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Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T23:48:40Z

Llyn: /* Loan words */

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{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words coming from Brythonic and that can be compared with words of our modern Celtic languages:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Comparable with'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''*oveð'' (> W. ''ofydd''), that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have got the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have got the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.

====Imperfect of "i-verbs"====

The so called "i-verbs" essentially behave as all the other e-pattern verbs, but their characteristical ''i'' is inserted between the root and the endings. In the present tense this vowel, where it occurs, is always tonic, in the imperfect this vowel occurs in all persons, but it is accented only in the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural, whereas in the other persons it forms a diphthong with the endings' vowels.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''y'''thies
|'''e'''lies
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''thie
|'''e'''lie
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''y'''thïen
|'''e'''lïen
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''y'''thïech
|'''e'''lïech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|}

====Imperfect of "contracted verbs"====

Contracted verbs have generally a rather regular imperfect, in the sense that they have got the augment and the typical imperfect endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|-
!'''hi'''
|eles
|eduys
|epois
|'''y'''cues
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ele
|eduy
|epoi
|'''y'''cue
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eleuen
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|elech
|educh
|epoich
|'''y'''cüech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|}

Note that the verb '''acüyn''' substitutes its beginning ''a-'' for ''y-''.

=====Imperfect of "a-verbs"=====

Let's see the imperfect form of the so called "a-verbs":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Oran'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''eu'''ras
|edogas
|etivas
|eglas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''eu'''ra
|edoga
|etiva
|egla
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|egelun
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''eu'''rach
|edogach
|etivach
|egelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|}

Note the modification in the root of the verb '''oran''', which changes its ''o'' with a ''u'' that forms a diphthong with the tense marker, and the syncope of the verb '''gelan''' in the persons of singular and in the 3rd person plural.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Compare with
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Compare with
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T23:42:12Z

Llyn: /* Fruit and vegetables */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have got the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have got the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.

====Imperfect of "i-verbs"====

The so called "i-verbs" essentially behave as all the other e-pattern verbs, but their characteristical ''i'' is inserted between the root and the endings. In the present tense this vowel, where it occurs, is always tonic, in the imperfect this vowel occurs in all persons, but it is accented only in the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural, whereas in the other persons it forms a diphthong with the endings' vowels.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''y'''thies
|'''e'''lies
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''thie
|'''e'''lie
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''y'''thïen
|'''e'''lïen
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''y'''thïech
|'''e'''lïech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|}

====Imperfect of "contracted verbs"====

Contracted verbs have generally a rather regular imperfect, in the sense that they have got the augment and the typical imperfect endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|-
!'''hi'''
|eles
|eduys
|epois
|'''y'''cues
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ele
|eduy
|epoi
|'''y'''cue
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eleuen
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|elech
|educh
|epoich
|'''y'''cüech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|}

Note that the verb '''acüyn''' substitutes its beginning ''a-'' for ''y-''.

=====Imperfect of "a-verbs"=====

Let's see the imperfect form of the so called "a-verbs":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Oran'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''eu'''ras
|edogas
|etivas
|eglas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''eu'''ra
|edoga
|etiva
|egla
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|egelun
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''eu'''rach
|edogach
|etivach
|egelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|}

Note the modification in the root of the verb '''oran''', which changes its ''o'' with a ''u'' that forms a diphthong with the tense marker, and the syncope of the verb '''gelan''' in the persons of singular and in the 3rd person plural.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Compare with
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Compare with
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T23:41:53Z

Llyn: /* Colour terms */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have got the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have got the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.

====Imperfect of "i-verbs"====

The so called "i-verbs" essentially behave as all the other e-pattern verbs, but their characteristical ''i'' is inserted between the root and the endings. In the present tense this vowel, where it occurs, is always tonic, in the imperfect this vowel occurs in all persons, but it is accented only in the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural, whereas in the other persons it forms a diphthong with the endings' vowels.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''y'''thies
|'''e'''lies
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''thie
|'''e'''lie
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''y'''thïen
|'''e'''lïen
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''y'''thïech
|'''e'''lïech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|}

====Imperfect of "contracted verbs"====

Contracted verbs have generally a rather regular imperfect, in the sense that they have got the augment and the typical imperfect endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|-
!'''hi'''
|eles
|eduys
|epois
|'''y'''cues
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ele
|eduy
|epoi
|'''y'''cue
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eleuen
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|elech
|educh
|epoich
|'''y'''cüech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|}

Note that the verb '''acüyn''' substitutes its beginning ''a-'' for ''y-''.

=====Imperfect of "a-verbs"=====

Let's see the imperfect form of the so called "a-verbs":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Oran'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''eu'''ras
|edogas
|etivas
|eglas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''eu'''ra
|edoga
|etiva
|egla
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|egelun
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''eu'''rach
|edogach
|etivach
|egelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|}

Note the modification in the root of the verb '''oran''', which changes its ''o'' with a ''u'' that forms a diphthong with the tense marker, and the syncope of the verb '''gelan''' in the persons of singular and in the 3rd person plural.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Compare with
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T23:37:40Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect of "contracted verbs" */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have got the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have got the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.

====Imperfect of "i-verbs"====

The so called "i-verbs" essentially behave as all the other e-pattern verbs, but their characteristical ''i'' is inserted between the root and the endings. In the present tense this vowel, where it occurs, is always tonic, in the imperfect this vowel occurs in all persons, but it is accented only in the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural, whereas in the other persons it forms a diphthong with the endings' vowels.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''y'''thies
|'''e'''lies
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''thie
|'''e'''lie
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''y'''thïen
|'''e'''lïen
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''y'''thïech
|'''e'''lïech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|}

====Imperfect of "contracted verbs"====

Contracted verbs have generally a rather regular imperfect, in the sense that they have got the augment and the typical imperfect endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|-
!'''hi'''
|eles
|eduys
|epois
|'''y'''cues
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ele
|eduy
|epoi
|'''y'''cue
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eleuen
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|elech
|educh
|epoich
|'''y'''cüech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|}

Note that the verb '''acüyn''' substitutes its beginning ''a-'' for ''y-''.

=====Imperfect of "a-verbs"=====

Let's see the imperfect form of the so called "a-verbs":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Oran'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''eu'''ras
|edogas
|etivas
|eglas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''eu'''ra
|edoga
|etiva
|egla
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|egelun
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''eu'''rach
|edogach
|etivach
|egelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|}

Note the modification in the root of the verb '''oran''', which changes its ''o'' with a ''u'' that forms a diphthong with the tense marker, and the syncope of the verb '''gelan''' in the persons of singular and in the 3rd person plural.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T23:29:58Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect of "a-verbs" */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have got the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have got the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.

====Imperfect of "i-verbs"====

The so called "i-verbs" essentially behave as all the other e-pattern verbs, but their characteristical ''i'' is inserted between the root and the endings. In the present tense this vowel, where it occurs, is always tonic, in the imperfect this vowel occurs in all persons, but it is accented only in the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural, whereas in the other persons it forms a diphthong with the endings' vowels.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''y'''thies
|'''e'''lies
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''thie
|'''e'''lie
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''y'''thïen
|'''e'''lïen
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''y'''thïech
|'''e'''lïech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|}

====Imperfect of "contracted verbs"====

Contracted verbs have generally a rather regular imperfect, in the sense that they have got the augment and the typical imperfect endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|-
!'''hi'''
|eles
|eduys
|epois
|'''y'''cues
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ele
|eduy
|epoi
|'''y'''cue
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eleuen
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|elech
|educh
|epoich
|'''y'''cüech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|ycuon
|}

Note that the verb '''acüyn''' substitutes its beginning ''a-'' for ''y-''.

=====Imperfect of "a-verbs"=====

Let's see the imperfect form of the so called "a-verbs":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Oran'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''eu'''ras
|edogas
|etivas
|eglas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''eu'''ra
|edoga
|etiva
|egla
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|egelun
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''eu'''rach
|edogach
|etivach
|egelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|}

Note the modification in the root of the verb '''oran''', which changes its ''o'' with a ''u'' that forms a diphthong with the tense marker, and the syncope of the verb '''gelan''' in the persons of singular and in the 3rd person plural.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T23:28:03Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect of "contracted verbs" */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have got the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have got the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.

====Imperfect of "i-verbs"====

The so called "i-verbs" essentially behave as all the other e-pattern verbs, but their characteristical ''i'' is inserted between the root and the endings. In the present tense this vowel, where it occurs, is always tonic, in the imperfect this vowel occurs in all persons, but it is accented only in the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural, whereas in the other persons it forms a diphthong with the endings' vowels.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''y'''thies
|'''e'''lies
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''thie
|'''e'''lie
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''y'''thïen
|'''e'''lïen
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''y'''thïech
|'''e'''lïech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|}

====Imperfect of "contracted verbs"====

Contracted verbs have generally a rather regular imperfect, in the sense that they have got the augment and the typical imperfect endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|-
!'''hi'''
|eles
|eduys
|epois
|'''y'''cues
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ele
|eduy
|epoi
|'''y'''cue
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eleuen
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|elech
|educh
|epoich
|'''y'''cüech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|ycuon
|}

Note that the verb '''acüyn''' substitutes its beginning ''a-'' for ''y-''.

=====Imperfect of "a-verbs"=====

Let's see the imperfect form of the so called "a-verbs":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Oran'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''eu'''ras
|edogas
|etivas
|eglas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''eu'''ra
|edoga
|etiva
|egla
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|egelun
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''eu'''rach
|edogach
|etivach
|egelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|}

Note the syncope of the verb '''gelan'''.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T23:19:41Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect of "i-verbs" */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have got the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have got the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.

====Imperfect of "i-verbs"====

The so called "i-verbs" essentially behave as all the other e-pattern verbs, but their characteristical ''i'' is inserted between the root and the endings. In the present tense this vowel, where it occurs, is always tonic, in the imperfect this vowel occurs in all persons, but it is accented only in the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural, whereas in the other persons it forms a diphthong with the endings' vowels.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''y'''thies
|'''e'''lies
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''thie
|'''e'''lie
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''y'''thïen
|'''e'''lïen
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''y'''thïech
|'''e'''lïech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|}

====Imperfect of "contracted verbs"====

Contracted verbs have generally a rather regular imperfect, in the sense that they have got the augment and the typical imperfect endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="5"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|ycuon
|-
!'''hi'''
|eles
|eduys
|epois
|ycues
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ele
|eduy
|epoi
|ycue
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eleuen
|edun
|epoun
|ycüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|elech
|educh
|epoich
|ycüech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|ycuon
|}

Note that the verb '''acüyn''' substitutes its beginning ''a-'' for ''y-''.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T23:03:27Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have got the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have got the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.

====Imperfect of "i-verbs"====

The so called "i-verbs" essentially behave as all the other e-pattern verbs, but their characteristical ''i'' is inserted between the root and the endings. In the present tense this vowel, where it occurs, is always tonic, in the imperfect this vowel occurs in all persons, but it is accented only in the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural, whereas in the other persons it forms a diphthong with the endings' vowels.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''y'''thies
|'''e'''lies
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''thie
|'''e'''lie
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''y'''thïen
|'''e'''lïen
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''y'''thïech
|'''e'''lïech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:54:01Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have got the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have got the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:44:08Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|'''e'''filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|'''e'''fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|'''e'''filych
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|'''e'''filun
|erun
|ysan
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:42:23Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|filu
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|'''e'''lalys
|filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|'''e'''laly
|fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|fil'''un'''
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|'''e'''lalych
|fil'''ych'''
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|'''e'''lalun
|filus
|erun
|ysan
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:40:57Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|lalu
|filu
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|'''e'''sys
|lalys
|filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|'''e'''sy
|laly
|fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|'''e'''sun
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|'''e'''sych
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|'''e'''sun
|lalus
|filus
|erun
|ysan
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:39:06Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|su
|lalu
|filu
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|'''e'''lanes
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|'''y'''ge
|'''e'''lane
|sy
|laly
|fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|'''e'''lanen
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|'''e'''lanech
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|'''e'''lanon
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|erun
|ysan
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:36:58Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|'''y'''ges
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''ge
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|'''y'''gen
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|'''y'''gech
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|'''y'''gon
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|erun
|ysan
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:35:21Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''fer''en''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''fer''ech''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|erun
|ysan
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:34:36Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''e'''fron
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''e'''fres
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''e'''fre
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''e'''feren
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''e'''ferech
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''e'''fron
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|erun
|ysan
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:32:30Z

Llyn: /* Imperfect tense */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|erun
|yn
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|erys
|ytha
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|ery
|yn
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|erun
|yven
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|erych
|ych
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|erun
|ysan
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-13T22:30:35Z

Llyn: /* Verbs */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

===Imperfect tense===

The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
!colspan="2"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
!'''ru eu'''
!'''yv eu'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2015-01-07T00:34:42Z

Llyn: /* Stress */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernize" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 26 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|j
|[j]
|it is used in place of Classical Latin ''i'' when it has got a semiconsonantic value
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|[w]
|it is used in foreign words and has the same phonetic value as in the foreign word
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words and can also be pronounced as [kʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ] according speaker's habits.

===Stress===

Stress position follows generally the rules that were valid for Classical Latin, but, as the distinction between long and short vowels has been removed in Eurolatin, the accent has to be graphically signed in some cases, according to the following rules:

* generally the stress falls on the last but one syllable; if this is the case, than the stress hasn't to be signed;
* if the stress falls on the last syllable or of the last but two syllable, it has to be graphically signed.

Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable.
Some examples:

* '''lupus''' (wolf) = '''LU'''-pus;
* '''júvenis''' (young) = '''JÚ'''-ve-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short in Classical Latin);
* '''amatus''' (beloved) = a-'''MA'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long in Classical Latin);
* '''felicíssimus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CÍS'''-si-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short in Classical Latin).

The stress is graphically signed also to signalize a hiatus, as in '''líus''' (of the) = '''LI'''-us, two syllables.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''líus''
|''lorum''
|''larum''
|''lorum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''unus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2015-01-07T00:33:28Z

Llyn: /* Articles */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernize" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 26 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|j
|[j]
|it is used in place of Classical Latin ''i'' when it has got a semiconsonantic value
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|[w]
|it is used in foreign words and has the same phonetic value as in the foreign word
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words and can also be pronounced as [kʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ] according speaker's habits.

===Stress===

Stress position follows generally the rules that were valid for Classical Latin, but, as the distinction between long and short vowels has been removed in Eurolatin, the accent has to be graphically signed in some cases, according to the following rules:

* generally the stress falls on the last but one syllable; if this is the case, than the stress hasn't to be signed;
* if the stress falls on the last syllable or of the last but two syllable, it has to be graphically signed.

Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable.
Some examples:

* '''lupus''' (wolf) = '''LU'''-pus;
* '''júvenis''' (young) = '''JÚ'''-ve-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short in Classical Latin);
* '''amatus''' (beloved) = a-'''MA'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long in Classical Latin);
* '''felicíssimus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CÍS'''-si-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short in Classical Latin).

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''líus''
|''lorum''
|''larum''
|''lorum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''unus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2015-01-07T00:29:31Z

Llyn: /* General information */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernize" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 26 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|j
|[j]
|it is used in place of Classical Latin ''i'' when it has got a semiconsonantic value
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|[w]
|it is used in foreign words and has the same phonetic value as in the foreign word
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words and can also be pronounced as [kʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ] according speaker's habits.

===Stress===

Stress position follows generally the rules that were valid for Classical Latin, but, as the distinction between long and short vowels has been removed in Eurolatin, the accent has to be graphically signed in some cases, according to the following rules:

* generally the stress falls on the last but one syllable; if this is the case, than the stress hasn't to be signed;
* if the stress falls on the last syllable or of the last but two syllable, it has to be graphically signed.

Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable.
Some examples:

* '''lupus''' (wolf) = '''LU'''-pus;
* '''júvenis''' (young) = '''JÚ'''-ve-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short in Classical Latin);
* '''amatus''' (beloved) = a-'''MA'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long in Classical Latin);
* '''felicíssimus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CÍS'''-si-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short in Classical Latin).

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lius''
|''lorum''
|''larum''
|''lorum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''unus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-07T00:13:29Z

Llyn: /* Fruit and vegetables */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamagh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|elagh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovygh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolygh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvegh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-07T00:09:46Z

Llyn: /* To be */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-07T00:08:58Z

Llyn: /* Adverbs */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naugh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naugh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alogh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvogh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvogh'' - never;
* ''alogh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-07T00:07:30Z

Llyn: /* Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories' */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To legh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-07T00:06:45Z

Llyn: /* Demonstratives */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''legh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naugh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|legh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to legh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To ledh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-07T00:05:44Z

Llyn: /* Adjectives */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivygh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!palagh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Angh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Angh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Angh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Angh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivygh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!palagh
|va palagh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd palagh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prugh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|trigh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethargh
!5
|pen
|pengh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidogh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovogh
!9
|enag
|enagh
|-
!10
|deg
|degagh
!11
|enneg
|ennegagh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegagh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegagh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegagh
!15
|penneg
|pennegagh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegagh
!17
|efteg
|eftegagh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegagh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegagh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prugh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegagh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegagh sin prugh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegagh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegagh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegagh
!100
|egagh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egagh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egagh-hilioi
|egagh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''ledh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naudh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|ledh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to ledh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To ledh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-07T00:01:16Z

Llyn: /* Articles */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Palagh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivydh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!paladh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Andh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Andh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Andh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!paladh
|va paladh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd paladh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prudh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|tridh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethardh
!5
|pen
|pendh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidodh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovodh
!9
|enag
|enadh
|-
!10
|deg
|degadh
!11
|enneg
|ennegadh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegadh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegadh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegadh
!15
|penneg
|pennegadh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegadh
!17
|efteg
|eftegadh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegadh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegadh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prudh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegadh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegadh sin prudh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegadh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegadh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegadh
!100
|egadh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egadh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egadh-hilioi
|egadh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''ledh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naudh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|ledh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to ledh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To ledh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-07T00:00:32Z

Llyn: /* Nouns, gender and number */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ligh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erugh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celgh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cilgh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cagh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omagh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhygh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruigh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evigh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleigh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbygh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celgh''' > '''cilgh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvadh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Paladh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivydh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!paladh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Andh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Andh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Andh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!paladh
|va paladh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd paladh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prudh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|tridh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethardh
!5
|pen
|pendh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidodh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovodh
!9
|enag
|enadh
|-
!10
|deg
|degadh
!11
|enneg
|ennegadh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegadh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegadh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegadh
!15
|penneg
|pennegadh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegadh
!17
|efteg
|eftegadh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegadh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegadh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prudh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegadh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegadh sin prudh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegadh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegadh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegadh
!100
|egadh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egadh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egadh-hilioi
|egadh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''ledh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naudh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|ledh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to ledh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To ledh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-06T23:57:38Z

Llyn: /* Stress */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!lidh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erudh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celdh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cildh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cadh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omadh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhydh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruidh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evidh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleidh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celdh''' > '''cildh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvadh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Paladh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivydh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!paladh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Andh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Andh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Andh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!paladh
|va paladh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd paladh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prudh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|tridh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethardh
!5
|pen
|pendh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidodh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovodh
!9
|enag
|enadh
|-
!10
|deg
|degadh
!11
|enneg
|ennegadh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegadh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegadh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegadh
!15
|penneg
|pennegadh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegadh
!17
|efteg
|eftegadh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegadh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegadh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prudh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegadh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegadh sin prudh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegadh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegadh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegadh
!100
|egadh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egadh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egadh-hilioi
|egadh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''ledh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naudh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|ledh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to ledh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To ledh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-06T23:57:00Z

Llyn: /* Diphthongs and digraphs */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanadh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!lidh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erudh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celdh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cildh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cadh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omadh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhydh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruidh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evidh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleidh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celdh''' > '''cildh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvadh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Paladh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivydh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!paladh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Andh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Andh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Andh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!paladh
|va paladh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd paladh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prudh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|tridh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethardh
!5
|pen
|pendh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidodh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovodh
!9
|enag
|enadh
|-
!10
|deg
|degadh
!11
|enneg
|ennegadh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegadh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegadh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegadh
!15
|penneg
|pennegadh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegadh
!17
|efteg
|eftegadh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegadh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegadh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prudh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegadh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegadh sin prudh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegadh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegadh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegadh
!100
|egadh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egadh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egadh-hilioi
|egadh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''ledh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naudh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|ledh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to ledh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To ledh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2015-01-06T23:56:00Z

Llyn: /* Alphabet */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes between two back vowels. At the very end of a word or before a consonant it is generally pronounced as [ɣ] and it is written as '''gh''' in this case.
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|gh
|[ɣ]
|it is the variant spelling of a word final '''dh'''. It can only appear at the end of a word.
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanadh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!lidh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erudh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celdh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cildh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cadh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omadh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhydh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruidh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evidh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleidh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celdh''' > '''cildh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvadh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Paladh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivydh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!paladh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Andh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Andh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Andh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!paladh
|va paladh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd paladh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prudh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|tridh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethardh
!5
|pen
|pendh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidodh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovodh
!9
|enag
|enadh
|-
!10
|deg
|degadh
!11
|enneg
|ennegadh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegadh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegadh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegadh
!15
|penneg
|pennegadh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegadh
!17
|efteg
|eftegadh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegadh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegadh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prudh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegadh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegadh sin prudh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegadh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegadh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegadh
!100
|egadh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egadh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egadh-hilioi
|egadh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''ledh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naudh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|ledh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to ledh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To ledh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Llyn

2015-01-06T23:33:09Z

Llyn: /* {{green|Mi logotipo - My logo}} */

{{header/green| file= Llyn.png| file size= 100| title1 = Llais| title2 = Gnovenoe leudhoen sin terwadh e enys anagyvys. (Mark Meinil)}}

=={{green|Éste soy yo - This is me}}==

¡Hola a todos! Yo soy '''{{green|Llais}}''' (IPA: ['ɬai̯s]) y soy un ''{{green|conlanger}}'', un creador de lenguas artificiales.
El nombre de usuario que uso en la red, incluso aquí en linguifex, es '''{{green|Llais Bleith}}''', es un seudónimo que tiene un significado bastante curioso. De hecho me encantan la mitología y las lenguas célticas y particularmente las ''{{green|galesas}}''. "Llais" es la abreviatura del nombre galés ''{{green|Llaiswynt}}'', un nombre que he creado yo y que significa "voz del viento".
"Bleith" lo he creado de ''{{green|bleidd}}'', que en galés quiere decir "[[w:Wolf|lobo]]", uno de mis animales preferidos.
''{{green|Llais Bleith}}'' se lee ['ɬai̯s 'bləi̯θ] ¡aunque todos mis amigos (¡y yo también!) lo leen ['lai̯s 'blei̯t]!
En mi página siempre lo encontraréis todo en español e inglés, así que más personas puedan comprender.

Hello everybody! I am '''{{green|Llais}}''' (IPA: ['ɬai̯s]) and I am a ''{{green|conlanger}}'', I invent artificial languages.
The user name that I use on internet, included here on linguifex, is '''{{green|Llais Bleith}}''', it is a nom de plume which has got a curious meaning. Indeed I love Celtic mythology and languages and particularly the ''{{green|Welsh}}'' ones. "Llais" is the short form of the Welsh name ''{{green|Llaiswynt}}'', a name that I invented and that means "voice of the wind".
"Bleith" I have created from ''{{green|bleidd}}'', that means "[[w:Wolf|wolf]]" in Welsh, one of my favourite animals.
''{{green|Llais Bleith}}'' is to be read ['ɬai̯s 'bləi̯θ] even if all my friends (and I!) read it as ['lai̯s 'blei̯t]!
On my page you will always find everything in Spanish and English, so that more people can understand it.

== {{green|Mi logotipo - My logo}} ==

Mi logotipo está rodeado por una esfera verde, que es el color de la naturaleza y que yo veo como representación de la calma. En dicha esfera se hallan tres símbolos:

* más a derecha se encuentra el [[w:Kanji|ideograma]] sino-japonés que indica el '''{{green|otoño}}''', que es la estación que más quiero con sus colores bruno-rojizos. Cuando debo pronunciar este ''{{green|kanji}}'', uso la pronunciación japonesa, que es "aki" (AFI: ['aki]);
* en el centro hay una imagen estilizada de un '''{{green|dragón}}''', el animal mitológico que prefiero y que simboliza mi afición a la mitología y a los mitos. El dragón es también símbolo de sabiduría y fuerza;
* más a izquierda se halla la misma llama que el dragón saca de su boca usada con tres puntos para formar una variante personalizada del símbolo celta del '''[[w:Awen|Awen]]'''. El Awen (que yo siempre escribo con la mayúscula inicial) representa mi fe: el [[w:Neo-druidism|Neodruidismo]].

My logo is surrounded with a light green sphere, that is the colour of nature and that I see as representation of calmness. In this sphere there are three symbols:

* on the right there is the Sino-japan [[w:Kanji|ideogram]] that means '''{{green|autumn}}''', the season that I love the most with its brown-reddish colours. When I have to pronounce this ''{{green|kanji}}'', I use the Japan pronunciation, that is "aki" (IPA: ['aki]);
* in the middle there is a stylized picture of a '''{{green|dragon}}''', the mythological animal that I prefer and that symbolizes mythology and myths, on which I am keen. The dragon is also symbol of wisdom and strength;
* on the left there is the same flame that goes out from the dragon's mouth and that I use along with three dots to make a personalized version of the '''[[w:Awen|Awen]]''' Celtic symbol. Awen (that I always write with the capital letter) represents my faith: [[w:Neo-druisim|Neodruidism]].

== {{green|Mis lenguas - My languages}} ==

Aquí podéis encontrar las lenguas que estoy creando con una breve descripción:

* '''[[Aarlaansk]]''', es un ejemplo de como se habría podido evolucionar el latín al reemplazar las hablas germánicas en las zonas de los actuales ''{{green|Países Bajos}}'', ''{{green|Flandes}}'' y ''{{green|Luxemburgo}}'', aunque en la [[w:Uchronia|ucronía]] que he creado esta lengua se ha difundido hasta Dinamarca y parte de Alemania;
* '''[[Tjoc]]''', es una diferente evolución del inglés, aguardando más aspectos del [[w:Old English|antiguo inglés]] y experimentando influjos nórdicos y celtas;
* '''[[Brytho-Hellenic|Brito-helénico]]''', es la evolución del griego antiguo en una diferente realidad en la cual los Griegos, derrotados por los Persas, huyen hacia nuestra Inglaterra. Me he inspirado en una ucronía italiana bien hecha y cuyo enlace se puede hallar en [[User:Llyn#Los_enlaces_que_aconsejo_-_The_links_I_suggest|los enlaces que aconsejo]]: ''{{green|Roma se traslada más allá del océano}}''.

Here you can find the languages I'm inventing with a short description:

* '''[[Aarlaansk]]''', it is an example of how Latin could have evolved if it had replaced Germanic in the areas of the current ''{{green|Holland}}'', ''{{green|Flanders}}'', and ''{{green|Luxembourg}}'', even if in my [[w:uchronia|uchronia]] this language has spread till Denmark and part of Germany;
* '''[[Tjoc]]''', it is a different evolution of English, with more aspects inherited from [[w:Old English|Old English]] and with Nordic and Celtic influences;
* '''[[Brytho-Hellenic]]''', it is the evolution of Ancient Greek in a different timeline in which the Greeks, defeated by the Persians, flee towards our England. I have been inspired by a well-done Italian uchrony whose link can be found in [[User:Llyn#Los_enlaces_que_aconsejo_-_The_links_I_suggest|the links I suggest]]: ''{{green|Rome moves beyond the ocean}}''.

== {{green|Los enlaces que aconsejo - The links I suggest}} ==

Aquí siempre hallaréis una lista de enlaces que conciernen a las lenguas, a la lingüística y a las conlangs: 
Here you will always find a selection of links concerning languages, linguistics, and conlangs:

* (EN) [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/ Endangered Languages Project]
* (EN) [http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue]
* (EN) [http://www.word2word.com/course.html Voilà, some free internet courses to learn many languages!]
* (EN) [http://www.babbel.com Website to learn European languages]
* (IT) [http://www.fmboschetto.it/racconti/Roma_in_America/Index.htm Rome moves beyond the ocean]

User:Llyn

2015-01-06T23:32:17Z

Llyn: /* {{green|Éste soy yo - This is me}} */

{{header/green| file= Llyn.png| file size= 100| title1 = Llais| title2 = Gnovenoe leudhoen sin terwadh e enys anagyvys. (Mark Meinil)}}

=={{green|Éste soy yo - This is me}}==

¡Hola a todos! Yo soy '''{{green|Llais}}''' (IPA: ['ɬai̯s]) y soy un ''{{green|conlanger}}'', un creador de lenguas artificiales.
El nombre de usuario que uso en la red, incluso aquí en linguifex, es '''{{green|Llais Bleith}}''', es un seudónimo que tiene un significado bastante curioso. De hecho me encantan la mitología y las lenguas célticas y particularmente las ''{{green|galesas}}''. "Llais" es la abreviatura del nombre galés ''{{green|Llaiswynt}}'', un nombre que he creado yo y que significa "voz del viento".
"Bleith" lo he creado de ''{{green|bleidd}}'', que en galés quiere decir "[[w:Wolf|lobo]]", uno de mis animales preferidos.
''{{green|Llais Bleith}}'' se lee ['ɬai̯s 'bləi̯θ] ¡aunque todos mis amigos (¡y yo también!) lo leen ['lai̯s 'blei̯t]!
En mi página siempre lo encontraréis todo en español e inglés, así que más personas puedan comprender.

Hello everybody! I am '''{{green|Llais}}''' (IPA: ['ɬai̯s]) and I am a ''{{green|conlanger}}'', I invent artificial languages.
The user name that I use on internet, included here on linguifex, is '''{{green|Llais Bleith}}''', it is a nom de plume which has got a curious meaning. Indeed I love Celtic mythology and languages and particularly the ''{{green|Welsh}}'' ones. "Llais" is the short form of the Welsh name ''{{green|Llaiswynt}}'', a name that I invented and that means "voice of the wind".
"Bleith" I have created from ''{{green|bleidd}}'', that means "[[w:Wolf|wolf]]" in Welsh, one of my favourite animals.
''{{green|Llais Bleith}}'' is to be read ['ɬai̯s 'bləi̯θ] even if all my friends (and I!) read it as ['lai̯s 'blei̯t]!
On my page you will always find everything in Spanish and English, so that more people can understand it.

== {{green|Mi logotipo - My logo}} ==

Mi logotipo está rodeado por una esfera verde, que es el color de la naturaleza y que yo veo como representación de la calma. En dicha esfera se hallan tres símbolos:

* más a derecha se encuentra el [[w:Kanji|ideograma]] sino-japonés que indica el '''{{green|otoño}}''', que es la estación que más quiero con sus colores bruno-rojizos. Cuando debo pronunciar este ''{{green|kanji}}'', uso la pronunciación japonesa, que es "aki" (AFI: ['aki]);
* en el centro hay una imagen estilizada de un '''{{green|dragón}}''', el animal mitológico que prefiero y que simboliza mi afición a la mitología y a los mitos. El dragón es también símbolo de sabiduria y fuerza;
* más a izquierda se halla la misma llama que el dragón saca de su boca usada con tres puntos para formar una variante personalizada del símbolo celta del '''[[w:Awen|Awen]]'''. El Awen (que yo siempre escribo con la mayúscula inicial) representa mi fe: el [[w:Neo-druidism|Neodruidismo]].

My logo is surrounded with a light green sphere, that is the colour of nature and that I see as representation of calmness. In this sphere there are three symbols:

* on the right there is the Sino-japan [[w:Kanji|ideogram]] that means '''{{green|autumn}}''', the season that I love the most with its brown-reddish colours. When I have to pronounce this ''{{green|kanji}}'', I use the Japan pronunciation, that is "aki" (IPA: ['aki]);
* in the middle there is a stylized picture of a '''{{green|dragon}}''', the mythological animal that I prefer and that symbolizes mythology and myths, on which I am keen. The dragon is also symbol of wisdom and strength;
* on the left there is the same flame that goes out from the dragon's mouth and that I use along with three dots to make a personalized version of the '''[[w:Awen|Awen]]''' Celtic symbol. Awen (that I always write with the capital letter) represents my faith: [[w:Neo-druisim|Neodruidism]].

== {{green|Mis lenguas - My languages}} ==

Aquí podéis encontrar las lenguas que estoy creando con una breve descripción:

* '''[[Aarlaansk]]''', es un ejemplo de como se habría podido evolucionar el latín al reemplazar las hablas germánicas en las zonas de los actuales ''{{green|Países Bajos}}'', ''{{green|Flandes}}'' y ''{{green|Luxemburgo}}'', aunque en la [[w:Uchronia|ucronía]] que he creado esta lengua se ha difundido hasta Dinamarca y parte de Alemania;
* '''[[Tjoc]]''', es una diferente evolución del inglés, aguardando más aspectos del [[w:Old English|antiguo inglés]] y experimentando influjos nórdicos y celtas;
* '''[[Brytho-Hellenic|Brito-helénico]]''', es la evolución del griego antiguo en una diferente realidad en la cual los Griegos, derrotados por los Persas, huyen hacia nuestra Inglaterra. Me he inspirado en una ucronía italiana bien hecha y cuyo enlace se puede hallar en [[User:Llyn#Los_enlaces_que_aconsejo_-_The_links_I_suggest|los enlaces que aconsejo]]: ''{{green|Roma se traslada más allá del océano}}''.

Here you can find the languages I'm inventing with a short description:

* '''[[Aarlaansk]]''', it is an example of how Latin could have evolved if it had replaced Germanic in the areas of the current ''{{green|Holland}}'', ''{{green|Flanders}}'', and ''{{green|Luxembourg}}'', even if in my [[w:uchronia|uchronia]] this language has spread till Denmark and part of Germany;
* '''[[Tjoc]]''', it is a different evolution of English, with more aspects inherited from [[w:Old English|Old English]] and with Nordic and Celtic influences;
* '''[[Brytho-Hellenic]]''', it is the evolution of Ancient Greek in a different timeline in which the Greeks, defeated by the Persians, flee towards our England. I have been inspired by a well-done Italian uchrony whose link can be found in [[User:Llyn#Los_enlaces_que_aconsejo_-_The_links_I_suggest|the links I suggest]]: ''{{green|Rome moves beyond the ocean}}''.

== {{green|Los enlaces que aconsejo - The links I suggest}} ==

Aquí siempre hallaréis una lista de enlaces que conciernen a las lenguas, a la lingüística y a las conlangs: 
Here you will always find a selection of links concerning languages, linguistics, and conlangs:

* (EN) [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/ Endangered Languages Project]
* (EN) [http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue]
* (EN) [http://www.word2word.com/course.html Voilà, some free internet courses to learn many languages!]
* (EN) [http://www.babbel.com Website to learn European languages]
* (IT) [http://www.fmboschetto.it/racconti/Roma_in_America/Index.htm Rome moves beyond the ocean]

User:Llyn

2015-01-06T23:30:54Z

Llyn: /* {{green|Éste soy yo - This is me}} */

{{header/green| file= Llyn.png| file size= 100| title1 = Llais| title2 = Gnovenoe leudhoen sin terwadh e enys anagyvys. (Mark Meinil)}}

=={{green|Éste soy yo - This is me}}==

¡Hola a todos! Yo soy '''{{green|Llais}}''' (IPA: ['ɬai̯s]) y soy un ''{{green|conlanger}}'', un creador de lenguas artificiales.
El nombre de usuario que uso en la red, incluso aquí en linguifex, es '''{{green|Llais Bleith}}''', es un seudónimo que tiene un significado bastante curioso. De hecho me encantan la mitología y las lenguas célticas y particularmente las ''{{green|galesas}}''. "Llais" es la abreviatura del nombre galés ''{{green|Llaiswynt}}'', un nombre que he creado yo y que significa "voz del viento".
"Bleith" lo he creado de ''{{green|bleidd}}'', que en galés quiere decir "[[w:Wolf|lobo]]", uno de mis animales preferidos.
''{{green|Llais Bleith}}'' se lee ['ɬai̯s 'bləi̯θ] ¡aunque todos mis amigos (¡y yo también!) lo leen ['lai̯s 'blei̯t]!
En mi página siempre lo encontraréis todo traducido en español e inglés, así que más personas puedan comprender.

Hello everybody! I am '''{{green|Llais}}''' (IPA: ['ɬai̯s]) and I am a ''{{green|conlanger}}'', I invent artificial languages.
The user name that I use on internet, included here on linguifex, is '''{{green|Llais Bleith}}''', it is a nom de plume which has got a curious meaning. Indeed I love Celtic mythology and languages and particularly the ''{{green|Welsh}}'' ones. "Llais" is the short form of the Welsh name ''{{green|Llaiswynt}}'', a name that I invented and that means "voice of the wind".
"Bleith" I have created from ''{{green|bleidd}}'', that means "[[w:Wolf|wolf]]" in Welsh, one of my favourite animals.
''{{green|Llais Bleith}}'' is to be read ['ɬai̯s 'bləi̯θ] even if all my friends (and I!) read it as ['lai̯s 'blei̯t]!
On my page you will always find everything translated into Spanish and English, so that more people can understand it.

== {{green|Mi logotipo - My logo}} ==

Mi logotipo está rodeado por una esfera verde, que es el color de la naturaleza y que yo veo como representación de la calma. En dicha esfera se hallan tres símbolos:

* más a derecha se encuentra el [[w:Kanji|ideograma]] sino-japonés que indica el '''{{green|otoño}}''', que es la estación que más quiero con sus colores bruno-rojizos. Cuando debo pronunciar este ''{{green|kanji}}'', uso la pronunciación japonesa, que es "aki" (AFI: ['aki]);
* en el centro hay una imagen estilizada de un '''{{green|dragón}}''', el animal mitológico que prefiero y que simboliza mi afición a la mitología y a los mitos. El dragón es también símbolo de sabiduria y fuerza;
* más a izquierda se halla la misma llama que el dragón saca de su boca usada con tres puntos para formar una variante personalizada del símbolo celta del '''[[w:Awen|Awen]]'''. El Awen (que yo siempre escribo con la mayúscula inicial) representa mi fe: el [[w:Neo-druidism|Neodruidismo]].

My logo is surrounded with a light green sphere, that is the colour of nature and that I see as representation of calmness. In this sphere there are three symbols:

* on the right there is the Sino-japan [[w:Kanji|ideogram]] that means '''{{green|autumn}}''', the season that I love the most with its brown-reddish colours. When I have to pronounce this ''{{green|kanji}}'', I use the Japan pronunciation, that is "aki" (IPA: ['aki]);
* in the middle there is a stylized picture of a '''{{green|dragon}}''', the mythological animal that I prefer and that symbolizes mythology and myths, on which I am keen. The dragon is also symbol of wisdom and strength;
* on the left there is the same flame that goes out from the dragon's mouth and that I use along with three dots to make a personalized version of the '''[[w:Awen|Awen]]''' Celtic symbol. Awen (that I always write with the capital letter) represents my faith: [[w:Neo-druisim|Neodruidism]].

== {{green|Mis lenguas - My languages}} ==

Aquí podéis encontrar las lenguas que estoy creando con una breve descripción:

* '''[[Aarlaansk]]''', es un ejemplo de como se habría podido evolucionar el latín al reemplazar las hablas germánicas en las zonas de los actuales ''{{green|Países Bajos}}'', ''{{green|Flandes}}'' y ''{{green|Luxemburgo}}'', aunque en la [[w:Uchronia|ucronía]] que he creado esta lengua se ha difundido hasta Dinamarca y parte de Alemania;
* '''[[Tjoc]]''', es una diferente evolución del inglés, aguardando más aspectos del [[w:Old English|antiguo inglés]] y experimentando influjos nórdicos y celtas;
* '''[[Brytho-Hellenic|Brito-helénico]]''', es la evolución del griego antiguo en una diferente realidad en la cual los Griegos, derrotados por los Persas, huyen hacia nuestra Inglaterra. Me he inspirado en una ucronía italiana bien hecha y cuyo enlace se puede hallar en [[User:Llyn#Los_enlaces_que_aconsejo_-_The_links_I_suggest|los enlaces que aconsejo]]: ''{{green|Roma se traslada más allá del océano}}''.

Here you can find the languages I'm inventing with a short description:

* '''[[Aarlaansk]]''', it is an example of how Latin could have evolved if it had replaced Germanic in the areas of the current ''{{green|Holland}}'', ''{{green|Flanders}}'', and ''{{green|Luxembourg}}'', even if in my [[w:uchronia|uchronia]] this language has spread till Denmark and part of Germany;
* '''[[Tjoc]]''', it is a different evolution of English, with more aspects inherited from [[w:Old English|Old English]] and with Nordic and Celtic influences;
* '''[[Brytho-Hellenic]]''', it is the evolution of Ancient Greek in a different timeline in which the Greeks, defeated by the Persians, flee towards our England. I have been inspired by a well-done Italian uchrony whose link can be found in [[User:Llyn#Los_enlaces_que_aconsejo_-_The_links_I_suggest|the links I suggest]]: ''{{green|Rome moves beyond the ocean}}''.

== {{green|Los enlaces que aconsejo - The links I suggest}} ==

Aquí siempre hallaréis una lista de enlaces que conciernen a las lenguas, a la lingüística y a las conlangs: 
Here you will always find a selection of links concerning languages, linguistics, and conlangs:

* (EN) [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/ Endangered Languages Project]
* (EN) [http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue]
* (EN) [http://www.word2word.com/course.html Voilà, some free internet courses to learn many languages!]
* (EN) [http://www.babbel.com Website to learn European languages]
* (IT) [http://www.fmboschetto.it/racconti/Roma_in_America/Index.htm Rome moves beyond the ocean]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:35:41Z

Llyn: /* Articles */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 26 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|j
|[j]
|it is used in place of Classical Latin ''i'' when it has got a semiconsonantic value
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|[w]
|it is used in foreign words and has the same phonetic value as in the foreign word
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words and can also be pronounced as [kʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ] according speaker's habits.

===Stress===

Stress position follows generally the rules that were valid for Classical Latin, but, as the distinction between long and short vowels has been removed in Eurolatin, the accent has to be graphically signed in some cases, according to the following rules:

* generally the stress falls on the last but one syllable; if this is the case, than the stress hasn't to be signed;
* if the stress falls on the last syllable or of the last but two syllable, it has to be graphically signed.

Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable.
Some examples:

* '''lupus''' (wolf) = '''LU'''-pus;
* '''júvenis''' (young) = '''JÚ'''-ve-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short in Classical Latin);
* '''amatus''' (beloved) = a-'''MA'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long in Classical Latin);
* '''felicíssimus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CÍS'''-si-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short in Classical Latin).

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lius''
|''lorum''
|''larum''
|''lorum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''unus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:33:29Z

Llyn: /* Further notes on quantity and pronunciation */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 26 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|j
|[j]
|it is used in place of Classical Latin ''i'' when it has got a semiconsonantic value
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|[w]
|it is used in foreign words and has the same phonetic value as in the foreign word
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words and can also be pronounced as [kʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ] according speaker's habits.

===Stress===

Stress position follows generally the rules that were valid for Classical Latin, but, as the distinction between long and short vowels has been removed in Eurolatin, the accent has to be graphically signed in some cases, according to the following rules:

* generally the stress falls on the last but one syllable; if this is the case, than the stress hasn't to be signed;
* if the stress falls on the last syllable or of the last but two syllable, it has to be graphically signed.

Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable.
Some examples:

* '''lupus''' (wolf) = '''LU'''-pus;
* '''júvenis''' (young) = '''JÚ'''-ve-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short in Classical Latin);
* '''amatus''' (beloved) = a-'''MA'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long in Classical Latin);
* '''felicíssimus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CÍS'''-si-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short in Classical Latin).

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:32:31Z

Llyn: /* Alphabet */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 26 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|j
|[j]
|it is used in place of Classical Latin ''i'' when it has got a semiconsonantic value
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|w
|[w]
|it is used in foreign words and has the same phonetic value as in the foreign word
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words and can also be pronounced as [kʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ] according speaker's habits.

===Stress===

Stress position follows generally the rules that were valid for Classical Latin, but, as the distinction between long and short vowels has been removed in Eurolatin, the accent has to be graphically signed in some cases, according to the following rules:

* generally the stress falls on the last but one syllable; if this is the case, than the stress hasn't to be signed;
* if the stress falls on the last syllable or of the last but two syllable, it has to be graphically signed.

Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable.
Some examples:

* '''lupus''' (wolf) = '''LU'''-pus;
* '''júvenis''' (young) = '''JÚ'''-ve-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short in Classical Latin);
* '''amatus''' (beloved) = a-'''MA'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long in Classical Latin);
* '''felicíssimus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CÍS'''-si-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short in Classical Latin).

===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===

It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [a͡a].
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:

* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:30:07Z

Llyn: /* Stress */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words and can also be pronounced as [kʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ] according speaker's habits.

===Stress===

Stress position follows generally the rules that were valid for Classical Latin, but, as the distinction between long and short vowels has been removed in Eurolatin, the accent has to be graphically signed in some cases, according to the following rules:

* generally the stress falls on the last but one syllable; if this is the case, than the stress hasn't to be signed;
* if the stress falls on the last syllable or of the last but two syllable, it has to be graphically signed.

Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable.
Some examples:

* '''lupus''' (wolf) = '''LU'''-pus;
* '''júvenis''' (young) = '''JÚ'''-ve-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short in Classical Latin);
* '''amatus''' (beloved) = a-'''MA'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long in Classical Latin);
* '''felicíssimus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CÍS'''-si-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short in Classical Latin).

===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===

It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [a͡a].
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:

* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:24:44Z

Llyn: /* Diphthongs and digraphs */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words and can also be pronounced as [kʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ] according speaker's habits.

===Stress===

Stress position is established by observing the quantity of the last but one syllable: '''If the last but one syllable is ''long'' -''' that is to say, if it has got a ''long vowel'', a ''diphthong'' or ends with a ''consonant'' '''- then here falls the stress; otherwise the stress falls on the last but two syllable.'''
Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable. If a word has got only two syllable, then the stress falls on the last but one syllable apart from its quantity.
Some examples:

* '''lŭpus''' (wolf) = '''LŬ'''-pus;
* '''iuvĕnis''' (young) = '''IU'''-vĕ-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short);
* '''amātus''' (beloved) = a-'''MĀ'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long);
* '''felicissĭmus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CIS'''-sĭ-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short).

===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===

It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [a͡a].
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:

* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:22:46Z

Llyn: /* Vocalic phonemes */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words.

===Stress===

Stress position is established by observing the quantity of the last but one syllable: '''If the last but one syllable is ''long'' -''' that is to say, if it has got a ''long vowel'', a ''diphthong'' or ends with a ''consonant'' '''- then here falls the stress; otherwise the stress falls on the last but two syllable.'''
Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable. If a word has got only two syllable, then the stress falls on the last but one syllable apart from its quantity.
Some examples:

* '''lŭpus''' (wolf) = '''LŬ'''-pus;
* '''iuvĕnis''' (young) = '''IU'''-vĕ-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short);
* '''amātus''' (beloved) = a-'''MĀ'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long);
* '''felicissĭmus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CIS'''-sĭ-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short).

===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===

It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [a͡a].
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:

* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:22:28Z

Llyn: /* Vocalic phonemes */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words.

===Stress===

Stress position is established by observing the quantity of the last but one syllable: '''If the last but one syllable is ''long'' -''' that is to say, if it has got a ''long vowel'', a ''diphthong'' or ends with a ''consonant'' '''- then here falls the stress; otherwise the stress falls on the last but two syllable.'''
Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable. If a word has got only two syllable, then the stress falls on the last but one syllable apart from its quantity.
Some examples:

* '''lŭpus''' (wolf) = '''LŬ'''-pus;
* '''iuvĕnis''' (young) = '''IU'''-vĕ-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short);
* '''amātus''' (beloved) = a-'''MĀ'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long);
* '''felicissĭmus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CIS'''-sĭ-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short).

===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===

It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [a͡a].
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:

* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:21:52Z

Llyn: /* Vocalic phonemes */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i y
|u
|-
!'''Middle'''
|e [ɛ]
|o [ɔ]
|-
!'''Open'''
|a [ɑ]
|}

The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words.

===Stress===

Stress position is established by observing the quantity of the last but one syllable: '''If the last but one syllable is ''long'' -''' that is to say, if it has got a ''long vowel'', a ''diphthong'' or ends with a ''consonant'' '''- then here falls the stress; otherwise the stress falls on the last but two syllable.'''
Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable. If a word has got only two syllable, then the stress falls on the last but one syllable apart from its quantity.
Some examples:

* '''lŭpus''' (wolf) = '''LŬ'''-pus;
* '''iuvĕnis''' (young) = '''IU'''-vĕ-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short);
* '''amātus''' (beloved) = a-'''MĀ'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long);
* '''felicissĭmus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CIS'''-sĭ-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short).

===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===

It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [a͡a].
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:

* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:15:58Z

Llyn: /* Alphabet */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
| -
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
| -
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[y]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following vocalic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ ʏ
|ʊ
|i: y:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|ɑ:
|}

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words.

===Stress===

Stress position is established by observing the quantity of the last but one syllable: '''If the last but one syllable is ''long'' -''' that is to say, if it has got a ''long vowel'', a ''diphthong'' or ends with a ''consonant'' '''- then here falls the stress; otherwise the stress falls on the last but two syllable.'''
Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable. If a word has got only two syllable, then the stress falls on the last but one syllable apart from its quantity.
Some examples:

* '''lŭpus''' (wolf) = '''LŬ'''-pus;
* '''iuvĕnis''' (young) = '''IU'''-vĕ-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short);
* '''amātus''' (beloved) = a-'''MĀ'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long);
* '''felicissĭmus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CIS'''-sĭ-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short).

===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===

It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [a͡a].
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:

* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:12:18Z

Llyn: /* General information */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}

These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a] / [ɑ:]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ă''') or ''long'' ('''ā''')
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ĕ''') or ''long'' ('''ē''')
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[ɪ] / [i:] / [j]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ĭ''') or ''long'' ('''ī'''). At the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o:]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ŏ''') or ''long'' ('''ō''')
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[ʊ] / [u:] / [w]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ŭ''') or ''long'' ('''ū'''). When it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[ʏ] / [y:]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''y̆''') or ''long'' ('''ȳ'''); it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following vocalic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ ʏ
|ʊ
|i: y:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|ɑ:
|}

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words.

===Stress===

Stress position is established by observing the quantity of the last but one syllable: '''If the last but one syllable is ''long'' -''' that is to say, if it has got a ''long vowel'', a ''diphthong'' or ends with a ''consonant'' '''- then here falls the stress; otherwise the stress falls on the last but two syllable.'''
Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable. If a word has got only two syllable, then the stress falls on the last but one syllable apart from its quantity.
Some examples:

* '''lŭpus''' (wolf) = '''LŬ'''-pus;
* '''iuvĕnis''' (young) = '''IU'''-vĕ-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short);
* '''amātus''' (beloved) = a-'''MĀ'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long);
* '''felicissĭmus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CIS'''-sĭ-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short).

===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===

It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [a͡a].
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:

* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eurolatin

2014-09-25T17:03:08Z

Llyn: /* General information */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Eurolatin
|nativename = Eurolatinus (sermo); Eurolatina (lingua)
|pronunciation = [ɛu̯rola'ti:nʊs]; [ɛu̯rola'ti:na]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin_language|Latin]]
|iso1 = et
|iso2 = eut
|iso3 = eut
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llais has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|fois
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|}

==Phonology==

During the time every country has adapted Latin pronunciation to its official language's sounds, for example the sentence:

* '''Caesar vincit inimicos''' - Caesar defeats the enemies

can be pronounced differently:

* ['tʃɛ:sar 'vintʃit ini'mi:kos] in Italy;
* ['si:zɐ 'vɪnsɪt ɪnɪ'mikəs] in UK;
* ['θɛsaɾ 'binsit ini'mikos] in Spain;
* ['tse:zɐ 'vintsit ini'mi:kos] in Germany

and so on.
To use Eurolatin in the whole Europe and to be understood and to understand other people it must be established a univocal pronunciation.
The pronunciation of Eurolatin is based on the '''restituta''' pronunciation of Classical Latin with other sounds taken from Modern or Ancient Greek.

===Alphabet===

Eurolatin alphabet has got 24 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a] / [ɑ:]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ă''') or ''long'' ('''ā''')
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronounced as in the English ''cat'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ĕ''') or ''long'' ('''ē''')
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English ''get'' even in front of '''e''', '''i''' and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[ ] / [h]
|in Old Latin probably it was pronounced as in the English ''hot'', but in Classical Latin it wasn't pronounced at all. In Eurolatin it can be either pronounced or not, it depends on the speaker
|-
|i
|[ɪ] / [i:] / [j]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ĭ''') or ''long'' ('''ī'''). At the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|k
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as the letter '''c''', but it is mainly found in foreign words
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o:]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ŏ''') or ''long'' ('''ō''')
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|q
|[kw]
|it is always followed by '''u'''
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|u
|[ʊ] / [u:] / [w]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ŭ''') or ''long'' ('''ū'''). When it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|x
|[ks]
|it is always voiceless, as in the English ''six''
|-
|y
|[ʏ] / [y:]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''y̆''') or ''long'' ('''ȳ'''); it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|z
|[s]
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words and in compounds that use Greek elements, but it is always pronounced as '''s'''
|}

The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.

===Consonantal phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following consonantal phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Eurolatinus has got the following vocalic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ ʏ
|ʊ
|i: y:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|ɑ:
|}

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

Eurolatin has got five diphthongs:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ae''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei''
|[ɛi̯]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''oe''
|[ɔi̯]
|}

Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words.

===Stress===

Stress position is established by observing the quantity of the last but one syllable: '''If the last but one syllable is ''long'' -''' that is to say, if it has got a ''long vowel'', a ''diphthong'' or ends with a ''consonant'' '''- then here falls the stress; otherwise the stress falls on the last but two syllable.'''
Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable. If a word has got only two syllable, then the stress falls on the last but one syllable apart from its quantity.
Some examples:

* '''lŭpus''' (wolf) = '''LŬ'''-pus;
* '''iuvĕnis''' (young) = '''IU'''-vĕ-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short);
* '''amātus''' (beloved) = a-'''MĀ'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long);
* '''felicissĭmus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CIS'''-sĭ-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short).

===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===

It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [a͡a].
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:

* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Eurolatinus comes directly from the grammar of Classical Latin, but has undergone several changes and simplifications.

===Articles===

Classical Latin hadn't articles at all: neither definite nor indefinite article existed, Latin simply omitted them. To make Eurolatin nearer to modern languages, Llyn has created the definite article. It descends from the demonstrative ''ille, a, um'', "that".
As Eurolatinus has 3 genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter -, 2 numbers - singular and plural -, and a declension of 4 cases - nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative-, the article is flected:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="1" colspan="7"|'''Definite article'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Case'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="3"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
!'''Masc.'''
!'''Fem.'''
!'''Neut.'''
|-
!'''Nom.'''
|''le''
|''la''
|''lu(d)''
|''li''
|''lae''
|''la''
|-
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|''lōrum''
|''lārum''
|''lōrum''
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''li''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''lis''
|-
!'''Acc.'''
|''lum''
|''lam''
|''lu(d)''
|''los''
|''las''
|''la''
|}

The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2014-08-15T12:34:40Z

Llyn: /* The progressive form */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 23 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes in patterns '''a-a''', '''a-o''', '''a-u''', '''o-a''', '''o-o''', '''o-u''', '''u-a''', '''u-o''', '''u-u'''
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanadh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!lidh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erudh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celdh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cildh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cadh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omadh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhydh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruidh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evidh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleidh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celdh''' > '''cildh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvadh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Paladh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivydh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!paladh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Andh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Andh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Andh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!paladh
|va paladh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd paladh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prudh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|tridh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethardh
!5
|pen
|pendh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidodh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovodh
!9
|enag
|enadh
|-
!10
|deg
|degadh
!11
|enneg
|ennegadh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegadh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegadh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegadh
!15
|penneg
|pennegadh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegadh
!17
|efteg
|eftegadh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegadh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegadh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prudh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegadh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegadh sin prudh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegadh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegadh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegadh
!100
|egadh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egadh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egadh-hilioi
|egadh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''ledh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naudh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|ledh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to ledh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To ledh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the child.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Brytho-Hellenic

2014-08-12T17:10:45Z

Llyn: /* Verbs */

{{Private}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|region = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|iso2 = ely
|iso3 = ely
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}

==General information==

'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

==Phonology==

===Alphabet===

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 23 letters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|it is an opened central vowel
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[k]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word ''cat'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|ch
|[x]
|it is pronounced as in the Scottish word ''loch''
|-
|d
|[d]
| -
|-
|dh
|[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]
|generally it is pronounced as ''th'' in the word ''this''; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is '''e''', '''i''' or '''y''', while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is '''a''', '''o''' or '''u'''. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes in patterns '''a-a''', '''a-o''', '''a-u''', '''o-a''', '''o-o''', '''o-u''', '''u-a''', '''u-o''', '''u-u'''
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be pronounced either open or closed, this doesn't affect the meaning of words
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as in the English word ''gun'', even in front of '''e''', '''i''', and '''y'''
|-
|h
|[h]
| -
|-
|i
|[i] / [j]
|often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
| -
|-
|th
|[θ]
|as ''th'' in the English ''thin''
|-
|u
|[u] / [w]
|it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|y
|[i:]
|it is pronounced like '''e''' in the English word ''see''.
|}

===Consonantal phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|θ ð
|s
|
|
|x
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r̥ r
|
|j
|w
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vocalic phonemes===

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! colspan="3"|'''Phonemes'''
|-
!'''Opening'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|i
|u
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|e
|o
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!'''Open'''
| colspan="2"|a
|}

There is also the schwa sound [ǝ]. The natives don't consider it a distinct sound, though, and as it occurs specially at the end of words where it is written an ''a'', they consider it to be a true 'a'!

===Diphthongs and digraphs===

In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|''ai''
|[ai̯]
|-
|''au''
|[au̯]
|-
|''ei'', ''ey''
|[ɛi̯] / [ei̯:]
|-
|''eu''
|[ɛu̯]
|-
|''ia''
|[ja]
|-
|''ie''
|[jɛ] / [je]
|-
|''io''
|[jɔ] / [jo]
|-
|''iu''
|[ju]
|-
|''oi''
|[ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
|-
|''ua''
|[wa]
|-
|''ue''
|[wɛ] / [we]
|-
|''ui''
|[wi]
|-
|''uo''
|[wɔ] / [wo]
|-
|''uy''
|[wi:]
|-
|''yu''
|[i:u̯]
|}

The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.

===Stress===

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the '''Brythonic languages'''. Two main changes have been:

* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanadh''', "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".

==Grammar==

===Nouns, gender and number===

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

* '''oi''', that is typical of masculine nouns;
* '''ai''', that is used with feminine nouns;
* '''as''', less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Please note that nowadays the endings '''oi''' and '''ai''' tend to be replaced with the colloquial ''e'' both in writing and speech. The same occurs with the endin '''as''', that is substituted for '''es'''. These endings, that come from South-Elas dialects, are less used in the North.
There are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of '''ith''', "fish", is '''ith''u''as'''; the plural of '''gys''', "earth", is '''gai'''; the plural of '''ur''', "water", is '''udhas''', and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few.
Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!lidh
|lidhoi
|masculine
|stone
!pud
|pudas
|masculine
|foot
|-
!cur
|curai
|feminine
|land
!uran
|uranoi
|masculine
|sky, heaven
|-
!cryvid
|cryvidas
|feminine
|shoe
!fus
|fudhas
|masculine
|light
|-
!süy
|süai
|feminine
|life
!lus
|lusai
|feminine
|language
|-
!thyr
|thyras
|masculine
|animal
!bivel
|bivloi
|masculine
|book
|-
!erudh
|erudhas
|masculine
|love
!aluvec
|aluvecai
|masculine
|fox
|-
!coiran
|coiranoi
|masculine
|lord
!coiren
|coiranai
|feminine
|lady
|-
!enyr
|anras
|masculine
|man
!ginys
|ginai
|feminine
|woman
|-
!pir
|piroi
|masculine
|fire
!cefel
|cefalai
|feminine
|head
|-
!tov
|tovoi
|masculine
|place
!cron
|cronoi
|masculine
|time
|-
!odher
|odhroi
|masculine
|morning
!yver
|yverai
|feminine
|day
|-
!dyl
|dylai
|feminine
|afternoon
!efer
|eferai
|feminine
|evening
|-
!nith
|nithas
|feminine
|night
!hilyn
|hilynai
|feminine
|moon
|-
!celdh
|celdhoi
|masculine
|priest
!cildh
|celdhai
|feminine
|priestess
|-
!dennyr
|dennyras
|masculine
|tree
!cadh
|cadhas
|masculine
|hand
|-
!etyr
|eteras
|masculine
|star
!omadh
|omadhas
|masculine
|eye
|-
!cedhydh
|cedhydhas
|masculine
|teacher
!fil
|filoi
|masculine
|friend
|-
!ether
|ethroi
|masculine
|enemy
!edhair
|edhairoi
|masculine
|lover
|-
!cïun
|cinoi
|masculine
|dog
!com
|comoi
|masculine
|world
|}

====Loan words====

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!derwen
|daruen
|daruenai
|feminine
|oak
|-
!derwydd
|daruidh
|daruidhas
|masculine
|priest, magician, druid
|-
!bryn
|bryn
|brynai
|feminine
|hill
|-
!nifwl
|nivul
|nivuloi
|masculine
|mist, fog
|-
!llyn
|lyn
|lynoi
|masculine
|lake
|-
!gwellt
|guell
|guellas
|feminine
|grass
|-
!ofydd
|evidh
|evidhas
|masculine
|ovate
|-
!bardos
|bard
|bardas
|masculine
|poet
|-
!awen
|auen
|auenai
|feminine
|inspiration
|-
!bleydh
|bleidh
|bleidhas
|masculine
|wolf
|-
!lowarth
|louarth
|louarthas
|feminine
|paradise
|-
!calon
|calen
|calenai
|feminine
|heart
|}

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guedh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".

====Formation of feminine====

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

* '''-er''' (pl. ''-(e)rai''), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with ''-ydh'' and denoting agent, ex.: '''melbydh''' (= "singer") > '''melbydher''' (plural: ''melbydhrai'');
* '''-en''' (pl. ''-anai''), added to many nouns, ex.: '''ether''' > '''ethren''' (plural: ''ethranai''); '''fil''' > '''filen''' (plural: ''filanai'');
* '''-e-''' (pl. ''-a-ai''), that replaces the ending ''a + consonant'' of many masculine nouns, ex.: '''elaf''' (= "deer") > '''elef''' (plural: ''elafai''); '''mau''' (= "sorcerer") > '''meu''' (= "witch") (plural: ''mauai'').

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: '''celdh''' > '''cildh''' (plural: ''celdhai'').

===Articles===

Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvadh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

* '''to omyr''' > '''omyr to sirin''' (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
* '''to nysoi''' > '''nysoi to eivedhoi''' (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

* '''Elas''' (= "Greece") > '''Elas ''to'' Cain''' (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
* '''Elyn''' (= "Helena") > '''Elyn ''to'' plyd calin''' (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word ''Elas'' to mean ''Elas to Cain'', while the "Old Greece" is known as ''Elas to Paladh''.

===Adjectives===

Elynic adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, '''to''', or the possessives are put between the noun and the adjective.
Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in ''-oe'', and one for feminine, ending in ''-ae''.
Some adjectives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Masculine plural'''
!'''Feminine plural'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!ivydh
|ivydhoi
|ivydhai
|good
!penyr
|penyroi
|penyrai
|bad
|-
!elev
|elvoi
|elvai
|happy
!lir
|liroi
|lirai
|sad
|-
!egrin
|egrinoi
|egrinai
|tall / high
!thaval
|thavaloi
|thavalai
|short
|-
!calin
|calinoi
|calinai
|beautiful / goodlooking
!aiger
|aigroi
|aigrai
|ugly
|-
!meal
|mealoi
|mealai
|big / great
!migrin
|migrinoi
|migrinai
|little / small
|-
!paladh
|paladhoi
|paladhai
|old
!yvic
|yvicoi
|yvicai
|young
|-
!thenar
|thenaroi
|thenarai
|strong
!athin
|athinoi
|athinai
|weak
|-
!thervin
|thervinoi
|thervinai
|hot
!sirin
|sirinoi
|sirinai
|cold
|-
!fover
|foveroi
|foverai
|terrible
!plys
|plysoi
|plysai
|near / close
|-
!tyledhin
|tyledhinoi
|tyledhinai
|far / distant
!semyc
|semycoi
|semycai
|tired
|}

Some usage examples:

* '''migrin''' + '''ailur''' > ''ailur migrin'' (= "(a) little cat");
* '''meal''' + '''to enyr''' > ''enyr to meal'' (= "the big man");
* '''semyc''' + '''coiren evon''' > ''coiren evon semyc'' (= "my tired lady").

====Comparative====

The ''higher degree comparative'' is usually formed with the word '''va''' that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by '''y''' ex.:

* ''Andh '''va''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix '''-un''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''caldhun''' '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The ''same degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''udhys''' + adjective + '''yfer''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''udhys''' calin '''yfer''' dennyr'' > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The ''lower degree comparative'' is formed with the periphrasis '''myon''' + adjective + '''y''', ex.:

* ''Andh '''myon''' calin '''y''' dennyr'' > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
!penyr
|ysun
|-
!calin
|caldhun
!red (= "easy")
|raun
|-
!migrin
|medhun
!meal
|mysun
|-
!polis (= "many/much")
|pledhun
!aluyn (= "painful/agonizing")
|aldhun
|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

* ''Ys hi aredhun y eu'' - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: ''aredhunoi'' vs. ''aredhunai''.

====Superlative====

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word '''plyd''', that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with '''en''' (= "in") / '''evan''' (= "of"), ex.:

* ''Andh to '''plyd''' calin '''en''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix '''-yd''':

* ''Andh to '''calyd''' '''evan''' to com'' - The most beautiful flower of the world.

=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!ivydh
|aredhun
|aryd
!penyr
|ysun
|ycyd
|-
!calin
|caldhun
|calyd
!red
|raun
|rad
|-
!migrin
|medhun
|elegyd
!meal
|mysun
|meyd
|-
!polis
|pledhun
|plyd
!aluyn
|aldhun
|aluyd
|}

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Positive'''
!'''Comparative'''
!'''Superlative'''
|-
!paladh
|va paladh / paladh'''un'''
|plyd paladh / paladh'''yd'''
|-
!lir
|va lir / lir'''un'''
|plyd lir / lir'''yd'''
|-
!egrin
|va egrin / egrin'''un'''
|plyd egrin / egrin'''yd'''
|-
!plys
|va plys / plys'''un'''
|plyd plys / plys'''yd'''
|}

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.

====Numerals====

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|uden
| -
!1
|eis
|prudh
|-
!2
|dios
|deidher
!3
|trys
|tridh
|-
!4
|tethar
|tethardh
!5
|pen
|pendh
|-
!6
|es
|eth
!7
|eft
|eidodh
|-
!8
|oth
|ovodh
!9
|enag
|enadh
|-
!10
|deg
|degadh
!11
|enneg
|ennegadh
|-
!12
|dydeg
|dydegadh
!13
|trydeg
|trydegadh
|-
!14
|tethardeg
|tethardegadh
!15
|penneg
|pennegadh
|-
!16
|edheg
|edhegadh
!17
|efteg
|eftegadh
|-
!18
|othudeg
|othudegadh
!19
|enadeg
|enadegadh
|-
!20
|ivain
|ivaid
!21
|ivain sin eis
|ivaid sin prudh
|-
!22
|ivain sin dios
|ivaid sin deidher
!30
|ivain-deg
|ivaindegadh
|-
!31
|ivain-deg sin eis
|ivaindegadh sin prudh
!40
|dioivain
|dioivaid
|-
!50
|dioivain-deg
|dioivaindegadh
!60
|trivain
|trivaid
|-
!70
|trivain-deg
|trivaindegadh
!80
|tetharvain
|tetharvaid
|-
!90
|tetharvain-deg
|tetharvaindegadh
!100
|egadh
|egadhod
|}

From '''egadh''' on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!200
|diagesioi/ai
|diagesiod
!300
|trygesioi/ai
|trygesiod
|-
!400
|tethragesioi/ai
|tethragesiod
!500
|pennagesioi/ai
|pennagesiod
|-
!600
|esagesioi/ai
|esagesiod
!700
|eftagesioi/ai
|eftagesiod
|-
!800
|othagesioi/ai
|othagesiod
!900
|enagesioi/ai
|enagesiod
|-
!1000
|hilioi/ai
|hiliod
!2000
|diahilioi/ai
|diahiliod
|-
!3000
|tryhilioi/ai
|tryhiliod
!4000
|tethrahilioi/ai
|tethrahiliod
|-
!5000
|pennahilioi/ai
|pennahiliod
!6000
|esahilioi/ai
|esahiliod
|-
!7000
|eftahilioi/ai
|eftahiliod
!8000
|othahilioi/ai
|othahiliod
|-
!10000
|mirioi/ai
|miriod
!11000
|mirioi/ai sin hilioi/ai
|miriod sin hiliod
|-
!20000
|dimirioi/ai
|dimiriod
!100000
|egadh-hilioi
|egadh-hiliod
|-
!500000
|pennagesioi-hilioi
|pennagesioi-hiliod
!1000000
|kryn
|krynod
|-
!2000000
|dios krynoi
|deidher krynod
!1000000000
|riagryn
|riagryd
|}

===Pronouns and kinds of adjectives===

====Personal pronouns====

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan=2|eu
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|me
|colspan="2"|nüi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|moi
|colspan="2"|nüin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|colspan="2"|hi
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|he
|colspan="2"|üi
|-
!'''Dative'''
|colspan="2"|hoi
|colspan="2"|üin
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine s.'''
!'''Feminine s.'''
!'''Masculine pl.'''
!'''Feminine pl.'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|o
|ý
|oi
|ai
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ton
|tyn
|tus
|tas
|-
!'''Dative'''
|tu
|ty
|tois
|tais
|}

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

* ''Dure tyn brys to coiren'' - Give it to the lady;
* ''Dure ty to cïun'' - Give her the dog.

====Demonstratives====

There are two demonstratives: '''yun''' (= "this") and '''ledh''' (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Adverb'''
!'''Demonstrative'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
!'''1st'''
|''naudh'' (= here)
|yun
|this
|-
!'''2nd'''
|rowspan="2"|''cys'' (= there)
|rowspan="2"|ledh
|rowspan="2"|that
|-
!'''3rd'''
|}

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

* ''To ailur yun'' - This cat.
* ''Ru eu en oic to yun'' - I'm in this house;
* ''Bainu eu e hoicoi to ledh'' - I come from those houses.

====Possessives====

Possessives can be used both as pronouns and adjectives. When they are used as adjectives, they always follow the noun they refer to.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Possessives'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|evon
|evas
|-
!'''hi'''
|hon
|has
|-
!'''o'''
|colspan="2"|dhu
|-
!'''ý'''
|colspan="2"|dhys
|-
!'''nüi'''
|yveron
|yveras
|-
!'''üi'''
|iveron
|iveras
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|dhun
|}

Here are some examples:

* ''Ailur evon'' - My cat;
* ''Cïun hon'' - Your dog;
* ''Ginys dhu'' - His wife;
* ''Enyr dhys'' - Her man;
* ''Thyr yveron'' - Our animal;
* ''Fil iveron'' - Your friend;
* ''Calen dhun'' - Their heart.

Plural:

* ''Ailuroi evas'' - My cats;
* ''Cinoi has'' - Your dogs;
* ''Ginai dhu'' - His wives;
* ''Anras dhys'' - Her men;
* ''Thyras yveras'' - Our animals;
* ''Filoi iveras'' - Your friends;
* ''Calenai dhun'' - Their hearts.

Possessives don't allow the use of the article. Third person possessives don't inflect.

====Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'====

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Case'''
!'''Tis''' (who)
!'''Ti''' (what)
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tis
|ti
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|ten
|ti
|-
!'''Dative'''
|ty
|ty
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tun
|tun
|}

Ex.:

* ''Tis it o?'' - Who is he?
* ''Tis cïun calin!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Tun it to bivel yun?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Ty ellas tyn?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''To ledh it to ginys ten filu'' - That is the woman whom I love.

====Indefinites====

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|udhis
|someone/anyone
|-
|edhi
|something/anything
|-
|mydys
|nobody
|-
|myden
|nothing
|-
|olen
|each
|-
|pan
|all
|-
|edher
|other
|-
|ovodh
|same, self
|}

When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':

* ''To alenoi/ai'' - The others;
* ''Crysys edhi alen?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Gnocy ý udhis alen?'' - Does she know someone else?

===Adverbs===

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix ''-eus'' is added. Some examples:

* ''elev > elveus'' (happy - happily);
* ''lir > lireus'' (sad - sadly);
* ''meal > mealeus'' (great - greatly);
* ''thenar > thenareus'' (strong - strongly);
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivydh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.

Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:

* 1) adverbs always follow subject, ex.: '''ru eu mal elev''' (= "I am very happy"), '''dagruy ý thenareus''' (= "She cries strongly");
* 2) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: '''ryu o elion lir''' (= "He's a little sad").

====Place adverbs====

In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naudh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''U'''
!'''Naudh'''
!'''Cys'''
|-
!'''State'''
|u
|naudh
|cys
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|oi
|naudhes
|cyses
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|üen
|naudhen
|cysen
|}

The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:

* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to ledh to peli, oi ovylu ergyn'' - That is the town where I have to go.

Other place adverbs are: ''alodh'', ''alodhes'', ''alodhen'', respectively "elsewhere", "from elsewhere", "(to) elsewhere"; ''udhovu'', "nowhere" and "from nowhere", ''udhovon'', "(to) nowhere"; ''edhovu'' "somewhere" and "from somewhere", ''edhovon, "(to) somewhere".

====Time adverbs====

The adverb ''yneg'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:

* ''nin'' - now;
* ''enna'' - then;
* ''prothen'' - before;
* ''ivyn'' - after;
* ''dyvodh'' - some times;
* ''hinydhen'' - usually;
* ''ey'' - always;
* ''oseg'' - ever;
* ''uvodh'' - never;
* ''alodh'' - another time.

==Verbs==

The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.

===To be===

The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:

* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivydh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').

Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''Byn'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''"ru eu"'''
!'''"yv eu"'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|ru
|yv
|-
!'''hi'''
|rys
|y
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ryu
|it
|-
!'''nüi'''
|ren
|emén
|-
!'''üi'''
|rych
|eté
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|colspan="2"|ys
|}

===Present tense===

Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="7"|'''Regular verbs'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Person'''
!colspan="3"|'''e-pattern'''
!colspan="3"|'''u-pattern'''
|-
!'''Feryn'''
!'''Egyn'''
!'''Lanyn'''
!'''Syn'''
!'''Lalyn'''
!'''Filyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|feru
|egu
|lanu
|su
|lalu
|filu
|-
!'''hi'''
|ferys
|egys
|lanys
|sys
|lalys
|filys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|fery
|egy
|lany
|sy
|laly
|fily
|-
!'''nüi'''
|fer'''en'''
|eg'''en'''
|lan'''en'''
|s'''un'''
|lal'''un'''
|fil'''un'''
|-
!'''üi'''
|fer'''ech'''
|eg'''ech'''
|lan'''ech'''
|s'''ych'''
|lal'''ych'''
|fil'''ych'''
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|ferus
|egus
|lanus
|sus
|lalus
|filus
|}

====Present of "i-verbs"====

There are some verbs, not too many, actually, that insert a tonic '''i''' between the root and the endings in the present and in the imperfect: because of this they are called ''i-verbs''.
Two important verbs of this kind are '''ethyn''', "to eat", and '''lyn''', "to free, to release":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|eth'''ï'''u
|l'''ï'''u
|-
!'''hi'''
|ethys
|lys
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ethy
|ly
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eth'''ï'''en
|l'''ï'''en
|-
!'''üi'''
|eth'''ï'''ech
|l'''ï'''ech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|eth'''ï'''us
|l'''ï'''us
|}

All i-verbs are ''e-pattern verbs''.

====Present of "contracted verbs"====

Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="6"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
!'''Oran'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|leu
|du
|pou
|acú
|oru
|-
!'''hi'''
|leys
|düys
|pois
|acüys
|oras
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ley
|düy
|poi
|acüy
|ora
|-
!'''nüi'''
|leuen
|dun
|poun
|acüen
|orüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|lech
|duch
|poich
|acüech
|orach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|leus
|dus
|pous
|acús
|orus
|}

====="A-verbs"=====

The verb ''oran'' belongs to a special class of contracted verbs: the '''a-verbs'''. These verbs show an '''a''' in some endings and, above all, in the infinitive instead of the classic '''y'''. These are the only irregular verbs with a predictable pattern, as we can see with other examples, such as the verbs '''dogan''', "to wait", '''tivan''', "to honour", and '''gelan''', "to laugh":

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!colspan="4"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|dogu
|tivu
|gelu
|-
!'''hi'''
|dogas
|tivas
|gelas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|doga
|tiva
|gela
|-
!'''nüi'''
|dogüen
|tivüen
|gelüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|dogach
|tivach
|gelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|dogus
|tivus
|gelus
|}

====The progressive form====

Neohellenic has developed a '''progressive form''' of the present and the formation of it let linguists think that it derives from Celtic languages.
Nowadays the progressive form is less and less used, except for some Occidental dialects which even prefer this form to the simple present.
The present progressive is formed with '''verb ''byn'' (ru eu) + en + infinitive of the verb''', ex.:

* ''Ru eu en paisyn hin to civicoi.'' > I'm playing dice.
* ''Ys oi en oran to paid.'' > They are seeing the children.

==Vocabulary==

===Colour terms===

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

[[File:Brythohellenic_colours.png|thumb|356px|Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)
|melain
|black
|-
|κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)
|celain; furg
|dark, obscure
|-
|λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)
|lemyr
|light, pale, fair
|-
|lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)
|lïuis
|grey
|-
|gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)
|guin
|white
|-
|φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)
|faiglur
|bright, lucid
|-
|rudh''velyn'' (Cornish), "orange"
|velin
|orange
|-
|ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)
|ridher
|red
|-
|πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)
|porhir
|purple-red
|-
|gwaed (Welsh), "blood"
|guaidin
|burgundy
|-
|crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"
|crilysin
|violet, purple
|-
|ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"
|innic
|indigo
|-
|χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"
|clur; guilsin
|green
|-
|ebron (Cornish), "sky"
|brenin
|light blue, cyan
|-
|θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"
|thalesin
|dark blue
|-
|mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"
|mylin
|yellow
|-
|dur (Cornish), "earth"
|dirin
|brown
|-
|χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";
|crisin; eurin
|golden
|-
|rosen (Cornish), "rose"
|resin
|pink
|-
|ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"
|aruirin; ytrin
|silver
|-
|χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"
|helgin; yvydhin
|bronze-coloured
|}

===Fruit and vegetables===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 650px; text-align:center"
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"
|myl
|red apple
|-
|afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"
|aval
|yellow apple, generic apple
|-
|κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"
|cidun
|green apple
|-
|στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"
|talamadh
|grape
|-
|citreum (Latin), "lemon"
|cidhyr
|lemon
|-
|χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"
|crimyl
|orange
|-
|هلو (Persian), "peach"
|heulv
|peach
|-
|ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"
|eladh
|olive
|-
|لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"
|lameutyr
|lime
|-
|κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"
|ceres
|cherry
|-
|ruber (Latin), "bright red"
|ryuir
|watermelon
|-
|αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"
|onuir (pl. onuir-)
|cucumber
|-
|انجیر (Persian), "fig"
|neiar
|fig
|-
|ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"
|nanas
|pineapple
|-
|sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"
|syvyn
|strawberry
|-
|νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|nithuirn
|blueberry
|-
|du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"
|dyuirn
|blackberry
|-
|tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"
|tovydh
|tomato
|-
|mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"
|mehys
|maize
|-
|موز (Persian), "banana"
|meus
|banana
|-
|زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"
|serdel
|apricot
|-
|προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"
|brun
|plum
|-
|قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"
|heuif
|coffee
|-
|茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"
|sea (pl. seai)
|tea
|-
|xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"
|cegolydh
|cacao (beans)
|-
|باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"
|badynyn
|eggplant
|-
|cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"
|cirvedh
|courgette
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

User talk:Fauxlosophe

2014-08-11T10:25:57Z

Llyn: /* Hi! */

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| style="text-align:center;" |<big><big><big>'''Welcome to the LinguifexWiki!'''</big></big></big>
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==Welcome back!==
Ça fait longtemps! Long time no see, Fauxlosophe! Glad to see all your contributions, but would you mind changing the name of Gwengâr Vocabulary to Gwengâr/Vocabulary? Just a matter of principle!

Welcome back!

[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:55, 1 May 2013 (CEST)

Ouais, trop longtemps. Y était tout un mélodrame avec ED et tout ça, dont j'ai pas voulu perdre mon temps. Ça serait plus calme ici j'espère. Y a combien actif ici? J'aimerais bien parler et être social sans avoir tous ce bagage.

Merci de m'accueillir,

- --[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 18:58, 1 May 2013 (CEST)

Oh, ce qui s'est passé en Wikia? Rostov nous a rendu visite, mais il a été bloqué pour vandalisme... Et ouais, c'est très calme ici! Bien, aujourd'hui nous avons un forum, mais je crois que tu déjà l'as trouvé...!

Chrysophylax et Zelos sont ici avec moi tout la semaine. L'utilisateur le plus actif en ce moment est [[User:Darthme|Darthme]]. Chacun d'entre nous aiment parler.

De rien! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:49, 1 May 2013 (CEST)

Ouais, mais pour moi, je suis parti donc il m'a demandé de lui votais comme bureaucrate si PMOB n'a pas lui parler. J'ai pas voulu le voir en contrôle du wikia sans vérification, donc, j'ai disparu. Mes études aussi commence à demander de plus en plus de temps. Mais je serai ici, même si je disparaîtrais parfois.

- --[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 21:19, 1 May 2013 (CEST)

Ah, je comprend, quel dommage. Moi aussi j'ai mes études... Bien, tu es bienvenu ici!
Salutations, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:01, 3 May 2013 (CEST)

== Amor ==

Holy shit I love how productive you are! :D Go Fauxy go! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 08:09, 5 May 2013 (CEST)

I go through phases of productivity but with my exams just finished, I've had a bunch of ideas buzzing in my head and I'm making up for a lot of lost time.
- --[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 21:50, 5 May 2013 (CEST)

I can understand that =)

I assume you mean "Subjective Object" you mean "Subject" and teh conlang is VOS, oR? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 06:02, 6 May 2013 (CEST)

No, unfortunately a lot in the Fén Ghír article is a hold over from before I understood anything about Linguistics (I've run through it a few times but I keep missing this stuff. I may yet try a ground up rewrite if I settle on a format that I prefer). What I meant there was "The Object which renders the sentance Subjective" as in "''He said'' you ran north". Thinking over it now, I can't come up with anything better than "Subjectifying" for it but I believe I may remove the bar as a whole since its content is better covered elsewhere. I think "Clause" might be a better term though I am not certain it is the best possible one.
-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 06:35, 6 May 2013 (CEST)

"Perspective Object" might be better? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 06:39, 6 May 2013 (CEST)

Perspective is perfect. I've already made a couple changes but I'll add that on now I'm considering a term to keep things consistant, I want to remove "case" [which I found a list of an used as a basis for comparing prepositions]. "Object" isn't ideal but is possible. However, Noun/Noun Phrase is a bit closer to what I have in mind and is what I've been using more recently. Any better suggestions? -[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 06:45, 6 May 2013 (CEST)

== Featured language of May 2013:Nominations ==

<wikiforumthread id=26 />

[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 13:22, 5 May 2013 (CEST)

== Review ==

Hi Faux, I will take a closer look at your language tomorrow.

Regards,
[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 23:21, 8 May 2013 (CEST)

Much appreciated. Giving it a look over now myself, as well as Cwengâr. Neither is polished but I'm hoping you can help me with making it look a little more presentable.

Cheers,
-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 23:36, 8 May 2013 (CEST)

I'll get right to it:
===Aesthetics and layout===
*Have you considered the "bluetable lightbluebg" class for your tables?
*A small text above all tables make it look a bit more inviting.
* Maybe put the phrasebook in a table? Then it takes less space, and is more easily read.
===Wording and orthography===
*Try to have as a rule to either bolden or use oblique on words in your conlang. That way they are more easily visible.
*The phonotactics section require needs to be clarified and reworded. Have you considered to bolden the '''C'''s and '''V'''s?
**"In larger words, the consonant of the root word will be; C-V-C." - I fail to understand this sentence, I fear!
*In the Quantifying determiners section, it'd be better if you stated that they should be followed by the noun, rather than showing it in the table.
*Do not capitalise grammatical terms. If you want them emphasised, please use bold or oblique fonts.
*Typo: Lenition, not lentition.
*Please do not abbreviate to "Misc".
*The headers should only have the initial capitalised.
===Grammar, phonology and terminology===
*In the grammar section, I would prefer a table of pronouns labelled similarly to [[Biscayan]], but you have so few that you do not need to split them into singular and plural.
*I recommend you to use the following terms in your Determiners section:
**Current - Proximal
**Contrasting - Distal
**New - Alternative
**Inquisitive - Interrogative
*Examples are always welcome!
*Try to put all phonemes in slashes or brackets!
*I enjoy your syntax sections on phrases/clauses as well as those on prepositions! More on those and I'd die happily!
*I always like to see more on the phonology. Is there allophony? Sandhi? Dissimilation? If not, I would like it stated as such.

[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 22:53, 9 May 2013 (CEST)

Thanks for taking the time to review stuff.

*I have no idea how to code, even simple wiki stuff. I mostly hit things with rocks until they look like they are listening. Blue tables&Overhead text are much nicer! Thanks for telling me how/pointing me towards Biscayan where I can loot what I need.
*Most errors should be fixed, save the obliquing Fén words which I intend to take care of.
*I'm not sure what is meant by "Try to put all phonemes in slashes or brackets!". I've marked syllables in glosses [as best I can for how I read them, though I'm a bit iffy with some]. Examples will be added where possible. If I can think of more to say on the other elements, I will. Certainly, there are ways in which they act differently from their english equivalents, but I have trouble summoning that to mind when writing and I suspect I apply these differences inconsistantly, so I would benefit from writing them down here with examples. Other possible points I could expand on would be greatly appreciated.
*Sandhi, Allophones & etc. were avoided due to my lack of experience and comfort with them. For the sake of making it pronounable for myself, I'd simplified the pronunciation significantly while trying to keep it highly regular, and the phonetics section has been updated to reflect this. Hopefully the explaination offered for this is plausible.

Thank you very much for taking the time to go over all of this,
-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 06:56, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

*I happen to like tables quite a lot, so if you want to, I could make them a bit more intelligible?
*In the phonology section, I would recommend you to use slashes, //, to indicate sounds. In the alphabet section, it is not obvious which symbols are letters and which ones that are sounds. For example:

"[...]it may be seen that fronted vowels vowels are "lengthened" before sonorants; /ɪ/ becomes /i/, /ɛ/ becomes /e:/. "

Speaking of which, this is a kind of irregularity, that vowels change their quality when they ecome longer. You would otherwise expect /ɛ/ to become /ɛ:/.

*In the phonotactics section, I would love to have the L, C and V explained. As a reader, I do not know what they symbolise in thi specific case. And try to bold or oblique all words or affixes written in Fén!
*Also, please change your spelling of "sentance" into "sentence"! I normally do not care about those things, but since you use the word quite often...!

Regards, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:55, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

==Examples==
[[Umbrean/Examples]]

Whatcha think? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 09:23, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

I'd recommend changing up format from line to line, so the Umbrean and English quotes are both italicised and in quotes and the phonetic is in slashes. For my personal taste, the conjugation of "see" seems a little too complex which makes me worry how forbidding the table could get longer verbs. Could verbs be broken into smaller morphemes by slashes or some other form than just a hyphen with all of the meanings written out? Even if some of the morphemes are compounded, it would be handy to divide it up a little. Even just isolating the [potentially modified] root from additional prefixes would be handy since it gives a bit more of an idea of what each modification is doing and makes it seem a little less forbidding.

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 15:59, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

uh, I think you are using "forbidding" in an errorous context o_o Cause I have no clue what you mean, I think you mean "intimidating"

But elaborate what you mean with the style and elaborate the rest, I did not understand it [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:50, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

Intimidating would be better, though "uninviting" is probably closer to what I was going for.

I'll give an example here to give you a sense of what I mean. I'm going to skim Umbrean to make my best attempt at this but admittedly, I may misunderstand the grammar here;

"''Tšees fššedylw uuvvidjljaall''"

/{{Um-IPA|Tšees fššedylw uuvvidjljaall}}/

Tšees fššed-y-lw uu>vvidj<lj-aall

{{sc|1s.erg}} wolf-{{sc|acc.sjv}} <{{sc|sjv}}>see-{{sc|sjv.aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep}}

"''I probably will see the wolf soon''"
-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 19:12, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

Aahhh I see, Alright :D Thanks thats a great suggestion

though, why would it be uninviting? XD
[[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 19:14, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

It looks better much now! I wrote the first reply in a bit of a rush, but you did most of the stuff I was trying to recommend [ironically I'm much more careful to have good grammar in my French replies, my mistakes in English are native ones]. I remember reading it as "see-sjv-aff.ind.3.liv.prs.incep" which just boggled me especially since I didn't notice the root in the center and thought that it was drawing on having a static consonants in the center while moving around vowels to indicate most tenses/cases while adding suffixes and prefixes for those that don't. The current version is a lot clearer, though it still looks a little complex for a natlang [Though I have a bias towards Western European languages and what you have seems somewhat comparable with Finnish], if you'd like though I can look over it in more detail before saying anything further as right now I'm just giving first impressions.

One more thing I'd do is separate the aa from the ll in "uuvvidjljaall" if that is at all possible since from what I can tell on your tables, they serve slightly different grammatical functions.

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 19:25, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

Feel free to take a look. Yes it is quite complex but thats intentional. Long lived bastards speaks it :) I do plan on adding more nuances to subtle changes.

Oh yeah its not because the aa is a vowel that depends on the tempus (tense aspect choice) which goes with the -ll, there is no reasonable way to pull them apart as I have made it. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 19:34, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

== Productivity ==

I have decided to award you with the following medal to applaud your productivity! Put it on your user page and wear it with pride!

<nowiki>{{Medal/productive}}</nowiki>

Sincerely, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:25, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

Thank you! It's been put up already. As I said with Zelos, I don't think I can keep this up as a permenant case, however, I will try to keep my contribution relatively consistant over time and there will definitely be periods of productivity [especially if I disappeared for a little]. Speaking of though, I will put up the changes for Fén later today [or maybe tomorrow if I am busy]; sentances weren't done previously due to lack of time but I figure I can finish most of what is left tonight [aside from tables and examples which will be a process].

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 15:59, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

Please, this isn't the Nobel Peace Prize Committee, we don't give awards proactively! It's for the fact that you have been productive! We are all just glad we have users around! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 17:02, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

It's a good wiki and I appreciate the quality control of language pages so I'm glad to help out where I can. It's a bit of a shame that there aren't more users though. Would it be possible to make the code more user friendly like Wikia? I've chatted with a conlanger on wikia who said that the difficulty of tables and codes are the primary reason that he hasn't switched to this side of the fork, which is understandable as I had the same hesistation initially. Otherwise, I think the IRC or just little translation challenges/activites that people can work on together as a group will bring people out of talk pages and into a more visible community. Actually, if there's wouldn't be a problem with it, I could create the IRC channel on a sandbox page just to give an idea of what I can do/what I mean here. I don't have much of a clue for coding and my experience here comes from trial and error on another wiki so aesthetics are a bit lacking but you or others would be free to improve on it.

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 18:39, 10 May 2013 (CEST)

== The question ==

[[:File:FénGhír.png]] - To be deleted or not to be deleted, that is the question? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:01, 11 May 2013 (CEST)

I think I'd prefer deletion since as I said I'm not sure of my legal right over the first and both are of questionable usefulness, my only worry is over working you guys cleaning up my irrelevant pages.

ps. Speaking of deleting pages; if I made templates for translations featured on the site similar to the front page [but customized individually for cases where examples are not given their own page] would that be useful or just needless clutter?

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 14:36, 11 May 2013 (CEST)

Ooh, no worries, it's what I do!

Hmm, I suspect you want to translate for example your article on Fén Ghír into Fén Ghír? Well, honestly, we do not want to see a bunch if individual templates for each page. I will talk to Zelos to see if he has a solution. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 14:46, 11 May 2013 (CEST)

Actually, I was thinking about adding it to say, "The Lord's Prayer" to have a link to "Cha#The_Lord.27s_Prayer", Fén, Cwengâr, Alska and any other version I could find floating around [including possibly transcribing/copying PMOB's version from the video]. If we add these templates as companions to translation examples, I don't think the number would get too overwhelming.

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 14:57, 11 May 2013 (CEST)

Basically the same then! It doesn't remove the problem. I have an idea, but it must be realised by someone adept in coding. I'll speak to Zelos. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 16:12, 11 May 2013 (CEST)

== Translation of Cwengâr into Dhannuá ==

[[Dhannuá/Sandhórdhór/Rís_Úairosúe|The Tale of Rís Úairosúe]] or well, at least as far as I got before succumbing to sleep. Since I can't call this fully ''canon'' Dhannuá based on my lack of sleep, I'm putting it in the ''some dialect'' folder… for now.

--[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 09:35, 20 May 2013 (CEST)

== Interlinear ==

May I suggest adding interlinear to [[Literature:Cwengâr/Verse‎]]? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 06:33, 22 May 2013 (CEST)

It's a little rough, but I have one up now. --[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 19:19, 22 May 2013 (CEST)

== Featured language of May 2013: Voting ==

<wikiforumthread id=27/>

[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:10, 22 May 2013 (CEST)

== Semantics ==

[[Semantics:Indefinite]]

Whatcha think for a starter? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 17:21, 24 May 2013 (CEST)

I'd consider two points; Maybe expand the range of the article to include definite as well, since there are strong parallels and a conlang could hypothetically work with some inbetween or by blending some of the distinction between definite and indefinite for more obscure cases if they attach context or a grammatic rule. Which, although it would be more research, it might be worth our time to create a chart of languages to show how these distinctions can be blended and which are often left distinct.

Possibly if there are notable examples of indefinite or definite articles also being used for different things in some of these example languages, then we might also include a link to that detangling in the footnotes.

The latter is pretty ambitious but could be considered a long term goal and something we encourage people to leave in the footnotes.

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 19:01, 24 May 2013 (CEST)

I agree we should include more, I just got the indefinate first cause its fresh in my mind. There is a differens between indefinate in this case and indefinate articles XD

Indefinate article simply means "not definate"/"not known to the speaker" while indefinate in the article means "An unspecific entity"

But I agree it needs to be expanded. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 19:13, 24 May 2013 (CEST)

I see, do we need to focus on that though? I'm thinking we'll want to hone in on pretty fundamental aspects of language; cases/adpositions, articles, auxiliary verbs (though that would be more origins/meanings of auxiliary verbs in other languages) which it is easy to fall back on English or another European language for. Other things are important but could be covered by suggesting people check out wiktionary when translating and consider carefully how many of the subdefinitions they want to include with their words.

-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 19:35, 24 May 2013 (CEST)

I think we can include everything as time progresses, the more we help the better :) But thats for time [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 03:08, 25 May 2013 (CEST)

==Congratulations!==
Congratulations! You language [[Fén Ghír]] was voted featured! A truly wonderful language!

Please put the <nowiki>{{Template:Medal/featured|language=Fén Ghír}}</nowiki> on your user page to show of your achievement!

Sincerely, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 09:03, 30 May 2013 (CEST)

Thanks! I'm a bit disappointed I didn't run up against some of the admins, Attian really should have been nominated at least. So I feel a little wierd about how it landslided towards me, I expected I'd get it maybe on the third or fourth go after I had done some more work on it.

Eitherway, the badge up now and I am pretty happy about it.

-Cheers, [[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 17:45, 30 May 2013 (CEST)

No, reason to thank me, after all I abstained from voting! And don't say that, I really need to brush that language off when the summer comes. Well, to be honest, your language was by far the most documented one, and the voting participation wasn't what we expected. For a first-timer, I Think it turned out pretty well, though!

Congrats, again! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:27, 30 May 2013 (CEST)

I meant thank you for the message of congraduations! I'm still sort of surprised how well I did all the same. I am curious though; you said you wanted to vote for both Fén Ghír and another one but you didn't say whether the other was Aarlaansk or Kihā́mmic. I feel like PMoB's absense would make his victory sort of a hollow one but it's definitely a strong and well thought out language while Aarlansk is interesting and would have had my vote it if wouldn't have been a vote against myself.

I think the deadline and announcement helped bring people out, maybe next time we should keep up the banner during the whole election period [barring more important announcements]. Otherwise, it wasn't bad for a first go. It might have helped if admins chipped two and maybe if we could vote for multiple languages? To avoid people abstaining due to an inability to pick one?

Oh, and a side note, you notice the Fén main page update? It's a bit of a cheap joke but humour seemed the best way to avoid getting too self referential.

-Cheers, [[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 23:16, 30 May 2013 (CEST)

Good! I didn't? Oh, well, I meant for it to say Aarlaansk. Well, yes, but we couldn't take Kihā́mmic of the list because of his absence, the procedure is possible without the author. I for one was sure you'd win.

Well, voting on more than one language probably isn't the best solution. We shall be more involved next time though, and get it started earlier!

Oh, yeah, you mean featuring English? Yes, I noticed, I liked it a lot! Normally we want the translated main pages to be mirror pages, but since yours is featured, we'll make an exception. On another note, would you like to write a small description of the language to put on the main page, including the translation banner? Leave it at my wall and I'll add it there! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 08:14, 31 May 2013 (CEST)

Hey, Faux, I've seen your language has won :) Congratulation even from me! It's a great "Celtic" idea!!! XD :) [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 14:50, 17 June 2013 (CET)

Hey, Llyn, thanks for the message. I had a great time making it and messing around with things, so it's nice to see all that goofing off rewarded. Sorry for the delayed response! I finally get featured and I'm not around to enjoy it, but I do check here [I saw this a week ago but I wasn't able to reply due to busyness followed by a vacation with friends, but if any of you guys want to leave a message here, I'll see it within 48 hours [and make an effort to acknowledge it in the future]. It's kind of been a busy month so I'm feeling the drain both in terms of creativity and time but once things clear up, I'll be back. Once I am, I'll give another peak and Aarlaansk & Brytho-Hellenic.

-Thanks again, [[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 04:17, 2 July 2013 (CEST)

== Your spreadsheet ==

Were you the one who used Google Drive to store your spreadsheet and Chrys was the one who used dropbox? Or do I have that the other way around? If so, do you prefer editing directly on the Drive, or do you edit it on your computer and then upload the new version to the Drive? Also could you send me the link to it, I'd like to see how it's organized! :) --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 03:35, 21 July 2013 (CEST)

On Google Drive you directly edit it on the web, and it's saved automatically. :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:34, 21 July 2013 (CEST)

Waahlis has it right. I use Google Drive and I believe Chrys mentioned using dropbox; I usually edit directly online since it prevents redundant copy from kicking around on my computer [which used to be a huge problem for me]. [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AgkXyjEqNVNVdFdGcC12UVR0UGVsY3VzR2JwWlFZQ0E#gid=0%5D%5D Here's the link to the word list]. There's a few other notes I should probably put up but I'll leave it at this for now.

-Cheers [[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 15:13, 21 July 2013 (CEST)

== Nominationes! ==

<wikiforumthread id=37 />

== First Linguifex Relay ==

The torch has been lit! Thy task awaits thee at [[First Linguifex Relay/Valian]]!

{{Userbox
| border-c = #999
| id-c = white
| info-c = white
| info-fc = #C80815
| id = [[Image:relaytorch.svg|42x42px]]
| info = This user is currently the torch bearer for [[First Linguifex Relay/Valian]] and was handed it on 01:24, 4 September 2013 (CEST) by [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]'''. The torch will automagically pass on to the next relay member in 48 hours.
}}

==E réale terte do Linguifex==

jue skavare mijha [[Second Linguifex Relay|tell]] de [[Second Linguifex Relay|réale.]] Jora é sijha ve.

[[User:Darthme|Darthme]] ([[User talk:Darthme|talk]]) 21:44, 23 November 2013 (CET)

== De Fén Rinób ==

Can't download! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 02:55, 13 June 2014 (CEST)

== Linguifex Nazauxoh Misonōtzih hīdatzti raximatzti chōdanōtził mōxłhacīhin! ==
Tihuabān...

[[Third_Linguifex_Relay/Raxic|Mamatzti]] lō. Tostanān hīphān! [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 05:33, 15 June 2014 (CEST)

== Hi! ==
Hi there! Is everything okay? I just wanted to tell you that I'm continuing my Brytho-Hellenic: I've finally begun the verb section :) I would like it so much if you glanced at it and told me what you think of it :)
[[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llais]]''' 16:34, 08 August 2014 (CEST)