Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Proto-Almaic

2020-03-01T12:28:09Z

MIGUELbM: /* Syntax */

{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Almaic
|altname =
|nativename = Rapa'i
|pronunciation = /ʀaˈpa.ʔi/
|region = Almaic plains; Hassjic mountains.
|extinct = ca. 3500 a.E.
|era = Lithic period
|familycolor =
|fam1 = Almeic
|family = Proto-Almaic
|creator = Miguel Bartelsman
|created = 2020
|setting = Conworld Angara
|script = Latin
|iso3 = none
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagealt =
|imagecaption =
|imageheader =
|map =
|mapsize =
|mapalt =
|mapcaption =
|map2 =
|mapalt2 =
|mapcaption2 =
|boxsize =
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Proto-Almaic''' is the common ancestor of all the Almaic languages, a family of languages widespread in the Yolder and Ausmiran continents.

Proto-Almaic is estimated to have been spoken from around 5000 to 3500 a.E., and it's original homeland may have been the Almeran plains from which the language derives its name. Its descendant languages include [[Angaran]] and [[Yohari]].

== Orthography ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | A&ensp;a
! style="width: 100px;" | B&ensp;b
! style="width: 100px;" | C&ensp;c
! style="width: 100px;" | D&ensp;d
! style="width: 100px;" | E&ensp;e
! style="width: 100px;" | F&ensp;f
|-
! Pronunciation
| /a/, /ã/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /b/
| /x/
| /d/
| /e/, /ẽ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /f/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | G&ensp;g
! style="width: 100px;" | H&ensp;h
! style="width: 100px;" | I&ensp;i
! style="width: 100px;" | K&ensp;k
! style="width: 100px;" | Kg&ensp;kg {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;kk {{ref|EjM|4}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /g/
| /h/, /-/ {{ref|Asp|2}}
| /i/, /ĩ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /k/
| /k’/
| /k’/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | L&ensp;l
! style="width: 100px;" | M&ensp;m
! style="width: 100px;" | N&ensp;n
! style="width: 100px;" | Nj&ensp;nj
! style="width: 100px;" | O&ensp;o
! style="width: 100px;" | P&ensp;p
|-
! Pronunciation
| /l/
| /m/
| /n/, /◌̃/, /N/ {{ref|N|5}}
| /ɲ/
| /o/, /õ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /p/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Pb&ensp;pb {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;pp {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | Q&ensp;q
! style="width: 100px;" | R&ensp;r
! style="width: 100px;" | S&ensp;s
! style="width: 100px;" | T&ensp;t
|-
! Pronunciation
| /p’/
| /p’/
| /q/
| /ʀ/
| /s/
| /t/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Td&ensp;td {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;tt {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | U&ensp;u
! style="width: 100px;" | V&ensp;v
! style="width: 100px;" | Z&ensp;z
! style="width: 100px;" | ' {{ref|Glot|6}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /t’/
| /t’/
| /u/, /ũ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /v/
| /z/
| /ʔ/
|}

{{ref/note|NV|1}} In words that end with ⟨n⟩, the /n/ is dropped and instead the vowels are nasalized.

{{ref/note|Asp|2}} /h/ is not pronounced in final position, but ⟨h⟩ is preserved as clitics and affixes reveal the sound.

{{ref/note|EjI|3}} ⟨kg⟩, ⟨td⟩, and ⟨pb⟩ are only used at the start of a word.

{{ref/note|EjM|4}} ⟨kk⟩, ⟨tt⟩, and ⟨pp⟩ are only used in the middle of a word, so they have no correct capitalized version.

{{ref/note|N|5}} ⟨n⟩ in coda position can be realized a number of ways: as vowel nasalization in final position or before /ʔ/, or as one of [m], [ɱ], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ], assimilating in place of articulation to the following consonant.

{{ref/note|Glot|6}} ⟨'⟩ has a single representation regardless of location or capitalization.

Stress is predictable from the orthography, so it is not marked. A written word will always be stressed on the second to last syllable if it ends on an open syllable, otherwise stress will fall on the last syllable.

== Phonetics ==

=== Consonants ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! Palat.
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! Glot.
|-
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Nasal
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | m
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | n
| ɲ
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Ejectives
| style="border-right: none;" | p’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | t’ || style="border-left: none;" |
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Stops
| style="border-right: none;" | p || style="border-left: none;" | b
| style="border-right: none;" | t || style="border-left: none;" | d
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k || style="border-left: none;" | g
| style="border-right: none;" | q || style="border-left: none;" |
| ʔ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Fricatives
| style="border-right: none;" | f || style="border-left: none;" | v
| style="border-right: none;" | s || style="border-left: none;" | z
|
| style="border-right: none;" | x || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| h
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Liquids
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | l
|
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | ʀ
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="1" | Front
! colspan="1" | Center
! colspan="1" | Back
|-
! style="width: 50px;" | rnd
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Close
| style="border-right: none;" | i&ensp;ĩ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | u&ensp;ũ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Mid
| style="border-right: none;" | e&ensp;ẽ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | o&ensp;õ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Open
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | a&ensp;ã
| style="border-right: none;" |
|}

=== Syllable structure ===

<big style="letter-spacing:2px;">((h)C) V (N)</big>

* C: a consonant, which may be pre-aspirated word-medially.
* V: a vowel
* N: is a nasal consonant with unspecified place of articulation.

=== Prosody ===

Stress usually falls on the second to last syllable, unless the word ends in a nasal vowel or preaspirates suffixes, in which case it falls on the last syllable.

== Syntax ==

{{rellink|For examples: [[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]}}

Proto-Angaric is a specifier-initial, adjunct-mixed, head-final language.

XP → (YP) X'

X' → (ZP) X'&ensp;''or''&ensp;X' (ZP)

X' → (WP) X

=== Structure rules ===

Phrase heads are in '''bold''', adjuncts are in {{color|gray|gray}}, optional elements are surrounded by (parentheses) or, if they can be repeated, by {curly braces}

==== Sentence ====
* CP

==== Complement Phrase (CP) ====
* (NP) VP ('''C''')
* VP '''NP''' — Subject backing

==== Verb Phrase (VP) ====
* (NP/DP/CP) (NP/DP/CP) '''V''' {{color|gray|{PP/AdvP} }} (Aux)

==== Noun Phrase (NP) ====
* {{color|gray|{PP} }} (PP/AdjP) '''N''' {{color|gray|{Adj} }}

==== Determiner phrase (DP) ====
* (NP) '''D'''
* (NP){{glossabb|s|Subject, possessor, specifier}} (NP){{glossabb|o|Object, possessee, complement}} '''D''' — Possessive construction

==== Postposition Phrase (PP) ====
* (NP/DP/CP) '''PP'''

==== Adverb Phrase (AdvP) ====
* (AdvP) '''AdvP'''

==== Adjective Phrase (AdjP) ====
* (AdvP/PP) '''AdjP'''

==== Conjunction Phrase (ConjP) ====
* XP/ConjP XP '''Conj'''

== Grammar ==

=== Pronouns ===

* '''sa''' – I (1st p. singular)
* '''sana''' – we (1st p. plural inc.)
* '''sado''' – we (1st p. plural excl.)
* '''ika''' – you (2nd p. singular)
* '''ikana''' – you (2nd p. dual)
* '''ikado''' – you (2nd p. plural)
* '''go''' – he/she (3rd p. singular)
* '''gona''' – they (3rd p. dual)
* '''godo''' – they (3rd p. plural)
* '''a''' – it/that (3rd p. singular)
* '''ahdo''' – they/those (3rd p. dual)
* '''ahna''' – they/those (3rd p. plural)

; Determiners
: Only an indefinite article is used

; Number
: Marked by particles, three different forms: singular, dual, plural

; Tenses
: Present, unmarked; past and habitual, regularly marked by affixes; future

== Samples ==

=== Misc. sentences ===

'''''“Tenju ohdattali 'e sin”''''' 
/ˈte.ɲu oh.daˈt’a.li ʔe sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|tenju || oh=dattali || 'e || sin
|-
| mister || {{glossabb|indf}}=animal || {{glossabb|pat}} || see
|}
''“The mister sees an animal”''

=== Schleicher's fable ===

'''''“Ti ohrante, kginja 'e ka hila ohagahi to ohemon 'e sin mo, …”''''' 
/ti ohˈʀan.te ˈk’i.ɲa ʔe ka hiˈla o.haˈga.hi to o.heˈmõ ʔe sĩ mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ti || oh=rante, || kginja || 'e || ka || hila || oh=agahi || to || oh=emon || 'e || sin || mo
|-
| On || {{glossabb|indf}}=hill, || wool || {{glossabb|pat}} || {{glossabb|neg}} || have || {{glossabb|indf}}=sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || {{glossabb|indf}}=horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || see || {{glossabb|pst}},
|}
''“On a hill, a wool have-not sheep saw some horses, …”''

'''''“…ahdomi za ohppami godo 'e lanjicipu, …”''''' 
/ahˈdo.mi za ohˈp’a.mi ˈgo.do ʔe ˌla.ɲiˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ahdo=mi || za || oh=pbami || godo || 'e || lanji=cipu
|-
| {{glossabb|3p|Third person plural}}={{glossabb|gen}} || one || {{glossabb|indf}}=wagon || heavy || {{glossabb|pat}} || pull={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…one of them pulling a heavy wagon, …”''

'''''“…zakuna ohdakkenvita onjo 'e dakkencipu, …”''''' 
/zaˈku.na ohˌda.k’eɱˈvi.ta ˈo.ɲo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| zakuna || oh=dakken-vita || onjo || 'e || dakken=cipu
|-
| one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=carry-{{glossabb|nz}} || big || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…another carrying a big load, …”''

'''''“…o zakuna ohnagoh 'e dakkencipu qasi. …”''''' 
/o zaˈku.na ˌoh.naˈgo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu ˈqa.si/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| o || zakuna || oh=nagoh || 'e || dakken=cipu || qasi
|-
| and || one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}} || fast
|}
''“…and another carrying a man fast. …”''

'''''“…Agahi emon 'e vanza mo: …”''''' 
/aˈga.hi eˈmõ ʔe ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || to || emon || 'e || vanza || mo
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || horses || {{glossabb|pat}} || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The sheep said to the horses: …”''

'''''“…«Sami anke ikado 'e atuza ohnagoh 'e sinsa to emon 'e manttasa.»…”''''' 
/ˈsa.mi ˈaŋ.ke iˈkado ʔe aˈtu.za ohˈna.go ʔe ˈsin.sa to ˈe.mõ ʔe manˈt’a.sa/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| sa=mi || anke || ikado || 'e || atuza || oh=nagoh || 'e || sin-sa || to || emon || 'e || mantta-sa
|-
| {{glossabb|1s|First person singular}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || {{glossabb|2p|Second person plural}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || hurt || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || see-{{glossabb|ger}} || {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || drive={{glossabb|ger}}
|}
''“…«My soul weeps for you, seeing a man driving horses.»…”''

'''''“…To emon vanza mo:…”''''' 
/to eˈmõ ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| to || emon || vanza || mo
|-
| {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The horses said: …”''

'''''“…«agahi 'e mihe sadomi anke atuza la 'e mahulo sin:…”''''' 
/aˈga.hi ʔe ˈmi.he saˈdo.mi ˈaŋ.ke aˈtu.za la ʔe maˈhu.lo sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || 'e || mihe || sado=mi || anke || atuza || la || 'e || mahulo || sin
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pat}} || listen || {{glossabb|1px|First person plural exclusive}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || hurt || {{glossabb|det}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || when || see
|}
''“…«Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: …”''

On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

Proto-Almaic

2020-02-26T08:01:02Z

MIGUELbM: /* Syntax */

{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Almaic
|altname =
|nativename = Rapa'i
|pronunciation = /ʀaˈpa.ʔi/
|region = Almaic plains; Hassjic mountains.
|extinct = ca. 3500 a.E.
|era = Lithic period
|familycolor =
|fam1 = Almeic
|family = Proto-Almaic
|creator = Miguel Bartelsman
|created = 2020
|setting = Conworld Angara
|script = Latin
|iso3 = none
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagealt =
|imagecaption =
|imageheader =
|map =
|mapsize =
|mapalt =
|mapcaption =
|map2 =
|mapalt2 =
|mapcaption2 =
|boxsize =
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Proto-Almaic''' is the common ancestor of all the Almaic languages, a family of languages widespread in the Yolder and Ausmiran continents.

Proto-Almaic is estimated to have been spoken from around 5000 to 3500 a.E., and it's original homeland may have been the Almeran plains from which the language derives its name. Its descendant languages include [[Angaran]] and [[Yohari]].

== Orthography ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | A&ensp;a
! style="width: 100px;" | B&ensp;b
! style="width: 100px;" | C&ensp;c
! style="width: 100px;" | D&ensp;d
! style="width: 100px;" | E&ensp;e
! style="width: 100px;" | F&ensp;f
|-
! Pronunciation
| /a/, /ã/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /b/
| /x/
| /d/
| /e/, /ẽ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /f/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | G&ensp;g
! style="width: 100px;" | H&ensp;h
! style="width: 100px;" | I&ensp;i
! style="width: 100px;" | K&ensp;k
! style="width: 100px;" | Kg&ensp;kg {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;kk {{ref|EjM|4}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /g/
| /h/, /-/ {{ref|Asp|2}}
| /i/, /ĩ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /k/
| /k’/
| /k’/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | L&ensp;l
! style="width: 100px;" | M&ensp;m
! style="width: 100px;" | N&ensp;n
! style="width: 100px;" | Nj&ensp;nj
! style="width: 100px;" | O&ensp;o
! style="width: 100px;" | P&ensp;p
|-
! Pronunciation
| /l/
| /m/
| /n/, /◌̃/, /N/ {{ref|N|5}}
| /ɲ/
| /o/, /õ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /p/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Pb&ensp;pb {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;pp {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | Q&ensp;q
! style="width: 100px;" | R&ensp;r
! style="width: 100px;" | S&ensp;s
! style="width: 100px;" | T&ensp;t
|-
! Pronunciation
| /p’/
| /p’/
| /q/
| /ʀ/
| /s/
| /t/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Td&ensp;td {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;tt {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | U&ensp;u
! style="width: 100px;" | V&ensp;v
! style="width: 100px;" | Z&ensp;z
! style="width: 100px;" | ' {{ref|Glot|6}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /t’/
| /t’/
| /u/, /ũ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /v/
| /z/
| /ʔ/
|}

{{ref/note|NV|1}} In words that end with ⟨n⟩, the /n/ is dropped and instead the vowels are nasalized.

{{ref/note|Asp|2}} /h/ is not pronounced in final position, but ⟨h⟩ is preserved as clitics and affixes reveal the sound.

{{ref/note|EjI|3}} ⟨kg⟩, ⟨td⟩, and ⟨pb⟩ are only used at the start of a word.

{{ref/note|EjM|4}} ⟨kk⟩, ⟨tt⟩, and ⟨pp⟩ are only used in the middle of a word, so they have no correct capitalized version.

{{ref/note|N|5}} ⟨n⟩ in coda position can be realized a number of ways: as vowel nasalization in final position or before /ʔ/, or as one of [m], [ɱ], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ], assimilating in place of articulation to the following consonant.

{{ref/note|Glot|6}} ⟨'⟩ has a single representation regardless of location or capitalization.

Stress is predictable from the orthography, so it is not marked. A written word will always be stressed on the second to last syllable if it ends on an open syllable, otherwise stress will fall on the last syllable.

== Phonetics ==

=== Consonants ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! Palat.
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! Glot.
|-
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Nasal
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | m
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | n
| ɲ
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Ejectives
| style="border-right: none;" | p’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | t’ || style="border-left: none;" |
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Stops
| style="border-right: none;" | p || style="border-left: none;" | b
| style="border-right: none;" | t || style="border-left: none;" | d
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k || style="border-left: none;" | g
| style="border-right: none;" | q || style="border-left: none;" |
| ʔ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Fricatives
| style="border-right: none;" | f || style="border-left: none;" | v
| style="border-right: none;" | s || style="border-left: none;" | z
|
| style="border-right: none;" | x || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| h
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Liquids
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | l
|
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | ʀ
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="1" | Front
! colspan="1" | Center
! colspan="1" | Back
|-
! style="width: 50px;" | rnd
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Close
| style="border-right: none;" | i&ensp;ĩ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | u&ensp;ũ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Mid
| style="border-right: none;" | e&ensp;ẽ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | o&ensp;õ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Open
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | a&ensp;ã
| style="border-right: none;" |
|}

=== Syllable structure ===

<big style="letter-spacing:2px;">((h)C) V (N)</big>

* C: a consonant, which may be pre-aspirated word-medially.
* V: a vowel
* N: is a nasal consonant with unspecified place of articulation.

=== Prosody ===

Stress usually falls on the second to last syllable, unless the word ends in a nasal vowel or preaspirates suffixes, in which case it falls on the last syllable.

== Syntax ==

{{rellink|For examples: [[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]}}

XP → (YP) X'

X' → (ZP) X'&emsp;or&emsp;X' (ZP)

X' → (WP) X

Proto-Angaric is a specifier-initial, adjunct-mixed, head-final language.

NP → N'

N' → (PP) N&emsp;or&emsp;N (PP)

N' → (PP|AdjP) N

=== Main clause ===

(Subject) Verb Phrase

Primary word order is SOV. A clause can be embedded into another clause by moving its subject to the end of the clause. Thus

: sheep wool have not

becomes

: wool have not sheep

CHANGES: Determiners should go after the noun.

=== Main clause ===

Proto-Almaic is primarily a VSO language, with alternate orders such as SVO, employed for topic introduction, and VOS, a result of pragmatic marking, being less common.

=== The verb phrase ===

The verb phrase is, maximally, as follows:

: (Preposition) '''Verb''' (Adverbs) (Auxiliary Verb)

Preverbal adpositions are valency increasing operators. These are usually applied before intransitive verbs to have them take a locative object, though they might also serve to form dative or causative constructions. Only a small subset of adpositions is allowed in this role.
Adverbs are usually located directly after the main verb, when multiple adverbs are used they obey the following order:

: Time – Manner – Place

Some functional adverbs, such as questions and conditionals will be located in other positions, such as at the beginning of the clause or at the end.

Auxiliary verbs are used to express certain tenses and aspects that main verbs have no inflections for, such as the future tense and the progressive aspect. When an auxiliary is used, the main verb takes no inflections, other than preverbal adpositions.

== Grammar ==

=== Pronouns ===

* '''sa''' – I (1st p. singular)
* '''sana''' – we (1st p. plural inc.)
* '''sado''' – we (1st p. plural excl.)
* '''ika''' – you (2nd p. singular)
* '''ikana''' – you (2nd p. dual)
* '''ikado''' – you (2nd p. plural)
* '''go''' – he/she (3rd p. singular)
* '''gona''' – they (3rd p. dual)
* '''godo''' – they (3rd p. plural)
* '''a''' – it/that (3rd p. singular)
* '''ahdo''' – they/those (3rd p. dual)
* '''ahna''' – they/those (3rd p. plural)

; Determiners
: Only an indefinite article is used

; Number
: Marked by particles, three different forms: singular, dual, plural

; Tenses
: Present, unmarked; past and habitual, regularly marked by affixes; future

== Samples ==

=== Misc. sentences ===

'''''“Tenju ohdattali 'e sin”''''' 
/ˈte.ɲu oh.daˈt’a.li ʔe sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|tenju || oh=dattali || 'e || sin
|-
| mister || {{glossabb|indf}}=animal || {{glossabb|pat}} || see
|}
''“The mister sees an animal”''

=== Schleicher's fable ===

'''''“Ti ohrante, kginja 'e ka hila ohagahi to ohemon 'e sin mo, …”''''' 
/ti ohˈʀan.te ˈk’i.ɲa ʔe ka hiˈla o.haˈga.hi to o.heˈmõ ʔe sĩ mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ti || oh=rante, || kginja || 'e || ka || hila || oh=agahi || to || oh=emon || 'e || sin || mo
|-
| On || {{glossabb|indf}}=hill, || wool || {{glossabb|pat}} || {{glossabb|neg}} || have || {{glossabb|indf}}=sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || {{glossabb|indf}}=horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || see || {{glossabb|pst}},
|}
''“On a hill, a wool have-not sheep saw some horses, …”''

'''''“…ahdomi za ohppami godo 'e lanjicipu, …”''''' 
/ahˈdo.mi za ohˈp’a.mi ˈgo.do ʔe ˌla.ɲiˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ahdo=mi || za || oh=pbami || godo || 'e || lanji=cipu
|-
| {{glossabb|3p|Third person plural}}={{glossabb|gen}} || one || {{glossabb|indf}}=wagon || heavy || {{glossabb|pat}} || pull={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…one of them pulling a heavy wagon, …”''

'''''“…zakuna ohdakkenvita onjo 'e dakkencipu, …”''''' 
/zaˈku.na ohˌda.k’eɱˈvi.ta ˈo.ɲo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| zakuna || oh=dakken-vita || onjo || 'e || dakken=cipu
|-
| one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=carry-{{glossabb|nz}} || big || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…another carrying a big load, …”''

'''''“…o zakuna ohnagoh 'e dakkencipu qasi. …”''''' 
/o zaˈku.na ˌoh.naˈgo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu ˈqa.si/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| o || zakuna || oh=nagoh || 'e || dakken=cipu || qasi
|-
| and || one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}} || fast
|}
''“…and another carrying a man fast. …”''

'''''“…Agahi emon 'e vanza mo: …”''''' 
/aˈga.hi eˈmõ ʔe ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || to || emon || 'e || vanza || mo
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || horses || {{glossabb|pat}} || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The sheep said to the horses: …”''

'''''“…«Sami anke ikado 'e atuza ohnagoh 'e sinsa to emon 'e manttasa.»…”''''' 
/ˈsa.mi ˈaŋ.ke iˈkado ʔe aˈtu.za ohˈna.go ʔe ˈsin.sa to ˈe.mõ ʔe manˈt’a.sa/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| sa=mi || anke || ikado || 'e || atuza || oh=nagoh || 'e || sin-sa || to || emon || 'e || mantta-sa
|-
| {{glossabb|1s|First person singular}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || {{glossabb|2p|Second person plural}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || hurt || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || see-{{glossabb|ger}} || {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || drive={{glossabb|ger}}
|}
''“…«My soul weeps for you, seeing a man driving horses.»…”''

'''''“…To emon vanza mo:…”''''' 
/to eˈmõ ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| to || emon || vanza || mo
|-
| {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The horses said: …”''

'''''“…«agahi 'e mihe sadomi anke atuza la 'e mahulo sin:…”''''' 
/aˈga.hi ʔe ˈmi.he saˈdo.mi ˈaŋ.ke aˈtu.za la ʔe maˈhu.lo sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || 'e || mihe || sado=mi || anke || atuza || la || 'e || mahulo || sin
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pat}} || listen || {{glossabb|1px|First person plural exclusive}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || hurt || {{glossabb|det}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || when || see
|}
''“…«Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: …”''

On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-25T19:38:38Z

MIGUELbM: /* Conlang Test Sentences */

== Conlang Test Sentences ==

=== 1-25 ===

# ''The dog next door is dangerous.''
#:: ''door next dog the dangerous is''
#:: ''dog door next the dangerous is''

#: Head final, specifiers and complements go up-front, adjuncts can go either way
# ''The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.''
# ''Al is married to Betty's only daughter.''
# ''The red house is the house that Jack built.''
# ''Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.''
# ''The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.''
# ''If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.''
# ''Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.''
# ''All hail the king.''
# ''Nothing is the greatest positive integer.''
# ''The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.''
# ''If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.''
# ''The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.''
# ''The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.''
# ''Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.''
# ''The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.''
# ''Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.''
# ''The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.''
# ''This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.''
# ''The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.''
# ''Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.''
# ''Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.''
# ''Some professors don't understand this problem.''
# ''Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.''
# ''Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.''

=== 26-50 ===

# If all professors bore all of their students, then all professors are wasting their time.
# Some lion Bruce Willis is chasing is a formidable animal, but is not ferocious.
# The only students who pass are the ones who work.
# Only slackers fail if and only if the only unfair professors are on sabbatical.
# Someone is not respected by anyone.
# Any professor who is bored by everything bores all of his or her students.
# Some underpaid professors are also secretaries, and some overworked administrators are professors, but no administrator is a secretary.
# If a student and his or her professor bore each other, then both are wasting their time.
# The end is nigh.
# Everyone who respects oneself is respected by everyone who respects someone.
# Cicero is Tully
# Daniel is the only child of Jacob.
# Rebecca has at least two daughters.
# Cain was not his brother's keeper.
# Carl is the tallest man alive.
# The only pear left on the tree is rotten.
# There are exactly two primes between 10 and #
# Every affluent person owns at least two cars.
# At most one Richmonder will win the lottery.
# Every positive integer has exactly one successor.
# There are no more than two villains in Gotham.
# Batman and Robin are the only heros in Gotham.
# Kay respects everyone but herself.
# Everything is identical to something.
# Exactly one student respects every professor.

=== 51-75 ===

# No more than one professor is respected by every student.
# Aristotle and Descartes are the only philosophers who are smarter than all of their disciples.
# 2 is the only prime whose successor is prime.
# No one respects anyone who respects everyone but him or herself.
# Everyone who respects exactly one classmate is respected by exactly two classmates.
# Everyone except the king does not admire the king.
# The tallest and smallest men in the world both joined the circus.
# Exactly two goblins hate every wizard.
# The Queen of England is related to the King of Sweden.
# Not every country belongs to the U.N.
# The president of every country knows the president of every other country.
# The result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter is equal to pi.
# No house has only one roach in it.
# The Queen of Hearts' only daughter is loved by exactly three suitors.
# At least two known terrorists are hated by everyone except themselves.
# The lord of the elves will cross the sea only if the lord of Mordor is defeated.
# Anyone who repsects someone who repsects the current president of the United States is not respected by at least one person.
# The wall from which Humpty Dumpty fell is not the Great Wall of China.
# The woman Argyle hoped to marry was the woman the man she hoped to marry hoped to marry.
# Something's happening here, and what it is ain't exactly clear.
# This is the boy who played with the toy that scared the frog that splashed the dog that chased the cat that ate the rat that killed the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.
# Jihad Against Islam's Call for Jihad.
# Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.
# Someday the USA will elect a woman president, and it won't be pretty.
# Nothing is the greatest positive integer.

=== 76-80 ===

# Checkmate.
# Now that's a pretty little girls' school.
# They were attacking people, not peaceful people.
# "Bad hair day"
# If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.

== Syntax test cases ==

=== 1-25 ===

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The sun is rising now.
# The bright sun shines.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's working.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

=== 26-50 ===

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

=== 51-75 ===

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.

=== 76-100 ===

# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

=== 101-125 ===

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.

=== 126-150 ===

# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

=== 151-175 ===

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.

=== 176-200 ===

# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

=== 201-218 ===

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic

2020-02-23T21:41:58Z

MIGUELbM: /* Syntax */

{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Almaic
|altname =
|nativename = Rapa'i
|pronunciation = /ʀaˈpa.ʔi/
|region = Almaic plains; Hassjic mountains.
|extinct = ca. 3500 a.E.
|era = Lithic period
|familycolor =
|fam1 = Almeic
|family = Proto-Almaic
|creator = Miguel Bartelsman
|created = 2020
|setting = Conworld Angara
|script = Latin
|iso3 = none
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagealt =
|imagecaption =
|imageheader =
|map =
|mapsize =
|mapalt =
|mapcaption =
|map2 =
|mapalt2 =
|mapcaption2 =
|boxsize =
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Proto-Almaic''' is the common ancestor of all the Almaic languages, a family of languages widespread in the Yolder and Ausmiran continents.

Proto-Almaic is estimated to have been spoken from around 5000 to 3500 a.E., and it's original homeland may have been the Almeran plains from which the language derives its name. Its descendant languages include [[Angaran]] and [[Yohari]].

== Orthography ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | A&ensp;a
! style="width: 100px;" | B&ensp;b
! style="width: 100px;" | C&ensp;c
! style="width: 100px;" | D&ensp;d
! style="width: 100px;" | E&ensp;e
! style="width: 100px;" | F&ensp;f
|-
! Pronunciation
| /a/, /ã/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /b/
| /x/
| /d/
| /e/, /ẽ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /f/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | G&ensp;g
! style="width: 100px;" | H&ensp;h
! style="width: 100px;" | I&ensp;i
! style="width: 100px;" | K&ensp;k
! style="width: 100px;" | Kg&ensp;kg {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;kk {{ref|EjM|4}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /g/
| /h/, /-/ {{ref|Asp|2}}
| /i/, /ĩ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /k/
| /k’/
| /k’/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | L&ensp;l
! style="width: 100px;" | M&ensp;m
! style="width: 100px;" | N&ensp;n
! style="width: 100px;" | Nj&ensp;nj
! style="width: 100px;" | O&ensp;o
! style="width: 100px;" | P&ensp;p
|-
! Pronunciation
| /l/
| /m/
| /n/, /◌̃/, /N/ {{ref|N|5}}
| /ɲ/
| /o/, /õ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /p/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Pb&ensp;pb {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;pp {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | Q&ensp;q
! style="width: 100px;" | R&ensp;r
! style="width: 100px;" | S&ensp;s
! style="width: 100px;" | T&ensp;t
|-
! Pronunciation
| /p’/
| /p’/
| /q/
| /ʀ/
| /s/
| /t/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Td&ensp;td {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;tt {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | U&ensp;u
! style="width: 100px;" | V&ensp;v
! style="width: 100px;" | Z&ensp;z
! style="width: 100px;" | ' {{ref|Glot|6}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /t’/
| /t’/
| /u/, /ũ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /v/
| /z/
| /ʔ/
|}

{{ref/note|NV|1}} In words that end with ⟨n⟩, the /n/ is dropped and instead the vowels are nasalized.

{{ref/note|Asp|2}} /h/ is not pronounced in final position, but ⟨h⟩ is preserved as clitics and affixes reveal the sound.

{{ref/note|EjI|3}} ⟨kg⟩, ⟨td⟩, and ⟨pb⟩ are only used at the start of a word.

{{ref/note|EjM|4}} ⟨kk⟩, ⟨tt⟩, and ⟨pp⟩ are only used in the middle of a word, so they have no correct capitalized version.

{{ref/note|N|5}} ⟨n⟩ in coda position can be realized a number of ways: as vowel nasalization in final position or before /ʔ/, or as one of [m], [ɱ], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ], assimilating in place of articulation to the following consonant.

{{ref/note|Glot|6}} ⟨'⟩ has a single representation regardless of location or capitalization.

Stress is predictable from the orthography, so it is not marked. A written word will always be stressed on the second to last syllable if it ends on an open syllable, otherwise stress will fall on the last syllable.

== Phonetics ==

=== Consonants ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! Palat.
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! Glot.
|-
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Nasal
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | m
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | n
| ɲ
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Ejectives
| style="border-right: none;" | p’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | t’ || style="border-left: none;" |
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Stops
| style="border-right: none;" | p || style="border-left: none;" | b
| style="border-right: none;" | t || style="border-left: none;" | d
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k || style="border-left: none;" | g
| style="border-right: none;" | q || style="border-left: none;" |
| ʔ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Fricatives
| style="border-right: none;" | f || style="border-left: none;" | v
| style="border-right: none;" | s || style="border-left: none;" | z
|
| style="border-right: none;" | x || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| h
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Liquids
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | l
|
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | ʀ
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="1" | Front
! colspan="1" | Center
! colspan="1" | Back
|-
! style="width: 50px;" | rnd
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Close
| style="border-right: none;" | i&ensp;ĩ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | u&ensp;ũ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Mid
| style="border-right: none;" | e&ensp;ẽ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | o&ensp;õ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Open
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | a&ensp;ã
| style="border-right: none;" |
|}

=== Syllable structure ===

<big style="letter-spacing:2px;">((h)C) V (N)</big>

* C: a consonant, which may be pre-aspirated word-medially.
* V: a vowel
* N: is a nasal consonant with unspecified place of articulation.

=== Prosody ===

Stress usually falls on the second to last syllable, unless the word ends in a nasal vowel or preaspirates suffixes, in which case it falls on the last syllable.

== Syntax ==

{{rellink|For examples: [[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]}}

Primary word order is SOV. A clause can be embedded into another clause by moving its subject to the end of the clause. Thus

: sheep wool have not

becomes

: wool have not sheep

CHANGES: Determiners should go after the noun.

=== Main clause ===

Proto-Almaic is primarily a VSO language, with alternate orders such as SVO, employed for topic introduction, and VOS, a result of pragmatic marking, being less common.

=== The verb phrase ===

The verb phrase is, maximally, as follows:

: (Preposition) '''Verb''' (Adverbs) (Auxiliary Verb)

Preverbal adpositions are valency increasing operators. These are usually applied before intransitive verbs to have them take a locative object, though they might also serve to form dative or causative constructions. Only a small subset of adpositions is allowed in this role.
Adverbs are usually located directly after the main verb, when multiple adverbs are used they obey the following order:

: Time – Manner – Place

Some functional adverbs, such as questions and conditionals will be located in other positions, such as at the beginning of the clause or at the end.

Auxiliary verbs are used to express certain tenses and aspects that main verbs have no inflections for, such as the future tense and the progressive aspect. When an auxiliary is used, the main verb takes no inflections, other than preverbal adpositions.

== Grammar ==

=== Pronouns ===

* '''sa''' – I (1st p. singular)
* '''sana''' – we (1st p. plural inc.)
* '''sado''' – we (1st p. plural excl.)
* '''ika''' – you (2nd p. singular)
* '''ikana''' – you (2nd p. dual)
* '''ikado''' – you (2nd p. plural)
* '''go''' – he/she (3rd p. singular)
* '''gona''' – they (3rd p. dual)
* '''godo''' – they (3rd p. plural)
* '''a''' – it/that (3rd p. singular)
* '''ahdo''' – they/those (3rd p. dual)
* '''ahna''' – they/those (3rd p. plural)

; Determiners
: Only an indefinite article is used

; Number
: Marked by particles, three different forms: singular, dual, plural

; Tenses
: Present, unmarked; past and habitual, regularly marked by affixes; future

== Samples ==

=== Misc. sentences ===

'''''“Tenju ohdattali 'e sin”''''' 
/ˈte.ɲu oh.daˈt’a.li ʔe sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|tenju || oh=dattali || 'e || sin
|-
| mister || {{glossabb|indf}}=animal || {{glossabb|pat}} || see
|}
''“The mister sees an animal”''

=== Schleicher's fable ===

'''''“Ti ohrante, kginja 'e ka hila ohagahi to ohemon 'e sin mo, …”''''' 
/ti ohˈʀan.te ˈk’i.ɲa ʔe ka hiˈla o.haˈga.hi to o.heˈmõ ʔe sĩ mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ti || oh=rante, || kginja || 'e || ka || hila || oh=agahi || to || oh=emon || 'e || sin || mo
|-
| On || {{glossabb|indf}}=hill, || wool || {{glossabb|pat}} || {{glossabb|neg}} || have || {{glossabb|indf}}=sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || {{glossabb|indf}}=horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || see || {{glossabb|pst}},
|}
''“On a hill, a wool have-not sheep saw some horses, …”''

'''''“…ahdomi za ohppami godo 'e lanjicipu, …”''''' 
/ahˈdo.mi za ohˈp’a.mi ˈgo.do ʔe ˌla.ɲiˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ahdo=mi || za || oh=pbami || godo || 'e || lanji=cipu
|-
| {{glossabb|3p|Third person plural}}={{glossabb|gen}} || one || {{glossabb|indf}}=wagon || heavy || {{glossabb|pat}} || pull={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…one of them pulling a heavy wagon, …”''

'''''“…zakuna ohdakkenvita onjo 'e dakkencipu, …”''''' 
/zaˈku.na ohˌda.k’eɱˈvi.ta ˈo.ɲo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| zakuna || oh=dakken-vita || onjo || 'e || dakken=cipu
|-
| one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=carry-{{glossabb|nz}} || big || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…another carrying a big load, …”''

'''''“…o zakuna ohnagoh 'e dakkencipu qasi. …”''''' 
/o zaˈku.na ˌoh.naˈgo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu ˈqa.si/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| o || zakuna || oh=nagoh || 'e || dakken=cipu || qasi
|-
| and || one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}} || fast
|}
''“…and another carrying a man fast. …”''

'''''“…Agahi emon 'e vanza mo: …”''''' 
/aˈga.hi eˈmõ ʔe ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || to || emon || 'e || vanza || mo
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || horses || {{glossabb|pat}} || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The sheep said to the horses: …”''

'''''“…«Sami anke ikado 'e atuza ohnagoh 'e sinsa to emon 'e manttasa.»…”''''' 
/ˈsa.mi ˈaŋ.ke iˈkado ʔe aˈtu.za ohˈna.go ʔe ˈsin.sa to ˈe.mõ ʔe manˈt’a.sa/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| sa=mi || anke || ikado || 'e || atuza || oh=nagoh || 'e || sin-sa || to || emon || 'e || mantta-sa
|-
| {{glossabb|1s|First person singular}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || {{glossabb|2p|Second person plural}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || hurt || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || see-{{glossabb|ger}} || {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || drive={{glossabb|ger}}
|}
''“…«My soul weeps for you, seeing a man driving horses.»…”''

'''''“…To emon vanza mo:…”''''' 
/to eˈmõ ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| to || emon || vanza || mo
|-
| {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The horses said: …”''

'''''“…«agahi 'e mihe sadomi anke atuza la 'e mahulo sin:…”''''' 
/aˈga.hi ʔe ˈmi.he saˈdo.mi ˈaŋ.ke aˈtu.za la ʔe maˈhu.lo sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || 'e || mihe || sado=mi || anke || atuza || la || 'e || mahulo || sin
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pat}} || listen || {{glossabb|1px|First person plural exclusive}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || hurt || {{glossabb|det}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || when || see
|}
''“…«Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: …”''

On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-23T21:13:50Z

MIGUELbM: /* 1-25 */

== Conlang Test Sentences ==

=== 1-25 ===

# ''The dog next door is dangerous.''
#:: ''door next dog the dangerous is''
#:: ''dog door next the dangerous is''
#: Head final, specifiers and complements go up-front, adjuncts can go either way
# ''The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.''
# ''Al is married to Betty's only daughter.''
# ''The red house is the house that Jack built.''
# ''Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.''
# ''The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.''
# ''If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.''
# ''Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.''
# ''All hail the king.''
# ''Nothing is the greatest positive integer.''
# ''The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.''
# ''If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.''
# ''The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.''
# ''The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.''
# ''Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.''
# ''The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.''
# ''Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.''
# ''The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.''
# ''This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.''
# ''The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.''
# ''Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.''
# ''Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.''
# ''Some professors don't understand this problem.''
# ''Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.''
# ''Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.''

=== 26-50 ===

# If all professors bore all of their students, then all professors are wasting their time.
# Some lion Bruce Willis is chasing is a formidable animal, but is not ferocious.
# The only students who pass are the ones who work.
# Only slackers fail if and only if the only unfair professors are on sabbatical.
# Someone is not respected by anyone.
# Any professor who is bored by everything bores all of his or her students.
# Some underpaid professors are also secretaries, and some overworked administrators are professors, but no administrator is a secretary.
# If a student and his or her professor bore each other, then both are wasting their time.
# The end is nigh.
# Everyone who respects oneself is respected by everyone who respects someone.
# Cicero is Tully
# Daniel is the only child of Jacob.
# Rebecca has at least two daughters.
# Cain was not his brother's keeper.
# Carl is the tallest man alive.
# The only pear left on the tree is rotten.
# There are exactly two primes between 10 and #
# Every affluent person owns at least two cars.
# At most one Richmonder will win the lottery.
# Every positive integer has exactly one successor.
# There are no more than two villains in Gotham.
# Batman and Robin are the only heros in Gotham.
# Kay respects everyone but herself.
# Everything is identical to something.
# Exactly one student respects every professor.

=== 51-75 ===

# No more than one professor is respected by every student.
# Aristotle and Descartes are the only philosophers who are smarter than all of their disciples.
# 2 is the only prime whose successor is prime.
# No one respects anyone who respects everyone but him or herself.
# Everyone who respects exactly one classmate is respected by exactly two classmates.
# Everyone except the king does not admire the king.
# The tallest and smallest men in the world both joined the circus.
# Exactly two goblins hate every wizard.
# The Queen of England is related to the King of Sweden.
# Not every country belongs to the U.N.
# The president of every country knows the president of every other country.
# The result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter is equal to pi.
# No house has only one roach in it.
# The Queen of Hearts' only daughter is loved by exactly three suitors.
# At least two known terrorists are hated by everyone except themselves.
# The lord of the elves will cross the sea only if the lord of Mordor is defeated.
# Anyone who repsects someone who repsects the current president of the United States is not respected by at least one person.
# The wall from which Humpty Dumpty fell is not the Great Wall of China.
# The woman Argyle hoped to marry was the woman the man she hoped to marry hoped to marry.
# Something's happening here, and what it is ain't exactly clear.
# This is the boy who played with the toy that scared the frog that splashed the dog that chased the cat that ate the rat that killed the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.
# Jihad Against Islam's Call for Jihad.
# Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.
# Someday the USA will elect a woman president, and it won't be pretty.
# Nothing is the greatest positive integer.

=== 76-80 ===

# Checkmate.
# Now that's a pretty little girls' school.
# They were attacking people, not peaceful people.
# "Bad hair day"
# If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.

== Syntax test cases ==

=== 1-25 ===

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The sun is rising now.
# The bright sun shines.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's working.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

=== 26-50 ===

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

=== 51-75 ===

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.

=== 76-100 ===

# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

=== 101-125 ===

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.

=== 126-150 ===

# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

=== 151-175 ===

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.

=== 176-200 ===

# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

=== 201-218 ===

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-23T20:37:06Z

MIGUELbM: /* Conlang Test Sentences */

== Conlang Test Sentences ==

=== 1-25 ===

# The dog next door is dangerous.
#: [DPthe dog next door] [NP dangerous] [V is]
#: [the dog next door] [dangerous] [is]
# The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.
# Al is married to Betty's only daughter.
# The red house is the house that Jack built.
# Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.
# The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.
# If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.
# Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.
# All hail the king.
# Nothing is the greatest positive integer.
# The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.
# If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.
# The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.
# The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.
# Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.
# The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.
# Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.
# The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.
# This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.
# The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.
# Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.
# Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.
# Some professors don't understand this problem.
# Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.
# Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.

=== 26-50 ===

# If all professors bore all of their students, then all professors are wasting their time.
# Some lion Bruce Willis is chasing is a formidable animal, but is not ferocious.
# The only students who pass are the ones who work.
# Only slackers fail if and only if the only unfair professors are on sabbatical.
# Someone is not respected by anyone.
# Any professor who is bored by everything bores all of his or her students.
# Some underpaid professors are also secretaries, and some overworked administrators are professors, but no administrator is a secretary.
# If a student and his or her professor bore each other, then both are wasting their time.
# The end is nigh.
# Everyone who respects oneself is respected by everyone who respects someone.
# Cicero is Tully
# Daniel is the only child of Jacob.
# Rebecca has at least two daughters.
# Cain was not his brother's keeper.
# Carl is the tallest man alive.
# The only pear left on the tree is rotten.
# There are exactly two primes between 10 and #
# Every affluent person owns at least two cars.
# At most one Richmonder will win the lottery.
# Every positive integer has exactly one successor.
# There are no more than two villains in Gotham.
# Batman and Robin are the only heros in Gotham.
# Kay respects everyone but herself.
# Everything is identical to something.
# Exactly one student respects every professor.

=== 51-75 ===

# No more than one professor is respected by every student.
# Aristotle and Descartes are the only philosophers who are smarter than all of their disciples.
# 2 is the only prime whose successor is prime.
# No one respects anyone who respects everyone but him or herself.
# Everyone who respects exactly one classmate is respected by exactly two classmates.
# Everyone except the king does not admire the king.
# The tallest and smallest men in the world both joined the circus.
# Exactly two goblins hate every wizard.
# The Queen of England is related to the King of Sweden.
# Not every country belongs to the U.N.
# The president of every country knows the president of every other country.
# The result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter is equal to pi.
# No house has only one roach in it.
# The Queen of Hearts' only daughter is loved by exactly three suitors.
# At least two known terrorists are hated by everyone except themselves.
# The lord of the elves will cross the sea only if the lord of Mordor is defeated.
# Anyone who repsects someone who repsects the current president of the United States is not respected by at least one person.
# The wall from which Humpty Dumpty fell is not the Great Wall of China.
# The woman Argyle hoped to marry was the woman the man she hoped to marry hoped to marry.
# Something's happening here, and what it is ain't exactly clear.
# This is the boy who played with the toy that scared the frog that splashed the dog that chased the cat that ate the rat that killed the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.
# Jihad Against Islam's Call for Jihad.
# Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.
# Someday the USA will elect a woman president, and it won't be pretty.
# Nothing is the greatest positive integer.

=== 76-80 ===

# Checkmate.
# Now that's a pretty little girls' school.
# They were attacking people, not peaceful people.
# "Bad hair day"
# If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.

== Syntax test cases ==

=== 1-25 ===

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The sun is rising now.
# The bright sun shines.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's working.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

=== 26-50 ===

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

=== 51-75 ===

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.

=== 76-100 ===

# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

=== 101-125 ===

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.

=== 126-150 ===

# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

=== 151-175 ===

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.

=== 176-200 ===

# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

=== 201-218 ===

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-23T20:36:42Z

MIGUELbM: /* Conlang Test Sentences */

== Conlang Test Sentences ==

=== 1-25 ===

# The dog next door is dangerous.
#: [the dog next door] [NP dangerous] [V is]
#: [the dog next door] [dangerous] [is]
# The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.
# Al is married to Betty's only daughter.
# The red house is the house that Jack built.
# Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.
# The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.
# If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.
# Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.
# All hail the king.
# Nothing is the greatest positive integer.
# The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.
# If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.
# The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.
# The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.
# Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.
# The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.
# Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.
# The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.
# This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.
# The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.
# Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.
# Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.
# Some professors don't understand this problem.
# Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.
# Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.

=== 26-50 ===

# If all professors bore all of their students, then all professors are wasting their time.
# Some lion Bruce Willis is chasing is a formidable animal, but is not ferocious.
# The only students who pass are the ones who work.
# Only slackers fail if and only if the only unfair professors are on sabbatical.
# Someone is not respected by anyone.
# Any professor who is bored by everything bores all of his or her students.
# Some underpaid professors are also secretaries, and some overworked administrators are professors, but no administrator is a secretary.
# If a student and his or her professor bore each other, then both are wasting their time.
# The end is nigh.
# Everyone who respects oneself is respected by everyone who respects someone.
# Cicero is Tully
# Daniel is the only child of Jacob.
# Rebecca has at least two daughters.
# Cain was not his brother's keeper.
# Carl is the tallest man alive.
# The only pear left on the tree is rotten.
# There are exactly two primes between 10 and #
# Every affluent person owns at least two cars.
# At most one Richmonder will win the lottery.
# Every positive integer has exactly one successor.
# There are no more than two villains in Gotham.
# Batman and Robin are the only heros in Gotham.
# Kay respects everyone but herself.
# Everything is identical to something.
# Exactly one student respects every professor.

=== 51-75 ===

# No more than one professor is respected by every student.
# Aristotle and Descartes are the only philosophers who are smarter than all of their disciples.
# 2 is the only prime whose successor is prime.
# No one respects anyone who respects everyone but him or herself.
# Everyone who respects exactly one classmate is respected by exactly two classmates.
# Everyone except the king does not admire the king.
# The tallest and smallest men in the world both joined the circus.
# Exactly two goblins hate every wizard.
# The Queen of England is related to the King of Sweden.
# Not every country belongs to the U.N.
# The president of every country knows the president of every other country.
# The result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter is equal to pi.
# No house has only one roach in it.
# The Queen of Hearts' only daughter is loved by exactly three suitors.
# At least two known terrorists are hated by everyone except themselves.
# The lord of the elves will cross the sea only if the lord of Mordor is defeated.
# Anyone who repsects someone who repsects the current president of the United States is not respected by at least one person.
# The wall from which Humpty Dumpty fell is not the Great Wall of China.
# The woman Argyle hoped to marry was the woman the man she hoped to marry hoped to marry.
# Something's happening here, and what it is ain't exactly clear.
# This is the boy who played with the toy that scared the frog that splashed the dog that chased the cat that ate the rat that killed the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.
# Jihad Against Islam's Call for Jihad.
# Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.
# Someday the USA will elect a woman president, and it won't be pretty.
# Nothing is the greatest positive integer.

=== 76-80 ===

# Checkmate.
# Now that's a pretty little girls' school.
# They were attacking people, not peaceful people.
# "Bad hair day"
# If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.

== Syntax test cases ==

=== 1-25 ===

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The sun is rising now.
# The bright sun shines.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's working.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

=== 26-50 ===

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

=== 51-75 ===

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.

=== 76-100 ===

# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

=== 101-125 ===

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.

=== 126-150 ===

# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

=== 151-175 ===

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.

=== 176-200 ===

# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

=== 201-218 ===

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

User:MIGUELbM

2020-02-23T20:23:33Z

MIGUELbM:

This is my user page, there are many like it but this one is mine

== Angaran Family ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 100%;"
|-
! style="width: auto; text-align: left;" | Language
! style="min-width: 40%; text-align: left;" | Related links
! style="min-width: 40%; text-align: left;" | TODOs
|-
| [[Proto-Almaic]]
|
[[:Category:Proto-Almaic_words|Proto-Almaic words]] 
[[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Awkwords gen
|-
| style="font-size: smaller; padding: 0;" | <pre style="margin: 0;"><nowiki>#awkwords version 1.2
V:a*9/i*8/u*3/o*7/e*3
C:m/n/ɲ/p’/t’/k’/p/b/t/d/k/g/q/ʔ/f/v/s/z/x/h/l/ʀ
K:"–"/"N"
H:"–"
N:"N"
r:[[/C*7]V[*10/N]*7/[/C*7]VCV[*10/N]*7/[/C*7]VKCV[*10/N]*4/[/C*7]VCVCV[*10/N]*12/[/C*7]VKCVCV[*10/N]*9/[/C*7]VCVKCV[*10/N]*8/[/C*7]VHCVNCV[*10/N]/[/C*7]VNCVHCV[*10/N]]^~n^~m^~ɲ
n:500
nle
</nowiki></pre>
|}
| [[:Category:Proto-Almaic_word_stubs|Proto-Almaic word stubs]]
|-
| [[Angaran]]
| [[User:MIGUELbM/History of Angaran|History of Angaran]]
|
|}

== Useful links ==

* [[User:MIGUELbM/Template:Syntax test cases]]

==Muna==

* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna/Test sentences|Test sentences]]

===Conlangs===
Conlangs of which I only have a rough idea and do not think are worthy of being put up yet.

*[[Muna]]
**[[Riagi| v1 (Riagi)]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Numa|v2.0 (Numa)]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.1|v2.1]]
**v2.2 - 2.7 not hosted
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8|v2.8]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.9|v2.9]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.10|v2.10]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.11|v2.11]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v3.0|v3.0]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v4.0|v4.0]]

*[[/Hjawo]]

*[[User:MIGUELbM/Various|Various]]

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-23T20:09:22Z

MIGUELbM:

== Conlang Test Sentences ==

=== 1-25 ===

# The dog next door is dangerous.
# The fridge is not empty, unless the repairman took the last beer.
# Al is married to Betty's only daughter.
# The red house is the house that Jack built.
# Russell is not the only author of Principia Mathematica.
# The person who shot JFK worked for the CIA.
# If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.
# Jeremy is Cory's oldest son.
# All hail the king.
# Nothing is the greatest positive integer.
# The exam that every student failed is harder than the exam that every student passed.
# If you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with.
# The coach of the basketball team is looking for the tallest student.
# The king of Sweden's only son is married to one of Herbert's daughters.
# Carla is the one freshman who aced every course in which she enrolled.
# The CEO of IBM is the spouse of someone present.
# Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.
# The former president of the United States is the only American who knows the president of every country.
# This is the dog that chased the cat that stalked the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.
# The square of the length of the hypotenuse of any right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of its base and vertical sides.
# Bill hates George only if Pat hates Bill.
# Being careful and diligent is necessary, but not sufficient for passing this course.
# Some professors don't understand this problem.
# Danny DeVito and ferocious lions and tigers are best avoided.
# Lawyers and real estate agents are rich or obnoxious.

=== 26-50 ===

# If all professors bore all of their students, then all professors are wasting their time.
# Some lion Bruce Willis is chasing is a formidable animal, but is not ferocious.
# The only students who pass are the ones who work.
# Only slackers fail if and only if the only unfair professors are on sabbatical.
# Someone is not respected by anyone.
# Any professor who is bored by everything bores all of his or her students.
# Some underpaid professors are also secretaries, and some overworked administrators are professors, but no administrator is a secretary.
# If a student and his or her professor bore each other, then both are wasting their time.
# The end is nigh.
# Everyone who respects oneself is respected by everyone who respects someone.
# Cicero is Tully
# Daniel is the only child of Jacob.
# Rebecca has at least two daughters.
# Cain was not his brother's keeper.
# Carl is the tallest man alive.
# The only pear left on the tree is rotten.
# There are exactly two primes between 10 and #
# Every affluent person owns at least two cars.
# At most one Richmonder will win the lottery.
# Every positive integer has exactly one successor.
# There are no more than two villains in Gotham.
# Batman and Robin are the only heros in Gotham.
# Kay respects everyone but herself.
# Everything is identical to something.
# Exactly one student respects every professor.

=== 51-75 ===

# No more than one professor is respected by every student.
# Aristotle and Descartes are the only philosophers who are smarter than all of their disciples.
# 2 is the only prime whose successor is prime.
# No one respects anyone who respects everyone but him or herself.
# Everyone who respects exactly one classmate is respected by exactly two classmates.
# Everyone except the king does not admire the king.
# The tallest and smallest men in the world both joined the circus.
# Exactly two goblins hate every wizard.
# The Queen of England is related to the King of Sweden.
# Not every country belongs to the U.N.
# The president of every country knows the president of every other country.
# The result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter is equal to pi.
# No house has only one roach in it.
# The Queen of Hearts' only daughter is loved by exactly three suitors.
# At least two known terrorists are hated by everyone except themselves.
# The lord of the elves will cross the sea only if the lord of Mordor is defeated.
# Anyone who repsects someone who repsects the current president of the United States is not respected by at least one person.
# The wall from which Humpty Dumpty fell is not the Great Wall of China.
# The woman Argyle hoped to marry was the woman the man she hoped to marry hoped to marry.
# Something's happening here, and what it is ain't exactly clear.
# This is the boy who played with the toy that scared the frog that splashed the dog that chased the cat that ate the rat that killed the mouse that lived in the house that Jack built.
# Jihad Against Islam's Call for Jihad.
# Every human envies the human admired by every Vulcan.
# Someday the USA will elect a woman president, and it won't be pretty.
# Nothing is the greatest positive integer.

=== 76-80 ===

# Checkmate.
# Now that's a pretty little girls' school.
# They were attacking people, not peaceful people.
# "Bad hair day"
# If at least two people are great, then no one is the one great person.

== Syntax test cases ==

=== 1-25 ===

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The sun is rising now.
# The bright sun shines.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's working.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

=== 26-50 ===

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

=== 51-75 ===

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.

=== 76-100 ===

# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

=== 101-125 ===

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.

=== 126-150 ===

# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

=== 151-175 ===

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.

=== 176-200 ===

# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

=== 201-218 ===

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-23T20:02:36Z

MIGUELbM:

== 1-25 ==

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The sun is rising now.
# The bright sun shines.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's working.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

== 26-50 ==

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-75 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.

== 76-100 ==

# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-125 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.

== 126-150 ==

# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-175 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.

== 176-200 ==

# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

User:MIGUELbM/Template:Syntax test cases

2020-02-23T20:02:30Z

MIGUELbM:

User:MIGUELbM/Template:Syntax test cases

2020-02-23T20:02:00Z

MIGUELbM:

== 1-25 ==

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The sun is rising now.
# The bright sun shines.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's working.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

== 26-50 ==

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-75 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.

== 76-100 ==
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-125 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.

== 126-150 ==

# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-175 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.

== 176-200 ==

# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

User:MIGUELbM/Template:Syntax test cases

2020-02-23T19:59:54Z

MIGUELbM: Created page with "== 1-25 == # The sun shines. # The sun is shining. # The sun shone. # The sun will shine. # The sun has been shining. # The sun is shining again. # The sun will shine tomorro..."

== 1-25 ==

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The sun is rising now.
# The bright sun shines.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's working.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

== 26-50 ==

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-100 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-150 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.
# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-200 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.
# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-23T19:59:22Z

MIGUELbM:

== 1-25 ==

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The sun is rising now.
# The bright sun shines.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's working.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

== 26-50 ==

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-100 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-150 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.
# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-200 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.
# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

User:MIGUELbM

2020-02-17T09:34:56Z

MIGUELbM: /* Angaran Family */

This is my user page, there are many like it but this one is mine

== Angaran Family ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 100%;"
|-
! style="width: auto; text-align: left;" | Language
! style="min-width: 40%; text-align: left;" | Related links
! style="min-width: 40%; text-align: left;" | TODOs
|-
| [[Proto-Almaic]]
|
[[:Category:Proto-Almaic_words|Proto-Almaic words]] 
[[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Awkwords gen
|-
| style="font-size: smaller; padding: 0;" | <pre style="margin: 0;"><nowiki>#awkwords version 1.2
V:a*9/i*8/u*3/o*7/e*3
C:m/n/ɲ/p’/t’/k’/p/b/t/d/k/g/q/ʔ/f/v/s/z/x/h/l/ʀ
K:"–"/"N"
H:"–"
N:"N"
r:[[/C*7]V[*10/N]*7/[/C*7]VCV[*10/N]*7/[/C*7]VKCV[*10/N]*4/[/C*7]VCVCV[*10/N]*12/[/C*7]VKCVCV[*10/N]*9/[/C*7]VCVKCV[*10/N]*8/[/C*7]VHCVNCV[*10/N]/[/C*7]VNCVHCV[*10/N]]^~n^~m^~ɲ
n:500
nle
</nowiki></pre>
|}
| [[:Category:Proto-Almaic_word_stubs|Proto-Almaic word stubs]]
|-
| [[Angaran]]
| [[User:MIGUELbM/History of Angaran|History of Angaran]]
|
|}

==Muna==

* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna/Test sentences|Test sentences]]

===Conlangs===
Conlangs of which I only have a rough idea and do not think are worthy of being put up yet.

*[[Muna]]
**[[Riagi| v1 (Riagi)]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Numa|v2.0 (Numa)]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.1|v2.1]]
**v2.2 - 2.7 not hosted
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8|v2.8]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.9|v2.9]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.10|v2.10]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.11|v2.11]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v3.0|v3.0]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v4.0|v4.0]]

*[[/Hjawo]]

*[[User:MIGUELbM/Various|Various]]

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-16T23:56:07Z

MIGUELbM: /* 26-50 */

== 1-25 ==

:; The sun shines.
:: sun(FOC) shines
:: shines sun
Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb. Also note that "sun" is not marked for definiteness.
:; The sun is shining.
:: shine stands sun
Proto-Alamic uses auxiliary verbs to mark certain aspects and tenses, in this case the verb for "to stand" can take on an auxiliary role to mark the progressive aspect.
:; The sun shone.
:: shine-PST sun
Certain tenses like the past tense can just be marked by a suffix.
:; The sun will shine.
:: shine needs sun
Other tenses, like the future tense, have no dedicated suffix and must rely on the use of an auxiliary verb, in this case the verb for "to need".
:; The sun has been shining.
:: shine stands sun
:: *shine stands stands.PST sun
Proto-Almaic has no dedicated construction to express the present perfect progressive. A dialectal, non-standard alternative is presented in the second sentence.
:; The sun is shining again.
:: shine again stands sun
:; The sun will shine tomorrow.
:: shine tomorrow needs sun
:; The sun shines brightly.
:: shine brightly sun
:; The sun is rising now.
:: rise now stands sun
Adverbs normally go immediately after the main verb, before auxiliares, if any are present.
:; The bright sun shines.
:: shine sun bright
Adjectives, like adverbs, go directly after the head that they modify
:; All the people shouted.
:: shout-PST all people
:; Some of the people shouted.
:: shout-PST some people
:; Many of the people shouted twice.
:: shout-PST twice some people
Determiners and numerals are normally found before the noun they modify
:; Happy people often shout.
:: shout often people happy
:: tend_to_do people happy shout
Unlike English, there is only one possible location for adverbs of frequency, as such the nuance of the chosen word order is lost. The second sentence is an altenative, more faithful but direct translation, it uses a serial verb construction to preserve the subject.
:; The kitten jumped up.
:: to jump-PST kitten above
:; The kitten jumped onto the table.
:: to jump-PST kitten on table
Preverbal adpositions are a common valency increasing strategy, normally used to promote the oblique object of an intransitive verb.
:; My little kitten walked away.
:: from go kitten little mine from
A particular construction result of such strategies is the repetition of the adposition as the object of the sentence, to indicate reflexivity. In this case, the sentence can be understood as "my little kitten wlaked away (from itself/where it was)"
:; It's working.
:: work stands
:; It's raining.
:: *rain stands
:: from rain stands from
Proto-Almaic allows the use of avalent verbs. However, weather expressions in particular tend to be rendered through preverbal adpositions and self-reference.
:; The rain came down.
:: from come rain above
An non-idiomatic translation using principles previously explained.
:; The kitten is playing in the rain.
:: play stands kitten under rain
Since the verb for play is a transitive verb taking a subject and a game, it cannot make use of preverbal adpositions to take a location, instead, a prepositional phrase must be used.
:; The rain has stopped.
:: stop-PST rain
As previously stated, Proto-Almaic has no dedicated constructions for perfect aspects. In their place, the simple past is used.
:; Soon the rain will stop.
:: stop soon needs rain.
No new insights gained from this expression
:; I hope the rain stops soon.
:: hope I stops soon rain
Verbs can easily be chained to form complex expressions.
:; Once wild animals lived here.
:: live-PST once here animals wild
:; Slowly she looked around.
:: *look slowly around she
:: to look she surroundings hers
Consecutive adverbs follow an order of time - manner - place. In the second example, the sentence is translated that way to illustrate the proper order, the proper translation for the sentence is shown afterwards.

== 26-50 ==

:; Go away!
:: go you
:; Let's go!
:: go we
:; You should go.
:; I will be happy to go.
:: COP needs I happy go
:; He will arrive soon.
:; The baby's ball has rolled away.
:; The two boys are working together.
:; This mist will probably clear away.
:; Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
:; We should eat more slowly.
:; You have come too soon.
:; You must write more neatly.
:; Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
:; Henry's dog is lost.
:; My cat is black.
:; The little girl's doll is broken.
:; I usually sleep soundly.
:; The children ran after Jack.
:; I can play after school.
:; We went to the village for a visit.
:; We arrived at the river.
:; I have been waiting for you.
:; The campers sat around the fire.
:; A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
:; The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-100 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-150 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.
# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-200 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.
# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-16T20:13:07Z

MIGUELbM: /* 1-25 */

== 1-25 ==

:; The sun shines.
:: sun(FOC) shines
:: shines sun
Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb. Also note that "sun" is not marked for definiteness.
:; The sun is shining.
:: shine stands sun
Proto-Alamic uses auxiliary verbs to mark certain aspects and tenses, in this case the verb for "to stand" can take on an auxiliary role to mark the progressive aspect.
:; The sun shone.
:: shine-PST sun
Certain tenses like the past tense can just be marked by a suffix.
:; The sun will shine.
:: shine needs sun
Other tenses, like the future tense, have no dedicated suffix and must rely on the use of an auxiliary verb, in this case the verb for "to need".
:; The sun has been shining.
:: shine stands sun
:: *shine stands stands.PST sun
Proto-Almaic has no dedicated construction to express the present perfect progressive. A dialectal, non-standard alternative is presented in the second sentence.
:; The sun is shining again.
:: shine again stands sun
:; The sun will shine tomorrow.
:: shine tomorrow needs sun
:; The sun shines brightly.
:: shine brightly sun
:; The sun is rising now.
:: rise now stands sun
Adverbs normally go immediately after the main verb, before auxiliares, if any are present.
:; The bright sun shines.
:: shine sun bright
Adjectives, like adverbs, go directly after the head that they modify
:; All the people shouted.
:: shout-PST all people
:; Some of the people shouted.
:: shout-PST some people
:; Many of the people shouted twice.
:: shout-PST twice some people
Determiners and numerals are normally found before the noun they modify
:; Happy people often shout.
:: shout often people happy
:: tend_to_do people happy shout
Unlike English, there is only one possible location for adverbs of frequency, as such the nuance of the chosen word order is lost. The second sentence is an altenative, more faithful but direct translation, it uses a serial verb construction to preserve the subject.
:; The kitten jumped up.
:: to jump-PST kitten above
:; The kitten jumped onto the table.
:: to jump-PST kitten on table
Preverbal adpositions are a common valency increasing strategy, normally used to promote the oblique object of an intransitive verb.
:; My little kitten walked away.
:: from go kitten little mine from
A particular construction result of such strategies is the repetition of the adposition as the object of the sentence, to indicate reflexivity. In this case, the sentence can be understood as "my little kitten wlaked away (from itself/where it was)"
:; It's working.
:: work stands
:; It's raining.
:: *rain stands
:: from rain stands from
Proto-Almaic allows the use of avalent verbs. However, weather expressions in particular tend to be rendered through preverbal adpositions and self-reference.
:; The rain came down.
:: from come rain above
An non-idiomatic translation using principles previously explained.
:; The kitten is playing in the rain.
:: play stands kitten under rain
Since the verb for play is a transitive verb taking a subject and a game, it cannot make use of preverbal adpositions to take a location, instead, a prepositional phrase must be used.
:; The rain has stopped.
:: stop-PST rain
As previously stated, Proto-Almaic has no dedicated constructions for perfect aspects. In their place, the simple past is used.
:; Soon the rain will stop.
:: stop soon needs rain.
No new insights gained from this expression
:; I hope the rain stops soon.
:: hope I stops soon rain
Verbs can easily be chained to form complex expressions.
:; Once wild animals lived here.
:: live-PST once here animals wild
:; Slowly she looked around.
:: *look slowly around she
:: to look she surroundings hers
Consecutive adverbs follow an order of time - manner - place. In the second example, the sentence is translated that way to illustrate the proper order, the proper translation for the sentence is shown afterwards.

== 26-50 ==

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-100 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-150 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.
# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-200 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.
# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-16T15:50:48Z

MIGUELbM: /* 1-25 */

== 1-25 ==

:; The sun shines.
:: sun[FOC] shines
:: shines sun
Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb. Also note that "sun" is not marked for definiteness.
:; The sun is shining.
:: shine stands sun
Proto-Alamic uses auxiliary verbs to mark certain aspects and tenses, in this case the verb for "to stand" can take on an auxiliary role to mark the progressive aspect.
:; The sun shone.
:: shine-PST sun
Certain tenses like the past tense can just be marked by a suffix.
:; The sun will shine.
:: shine needs sun
Other tenses, like the future tense, have no dedicated suffix and must rely on the use of an auxiliary verb, in this case the verb for "to need".
:; The sun has been shining.
:: shine stands sun
:: *shine stands stands.PST sun
Proto-Almaic has no dedicated construction to express the present perfect progressive. A dialectal and idiomatic alternative is presented in the second sentence.
:; The sun is shining again.
:: shine again stands sun
:; The sun will shine tomorrow.
:: shine tomorrow needs sun
:; The sun shines brightly.
:: shine brightly sun
:; The sun is rising now.
:: rise now stands sun
Adverbs normally go immediately after the main verb, before auxiliares, if any are present.
:; The bright sun shines.
:: shine sun bright
Adjectives, like adverbs, go directly after the head that they modify
:; All the people shouted.
:: shout-PST all people
:; Some of the people shouted.
:: shout-PST some people
:; Many of the people shouted twice.
:: shout-PST twice some people
Determiners and numerals are normally found before the noun they modify
:; Happy people often shout.
:: shout often people happy
:: tend_to_do people happy shout
Unlike English, there is only one possible location for adverbs of frequency, as such the nuance of the chosen word order is lost. The second sentence is an altenative, more faithful but direct translation, it uses a serial verb construction to preserve the subject.
:; The kitten jumped up.
:; The kitten jumped onto the table.
:; My little kitten walked away.
:; It's raining.
:; The rain came down.
:; The kitten is playing in the rain.
:; The rain has stopped.
:; Soon the rain will stop.
:; I hope the rain stops soon.
:; Once wild animals lived here.
:; Slowly she looked around.

{{ref/note|Topic fronting|1}}

== 26-50 ==

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-100 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-150 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.
# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-200 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.
# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-16T15:04:03Z

MIGUELbM: /* 1-25 */

== 1-25 ==

# The sun shines.
#: sun shines{{ref|Topic fronting|a}}
#: shines the sun{{ref|Topic fronting|b}}
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The bright sun shines.
# The sun is rising now.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

* {{ref/note|Topic fronting|a}} {{ref/note|Topic fronting|b}} Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb.

== 26-50 ==

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-100 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-150 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.
# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-200 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.
# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-16T15:02:30Z

MIGUELbM: /* 1-25 */

== 1-25 ==

# The sun shines.
#: sun shines{{ref|Topic fronting|a}}
#: shines the sun{{ref|Topic fronting|a}}
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The bright sun shines.
# The sun is rising now.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

{{ref/note|Topic fronting|a}} Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb.

== 26-50 ==

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-100 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-150 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.
# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-200 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.
# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-16T14:56:01Z

MIGUELbM: /* 1-50 */

== 1-25 ==

# The sun shines.
#: sun shines
#: shines the sun
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The bright sun shines.
# The sun is rising now.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.

== 26-50 ==

# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-100 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-150 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.
# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-200 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.
# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences

2020-02-16T14:49:00Z

MIGUELbM: Created page with "== 1-50 == # The sun shines. # The sun is shining. # The sun shone. # The sun will shine. # The sun has been shining. # The sun is shining again. # The sun will shine tomorro..."

== 1-50 ==

# The sun shines.
# The sun is shining.
# The sun shone.
# The sun will shine.
# The sun has been shining.
# The sun is shining again.
# The sun will shine tomorrow.
# The sun shines brightly.
# The bright sun shines.
# The sun is rising now.
# All the people shouted.
# Some of the people shouted.
# Many of the people shouted twice.
# Happy people often shout.
# The kitten jumped up.
# The kitten jumped onto the table.
# My little kitten walked away.
# It's raining.
# The rain came down.
# The kitten is playing in the rain.
# The rain has stopped.
# Soon the rain will stop.
# I hope the rain stops soon.
# Once wild animals lived here.
# Slowly she looked around.
# Go away!
# Let's go!
# You should go.
# I will be happy to go.
# He will arrive soon.
# The baby's ball has rolled away.
# The two boys are working together.
# This mist will probably clear away.
# Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
# We should eat more slowly.
# You have come too soon.
# You must write more neatly.
# Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
# Henry's dog is lost.
# My cat is black.
# The little girl's doll is broken.
# I usually sleep soundly.
# The children ran after Jack.
# I can play after school.
# We went to the village for a visit.
# We arrived at the river.
# I have been waiting for you.
# The campers sat around the fire.
# A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
# The child waited at the door for her father.

== 51-100 ==

# Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
# Were you born in this village?
# Can your brother dance well?
# Did the man leave?
# Is your sister coming for you?
# Can you come tomorrow?
# Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
# Does the robin sing in the rain?
# Are you going with us to the concert?
# Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# We sailed down the river for several miles.
# Everybody knows about hunting.
# On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
# Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
# An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
# The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
# The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
# Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
# The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
# The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
# On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
# During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
# When will your guests from the city arrive?
# Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
# Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
# Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
# The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
# The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
# The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
# The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
# A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
# I am very happy.
# These oranges are juicy.
# Sea water is salty.
# The streets are full of people.
# Sugar tastes sweet.
# The fire feels hot.
# The little girl seemed lonely.
# The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
# I have lost my blanket.
# A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
# At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
# Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
# Their voices sound very happy.
# Is today Monday?
# Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
# Will you be ready on time?
# Will you send this message for me?
# Are you waiting for me?
# Is this the first kitten of the litter?

== 101-150 ==

# Are these shoes too big for you?
# How wide is the River?
# Listen.
# Sit here by me.
# Keep this secret until tomorrow.
# Come with us.
# Bring your friends with you.
# Be careful.
# Have some tea.
# Pip and his dog were great friends.
# John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
# You and I will go together.
# They opened all the doors and windows.
# He is small, but strong.
# Is this tree an oak or a maple?
# Does the sky look blue or gray?
# Come with your father or mother.
# I am tired, but very happy.
# He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
# Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
# A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
# The first part of the story is very interesting.
# The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
# The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
# Stop your game and be quiet.
# The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
# Do you like summer or winter better?
# That boy will have a wonderful trip.
# They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
# They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
# Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
# I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
# Aha! I have caught you!
# This string is too short!
# Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
# Alas! that news is sad indeed!
# Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
# Are you warm enough now?
# They heard the warning too late.
# We are a brave people, and love our country.
# All the children came except Mary.
# Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
# This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
# On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
# Our bird's name is Jacko.
# The river knows the way to the sea.
# The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
# They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
# The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
# We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.

== 151-200 ==

# We learn something new each day.
# The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
# Did you find the distance too great?
# Hurry, children.
# Madam, I will obey your command.
# Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
# In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
# Tell the last part of that story again.
# Be quick or you will be too late.
# Will you go with us or wait here?
# She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
# Think first and then act.
# I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
# Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
# Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
# We consider them our faithful friends.
# We will make this place our home.
# The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
# The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
# I hurt myself.
# She was talking to herself.
# He proved himself trustworthy.
# We could see ourselves in the water.
# Do it yourself.
# I feel ashamed of myself.
# Sit here by yourself.
# The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
# They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
# With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
# All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
# Light he thought her, like a feather.
# Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
# In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
# The boy who brought the book has gone.
# These are the flowers that you ordered.
# I have lost the book that you gave me.
# The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
# Come when you are called.
# I shall stay at home if it rains.
# When he saw me, he stopped.
# Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
# I shall lend you the books that you need.
# Come early next Monday if you can.
# If you come early, wait in the hall.
# I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
# Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
# He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
# Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
# I have found the ring I lost.
# Play and I will sing.

== 201-218 ==

# That is the funniest story I ever heard.
# She is taller than her brother.
# They are no wiser than we.
# Light travels faster than sound.
# We have more time than they.
# She has more friends than enemies.
# He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
# When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
# I am sure that we can go.
# We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
# "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
# I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
# My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
# Why he has left the city is a mystery.
# The house stands where three roads meet.
# He has far more money than brains.
# Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
# I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.

Proto-Almaic

2020-02-16T14:43:49Z

MIGUELbM: /* Syntax */

{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Almaic
|altname =
|nativename = Rapa'i
|pronunciation = /ʀaˈpa.ʔi/
|region = Almaic plains; Hassjic mountains.
|extinct = ca. 3500 a.E.
|era = Lithic period
|familycolor =
|fam1 = Almeic
|family = Proto-Almaic
|creator = Miguel Bartelsman
|created = 2020
|setting = Conworld Angara
|script = Latin
|iso3 = none
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagealt =
|imagecaption =
|imageheader =
|map =
|mapsize =
|mapalt =
|mapcaption =
|map2 =
|mapalt2 =
|mapcaption2 =
|boxsize =
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Proto-Almaic''' is the common ancestor of all the Almaic languages, a family of languages widespread in the Yolder and Ausmiran continents.

Proto-Almaic is estimated to have been spoken from around 5000 to 3500 a.E., and it's original homeland may have been the Almeran plains from which the language derives its name. Its descendant languages include [[Angaran]] and [[Yohari]].

== Orthography ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | A&ensp;a
! style="width: 100px;" | B&ensp;b
! style="width: 100px;" | C&ensp;c
! style="width: 100px;" | D&ensp;d
! style="width: 100px;" | E&ensp;e
! style="width: 100px;" | F&ensp;f
|-
! Pronunciation
| /a/, /ã/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /b/
| /x/
| /d/
| /e/, /ẽ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /f/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | G&ensp;g
! style="width: 100px;" | H&ensp;h
! style="width: 100px;" | I&ensp;i
! style="width: 100px;" | K&ensp;k
! style="width: 100px;" | Kg&ensp;kg {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;kk {{ref|EjM|4}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /g/
| /h/, /-/ {{ref|Asp|2}}
| /i/, /ĩ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /k/
| /k’/
| /k’/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | L&ensp;l
! style="width: 100px;" | M&ensp;m
! style="width: 100px;" | N&ensp;n
! style="width: 100px;" | Nj&ensp;nj
! style="width: 100px;" | O&ensp;o
! style="width: 100px;" | P&ensp;p
|-
! Pronunciation
| /l/
| /m/
| /n/, /◌̃/, /N/ {{ref|N|5}}
| /ɲ/
| /o/, /õ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /p/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Pb&ensp;pb {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;pp {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | Q&ensp;q
! style="width: 100px;" | R&ensp;r
! style="width: 100px;" | S&ensp;s
! style="width: 100px;" | T&ensp;t
|-
! Pronunciation
| /p’/
| /p’/
| /q/
| /ʀ/
| /s/
| /t/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Td&ensp;td {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;tt {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | U&ensp;u
! style="width: 100px;" | V&ensp;v
! style="width: 100px;" | Z&ensp;z
! style="width: 100px;" | ' {{ref|Glot|6}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /t’/
| /t’/
| /u/, /ũ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /v/
| /z/
| /ʔ/
|}

{{ref/note|NV|1}} In words that end with ⟨n⟩, the /n/ is dropped and instead the vowels are nasalized.

{{ref/note|Asp|2}} /h/ is not pronounced in final position, but ⟨h⟩ is preserved as clitics and affixes reveal the sound.

{{ref/note|EjI|3}} ⟨kg⟩, ⟨td⟩, and ⟨pb⟩ are only used at the start of a word.

{{ref/note|EjM|4}} ⟨kk⟩, ⟨tt⟩, and ⟨pp⟩ are only used in the middle of a word, so they have no correct capitalized version.

{{ref/note|N|5}} ⟨n⟩ in coda position can be realized a number of ways: as vowel nasalization in final position or before /ʔ/, or as one of [m], [ɱ], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ], assimilating in place of articulation to the following consonant.

{{ref/note|Glot|6}} ⟨'⟩ has a single representation regardless of location or capitalization.

Stress is predictable from the orthography, so it is not marked. A written word will always be stressed on the second to last syllable if it ends on an open syllable, otherwise stress will fall on the last syllable.

== Phonetics ==

=== Consonants ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! Palat.
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! Glot.
|-
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Nasal
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | m
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | n
| ɲ
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Ejectives
| style="border-right: none;" | p’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | t’ || style="border-left: none;" |
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Stops
| style="border-right: none;" | p || style="border-left: none;" | b
| style="border-right: none;" | t || style="border-left: none;" | d
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k || style="border-left: none;" | g
| style="border-right: none;" | q || style="border-left: none;" |
| ʔ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Fricatives
| style="border-right: none;" | f || style="border-left: none;" | v
| style="border-right: none;" | s || style="border-left: none;" | z
|
| style="border-right: none;" | x || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| h
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Liquids
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | l
|
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | ʀ
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="1" | Front
! colspan="1" | Center
! colspan="1" | Back
|-
! style="width: 50px;" | rnd
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Close
| style="border-right: none;" | i&ensp;ĩ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | u&ensp;ũ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Mid
| style="border-right: none;" | e&ensp;ẽ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | o&ensp;õ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Open
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | a&ensp;ã
| style="border-right: none;" |
|}

=== Syllable structure ===

<big style="letter-spacing:2px;">((h)C) V (N)</big>

* C: a consonant, which may be pre-aspirated word-medially.
* V: a vowel
* N: is a nasal consonant with unspecified place of articulation.

=== Prosody ===

Stress usually falls on the second to last syllable, unless the word ends in a nasal vowel or preaspirates suffixes, in which case it falls on the last syllable.

== Syntax ==

{{rellink|For examples: [[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]}}

=== Main clause ===

Proto-Almaic is primarily a VSO language, with alternate orders such as SVO, employed for topic introduction, and VOS, a result of pragmatic marking, being less common.

=== The verb phrase ===

The verb phrase is, maximally, as follows:

: (Preposition) '''Verb''' (Adverbs) (Auxiliary Verb)

Preverbal adpositions are valency increasing operators. These are usually applied before intransitive verbs to have them take a locative object, though they might also serve to form dative or causative constructions. Only a small subset of adpositions is allowed in this role.
Adverbs are usually located directly after the main verb, when multiple adverbs are used they obey the following order:

: Time – Manner – Place

Some functional adverbs, such as questions and conditionals will be located in other positions, such as at the beginning of the clause or at the end.

Auxiliary verbs are used to express certain tenses and aspects that main verbs have no inflections for, such as the future tense and the progressive aspect. When an auxiliary is used, the main verb takes no inflections, other than preverbal adpositions.

== Grammar ==

=== Pronouns ===

* '''sa''' – I (1st p. singular)
* '''sana''' – we (1st p. plural inc.)
* '''sado''' – we (1st p. plural excl.)
* '''ika''' – you (2nd p. singular)
* '''ikana''' – you (2nd p. dual)
* '''ikado''' – you (2nd p. plural)
* '''go''' – he/she (3rd p. singular)
* '''gona''' – they (3rd p. dual)
* '''godo''' – they (3rd p. plural)
* '''a''' – it/that (3rd p. singular)
* '''ahdo''' – they/those (3rd p. dual)
* '''ahna''' – they/those (3rd p. plural)

; Determiners
: Only an indefinite article is used

; Number
: Marked by particles, three different forms: singular, dual, plural

; Tenses
: Present, unmarked; past and habitual, regularly marked by affixes; future

== Samples ==

=== Misc. sentences ===

'''''“Tenju ohdattali 'e sin”''''' 
/ˈte.ɲu oh.daˈt’a.li ʔe sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|tenju || oh=dattali || 'e || sin
|-
| mister || {{glossabb|indf}}=animal || {{glossabb|pat}} || see
|}
''“The mister sees an animal”''

=== Schleicher's fable ===

'''''“Ti ohrante, kginja 'e ka hila ohagahi to ohemon 'e sin mo, …”''''' 
/ti ohˈʀan.te ˈk’i.ɲa ʔe ka hiˈla o.haˈga.hi to o.heˈmõ ʔe sĩ mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ti || oh=rante, || kginja || 'e || ka || hila || oh=agahi || to || oh=emon || 'e || sin || mo
|-
| On || {{glossabb|indf}}=hill, || wool || {{glossabb|pat}} || {{glossabb|neg}} || have || {{glossabb|indf}}=sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || {{glossabb|indf}}=horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || see || {{glossabb|pst}},
|}
''“On a hill, a wool have-not sheep saw some horses, …”''

'''''“…ahdomi za ohppami godo 'e lanjicipu, …”''''' 
/ahˈdo.mi za ohˈp’a.mi ˈgo.do ʔe ˌla.ɲiˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ahdo=mi || za || oh=pbami || godo || 'e || lanji=cipu
|-
| {{glossabb|3p|Third person plural}}={{glossabb|gen}} || one || {{glossabb|indf}}=wagon || heavy || {{glossabb|pat}} || pull={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…one of them pulling a heavy wagon, …”''

'''''“…zakuna ohdakkenvita onjo 'e dakkencipu, …”''''' 
/zaˈku.na ohˌda.k’eɱˈvi.ta ˈo.ɲo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| zakuna || oh=dakken-vita || onjo || 'e || dakken=cipu
|-
| one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=carry-{{glossabb|nz}} || big || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…another carrying a big load, …”''

'''''“…o zakuna ohnagoh 'e dakkencipu qasi. …”''''' 
/o zaˈku.na ˌoh.naˈgo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu ˈqa.si/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| o || zakuna || oh=nagoh || 'e || dakken=cipu || qasi
|-
| and || one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}} || fast
|}
''“…and another carrying a man fast. …”''

'''''“…Agahi emon 'e vanza mo: …”''''' 
/aˈga.hi eˈmõ ʔe ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || to || emon || 'e || vanza || mo
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || horses || {{glossabb|pat}} || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The sheep said to the horses: …”''

'''''“…«Sami anke ikado 'e atuza ohnagoh 'e sinsa to emon 'e manttasa.»…”''''' 
/ˈsa.mi ˈaŋ.ke iˈkado ʔe aˈtu.za ohˈna.go ʔe ˈsin.sa to ˈe.mõ ʔe manˈt’a.sa/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| sa=mi || anke || ikado || 'e || atuza || oh=nagoh || 'e || sin-sa || to || emon || 'e || mantta-sa
|-
| {{glossabb|1s|First person singular}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || {{glossabb|2p|Second person plural}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || hurt || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || see-{{glossabb|ger}} || {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || drive={{glossabb|ger}}
|}
''“…«My soul weeps for you, seeing a man driving horses.»…”''

'''''“…To emon vanza mo:…”''''' 
/to eˈmõ ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| to || emon || vanza || mo
|-
| {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The horses said: …”''

'''''“…«agahi 'e mihe sadomi anke atuza la 'e mahulo sin:…”''''' 
/aˈga.hi ʔe ˈmi.he saˈdo.mi ˈaŋ.ke aˈtu.za la ʔe maˈhu.lo sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || 'e || mihe || sado=mi || anke || atuza || la || 'e || mahulo || sin
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pat}} || listen || {{glossabb|1px|First person plural exclusive}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || hurt || {{glossabb|det}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || when || see
|}
''“…«Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: …”''

On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

Proto-Almaic

2020-02-16T14:36:19Z

MIGUELbM: /* Syntax */

{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Almaic
|altname =
|nativename = Rapa'i
|pronunciation = /ʀaˈpa.ʔi/
|region = Almaic plains; Hassjic mountains.
|extinct = ca. 3500 a.E.
|era = Lithic period
|familycolor =
|fam1 = Almeic
|family = Proto-Almaic
|creator = Miguel Bartelsman
|created = 2020
|setting = Conworld Angara
|script = Latin
|iso3 = none
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagealt =
|imagecaption =
|imageheader =
|map =
|mapsize =
|mapalt =
|mapcaption =
|map2 =
|mapalt2 =
|mapcaption2 =
|boxsize =
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Proto-Almaic''' is the common ancestor of all the Almaic languages, a family of languages widespread in the Yolder and Ausmiran continents.

Proto-Almaic is estimated to have been spoken from around 5000 to 3500 a.E., and it's original homeland may have been the Almeran plains from which the language derives its name. Its descendant languages include [[Angaran]] and [[Yohari]].

== Orthography ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | A&ensp;a
! style="width: 100px;" | B&ensp;b
! style="width: 100px;" | C&ensp;c
! style="width: 100px;" | D&ensp;d
! style="width: 100px;" | E&ensp;e
! style="width: 100px;" | F&ensp;f
|-
! Pronunciation
| /a/, /ã/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /b/
| /x/
| /d/
| /e/, /ẽ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /f/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | G&ensp;g
! style="width: 100px;" | H&ensp;h
! style="width: 100px;" | I&ensp;i
! style="width: 100px;" | K&ensp;k
! style="width: 100px;" | Kg&ensp;kg {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;kk {{ref|EjM|4}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /g/
| /h/, /-/ {{ref|Asp|2}}
| /i/, /ĩ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /k/
| /k’/
| /k’/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | L&ensp;l
! style="width: 100px;" | M&ensp;m
! style="width: 100px;" | N&ensp;n
! style="width: 100px;" | Nj&ensp;nj
! style="width: 100px;" | O&ensp;o
! style="width: 100px;" | P&ensp;p
|-
! Pronunciation
| /l/
| /m/
| /n/, /◌̃/, /N/ {{ref|N|5}}
| /ɲ/
| /o/, /õ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /p/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Pb&ensp;pb {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;pp {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | Q&ensp;q
! style="width: 100px;" | R&ensp;r
! style="width: 100px;" | S&ensp;s
! style="width: 100px;" | T&ensp;t
|-
! Pronunciation
| /p’/
| /p’/
| /q/
| /ʀ/
| /s/
| /t/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Td&ensp;td {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;tt {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | U&ensp;u
! style="width: 100px;" | V&ensp;v
! style="width: 100px;" | Z&ensp;z
! style="width: 100px;" | ' {{ref|Glot|6}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /t’/
| /t’/
| /u/, /ũ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /v/
| /z/
| /ʔ/
|}

{{ref/note|NV|1}} In words that end with ⟨n⟩, the /n/ is dropped and instead the vowels are nasalized.

{{ref/note|Asp|2}} /h/ is not pronounced in final position, but ⟨h⟩ is preserved as clitics and affixes reveal the sound.

{{ref/note|EjI|3}} ⟨kg⟩, ⟨td⟩, and ⟨pb⟩ are only used at the start of a word.

{{ref/note|EjM|4}} ⟨kk⟩, ⟨tt⟩, and ⟨pp⟩ are only used in the middle of a word, so they have no correct capitalized version.

{{ref/note|N|5}} ⟨n⟩ in coda position can be realized a number of ways: as vowel nasalization in final position or before /ʔ/, or as one of [m], [ɱ], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ], assimilating in place of articulation to the following consonant.

{{ref/note|Glot|6}} ⟨'⟩ has a single representation regardless of location or capitalization.

Stress is predictable from the orthography, so it is not marked. A written word will always be stressed on the second to last syllable if it ends on an open syllable, otherwise stress will fall on the last syllable.

== Phonetics ==

=== Consonants ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! Palat.
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! Glot.
|-
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Nasal
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | m
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | n
| ɲ
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Ejectives
| style="border-right: none;" | p’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | t’ || style="border-left: none;" |
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Stops
| style="border-right: none;" | p || style="border-left: none;" | b
| style="border-right: none;" | t || style="border-left: none;" | d
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k || style="border-left: none;" | g
| style="border-right: none;" | q || style="border-left: none;" |
| ʔ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Fricatives
| style="border-right: none;" | f || style="border-left: none;" | v
| style="border-right: none;" | s || style="border-left: none;" | z
|
| style="border-right: none;" | x || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| h
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Liquids
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | l
|
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | ʀ
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="1" | Front
! colspan="1" | Center
! colspan="1" | Back
|-
! style="width: 50px;" | rnd
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Close
| style="border-right: none;" | i&ensp;ĩ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | u&ensp;ũ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Mid
| style="border-right: none;" | e&ensp;ẽ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | o&ensp;õ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Open
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | a&ensp;ã
| style="border-right: none;" |
|}

=== Syllable structure ===

<big style="letter-spacing:2px;">((h)C) V (N)</big>

* C: a consonant, which may be pre-aspirated word-medially.
* V: a vowel
* N: is a nasal consonant with unspecified place of articulation.

=== Prosody ===

Stress usually falls on the second to last syllable, unless the word ends in a nasal vowel or preaspirates suffixes, in which case it falls on the last syllable.

== Syntax ==

=== Main clause ===

Proto-Almaic is primarily a VSO language, with alternate orders such as SVO, employed for topic introduction, and VOS, a result of pragmatic marking, being less common.

=== The verb phrase ===

The verb phrase is, maximally, as follows:

: (Preposition) '''Verb''' (Adverbs) (Auxiliary Verb)

Preverbal adpositions are valency increasing operators. These are usually applied before intransitive verbs to have them take a locative object, though they might also serve to form dative or causative constructions. Only a small subset of adpositions is allowed in this role.
Adverbs are usually located directly after the main verb, when multiple adverbs are used they obey the following order:

: Time – Manner – Place

Some functional adverbs, such as questions and conditionals will be located in other positions, such as at the beginning of the clause or at the end.

Auxiliary verbs are used to express certain tenses and aspects that main verbs have no inflections for, such as the future tense and the progressive aspect. When an auxiliary is used, the main verb takes no inflections, other than preverbal adpositions.

== Grammar ==

=== Pronouns ===

* '''sa''' – I (1st p. singular)
* '''sana''' – we (1st p. plural inc.)
* '''sado''' – we (1st p. plural excl.)
* '''ika''' – you (2nd p. singular)
* '''ikana''' – you (2nd p. dual)
* '''ikado''' – you (2nd p. plural)
* '''go''' – he/she (3rd p. singular)
* '''gona''' – they (3rd p. dual)
* '''godo''' – they (3rd p. plural)
* '''a''' – it/that (3rd p. singular)
* '''ahdo''' – they/those (3rd p. dual)
* '''ahna''' – they/those (3rd p. plural)

; Determiners
: Only an indefinite article is used

; Number
: Marked by particles, three different forms: singular, dual, plural

; Tenses
: Present, unmarked; past and habitual, regularly marked by affixes; future

== Samples ==

=== Misc. sentences ===

'''''“Tenju ohdattali 'e sin”''''' 
/ˈte.ɲu oh.daˈt’a.li ʔe sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|tenju || oh=dattali || 'e || sin
|-
| mister || {{glossabb|indf}}=animal || {{glossabb|pat}} || see
|}
''“The mister sees an animal”''

=== Schleicher's fable ===

'''''“Ti ohrante, kginja 'e ka hila ohagahi to ohemon 'e sin mo, …”''''' 
/ti ohˈʀan.te ˈk’i.ɲa ʔe ka hiˈla o.haˈga.hi to o.heˈmõ ʔe sĩ mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ti || oh=rante, || kginja || 'e || ka || hila || oh=agahi || to || oh=emon || 'e || sin || mo
|-
| On || {{glossabb|indf}}=hill, || wool || {{glossabb|pat}} || {{glossabb|neg}} || have || {{glossabb|indf}}=sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || {{glossabb|indf}}=horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || see || {{glossabb|pst}},
|}
''“On a hill, a wool have-not sheep saw some horses, …”''

'''''“…ahdomi za ohppami godo 'e lanjicipu, …”''''' 
/ahˈdo.mi za ohˈp’a.mi ˈgo.do ʔe ˌla.ɲiˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ahdo=mi || za || oh=pbami || godo || 'e || lanji=cipu
|-
| {{glossabb|3p|Third person plural}}={{glossabb|gen}} || one || {{glossabb|indf}}=wagon || heavy || {{glossabb|pat}} || pull={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…one of them pulling a heavy wagon, …”''

'''''“…zakuna ohdakkenvita onjo 'e dakkencipu, …”''''' 
/zaˈku.na ohˌda.k’eɱˈvi.ta ˈo.ɲo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| zakuna || oh=dakken-vita || onjo || 'e || dakken=cipu
|-
| one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=carry-{{glossabb|nz}} || big || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…another carrying a big load, …”''

'''''“…o zakuna ohnagoh 'e dakkencipu qasi. …”''''' 
/o zaˈku.na ˌoh.naˈgo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu ˈqa.si/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| o || zakuna || oh=nagoh || 'e || dakken=cipu || qasi
|-
| and || one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}} || fast
|}
''“…and another carrying a man fast. …”''

'''''“…Agahi emon 'e vanza mo: …”''''' 
/aˈga.hi eˈmõ ʔe ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || to || emon || 'e || vanza || mo
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || horses || {{glossabb|pat}} || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The sheep said to the horses: …”''

'''''“…«Sami anke ikado 'e atuza ohnagoh 'e sinsa to emon 'e manttasa.»…”''''' 
/ˈsa.mi ˈaŋ.ke iˈkado ʔe aˈtu.za ohˈna.go ʔe ˈsin.sa to ˈe.mõ ʔe manˈt’a.sa/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| sa=mi || anke || ikado || 'e || atuza || oh=nagoh || 'e || sin-sa || to || emon || 'e || mantta-sa
|-
| {{glossabb|1s|First person singular}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || {{glossabb|2p|Second person plural}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || hurt || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || see-{{glossabb|ger}} || {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || drive={{glossabb|ger}}
|}
''“…«My soul weeps for you, seeing a man driving horses.»…”''

'''''“…To emon vanza mo:…”''''' 
/to eˈmõ ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| to || emon || vanza || mo
|-
| {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The horses said: …”''

'''''“…«agahi 'e mihe sadomi anke atuza la 'e mahulo sin:…”''''' 
/aˈga.hi ʔe ˈmi.he saˈdo.mi ˈaŋ.ke aˈtu.za la ʔe maˈhu.lo sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || 'e || mihe || sado=mi || anke || atuza || la || 'e || mahulo || sin
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pat}} || listen || {{glossabb|1px|First person plural exclusive}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || hurt || {{glossabb|det}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || when || see
|}
''“…«Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: …”''

On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

User:MIGUELbM

2020-02-16T14:31:39Z

MIGUELbM:

This is my user page, there are many like it but this one is mine

== Angaran Family ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 100%;"
|-
! style="width: auto; text-align: left;" | Language
! style="min-width: 40%; text-align: left;" | Related links
! style="min-width: 40%; text-align: left;" | TODOs
|-
| [[Proto-Almaic]]
|
[[:Category:Proto-Almaic_words|Proto-Almaic words]]
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Awkwords gen
|-
| style="font-size: smaller; padding: 0;" | <pre style="margin: 0;"><nowiki>#awkwords version 1.2
V:a*9/i*8/u*3/o*7/e*3
C:m/n/ɲ/p’/t’/k’/p/b/t/d/k/g/q/ʔ/f/v/s/z/x/h/l/ʀ
K:"–"/"N"
H:"–"
N:"N"
r:[[/C*7]V[*10/N]*7/[/C*7]VCV[*10/N]*7/[/C*7]VKCV[*10/N]*4/[/C*7]VCVCV[*10/N]*12/[/C*7]VKCVCV[*10/N]*9/[/C*7]VCVKCV[*10/N]*8/[/C*7]VHCVNCV[*10/N]/[/C*7]VNCVHCV[*10/N]]^~n^~m^~ɲ
n:500
nle
</nowiki></pre>
|}
| [[:Category:Proto-Almaic_word_stubs|Proto-Almaic word stubs]]
|-
| [[Angaran]]
| [[User:MIGUELbM/History of Angaran|History of Angaran]]
|
|}

==Muna==

* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna/Test sentences|Test sentences]]

===Conlangs===
Conlangs of which I only have a rough idea and do not think are worthy of being put up yet.

*[[Muna]]
**[[Riagi| v1 (Riagi)]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Numa|v2.0 (Numa)]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.1|v2.1]]
**v2.2 - 2.7 not hosted
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8|v2.8]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.9|v2.9]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.10|v2.10]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.11|v2.11]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v3.0|v3.0]]
**[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna v4.0|v4.0]]

*[[/Hjawo]]

*[[User:MIGUELbM/Various|Various]]

Proto-Almaic

2020-02-16T14:31:16Z

MIGUELbM:

{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Almaic
|altname =
|nativename = Rapa'i
|pronunciation = /ʀaˈpa.ʔi/
|region = Almaic plains; Hassjic mountains.
|extinct = ca. 3500 a.E.
|era = Lithic period
|familycolor =
|fam1 = Almeic
|family = Proto-Almaic
|creator = Miguel Bartelsman
|created = 2020
|setting = Conworld Angara
|script = Latin
|iso3 = none
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagealt =
|imagecaption =
|imageheader =
|map =
|mapsize =
|mapalt =
|mapcaption =
|map2 =
|mapalt2 =
|mapcaption2 =
|boxsize =
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Proto-Almaic''' is the common ancestor of all the Almaic languages, a family of languages widespread in the Yolder and Ausmiran continents.

Proto-Almaic is estimated to have been spoken from around 5000 to 3500 a.E., and it's original homeland may have been the Almeran plains from which the language derives its name. Its descendant languages include [[Angaran]] and [[Yohari]].

== Orthography ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | A&ensp;a
! style="width: 100px;" | B&ensp;b
! style="width: 100px;" | C&ensp;c
! style="width: 100px;" | D&ensp;d
! style="width: 100px;" | E&ensp;e
! style="width: 100px;" | F&ensp;f
|-
! Pronunciation
| /a/, /ã/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /b/
| /x/
| /d/
| /e/, /ẽ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /f/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | G&ensp;g
! style="width: 100px;" | H&ensp;h
! style="width: 100px;" | I&ensp;i
! style="width: 100px;" | K&ensp;k
! style="width: 100px;" | Kg&ensp;kg {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;kk {{ref|EjM|4}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /g/
| /h/, /-/ {{ref|Asp|2}}
| /i/, /ĩ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /k/
| /k’/
| /k’/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | L&ensp;l
! style="width: 100px;" | M&ensp;m
! style="width: 100px;" | N&ensp;n
! style="width: 100px;" | Nj&ensp;nj
! style="width: 100px;" | O&ensp;o
! style="width: 100px;" | P&ensp;p
|-
! Pronunciation
| /l/
| /m/
| /n/, /◌̃/, /N/ {{ref|N|5}}
| /ɲ/
| /o/, /õ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /p/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Pb&ensp;pb {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;pp {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | Q&ensp;q
! style="width: 100px;" | R&ensp;r
! style="width: 100px;" | S&ensp;s
! style="width: 100px;" | T&ensp;t
|-
! Pronunciation
| /p’/
| /p’/
| /q/
| /ʀ/
| /s/
| /t/
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size: 100%;"
! style="width: 120px; font-family: sans-serif;" | Letter
! style="width: 100px;" | Td&ensp;td {{ref|EjI|3}}
! style="width: 100px;" | –&ensp;tt {{ref|EjM|4}}
! style="width: 100px;" | U&ensp;u
! style="width: 100px;" | V&ensp;v
! style="width: 100px;" | Z&ensp;z
! style="width: 100px;" | ' {{ref|Glot|6}}
|-
! Pronunciation
| /t’/
| /t’/
| /u/, /ũ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /v/
| /z/
| /ʔ/
|}

{{ref/note|NV|1}} In words that end with ⟨n⟩, the /n/ is dropped and instead the vowels are nasalized.

{{ref/note|Asp|2}} /h/ is not pronounced in final position, but ⟨h⟩ is preserved as clitics and affixes reveal the sound.

{{ref/note|EjI|3}} ⟨kg⟩, ⟨td⟩, and ⟨pb⟩ are only used at the start of a word.

{{ref/note|EjM|4}} ⟨kk⟩, ⟨tt⟩, and ⟨pp⟩ are only used in the middle of a word, so they have no correct capitalized version.

{{ref/note|N|5}} ⟨n⟩ in coda position can be realized a number of ways: as vowel nasalization in final position or before /ʔ/, or as one of [m], [ɱ], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ], assimilating in place of articulation to the following consonant.

{{ref/note|Glot|6}} ⟨'⟩ has a single representation regardless of location or capitalization.

Stress is predictable from the orthography, so it is not marked. A written word will always be stressed on the second to last syllable if it ends on an open syllable, otherwise stress will fall on the last syllable.

== Phonetics ==

=== Consonants ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! Palat.
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! Glot.
|-
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
! style="width: 40px;" | vce.
! style="width: 40px;" | unv.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Nasal
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | m
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | n
| ɲ
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Ejectives
| style="border-right: none;" | p’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | t’ || style="border-left: none;" |
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k’ || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Stops
| style="border-right: none;" | p || style="border-left: none;" | b
| style="border-right: none;" | t || style="border-left: none;" | d
|
| style="border-right: none;" | k || style="border-left: none;" | g
| style="border-right: none;" | q || style="border-left: none;" |
| ʔ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Fricatives
| style="border-right: none;" | f || style="border-left: none;" | v
| style="border-right: none;" | s || style="border-left: none;" | z
|
| style="border-right: none;" | x || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| h
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Liquids
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | l
|
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | || style="border-left: none;" | ʀ
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="1" | Front
! colspan="1" | Center
! colspan="1" | Back
|-
! style="width: 50px;" | rnd
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
! style="width: 50px;" | unr.
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Close
| style="border-right: none;" | i&ensp;ĩ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | u&ensp;ũ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Mid
| style="border-right: none;" | e&ensp;ẽ
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | o&ensp;õ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Open
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | a&ensp;ã
| style="border-right: none;" |
|}

=== Syllable structure ===

<big style="letter-spacing:2px;">((h)C) V (N)</big>

* C: a consonant, which may be pre-aspirated word-medially.
* V: a vowel
* N: is a nasal consonant with unspecified place of articulation.

=== Prosody ===

Stress usually falls on the second to last syllable, unless the word ends in a nasal vowel or preaspirates suffixes, in which case it falls on the last syllable.

== Syntax ==

{| {{Table/bluetable}}
! style="min-width: 100px;" | WALS Ch.
! style="min-width: 200px;" | Structure
! style="min-width: 400px;" | Examples
|-
| WALS 81 - 84
| SOXV
| — [S: the dog] [O: the cat] [X: to the tree] [V: chases]
|-
| WALS 85
| Prepositions
| — [PP: to] [N: the tree]
|-
| WALS 86
| Genitive Noun
| — [G: the cat's] [N: toy]
|-
| WALS 87
| Noun Adjective
| — [N: dog] [Adj: big]
|-
| WALS 88
| Noun Determiner
| — [N: dog] [Det: that]
|-
| WALS 89
| Numeral Noun
| — [Num: three] [N: balls]
|-
| WALS 94
| Internal subordinator word
| — [S: the dog] [Adv: if] [V: sees]
|-
| WALS 100
| Active alignment
| — [Act: the dog] [Pas: the cat] [V: chases] — [Act: the dog] [V: walks] — [Pas: the cat] [V: falls]
|-
| WALS 122
| Gap
| [S:[R: a wool have-not] sheep] [O:horses] [V:sees]
|-
| WALS 123
| Relativization on Obliques
| — [Act: the dog] [Pas: the cat] [V: chases] — [Act: the dog] [V: walks] — [Pas: the cat] [V: falls]
|}

=== Relative constructions ===

Proto-angaran builds relative constructions with the help of demonstratives. Generally speaking, a correlative construction with a demonstrative in the relative and main clauses is the most versatile, but Passive-relative constructions can drop the demonstrative from the main clause, and Active-relative constructions can drop all the demonstratives and fully rely in word order instead.

; Active (sheep)
:; Regular clause
:: The sheep wool not has.
:::''The sheep had no wool.''
:; Gapping
:: The sheep [wool not has] horses saw.
::: ''The sheep (who) had no wool saw horses.''
:: A horse sheep [wool not has] saw.
::: ''A horse saw the sheep (who) had no wool.''
:; Demonstrative
:: The sheep [that wool not has] horses saw.
::: ''The sheep that had no wool saw horses.''
:: A horse sheep [that wool not has] saw.
::: ''A horse saw the sheep that had no wool.''
:; Correlative
:: [sheep that wool not has], sheep that horses saw.
::: ''The sheep has no wool, that sheep saw horses.''
; Passive (wagon)
:; Regular clause
:: The horse a wagon pulling.
::: ''The horse pulling a wagon.''
:; Demonstrative
:: The sheep a wagon [the horse that pulling] rides.
::: ''The sheep rides a wagon, that the horse is pulling.''
:; Correlative
:: [The horse wagon that pulling], the sheep wagon that rides.
::: ''The horse is pulling a wagon, the sheep rides that wagon.''
; Oblique (hill)
:; Regular clause
:: The sheep them from a hill saw
::: ''The sheep saw them from a hill''
:; Correlative
:: [The sheep them from hill that saw], we hill that love
::: ''The sheep we saw from that hill, we love that hill''

== Grammar ==

=== Pronouns ===

* '''sa''' – I (1st p. singular)
* '''sana''' – we (1st p. plural inc.)
* '''sado''' – we (1st p. plural excl.)
* '''ika''' – you (2nd p. singular)
* '''ikana''' – you (2nd p. dual)
* '''ikado''' – you (2nd p. plural)
* '''go''' – he/she (3rd p. singular)
* '''gona''' – they (3rd p. dual)
* '''godo''' – they (3rd p. plural)
* '''a''' – it/that (3rd p. singular)
* '''ahdo''' – they/those (3rd p. dual)
* '''ahna''' – they/those (3rd p. plural)

; Determiners
: Only an indefinite article is used

; Number
: Marked by particles, three different forms: singular, dual, plural

; Tenses
: Present, unmarked; past and habitual, regularly marked by affixes; future

== Samples ==

=== Misc. sentences ===

'''''“Tenju ohdattali 'e sin”''''' 
/ˈte.ɲu oh.daˈt’a.li ʔe sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|tenju || oh=dattali || 'e || sin
|-
| mister || {{glossabb|indf}}=animal || {{glossabb|pat}} || see
|}
''“The mister sees an animal”''

=== Schleicher's fable ===

'''''“Ti ohrante, kginja 'e ka hila ohagahi to ohemon 'e sin mo, …”''''' 
/ti ohˈʀan.te ˈk’i.ɲa ʔe ka hiˈla o.haˈga.hi to o.heˈmõ ʔe sĩ mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ti || oh=rante, || kginja || 'e || ka || hila || oh=agahi || to || oh=emon || 'e || sin || mo
|-
| On || {{glossabb|indf}}=hill, || wool || {{glossabb|pat}} || {{glossabb|neg}} || have || {{glossabb|indf}}=sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || {{glossabb|indf}}=horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || see || {{glossabb|pst}},
|}
''“On a hill, a wool have-not sheep saw some horses, …”''

'''''“…ahdomi za ohppami godo 'e lanjicipu, …”''''' 
/ahˈdo.mi za ohˈp’a.mi ˈgo.do ʔe ˌla.ɲiˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ahdo=mi || za || oh=pbami || godo || 'e || lanji=cipu
|-
| {{glossabb|3p|Third person plural}}={{glossabb|gen}} || one || {{glossabb|indf}}=wagon || heavy || {{glossabb|pat}} || pull={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…one of them pulling a heavy wagon, …”''

'''''“…zakuna ohdakkenvita onjo 'e dakkencipu, …”''''' 
/zaˈku.na ohˌda.k’eɱˈvi.ta ˈo.ɲo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| zakuna || oh=dakken-vita || onjo || 'e || dakken=cipu
|-
| one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=carry-{{glossabb|nz}} || big || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…another carrying a big load, …”''

'''''“…o zakuna ohnagoh 'e dakkencipu qasi. …”''''' 
/o zaˈku.na ˌoh.naˈgo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu ˈqa.si/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| o || zakuna || oh=nagoh || 'e || dakken=cipu || qasi
|-
| and || one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}} || fast
|}
''“…and another carrying a man fast. …”''

'''''“…Agahi emon 'e vanza mo: …”''''' 
/aˈga.hi eˈmõ ʔe ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || to || emon || 'e || vanza || mo
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || horses || {{glossabb|pat}} || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The sheep said to the horses: …”''

'''''“…«Sami anke ikado 'e atuza ohnagoh 'e sinsa to emon 'e manttasa.»…”''''' 
/ˈsa.mi ˈaŋ.ke iˈkado ʔe aˈtu.za ohˈna.go ʔe ˈsin.sa to ˈe.mõ ʔe manˈt’a.sa/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| sa=mi || anke || ikado || 'e || atuza || oh=nagoh || 'e || sin-sa || to || emon || 'e || mantta-sa
|-
| {{glossabb|1s|First person singular}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || {{glossabb|2p|Second person plural}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || hurt || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || see-{{glossabb|ger}} || {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || drive={{glossabb|ger}}
|}
''“…«My soul weeps for you, seeing a man driving horses.»…”''

'''''“…To emon vanza mo:…”''''' 
/to eˈmõ ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| to || emon || vanza || mo
|-
| {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The horses said: …”''

'''''“…«agahi 'e mihe sadomi anke atuza la 'e mahulo sin:…”''''' 
/aˈga.hi ʔe ˈmi.he saˈdo.mi ˈaŋ.ke aˈtu.za la ʔe maˈhu.lo sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || 'e || mihe || sado=mi || anke || atuza || la || 'e || mahulo || sin
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pat}} || listen || {{glossabb|1px|First person plural exclusive}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || hurt || {{glossabb|det}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || when || see
|}
''“…«Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: …”''

On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

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==Proto-Almaic==
===Pronunciation===
(''Proto-Almaic'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /ˈla.ɲi/
===Verb===
'''lanji'''

# to pull

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==Proto-Almaic==

===Pronunciation===
(''Proto-Almaic'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /naˈgo/
===Noun===
'''nagoh'''

# man, male

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