urj-mdv",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-prm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Permic",
116773257,
"urj-prm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Uralic",
288765,
"urj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-ugr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ugric",
156631,
"urj-ugr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xnd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Na-Dene",
116773233,
"xnd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xgn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mongolic",
2493677,
"xgn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"č", "i", "ï", "ǰ", "ŋ", "ö", "š", "ü"},
to = {"c", "i" .. p[1], "i", "j", "n" .. p[1], "o" .. p[1], "s" .. p[1], "u" .. p[1]},
},
}

m["yok-bvy"] = {
"Buena Vista Yokuts",
4985474,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-dly"] = {
"Delta Yokuts",
70923266,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-gsy"] = {
"Gashowu",
3098708,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-kry"] = {
"Kings River Yokuts",
6413014,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-nvy"] = {
"Northern Valley Yokuts",
85789777,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-ply"] = {
"Palewyami",
2387391,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-svy"] = {
"Southern Valley Yokuts",
12642473,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-tky"] = {
"Tule-Kaweah Yokuts",
7851988,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["ypk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yupik",
116773295,
"ypk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["zhx-min-pro"] = {
"Proto-Min",
19646347,
"zhx-min",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["zhx-sht"] = {
"Shaozhou Tuhua",
1920769,
"zhx",
"Nshu, Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["zhx-sic"] = {
"Sichuanese",
2278732,
"zhx-man",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
translit = "zh-translit",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["zhx-tai"] = {
"Taishanese",
2208940,
"zhx-yue",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
translit = "zh-translit",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["zle-ono"] = {
"Old Novgorodian",
162013,
"zle",
"Cyrs, Glag",
translit = {Cyrs = "Cyrs-translit", Glag = "Glag-translit"},
entry_name = {Cyrs = s["Cyrs-entryname"]},
sort_key = {Cyrs = s["Cyrs-sortkey"]},
}

m["zle-ort"] = {
"Old Ruthenian",
13211,
"zle",
"Arab, Cyrs, Latn",
ancestors = "orv",
translit = {
Cyrs = "zle-ort-translit",
Arab = "zle-ort-Arab-translit",
},
entry_name = {
remove_diacritics = s["Cyrs-entryname"].remove_diacritics,
remove_exceptions = {"Ї", "ї"},
Arab = "ar-entryname",
},
sort_key = s["Cyrs-sortkey"],
}

m["zls-chs"] = {
"Church Slavonic",
33251,
"zls",
"Cyrs, Glag, Latn",
ancestors = "cu",
translit = {
Cyrs = "Cyrs-translit",
Glag = "Glag-translit"
},
entry_name = {
Cyrs = s["Cyrs-entryname"]
},
sort_key = {
Cyrs = s["Cyrs-sortkey"]
},
}

m["zlw-ocs"] = {
"Old Czech",
593096,
"zlw",
"Latn",
}

m["zlw-opl"] = {
"Old Polish",
149838,
"zlw-lch",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.ringabove},
}

m["zlw-osk"] = {
"Old Slovak",
12776676,
"zlw",
"Latn",
}

m["zlw-slv"] = {
"Slovincian",
36822,
"zlw-pom",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.macron .. c.breve},
}

m["carn"] = {
"Carnian",
nil,
"sla",
"Latn",
alphabet = {
"a","b","c","ċ","d","e","f","g","ġ","h","i","j","k","l","m","n",
"o","œ","p","q","r","s","ṡ","t","u","v","w","x","y","z"
},
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.grave,
from = {"ċ","ġ","œ","ṡ","â"},
to = {
"c"..p[1],
"g"..p[1],
"o"..p[1],
"s"..p[1],
"a"
},
},
ancestors = "sla-pro, carn-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["indv"] = {
"Indevroplu",
nil,
"ine",
"Cyrs, Latn",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
main_category = "word",
}

return require("Module:languages").finalizeData(m, "language")

Carnian

2026-02-08T21:54:03Z

Larsqui:

{{Infobox language
|image = Carnia Flag.png
|imagesize =
|imagecaption = Flag of Carnia
|name = Carnian
|nativename = Carnisc
|pronunciation = kɐɾnɪ̌s
|pronunciation_key =
|states = [[Carnia]]
|setting = Alternative history
|region =
|speakers = 2.5 million
|date = 2024
|created = 2025
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]
|fam4 = [[w:South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
|fam5 = Alpine
|creator = User:Larsqui
|dia1 =
|dia2 =
|dia3 =
|stand1 =
|script1 = Latn
|script2 =
|minority =
|agency =
|map =
|mapsize =
|mapcaption =
|notice = IPA
|ethnicity = Carnians
|ancestor = Proto-Carnian
|ancestor2 = Old Carnian
| clcr =
| brcl =
}}
[[Carnian]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈkɑːni.ən/]], Carn. ''carnisc'' [[w:Help:IPA|[kɐɾnɪ̌s(k)]]], ''carniscky jenzik'') is a Slavic language spoken in the Central European state of [[Carnia]], which encompasses the historical regions of Carinthia, Upper and Inner Carniola, the Slovene Littoral, the Province of Gorizia, Trieste, Istria, Rijeka, and the islands of Cres and Krk. The language represents a unique evolutionary branch within the Slavic family, having developed from Northwestern Alpine Slavic (NWAS) under distinct historical and sociolinguistic conditions that differentiate it significantly from its South Slavic neighbors.

== Historical background ==
[[File:Carnia Alps 2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Alpine landscape played a. significant role in preserving certain features that were lost in South Slavic languages]]
The linguistic development of Carnian is inseparably linked to the political history of the region. The territory derives its name from the medieval Duchy of Carantania, where local Slavic elites maintained autonomous governance within the Frankish Empire beyond the 9th century, subsequently establishing a hereditary dynasty that persisted throughout the following centuries during the Holy Roman Empire period. This political continuity proved crucial for the language's development, preventing its merger with Southeastern Alpine Slavic varieties that later evolved into Slovene.

The name "Carnia" emerged historically as Carinthia and Carniola became unified under a single political entity. During the Early Modern period, territorial expansion toward the Adriatic coast incorporated additional Romance-speaking populations, contributing to a gradual shift of the cultural and economic center from the Alpine interior to the coastal regions. This geographic reorientation had profound implications for the language's subsequent development.

Medieval Carnia experienced substantial German linguistic influence due to its integration within the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Early Modern period witnessed increasing Romance influence, particularly as economic activity shifted toward the coastal areas. This multilingual environment created the complex substrate conditions that shaped Carnian's distinctive phonological evolution.

== Phonological history ==
{{Main|Phonological history of Carnian}}

Carnian developed from '''Northwestern Alpine Slavic''' and preserves a number of archaic Proto-Slavic features, but its later evolution diverged sharply from both West and South Slavic. Early sound changes include its distinctive treatment of liquid metathesis, conservative retention of ''i''–''y'' contrast, and gradual loss or vocalization of yers. Nasal vowels denasalized in stages but were preserved long enough to shape stress and vowel length.

During the '''[[Phonological history of Carnian#Old Carnian Period|Old Carnian]]''' period, the accent system shifted to fixed stem-initial stress, triggering widespread vowel reduction and extensive posttonic syncope. These processes reorganized the vowel system, created new consonant clusters, and led to far-reaching cluster simplification, geminate development, and several new phonemes such as /f/ and /ts/. Systematic depalatalization eliminated most Proto-Slavic palatal consonants, while ''l'' later underwent partial coda vocalization.

Other hallmark developments include the unique evolution of yat into a centering diphthong ''ea'', restructuring of vowel length according to syllable structure, loss of ''h'', breaking of earlier long high vowels, and fronting/dissimilation of high-vowel diphthongs. The phoneme written ⟨œ⟩ reflects the distinctive Carnian reflex of Proto-Slavic *''y''.

'''[[Phonological history of Carnian#Modern Carnian Developments|Modern Carnian]]''' experienced a secondary accent shift toward penultimate stress, accompanied by additional vowel lengthening and the levelling of the old ''l''–''ł'' contrast. Postalveolar consonants underwent further analogical simplification, completing the modern system.

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
[[File:Carnian Vowel Chart.png|thumb|right|Carnian phonemic monophthongs (in black) with their main allophones (in red) on a vowel chart]]

Carnian has six vowel phonemes. Length is not phonemic, but all stressed vowels in open syllables are long [Vː]. When unstressed, all vowels are somewhat reduced toward mid-central positions.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Standard Carnian'''
|-
!
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|colspan="2"|[[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]]
|-
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
|[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]
|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
|[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}

==== Close vowels ====

* /i/ is a near-close front vowel [i̞]. In all unstressed syllables and closed stressed syllables it is near-front [ɪ]. When preceded by /r/, it is retracted to [ɨ̞]

* /ʊ/ is described as a near-close central-near back vowel [ʊ̟]. In unstressed syllables it centralizes to [ɵ̝]

==== Mid vowels ====

* /ɛ/ is an open-mid front vowel [ɛ]. When preceded by /j/ it may be raised to mid [e̞]. In unstressed syllables, it is somewhat centralized [ɛ̈]

* /ɜ/ is an open-mid central vowel with considerable lip rounding [ɜ̜] and slightly advanced pronunciation. Alternatively, it may be described as retracted [œ̠]. Lip rounding is lost in unstressed syllables where it is central unrounded [ɜ]

* /ɔ/ is an open-mid back vowel [ɔ]. When preceded by /j/ it may be raised to mid [o̞]. In stressed closed syllables it is near-open [ɒ̝]. In unstressed syllables it is centralized [ɞ]

==== Open vowels ====

* /a/ is an open central vowel [ä]. In unstressed syllables, it is near-open [ɐ]

* Marginally phonemic /ɐ̃/ is a near-open central nasal vowel [ɐ̃]. Some speakers realize it as [ɐŋ] or raise it towards open-mid [ɜ̃]

==== Diphthongs ====

Carnian has a rich diphthong inventory. Falling diphthongs typically end in [ɪ̯] and [ʊ̯], while rising diphthongs begin with a glide /j/ or /w/. Many of them are not phonemic and can be reinterpreted as allophones of vowel + glide sequences.

One of the main characteristics of Carnian is a centering diphthong ''ea'' [ɛɐ̯], which typically becomes a monophthong in closed and unstressed syllables or when adjacent to a semivowel, with pronunciation ranging from [ɛ] to [æ], making it indistinguishable from /ɛ/ in most regions.

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Carnian
! colspan=2|
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]] / [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! [[w:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]]
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]]
|
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
|
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
|
| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| rowspan=2| [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[w: Tap and flap consonants|Flap]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]]
|
|
|
|}

* In the standard language, all obstruents are devoiced word-finally and before voiceless obstruents

* /n/ has an allophone [ŋ] before velar consonants. Many dialects also tend to realize /nj/ clusters as palatal [ɲ]

* Word-final stops are unreleased or elided entirely when part of a cluster (carnisc [kɐɾnɪ̌s])

* /b, d, g/ are spirantized to [β, ð, ɣ] or [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] in northern dialects. In a subgroup of those dialects which exhibit word-final devoicing, these are realized as [ɸ, θ, x]. Some Carinthian dialects with the spirantization /g/ > /ɣ/ also tend to realize /k/ as uvular [q]

* /h/ is a glottal fricative [h] word-initially and an approximant [ɦ̞] intervocalically

* /ʋ/ is a labiodental approximant with the fricative allophone [v] in certain contexts, such as when preceded by /ɾ/ or /l/. In coda and after most consonants, it is realized as [ʊ̯] or [w] and forms a diphthong

* /l/ is alveolar in most positions with a velarized allophone [ɫ] when in coda

* /ɾ/ is a flap, although some speakers may realize it slightly like an approximant. In coda, especially in urban dialects, it is often elided with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel. Dialectally it is an uvular approximant [ʁ̞] or trill [ʀ]

=== Foreign sounds ===

Loanwords containing sounds absent in Carnian phonology are usually approximated to their closest counterpart. Regarding vowels, it is most common for front rounded vowels ''ö'' and ''ü'' which are usually approximated to ''œ'' /ɜ/ and ''u'' /ʊ/, respectively. Among consonants, [dʒ͡] usually becomes [ʒ] (''giardin'' 'garden'), with some exceptions (''dgiem'' 'jam').

=== Prosody ===

Carnian has, with some exceptions, fixed stress on the penultimate syllable. Stressed vowels in open syllables are long [Vː], while in closed syllables they are short, and in some cases somewhat lax. Vowels in word-final stressed open syllables are shorter than in penultimate syllables and are most often described as half-long [Vˑ].

Unstressed vowels tend to be pronounced with a more mid-central quality.

Ultimate accent is an exception to the fixed pattern, although its occurrence is predictable:

* In words which lost their final vowel, such as all infinitives (''prosit'' [pɾɞsɪ̂t] 'to ask')
* In most predicative forms, by analogy with non-predicative (''prosien'' [pɾɞʃɛ̂n] vs. ''prosiena'' [pɾɞʃɛ̂ːnɐ] 'asked')
* In words which used to have word-final nasal vowel, in this case always marked in spelling (''jannè'' [jɐnnɛ̂ˑ] 'lamb')
* In loanwords which retained original accent (''tiramisù'' [tɪɾɐmɪsʊ̌ˑ])

In addition, Carnian has pitch accent, with two pitch contours: rising and falling. In non-final syllables, pitch contour is carried over to the following syllable in the opposite manner. For example, falling pitch on the penultimate stressed syllable is followed by a slight rise of intonation on the ultimate, unstressed syllable.

Not all dialects exhibit the same accentual patterns as Standard Carnian. Particularly northern dialects of Carinthia and Upper Carniola retain Old Carnian stem-initial stress. Small transitional dialects on the borderlands with Slovenia and Croatia tend to have a free and mobile accent.

=== Phonotactics ===

In contrast to the majority of Slavic languages, Carnian prohibits many consonant clusters. It permits up to three consonants in the syllable onset; however, in most words only two consonants are found. The most common allowed clusters begin with a sonorant or fricative, or consist of an obstruent followed by a sonorant.

In the coda, up to two consonants are allowed, although word-final stops preceded by another obstruent (i.e., a fricative) tend to be unreleased or omitted entirely (e.g., ''cost'' 'bone' is realized as [kɒ̂s] or [kɒ̂st̚]).

Word-internal fricatives beginning an onset cluster resyllabify to the coda of the preceding syllable. If the preceding syllable ends with a vowel, it becomes closed and thus the vowel is short: ''vezda'' 'star' becomes [ʋɛ̂z.dɐ] instead of [ʋɛ̂ː.zdɐ]. All medial geminates are syllabified as [C.C], with the first element becoming part of the coda of the preceding syllable.

== Morphology ==
{{Main|Carnian grammar}}

Carnian morphology closely resembles that of other Slavic languages while exhibiting several distinctive features that set it apart from its neighbors. The language maintains a rich inflectional system, though considerably simplified compared to Proto-Slavic.

=== Nominal System ===

Carnian nouns decline for '''four cases''' (nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative), having lost the instrumental, locative, and vocative cases found in neighboring South Slavic languages. Some conservative dialects preserve instrumental and dual number. Nouns are divided into three genders ('''masculine''', '''feminine''', and '''neuter''') and two numbers ('''singular''' and '''plural''').

The masculine declension distinguishes between '''animate''' and '''inanimate nouns''', affecting accusative case formation and nominative plural endings of velar-stem nouns. Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction in nouns, though these patterns have partially merged, similar to developments in neighboring languages.

A unique feature of Carnian among Slavic languages is the presence of both '''definite''' and '''indefinite articles''' in preposition, both of which are fully inflected for case, gender, and number (except the indefinite, which lacks plural forms). The definite article ''ten'' is used consistently, while the indefinite ''jen'' is often omitted in practice.

=== Adjectival System ===

Modern Carnian preserves only the '''definite adjectival declension'''. The most distinctive feature is the '''uninflected predicative form''', which evolved from the old indefinite masculine nominative singular but is now used for all genders, cases, and numbers. This predicative form serves as the base form of adjectives (similar to German) and usually carries ultimate accent, distinguishing it from the penultimate-stressed non-predicative forms.

Adjectives in attributive position precede nouns and agree in case, number, and gender. Comparison is primarily analytical, using the adverbs ''vent'' 'more' and ''nai'' 'most', though a few basic adjectives preserve irregular comparative forms (''bols'' 'better', ''gors'' 'worse', ''ventz'' 'bigger', ''miens'' 'smaller').

=== Verbal System ===

[[Carnian grammar#Verbs|Carnian verbs]] distinguish:

* Two numbers (singular, plural)
* Three persons
* Four tenses (present, past, pluperfect, future)
* Three moods (indicative, imperative, conditional)
* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)

The '''infinitive''' is short, ending only in -''t'' (the final vowel was lost after the establishment of penultimate accent), resulting in ultimate stress on all infinitives. Some dialects preserve the long infinitive in -''ti'' or show rhotacization to -''r'' / -''ri'' / -''re''.

'''Past tense''' is formed analytically using the auxiliary verb ''[[Contionary:bœt#Carnian|bœt]]'' 'to be' in the present tense plus the past participle (L-participle), continuing the Slavic perfect construction with the auxiliary in preposition rather than postposition. The '''future tense''' of perfective verbs is expressed through their present forms, while imperfective verbs form future analytically using the auxiliary stem ''ba''- plus the past participle.

Three verbs (''bœt'' 'to be', ''meat'' 'to have', ''teat'' 'to want') have special negative forms in the present indicative rather than simply adding the particle ''ne''.

Carnian maintains several participles: '''active''' (indicating ongoing action), '''passive''' (indicating state), '''past''' (used in analytical forms), and the rare '''ṡ-participle''' (corresponding to English "having + past participle"). All participles in predicative position receive ultimate accent.

=== Other Features ===

* '''Pronouns''' distinguish formal and informal second person (''vy'' vs. ''ty''), with the formal pronoun combining forms of ''ty'' with the consonant ''v''- from the plural
* The reflexive pronoun ''se'' is used with verbs
* '''Numerals''' decline by case, with 1-4 additionally declining by gender
* '''Adverbs''' are typically formed from adjectives with the suffix -''o''

== Classification ==

The status of Carnian has been subject to academic debate, with various disagreements about whether it should be classified as a West or South Slavic language. While it shares multiple innovations with South Slavic, it initially evolved with western features and lacks several defining characteristics of the southern group. A common solution to this problem was to call Carnian a transitional language; however, considering geographical factors and considerable agreement in grammar and vocabulary, the modern consensus is to classify Carnian as a South Slavic language with its own Alpine branch (distinct from the Western South Slavic branch).

'''Features shared with West Slavic''':

* Preserved Proto-Slavic ''kv''-, ''gv''- before old Slavic ''ě'' (''cuet'' 'flower' vs. Slovene ''cvet'')
* No epenthetic ''l'' (''zemia'' 'earth' vs. Slovene ''zemlja'')
* Preservation of ''tl'' and ''dl'' (leveled to a great extent in the modern language)
* North Slavic reflexes of oRT metathesis (''locket'' 'elbow' vs. Serbo-Croatian ''lakat'')
* -''me'' ending in the first person plural indicative, a feature shared with Czech and Slovak (''ċitame'' vs. Sl./SCr. ''čitamo'')
* Preservation of nasal vowels (shared with Lechitic)
* General preservation of i-y distinction
* Animacy-induced behavior of velar-stem masculine nouns in nominative plural
* e-like reflex of yer vocalization
* Vocalization of syllabic liquids (not shared with Czech-Slovak, shared with Slovene)
* Extension of the accusative form *''tъnъ'' to nominative in place of *''tъ'' (modern ''ten'' vs. Sl./SCr. ''ta'')
* Tendency towards fixed stress
* Diminutive and feminine counterparts of masculine nouns formed with the reflexes of *-''ьca'' / *-''ъka'' instead of *-''ica''. Such diminutive formation is also found in Slovene and Kajkavian
* Short infinitive in -''t''
* ''vi''- prefix instead of ''iz''- (also found in Kajkavian)
* Spirantization ''g'' > ''ɣ'' (dialectal feature, shared with Czech-Slovak and Sorbian)

'''Features shared with South Slavic''':

* Partial i-y merger
* Merger of Proto-Slavic *ś (resulting from the second and third palatalization) with *s
* -''ega'' suffix in genitive singular of the adjectival declension
* Pitch accent (shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian)
* ''u''- > ''vu''- (modern ''vue''- and ''vo''-), shared with Kajkavian
* Rhotacization *ž > ''r'', shared with Slovene, Kajkavian, and Chakavian
* *ď > ''j'' in some cases (shared with Slovene, Kajkavian, and Chakavian)
* No general palatalization before front vowels (shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian)
* Preservation of the Late Common Slavic long falling syllables (shared with Slovene and Serbo-Croatian)
* Generalization of the -''m'' suffix in the first person singular conjugation
* Mergers between soft and hard declensions
* ''kei'' 'what' pronoun, shared with Slovene and Kajkavian, locally also ''che'' / ''cha'' (shared with Chakavian)
* Residual preservation of the indefinite adjectival declension (modern predicative adjectives)
* Approximant character of v with the tendency for vocalization
* Usual vocalization of yers in word-initial syllables
* Loss of vocative (shared with Slovene and Kajkavian); Carnian additionally lost instrumental and locative
* Presence of a mid-central vowel phoneme
* Ł-L merger (also shared with Czech-Slovak)
* Transformation *iь > ''i''
* Common vocabulary

== Dialects ==
{{Main|Carnian dialects}}
[[File:Dialects of Carnian.png|thumb|right|Map of Carnian dialect groups]]

Carnian exhibits considerable dialectal diversity shaped by geography, historical settlement patterns, and language contact. The language is traditionally divided into five major dialect groups: '''Carinthian''' (''corinsc''), '''Upper''' (''gorn''), '''Lower''' (''doln''), '''Central''' (''centraln''), and '''Kvarner''' (''cuarn'').

The '''Carinthian''' dialect, spoken in Carnian Carinthia and parts of Upper Carniola, represents the most conservative variety and was historically the prestige dialect of the medieval nobility and clergy. It preserves stem-initial stress, maintains the L-Ł distinction, and exhibits lenition of voiced stops (/b, d, g/ > /β, ð, ɣ/). Strong German influence is evident in both phonology and lexicon due to centuries of Carnian-German bilingualism in the region.

The '''Upper''' dialect of Upper Carniola and Lubiana forms a transitional zone between Carinthian and Central varieties, generally featuring penultimate stress while retaining some conservative features (such as the L-Ł distinction in northern areas) and having own innovations (such as unrounded open ''o'' and uvular ''r'').

The '''Lower''' dialect is the most divergent from the standard, having developed as a transitional variety between Carnian and Slovene. It is characterized by weak syncope, reflexes of liquid metathesis that align with South Slavic patterns, and early denasalization. This dialect retains free accent in eastern areas and preserves some archaic dual and locative expressions.

The '''Central''' dialect, spoken in the Obale-Cars and most of Inner Carniola, is the largest and most diverse dialect group. Peripheral during the Middle Ages, it rose to prominence in Early Modern times and became the basis for Standard Carnian. Coastal regions show significant Romance (Venetian and Friulian) influence, while mountainous eastern areas preserve conservative features. The '''Gorso-Tresten''' subdialect of the northern Obale-Cars exhibits particularly strong Romance substrate effects, including retention of a synthetic imperfect tense and merger of neuter with masculine gender.

The '''Kvarner''' dialect of Istra and Libursca represents a newer mixed variety that emerged following Carnian territorial expansion southward in the Early Modern period. It evolved from a blend of traditional dialects (primarily Central) with significant Chakavian and local Romance influences, featuring weak vowel reduction, varying degrees of free accent, and widespread ''tzacavizm'' (merger of palatal consonants with dental affricates).

Beyond geographic variation, Carnian has developed a distinct prestige sociolect called '''Fyn''' (lit. "refined"), spoken in the metropolitan areas of Lubiana, Trest, and Reaca. Emerging among 19th-century administrative and commercial elites, Fyn is characterized by r-vocalization in coda position, merger of ''e'' and ''ea'', obligatory article use, and aspectual simplification. While originally an upper-class marker, it has become the natural speech of working-class residents in all three major cities and serves as the de facto standard pronunciation there.

== Orthography ==

=== History of orthography ===

The earliest known records to be written in Carnian are Freising Manuscripts from the 10th century. They have been invaluable for the research of Carnian and Slavic language history. Later centuries brought more texts; all were, however, written in primitive orthography based primarily on German and Latin. The spelling conventions varied between writers and were ambiguous, especially for sounds absent in German or Latin systems. Following settlement along the Adriatic coast, the situation became more chaotic with new Italian-influenced spellings emerging.

In Early Modern times, two competing spelling systems existed: '''Carinthian''' or '''traditional''', used in Carinthia and Upper Carniola, and '''coastal''', used in the Littoral, Inner Carniola, Istria, and Libursca. The first one continued German-based spelling, such as the use of ⟨sch⟩ for /ʃ/, ⟨tsch⟩ for /ʧ/, ⟨ch⟩ for /ç/, or ⟨k⟩ for /k/. The second applied Italian orthographic principles, including ⟨sci⟩ for /ʃ/, ⟨ci⟩ for /ʧ/, or ⟨c⟩/⟨ch⟩ for /k/. However, none of them reflected Carnian phonology in an accurate and clear manner. Following the 16th century, there were several attempts to unify Carnian spelling or present a new approach (such as ⟨sh⟩ for /ʃ/, similarly to neighboring South Slavic languages at that time), although they never became popular and were blocked primarily by the coastal writers.

Eventually a new convention was developed in the 17th century which sought to compromise the two existing systems. It was met with approval and became the ground for modern orthography. It included the following rules:

* ⟨c⟩ used for /k/ unless preceded by a front vowel, when the German ⟨ck⟩ was used (instead of Italian ⟨ch⟩). Word-initially and in German loanwords only ⟨k⟩ was used. The choice of ⟨c⟩ was motivated by morphological alternations caused by Proto-Slavic palatalization and stubborn positions of coastal writers
* /s/ was generally expressed by ⟨s⟩, although etymological ⟨c⟩ before front vowels was kept and reinforced
* ⟨ch⟩ was used for /ç/. Following the merger /ç/ > /ʃ/ in most dialects, ⟨ch⟩ began to be used also for /ʃ/ from deaffricated /t͡ʃ/ and in French loanwords
* ⟨h⟩ was used for /h/. Since /h/ exists in medial positions, ⟨h⟩ never represents a silent letter in standard orthography
* ⟨ci⟩, ⟨gi⟩, and ⟨si⟩ were introduced for /ʧ/, /ʒ/, and /ʃ/, respectively. Since it was ambiguous in certain positions (e.g., word-finally, before a consonant, or before ⟨i⟩), new letters ⟨ċ⟩, ⟨ġ⟩, and ⟨ṡ⟩ emerged by removing ⟨i⟩ and moving the dot over the preceding consonant
* ⟨œ⟩ for /ɜ/ was maintained
* ⟨y⟩ was reinforced for the special /ɛɪ̯/ phoneme, given its various pronunciations between regions (formerly ⟨ij⟩ was also used)
* ⟨tz⟩ used for /ts/ (given the origins of this phoneme)

The rise of the Illyrian movement in the 19th century gave rise to another spelling convention based on Gaj's Latin alphabet. It included the use of ⟨č⟩, ⟨š⟩, and ⟨ž⟩ for postalveolar consonants, replacement of ⟨ea⟩ with ⟨ě⟩, ⟨tz⟩ with ⟨c⟩, and ⟨œ⟩ with ⟨ë⟩. While it received considerable popularity in the 19th century, it never became official and became officially rejected following tensions with Yugoslavia in the 20th century. As of today, it is used by a few minor pan-Slavic organizations.

=== Spelling principles ===

Modern Carnian orthography follows primarily phonemic principles, with each phoneme represented by a distinct letter or digraph. The system attempts to balance historical etymology with phonetic transparency.

'''Key principles''':

* Morphophonemic spelling: Alternations caused by historical sound changes are preserved in spelling to maintain morphological transparency (e.g., ''bœc'' 'bull' vs. ''bœci'' 'bulls', where /k/ > /s/ is preserved orthographically as ⟨c⟩)
* Diacritics for disambiguation: The grave accent ⟨à, è⟩ marks unpredictable stress patterns and distinguishes minimal pairs (although the latter is in practice limited to didactic texts). It is also often used for hiatus marking to resolve potential ambiguities. The circumflex is used over ⟨â⟩ to mark nasality in the emphatic suffix -â. These letters are not part of the alphabet; instead they are considered variants of the base letters.
* Gemination: Double consonants represent true geminates, not just orthographic conventions
* ⟨ea⟩ is used to represent etymological /ɛɐ̯/ even when it becomes indistinguishable from /ɛ/ (in closed and unstressed syllables), as long as it alternates with the full [ɛɐ̯] (cf. Nom. ''sneag'' [snɛ̂k], Gen. ''sneaga'' [snɛ̂ɐ̯gɐ] 'snow'). In words with no alternation, ⟨e⟩ is used (e.g., ''venno'' 'always')

==== Spelling to sound correspondence ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=2| Spelling
!Pronunciation
!Examples
|-
!rowspan=2| a
! {{small|stressed}}
| [ä]
| ''[[Contionary:pant#Carnian|p'''a'''nt]]'' 'road'
|-
! {{small|unstressed}}
| [ɐ]
| ''nell'''a''''' 'Sunday'
|-
!colspan=2| â
| [ɐ̃]
| ''dup'''â''''' 'dammit'
|-
!colspan=2| b
| [b]
| ''[[Contionary:balto#Carnian|'''b'''alto]]'' 'mud'
|-
!rowspan=2| c
! {{small|usually}}
| [k]
| '''''c'''arva'' 'cow'
|-
! {{small|before e, i, y}}
| [s]
| ''bœ'''c'''i'' 'bulls'
|-
!colspan=2| ch
| [ʃ]
| ''[[Contionary:chett#Carnian|'''ch'''ett]]'' 'whisper'
|-
!colspan=2| ck
| [k]
| ''ma'''ck'''i'' 'poppies'
|-
!colspan=2| ċ, ci
| [t͡ʃ]
| ''[[Contionary:ċitat#Carnian|'''ċ'''itat]]'' 'to read' '''''ci'''arn'' 'black'
|-
!colspan=2| d
| [d]
| ''[[Contionary:de#Carnian|'''d'''e]]'' 'where'
|-
!rowspan=2| e
! {{small|stressed}}
| [ɛ]
| ''bi'''e'''sla'' 'bee'
|-
! {{small|unstressed}}
| [ɛ̈]
| ''bob'''e'''r'' 'beaver'
|-
!rowspan=2| ea
! {{small|stressed open syllables}}
| [ɛɐ̯]
| ''l'''ea'''to'' 'summer'
|-
! {{small|unstressed / closed syllables}}
| [ɛ]
| ''[[Contionary:reaca#Carnian|r'''ea'''cà]]'' 'river' (Acc)
|-
!colspan=2| f
| [f]
| ''[[Contionary:fala#Carnian|'''f'''ala]]'' 'thank you'
|-
!colspan=2| g
| [g]
| ''[[Contionary:guessier#Carnian|'''g'''uessier]]'' 'lizard'
|-
!colspan=2| ġ, gi
| [ʒ]
| ''je'''ġ''''' 'hedgehog'
|-
!colspan=2| h
| [h]
| ''[[Contionary:hœsa#Carnian|'''h'''œsa]]'' 'house'
|-
!rowspan=3| i
! {{small|stressed open syllables}}
| [i̞]
| ''l'''i'''pa'' 'linden'
|-
! {{small|unstressed / closed syllables / after /ɾ/}}
| [ɪ]
| ''cuep'''i'''t'' 'to buy'
|-
! {{small|in a diphthong}}
| [ɪ̯ ~ j]
| ''[[Contionary:noit#Carnian|no'''i'''t]]'' 'night'
|-
!colspan=2| j
| [j]
| ''[[Contionary:jon#Carnian|'''j'''on]]'' 'young'
|-
!colspan=2| k
| [k]
| ''[[Contionary:kei#Carnian|'''k'''ei]]'' 'what'
|-
!rowspan=2| l
! {{small|usually}}
| [l]
| ''[[Contionary:laba#Carnian|'''l'''aba]]'' 'weekend'
|-
! {{small|in coda}}
| [ɫ]
| ''sto'''l''''' 'table'
|-
!colspan=2| m
| [m]
| ''[[Contionary:medio#Carnian|'''m'''edio]]'' 'between'
|-
!colspan=2| n
| [n]
| ''[[Contionary:nœn#Carnian|'''n'''œ'''n''']]'' 'now'
|-
!rowspan=3| o
! {{small|stressed open syllables}}
| [ɔ]
| ''g'''o'''ra'' 'mountain'
|-
! {{small|stressed closed syllables}}
| [ɒ̝]
| ''[[Contionary:cot#Carnian|c'''o'''t]]'' 'cat'
|-
! {{small|unstressed}}
| [ɞ]
| ''[[Contionary:melco#Carnian|melc'''o''']]'' 'milk'
|-
!colspan=2| p
| [p]
| ''[[Contionary:campa#Carnian|cam'''p'''a]]'' 'island'
|-
!colspan=2| r
| [ɾ]
| '''''r'''œid'' 'ginger' (color)
|-
!colspan=2| s
| [s]
| ''[[Contionary:syn#Carnian|'''s'''yn]]'' 'grey-blue'
|-
!colspan=2| ṡ, si
| [ʃ]
| '''''si'''ur'' 'rat' '''''ṡ'''it'' 'to sew'
|-
!colspan=2| t
| [t]
| ''[[Contionary:tis#Carnian|'''t'''is]]'' 'quiet'
|-
!rowspan=2| tz
! {{small|usually}}
| [t͡s]
| ''[[Contionary:teat#Carnian|'''tz'''em]]'' 'I want'
|-
! {{small|between vowels}}
| [t͡sː]
| ''[[Contionary:notzoi#Carnian|no'''tz'''oi]]'' 'tonight'
|-
!rowspan=2| u
! {{small|usually}}
| [ʊ̟]
| ''l'''u'''na'' 'moon'
|-
! {{small|in a diphthong}}
| [ʊ̯ ~ w]
| ''[[Contionary:vuela#Carnian|v'''u'''ela]]'' 'street'
|-
!colspan=2| v
| [ʋ]
| ''[[Contionary:vermè#Carnian|'''v'''ermè]]'' 'weather'
|-
!colspan=2| y
| [ɛɪ̯]
| ''[[Contionary:ty#Carnian|t'''y''']]'' 'you'
|-
!colspan=2| z
| [z]
| ''[[Contionary:zora#Carnian|'''z'''ora]]'' 'dawn'
|}

== Vocabulary ==

=== Dictionary ===
: [[:Category:Carnian lemmas|Carnian language in Contionary]]

=== Sample texts ===

==== The Ugly Duckling ====

The sample text below is a passage from 'The Ugly Duckling' by Hans Christian Andersen.

'''Orthographic version'''

: '''[[Contionary:gerd#Carnian|Gerde]] [[Contionary:antè#Carnian|antè]]'''

: T'ant ga je polendau. “To je jeno strasno velcke antè”, je rec. “Nie malo podonn drugim. Li res je jeno puranè? No, scoro savem. Ba sied ve vodà, taco li ga bam morau sama tisnant”.

'''Phonetic transcription'''

: [tǎnt gɐ jɛ pɞlɛndâʊ̯ | tɞ jɛ jɛ̂ːnɞ strâsnɞ ʋɛ̌lkɛ ɐntɛ̂ˑ jɛ rɛ̌k | njɛ mâːlɞ pɞdɒ̌n dɾʊ̟̂ːgɪm | lɪ ɾɛ̌s jɛ jɛ̂ːnɞ pɵ̞ɾɐnɛ̌ˑ | nɞ skɔ̌ːɾɞ sâːʋɛm | bɐ ʃɛ̌t ʋɛ ʋɞdǎˑ tǎːkɞ lɪ gɐ bɐm mɞɾǎʊ̯ sâːmɐ tɪsnânt]

'''Phonemic transcription'''

: /tǎnt ga jɛ pɔlɛndâʊ̯ | tɔ jɛ jɛ̂nɔ strâsnɔ ʋɛ̌lkɛ antɛ̂ jɛ rɛ̌k | njɛ mâlɔ pɔdɔ̌n dɾʊ̂gim | li ɾɛ̌s jɛ jɛ̂nɔ pʊɾanɛ̌ | nɔ skɔ̌ɾɔ sâʋɛm | ba ʃɛ̌t ʋɛ ʋɔdǎ tǎkɔ li ga bam mɔɾǎʊ̯ sâma tisnânt/

'''English translation'''
: The duck took a look at him. "That's a frightfully big duckling," she said. "He doesn't look the least like the others. Can he really be a turkey baby? Well, well! I'll soon find out. Into the water he shall go, even if I have to shove him in myself."

=== Comparison to the other Slavic languages ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! English
! Carnian
! Slovene
! Serbo-Croatian
! Bulgarian
! Czech
! Slovak
! Polish
! Belarusian
! Ukrainian
|-
| hello
| ''[[Contionary:brega#Carnian|brega]]''
| ''živjo''
| ''zdravo''
| здравейте (''zdravejte'')
| ''ahoj''
| ''ahoj''
| ''cześć''
| здароў (''zdarow'')
| привіт (''pryvit'')
|-
| Welcome
| ''Dobrosli''
| ''Dobrodošli''
| ''Dobrodošli''
| добре дошли (''dobre došli'')
| ''Vítejte''
| ''Vitajte''
| ''Witajcie''
| Вітаю (''vitaju'')
| Вітаю (''vitaju'')
|-
| Thank you
| ''[[Contionary:fala#Carnian|Fala]]''
| ''Hvala''
| ''Hvala''
| благодаря (''blagodarja'')
| ''Děkuji''
| ''Ďakujem''
| ''Dziękuję''
| Дзякуй (''dziakuj'')
| Дякую (''diakuju'')
|-
| How are you?
| ''Cao je?''
| ''Kako si?''
| ''Kako si?''
| Как си? (''Kak si?'')
| ''Jak se máš?''
| ''Ako sa máš?''
| ''Jak się masz?''
| Як справы? (''jak spravy?'')
| Як справи? (''jak spravy?'')
|-
| What are you doing?
| ''Kei deajeṡ?''
| ''Kaj storiš?''
| ''Što radiš?''
| Какво правиш? (''Kakvo pravish?'')
| ''Co děláš?''
| ''Čo robíš?''
| ''Co robisz?''
| Што ты робіш? (''Shto ty robish?'')
| Що ти робиш? (''Shcho ty robysh?'')
|-
| to buy
| ''cuepat''
| ''kupovati''
| ''kupovati''
| купува (''kupuva'')
| ''kupovat''
| ''kupovať''
| ''kupować''
| купляць (''kuplać'')
| купувати (''kupuvaty'')
|-
| morning
| ''jotro''
| ''jutro''
| ''jutro''
| утро (''utro'')
| ''ráno / jitro''
| ''ráno''
| ''rano / ranek''
| рана / ранак (''rana / ranak'')
| рано / ранок (''rano / ranok'')
|-
| dream
| ''sen''
| ''sen''
| ''san''
| сън (''sǎn'')
| ''sen''
| ''sen''
| ''sen''
| сон (''son'')
| сон (''son'')
|-
| day
| ''[[Contionary:dien#Carnian|dien]]''
| ''dan''
| ''dan''
| ден (''den'')
| ''den''
| ''deň''
| ''dzień''
| дзень (''dzień'')
| день (''den' '')
|-
| night
| ''[[Contionary:noit#Carnian|noit]]''
| ''noč''
| ''noć''
| нощ (''nosht'')
| ''noc''
| ''noc''
| ''noc''
| ноч (''noč'')
| нiч (''nich'')
|-
| flower
| ''cuet''
| ''cvet''
| ''cvijet''
| цвят (''tsvyat'')
| ''květ''
| ''kvet''
| ''kwiat''
| кветка (''kvietka'')
| квітка (''kvitka'')
|-
| arm
| ''ranca''
| ''roka''
| ''ruka''
| ръка (''rǎka'')
| ''ruka''
| ''ruka''
| ''ręka''
| рука (''ruka'')
| рука (''ruka'')
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Carnian]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]

Contionary:-â

2026-02-07T19:38:59Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === From the old Trestine emphatic interjection ''ha'', placed immediately after emotionally loaded or focal words. The modern form arose through rhinoglottophilia followed by loss of /h/. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ɐ̃]}} === Suffix === {{head|carn|suffix}} # {{label|carn|informal|nocat=1}} Forms emphatic variants of interjections and pronouns. #: {{sux|carn|n..."

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
From the old [[w:Trieste|Trestine]] emphatic interjection ''ha'', placed immediately after emotionally loaded or focal words. The modern form arose through [[w:Rhinoglottophilia|rhinoglottophilia]] followed by loss of /h/.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɐ̃]}}

=== Suffix ===
{{head|carn|suffix}}

# {{label|carn|informal|nocat=1}} Forms emphatic variants of interjections and pronouns.
#: {{sux|carn|ne|t1=no|nâ|t2=nah, hell no}}
#: {{sux|carn|dupè|t1=ass|dupâ|t2=dammit}}
#: {{sux|carn|ou|t1=that|ovâ|t2=that one}}
#: {{sux|carn|ves|t1=everything|vesâ|t2=absolutely everything}}

=== Usage notes ===
* The suffix is particularly productive in [[Carnian dialects#Fyn|Fyn]] and [[Carnian dialects#Gorso-Tresten|Gorso-Tresten]], though several formations entered standard speech across [[Carnia]]. Its usage increased in 20th-century urban speech and mass media.
* The suffix obligatorily bears primary stress and attracts stress from the base word.

Contionary:antro

2026-02-04T16:07:07Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*ǫtro}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ântɾɞ]}} === Noun === {{head|carn|noun|g=n}} # inside ==== Declension ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural |- ! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" |..."

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*ǫtro}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ântɾɞ]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=n}}

# [[wikt:inside#English|inside]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| antro
| antra
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| antro
| antra
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| antra
| anter
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| antro
| antrom
|}

==== Derived terms ====
{{col|carn
|antre<t:inside>
}}

Contionary:zeuno

2026-02-04T16:03:56Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Back-formation from {{l|carn|zeune}} on analogy with {{l|carn|antro||inside}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[zɛ̌ʊ̯nɞ]}} === Noun === {{head|carn|noun|g=n}} # outside ==== Declension ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural..."

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
Back-formation from {{l|carn|zeune}} on analogy with {{l|carn|antro||inside}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[zɛ̌ʊ̯nɞ]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=n}}

# [[wikt:outside#English|outside]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| zeuno
| zeuna
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| zeuno
| zeuna
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| zeuna
| zeun
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| zeuno
| zeunom
|}

Contionary:zeune

2026-02-04T15:59:26Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Carnian ''ziu̯ne'', from earlier ''zi vnä'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*jьz}} ''vъně''. Compare {{mn|sh|izvan#Serbo-Croatian}} and {{mn|sh|vani#Serbo-Croatian}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[zɛ̌ʊ̯nɛ]}} === Adverb === {{head|carn|adverb}} # outside #: {{ant|carn|antre}..."

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''ziu̯ne'', from earlier ''zi vnä'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*jьz}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vъnъ|vъně]]''. Compare {{mn|sh|izvan#Serbo-Croatian}} and {{mn|sh|vani#Serbo-Croatian}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[zɛ̌ʊ̯nɛ]}}

=== Adverb ===
{{head|carn|adverb}}

# [[wikt:outside#English|outside]]
#: {{ant|carn|antre}}

=== Preposition ===
{{head|carn|preposition}}

# {{label|carn|with genitive}} [[wikt:outside#English|outside]]
#: {{ant|carn|antre}}
#: {{ux|carn|'''zeune''' te hœse|'''outside''' the house|inline=yes}}

=== Related terms ===
{{col|carn
|zeuno<t:outside><g:n>
}}

Contionary:antre

2026-02-04T15:42:29Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*ǫtrě}}, fossilized locative of {{mn|sla-pro|*ǫtro}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ântɾɛ]}} * (''Carinthian'') IPA: {{IPA|[ã̂tɾɛ]}} === Adverb === {{head|carn|adverb}} # inside #: {{ant|carn|zeune}} === Preposition === {{head|carn|preposition}} # {{label|carn|with genitive}} wi..."

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*ǫtrě}}, fossilized locative of {{mn|sla-pro|*ǫtro}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ântɾɛ]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ã̂tɾɛ]}}

=== Adverb ===
{{head|carn|adverb}}

# [[wikt:inside#English|inside]]
#: {{ant|carn|zeune}}

=== Preposition ===
{{head|carn|preposition}}

# {{label|carn|with genitive}} [[wikt:inside#English|inside]]
#: {{ant|carn|zeune}}

=== Related terms ===
{{col|carn
|antro<t:inside><g:n>
}}

Category:Carnian intransitive verbs

2026-02-03T22:50:55Z

Larsqui: Created page with "Category:Carnian Category:Carnian lemmas Category:Carnian verbs"

[[Category:Carnian]]
[[Category:Carnian lemmas]]
[[Category:Carnian verbs]]

Contionary:cuevat

2026-02-03T22:49:37Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative forms === * cuevati (''Lower, Kvarner'') * cuevar, cuevare (''Southwestern Central''), (''Kvarner'') === Etymology === Inherited from Old Carnian ''cuhati'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*kuxati}}. Compare {{mn|sl|kuhati#Slovene}}, {{mn|sh|kuhati#Serbo-Croatian}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Stand..."

== Carnian ==

=== Alternative forms ===
* cuevati (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* cuevar, cuevare (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''cuhati'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*kuxati}}. Compare {{mn|sl|kuhati#Slovene}}, {{mn|sh|kuhati#Serbo-Croatian}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[kwɛʋât]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[kwɛ̌ːʋɐm]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb|g=impf|perfective|nacuevat}}

# {{label|carn|ambitransitive}} to [[wikt:cook#English|cook]]

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| cuevat
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| cuevau
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| cuevajant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| cuevan
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| cuevanie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| cuevam
| cuevaṡ
| cueva
| cuevame
| cuevate
| cuevajan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem cuevau
| jes cuevau
| je cuevau
| jesme cuevau
| jeste cuevau
| san cuevau
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam cuevau
| baṡ cuevau
| ba cuevau
| bame cuevau
| baste cuevau
| badan cuevau
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| cuevai
| ''(hai cueva)''
| cuevaime
| cuevaite
| ''(hai cuevajan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim cuevau
| biṡ cuevau
| bi cuevau
| bime cuevau
| biste cuevau
| bi cuevau
|-
|}

==== Related terms ====
{{col|carn
|cuevar<g:m-an><t:cook>
}}

Category:Carnian terms derived from Old High German

2026-02-03T22:40:44Z

Larsqui: Created page with "Category:Carnian Category:Carnian lemmas"

[[Category:Carnian]]
[[Category:Carnian lemmas]]

Contionary:cuena

2026-02-03T15:12:08Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology 1 === From Old Carnian ''cuh(i)na'', a borrowing from {{der|carn|goh|chuhhina}}, ultimately from {{mn|la|coquo||to cook}}. Cognate with {{mn|en|kitchen}}. Compare {{mn|sl|kuhinja#Slovene}}, {{mn|sh|kuhinja#Serbo-Croatian}}. ==== Pronunciation ==== * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[kwɛ̌ːnɐ]}} ==== Noun ==== {{head|carn|noun|g=f}} # kitchen # wikt:cuisine#English..."

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology 1 ===
From [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''cuh(i)na'', a borrowing from {{der|carn|goh|chuhhina}}, ultimately from {{mn|la|coquo||to cook}}. Cognate with {{mn|en|kitchen}}. Compare {{mn|sl|kuhinja#Slovene}}, {{mn|sh|kuhinja#Serbo-Croatian}}.

==== Pronunciation ====
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[kwɛ̌ːnɐ]}}

==== Noun ====
{{head|carn|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:kitchen#English|kitchen]]
# [[wikt:cuisine#English|cuisine]]

===== Declension =====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| cuena
| cueni
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| cuenà
| cueni
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| cuene
| cuen
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| cueni
| cuenam
|}

=== Etymology 2 ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''cuna'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*kuna}}. Compare {{mn|sl|kuna#Slovene}}, {{mn|sh|kuna#Serbo-Croatian}}.

==== Pronunciation ====
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[kwɛ̂ːnɐ]}}

==== Noun ====
{{head|carn|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:marten#English|marten]]

===== Declension =====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| cuena
| cueni
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| cuenà
| cueni
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| cuene
| cuen
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| cueni
| cuenam
|}

Contionary:kei

2026-02-02T20:55:00Z

Larsqui: /* Carnian */

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*kъjь}}. Cognates include {{mn|sl|kaj#Slovene}} and [[w:Kajkavian|Kajkavian]] {{mn|sh|kaj#Serbo-Croatian}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[kɛ̌ɪ̯]}}

=== Pronoun ===
{{head|carn|pronoun}}

# {{label|carn|interrogative}} [[wikt:what#English|what]]
#: {{syn|carn|che}} {{label|carn|[[Carnian dialects#Central|Central]]|[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]}}
# {{label|carn|relative}} [[wikt:what#English|what]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| kei
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| kei
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| ciesa
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| ciemo
|}

==Siwa==
===Pronunciation===
{{siwa-IPA|rs=1}}
===Noun===
{{siwa-n|i|m=keįe}}
# lynx, especially the [[w:Canada lynx|Canada lynx]] (''[[wikispecies:Lynx canadensis|Lynx canadensis]]'')
#: {{syn|siwa|piṡvi}}
# {{lb|siwa|idiomatic}} stealthy, elusive person
====Inflection====
{{siwa-noun|i|ei}}

Contionary:co

2026-02-02T20:51:43Z

Larsqui:

==Avendonian==
===Pronunciation===
{{av-IPA|ko}}
===Etymology===
{{av-lat|cum|cum}}
===Preposition===
'''co'''
# with
{{av-cat||prepositions}}

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''cto'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*kъto}}. Compare {{mn|sl|kdo#Slovene}}, {{mn|sh|ko#Serbo-Croatian}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[kɔ̂ː]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[kô̞ː]}}

=== Pronoun ===
{{head|carn|pronoun}}

# {{label|carn|interrogative}} [[wikt:who#English|who]]
#: {{ux|carn|'''Co''' je to rec?|'''Who''' said that?|inline=yes}}
# {{label|carn|relative}} [[wikt:who#English|who]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| co
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| coga
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| coga
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| como
|}

==== Related terms ====
{{col|carn
|etto<t:someone>
|nico<t:no one>
}}

==Soc'ul'==
{{wacag|person}}
===Etymology===
{{qsc-inh|kʷə|que-que<c:que->}} {{cog|qsc|xodc|hác}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA all|qsc|[kʷo̞˥]}}

===Noun===
{{qsc-n|2|cou}}

# person
#: {{ux|qsc|Hanuc' bahutn xem'en tabdi, xen bahutn toc tabdi, āhñ'in' naman '''co''' je.|You can tell it's a pirapitinga not a red-bellied piranha because it has '''human''' teeth.}}

===Adjective===
{{head|qsc|adjective}}

# normal, usual
#: {{ux|qsc||}}

===Synonyms===
{{sense|normal, usual}}
{{col-auto|qsc|xad}}

===Derived terms===
{{col-auto|qsc|cñ'uco|mauc'co|muzr'u co|nihxco|coaj}}

===Descendants===
*{{desc|loxw|kwo}}

Contionary:eus

2026-02-02T20:39:07Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Univerbation of {{l|carn|e-}} (emphatic particle) + {{l|carn|ves||all}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ɛ̌ʊ̯s]}} === Adverb === {{head|carn|adverb}} # somewhat, quite, rather #: {{ux|carn|To vermè je '''eus''' gonn.|The weather is '''quite''' nice.|inline=yes}}"

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
Univerbation of {{l|carn|e-}} (emphatic particle) + {{l|carn|ves||all}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɛ̌ʊ̯s]}}

=== Adverb ===
{{head|carn|adverb}}

# [[wikt:somewhat#English|somewhat]], [[wikt:quite#English|quite]], [[wikt:rather#English|rather]]
#: {{ux|carn|To vermè je '''eus''' gonn.|The weather is '''quite''' nice.|inline=yes}}

Category:Carnian postpositions

2026-02-02T20:27:28Z

Larsqui: Created page with "Category:Carnian Category:Carnian lemmas"

[[Category:Carnian]]
[[Category:Carnian lemmas]]

Contionary:dave

2026-02-02T20:25:36Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*davě}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[dǎːʋɛ]}} * (''Carinthian'') IPA: {{IPA|[ðǎːʋɛ]}} === Postposition === {{head|carn|postposition}} # ago #: {{ux|carn|stœri jari '''dave'''|four years '''ago'''|inline=yes}}"

== Carnian ==
=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*davě}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[dǎːʋɛ]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ðǎːʋɛ]}}

=== Postposition ===
{{head|carn|postposition}}

# [[wikt:ago#English|ago]]
#: {{ux|carn|stœri jari '''dave'''|four years '''ago'''|inline=yes}}

Contionary:dalle

2026-02-02T20:04:49Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Borrowed from {{der|carn|sh|dakle}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[dâlːɛ]}} === Conjunction === {{head|carn|conjunction}} # so, thus, therefore #: {{syn|carn|etan}}"

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
Borrowed from {{der|carn|sh|dakle}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[dâlːɛ]}}

=== Conjunction ===
{{head|carn|conjunction}}

# [[wikt:so#English|so]], [[wikt:thus#English|thus]], [[wikt:therefore#English|therefore]]
#: {{syn|carn|etan}}

Contionary:etan

2026-02-02T20:02:10Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Clipping of earlier ''etanda'', from {{l|carn|e-}} (emphatic particle) + {{l|carn|tanda||there, thither}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ɛ̌ːtɐn]}} * (''Carinthian'') IPA: {{IPA|[ɛ̌ːtã]}} === Conjunction === {{head|carn|conjunction}} # so, thus, therefore #: {{syn|carn|dalle}}"

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
Clipping of earlier ''etanda'', from {{l|carn|e-}} (emphatic particle) + {{l|carn|tanda||there, thither}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɛ̌ːtɐn]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɛ̌ːtã]}}

=== Conjunction ===
{{head|carn|conjunction}}

# [[wikt:so#English|so]], [[wikt:thus#English|thus]], [[wikt:therefore#English|therefore]]
#: {{syn|carn|dalle}}

Contionary:etto

2026-02-02T18:22:23Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative forms === * eto (''Lower, Kvarner'') === Etymology === Inherited from Old Carnian ''ecto'', from {{l|carn|e-}} (emphatic particle) + {{l|carn|co||who}} (earlier ''cto''). === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ɛ̌tːɞ]}} === Pronoun === {{head|carn|pronoun}} # someone, wikt:somebody#Englis..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative forms ===
* eto (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''ecto'', from {{l|carn|e-}} (emphatic particle) + {{l|carn|co||who}} (earlier ''cto'').

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ɛ̌tːɞ]}}

=== Pronoun ===
{{head|carn|pronoun}}

# [[wikt:someone#English|someone]], [[wikt:somebody#English|somebody]]
#: {{ux|carn|More '''etto''' vent sanda?|Can '''someone''' come here?|inline=yes}}

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| etto
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| ettoga
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| ettoga
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| ettomo
|}

==== Related terms ====
{{col|carn
|eche<t:something>
}}

Contionary:felit

2026-02-01T13:42:30Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative forms === * feliti (''Lower, Kvarner'') * felir, felire (''Southwestern Central''), (''Kvarner'') === Etymology === Inherited from Late Old Carnian ''hueliti'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*xuliti}}. Compare {{mn|sh|huliti#Serbo-Croatian||to blaspheme}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') ..."

== Carnian ==

=== Alternative forms ===
* feliti (''[[Carnian dialects#Lower|Lower]], [[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')
* felir, felire (''[[Carnian dialects#Central|Southwestern Central]]''), (''[[Carnian dialects#Kvarner|Kvarner]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Late Old Carnian]] ''hueliti'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*xuliti}}. Compare {{mn|sh|huliti#Serbo-Croatian||to blaspheme}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[fɛlɪ̂t]}}
** (''1sg present indicative'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[fɛ̌ːlɪm]}}

=== Verb ===
{{head|carn|verb|g=impf|perfective|ofelit}}

# {{label|carn|transitive}} to [[wikt:offend#English|offend]]

==== Conjugation ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| felit
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| feleu
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| felijant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| felijen
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| felijenie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| felim
| feliṡ
| feli
| felime
| felite
| felijan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem feleu
| jes feleu
| je feleu
| jesme feleu
| jeste feleu
| san feleu
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam feleu
| baṡ feleu
| ba feleu
| bame feleu
| baste feleu
| badan feleu
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| feli
| ''(hai feli)''
| felime
| felite
| ''(hai felijan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim feleu
| biṡ feleu
| bi feleu
| bime feleu
| biste feleu
| bi feleu
|-
|}

==== Related terms ====
{{col|carn
|fela<g:f><t:offence>
}}

Contionary:hant

2026-02-01T13:19:21Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative form === * hante (''Gorso-Tresten'') === Etymology === Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*xǫtь}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[hânt]}} === Noun === {{head|carn|noun|g=f}} # willingness # desire ==== Declension ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | ! s..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative form ===
* hante (''[[Carnian dialects#Gorso-Tresten|Gorso-Tresten]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*xǫtь}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[hânt]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=f}}

# [[wikt:willingness#English|willingness]]
# [[wikt:desire#English|desire]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| hant
| hanti
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| hant
| hanti
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| hanti
| hanti
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| hanti
| hantiem
|}

==== Related terms ====
{{col|carn
|teat<t:to want>
}}

Contionary:cheber

2026-02-01T02:11:20Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative form === * chebero (''Gorso-Tresten'') === Etymology === Inherited from Old Carnian ''cheber'' ("drinking feast"), from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*čьbьrъ||bucket, pail}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ːbɛɾ]}} * (''Fyn'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ːbə]}} * (''Carnian dialects#Carinthian|C..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative form ===
* chebero (''[[Carnian dialects#Gorso-Tresten|Gorso-Tresten]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''cheber'' ("drinking feast"), from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*čьbьrъ||bucket, pail}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ːbɛɾ]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Fyn|Fyn]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ːbə]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[çɛ̂ːβɛɾ]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=m-in}}

# [[wikt:party#English|party]]
# [[wikt:feast#English|feast]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| cheber
| cheberi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| cheber
| cheberi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| chebera
| cheberou
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| chebero
| cheberom
|}

Contionary:cheban

2026-02-01T01:53:17Z

Larsqui:

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative form ===
* chebano (''[[Carnian dialects#Gorso-Tresten|Gorso-Tresten]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*čьbanъ}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ːbɐn]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[çɛ̂ːβɐn]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=m-in}}

# [[wikt:jug#English|jug]], [[wikt:pitcher#English|pitcher]]
# {{label|carn|metonymic|nocat=1}} a serving of [[wikt:beer#English|beer]], a [[wikt:pint#English|pint]]
#: {{ux|carn|Jen '''cheban''', prosim.|One '''pint''', please.|inline=yes}}

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| cheban
| chebani
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| cheban
| chebani
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| chebana
| chebanou
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| chebano
| chebanom
|}

Contionary:cheban

2026-02-01T01:53:02Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative form === * chebano (''Gorso-Tresten'') === Etymology === Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*čьbanъ}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ːbɐn]}} * (''Carinthian'') IPA: {{IPA|[çɛ̂ːβɐn]}} === Noun === {{head|carn|noun|g=m-in}} # jug, pitcher # {{label|carn|met..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative form ===
* chebano (''[[Carnian dialects#Gorso-Tresten|Gorso-Tresten]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*čьbanъ}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ːbɐn]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[çɛ̂ːβɐn]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=m-in}}

# [[wikt:jug#English|jug]], [[wikt:pitcher#English|pitcher]]
# {{label|carn|metonymic}} a serving of [[wikt:beer#English|beer]], a [[wikt:pint#English|pint]]
#: {{ux|carn|Jen '''cheban''', prosim.|One '''pint''', please.|inline=yes}}

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| cheban
| chebani
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| cheban
| chebani
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| chebana
| chebanou
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| chebano
| chebanom
|}

Contionary:dus

2026-02-01T01:18:51Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Etymology === Inherited from Late Old Carnian ''du'', from earlier ''duh'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*duxъ}}. The final /s/ reflects generalisation from oblique forms. Compare {{mn|sl|duh#Slovene}} and {{mn|sh|duh#Serbo-Croatian}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[dʊ̟̂s]}} * (''Carinthian'') IPA: {{IPA|[ðʊ̟̂s]}} === Noun ==..."

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Late Old Carnian]] ''du'', from earlier ''duh'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*duxъ}}. The final /s/ reflects generalisation from oblique forms. Compare {{mn|sl|duh#Slovene}} and {{mn|sh|duh#Serbo-Croatian}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[dʊ̟̂s]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ðʊ̟̂s]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=m-an}}

# [[wikt:ghost#English|ghost]], [[wikt:spirit#English|spirit]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| dus
| dusi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| dusa
| dusi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| dusa
| dusou
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| duso
| dusom
|}

==== Derived terms ====
{{col|carn
|dusia<t:soul>
}}

Contionary:chelvec

2026-02-01T01:11:42Z

Larsqui: Created page with "== Carnian == === Alternative form === * chelveco (''Gorso-Tresten'') === Etymology === Inherited from Old Carnian ''chelovec'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*čьlověkъ}}. Plural forms continue {{mn|sla-pro|*ľudьje}}. === Pronunciation === * (''Standard'') IPA: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ɫʋɛk]}} * (''Carinthian'') IPA: {{IPA|[çɛ̂ʊ̯ʋɛk]}..."

== Carnian ==
=== Alternative form ===
* chelveco (''[[Carnian dialects#Gorso-Tresten|Gorso-Tresten]]'')

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from [[Phonological history of Carnian|Old Carnian]] ''chelovec'', from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*čьlověkъ}}. Plural forms continue {{mn|sla-pro|*ľudьje}}.

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʃɛ̂ɫʋɛk]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[çɛ̂ʊ̯ʋɛk]}}

=== Noun ===
{{head|carn|noun|g=m-an}}

# [[wikt:human#English|human]], [[wikt:person#English|person]]

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| chelvec
| ludie
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| chelveca
| ludi
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| chelveca
| ludy
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| chelveco
| ludiem
|}