Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Moon Draconic

2024-10-25T17:10:13Z

Madoka mapper: /* Nouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Moon Draconic
|nativename = Ratihomer
|pronunciation =
|states (state) = N/A
|region =
|ethnicity = Sky Dragonborns Humanoids
|speakers = {{formatnum:15,000,000}}
|date = 2023
|familycolor =
|fam2 = Basaric Languages
|fam3 = Proto-Draconic
|fam4 = Old Draconic
|creator = [[User:Madoka mapper|Madoka]]
|created = 2022
|setting = Alt-Earth
|script = Draconic Alphabet
|nation = Kingdom of Draconia
|agency =
|image =
|imagealt =
|notice=IPA
}}

== Introduction ==
=== Goals ===
Moon Draconic is my third attempt in making an actual conlang. This time I really tried my best following steps I myself organised. The language is for a project I'm trying to create!
=== Setting ===
Moon Draconic is spoken by the north inhabitants of the Kingdom of Draconia, which is the most populated area of the kingdom excluding the capital, Irisamu. In older books, the Moon Draconic was considered a dialect of it's sister language, [[Sun Draconic]], just incorporated into one language named Draconic. With recent investigations and social, cultural movements, Moon Draconic gained independence from it's southern counterpart.

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Alveolopalatal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''n''' {{IPA|n}} || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless
| '''p''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''t''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''k''' {{IPA|k}} || ||
|-
! Voiced
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''d''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''g''' {{IPA|ɡ}} || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Affricates !! Voiceless
| || || || '''tsh''' {{IPA|tʃ}} || || || ||
|-
! Voiced
| || || || '''dzh''' {{IPA|dʒ}} || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless
| || '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || '''sh''' {{IPA|ʃ}} || || '''x''' {{IPA|x}} || || '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Voiced
| || '''v''' {{IPA|v}} || '''z''' {{IPA|z}} || '''zh''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
| || || || || || '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Tap or flap
| || || '''r''' {{IPA|ɾ}} || || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Lateral Approximants
| || || '''l''' {{IPA|l}} || || || || ||
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' {{IPA|i}} || || '''u''' {{IPA|u}}
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' {{IPA|e}} || || '''o''' {{IPA|o}}
|-
! Low
| || '''a''' {{IPA|ɐ}} ||
|}

=== Phonotactics & Syllables ===
==== Syllabic Structure ====
The permissible syllable structures in Moon Draconic is '''(C)V(C)''', means a syllable may consist of:
* CV: Consonant followed by a vowel.
* V: A single vowel
* CVC: Consonant, vowel, and consonant.

Forbidden combinations include:
* VC: Vowel followed by a consonant
* VV: Two consecutive vowels, meaning that there are no hiatus nor diphtongs in Moon Draconic.

The onset in Moon Draconic syllables can be branched, but it is very restritive, this situation only happens when a plosive or the labiodental fricatives ({{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}) are followed by the alveolar tap ({{IPA|/ɾ/}}).
Codas in Moon Draconic cannot be branched and only a few set of consonants can fullfil the spot of coda:
* The two palatal fricatives: {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
* The labio-velar approximant: {{IPA|/w/}}
* The alveolar lateral approximant: {{IPA|/l/}}
* The alveolar tap: {{IPA|/ɾ/}}

==== Stress ====

Stress in Moon Draconic is fixed and generally falls on the last syllable of a word. In cases when the word has its last syllable with coda, the stress moves to the penultimate syllable.

==== Phonological Rules ====
Moon Draconic also has several phonological rules that affect the pronunciation of certain sounds based on their position within a word or in relation to neighboring sound: this include Allophonic Variations and Vowel Shifts with Stress.

'''Allophonic Variation:'''
* {{IPA|[l]}} → {{IPA|[ɫ]}}: The lateral {{IPA|/l/}} becomes velarized {{IPA|[ɫ]}} when it occurs in the coda position.
*{{IPA|[ʃ]}} → {{IPA|[s]}}: The voiceless postalveolar fricative {{IPA|/ʃ/}} changes to the voiceless alveolar fricative {{IPA|[s]}} if it is in the coda position and the following word starts with a vowel or a voiceless consonant.
*{{IPA|[ʒ]}} → {{IPA|[z]}}: The voiced postalveolar fricative {{IPA|/ʒ/}} changes to the voiced alveolar fricative {{IPA|[z]}} if it is in the coda position and the following word starts with a vowel or a voiced consonant.
*{{IPA|[ɾ]}} → {{IPA|[ʀ~ʁ]}}: The alveolar tap {{IPA|/ɾ/}} becomes a uvular trill or fricative {{IPA|[ʀ~ʁ]}} when it occurs in the onset position and is the first syllable of the word.

'''Vowel Shifts with Stress'''
* {{IPA|/ɐ/}} → {{IPA|/a/}}: {{IPA|/ɐ/}} shifts to {{IPA|/a/}} when stressed.
* {{IPA|/e/}} → {{IPA|/ɛ/}}: {{IPA|/e/}} shifts to {{IPA|/ɛ/}} when stressed.
* {{IPA|/o/}} → {{IPA|/ɔ/}}: {{IPA|/o/}} shifts to {{IPA|/ɔ/}} when stressed.

=== Orthography ===
Moon Draconic uses three scripts: latin alphabet, cyrilic alphabet and the draconic alphabet. In Draconic's history, most of it's texts were written in the Draconic Alphabet. Only with the contact with the humans and the latin alphabet in the XVIII Century that draconic started to be written in latin alphabet. Later, in the XIX Century with the approach to the Russian Empire, Draconic started to be written in Cyrilic as well. Cyrilic became the official script between 1880-1990, with the coming back to the Draconic script as official in 1990 with the complementary of Latin and Cyrilic.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Order !! Draconic Alphabet !! IPA !! Cyrilic Alphabet !! Latin Alphabet
|-
| 1 || [[File:Draconic - a.png]] || {{IPA|ɐ}} || А а || A a
|-
| 2 || [[File:Draconic - p.png]] || {{IPA|p}} || П п || P p
|-
| 3 || [[File:Draconic - b.png]] || {{IPA|b}} || Б б || B b
|-
| 4 || [[File:Draconic - f.png]] || {{IPA|f}} || Ф ф || F f
|-
| 5 || [[File:Draconic - v.png]] || {{IPA|v}} || В в || V v
|-
| 6 || [[File:Draconic - m.png]] || {{IPA|m}} || М м || M m
|-
| 7 || [[File:Draconic - e.png]] || {{IPA|e}} || Е е || E e
|-
| 8 || [[File:Draconic - i.png]] || {{IPA|i}} || И и || I i
|-
| 9 || [[File:Draconic - h.png]] || {{IPA|h}} || Һ һ || H h
|-
| 10 || [[File:Draconic - d.png]] || {{IPA|d}} || Д д || D d
|-
| 11 || [[File:Draconic - s.png]] || {{IPA|s}} || С с || S s
|-
| 12 || [[File:Draconic - r.png]] || {{IPA|ɾ}} || Р р || R r
|-
| 13 || [[File:Draconic - n.png]] || {{IPA|n}} || Н н || N n
|-
| 14 || [[File:Draconic - k.png]] || {{IPA|k}} || К к || K k
|-
| 15 || [[File:Draconic - l.png]] || {{IPA|l}} || Л л || L l
|-
| 16 || [[File:Draconic - g.png]] || {{IPA|ɡ}} || Г г || G g
|-
| 17 || [[File:Draconic - t.png]] || {{IPA|t}} || Т т || T t
|-
| 18 || [[File:Draconic - o.png]] || {{IPA|o}} || О о || O o
|-
| 19 || [[File:Draconic - x.png]] || {{IPA|x}} || Х х || X x
|-
| 20 || [[File:Draconic - u.png]] || {{IPA|u}} || У у || U u
|-
| 21 || [[File:Draconic - z.png]] || {{IPA|z}} || У у || U u
|-
| 22 || [[File:Draconic - w.png]] || {{IPA|w}} || З з || Z z
|-
| 23 || [[File:Draconic - c.png]] || {{IPA|ʃ}} || Ш ш || Sh shC c (PC)
|-
| 24 || [[File:Draconic - j.png]] || {{IPA|ʒ}} || Ж ж || Zh zhJ j (PC)
|-
| 25 || [[File:Draconic - q.png]] || {{IPA|tʃ}} || Ч ч || Tsh tshQ q (PC)
|-
| 26 || [[File:Draconic - y.png]] || {{IPA|dʒ}} || Џ џ || Dzh dzhY y (PC)
|-
|}

== Grammar ==
=== Nouns ===
Nouns in Moon Draconic inflect in number and case. There's no grammatical gender. The declension is divided in two: nouns that end in vowel, nouns that end in consonant in coda position. The four cases that exist are the following:
* Nominative: doesn't suffer morphological changes, it indicates the subject
* Accusative: it is used on nouns to showcase the direct object, it is also showcases obliques that are near, inside or in the future
* Dative: it is used on nouns to showcase the indirect object, it is also showcases obliques that are away, outside or in the past
* Genitive: used to express possession, use

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ome = animal
! colspan=2| belmil = brain
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|ome ||ome-ome
|belmil ||belmil-belmil
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|ome'''r''' ||ome-ome'''r'''
|belmil'''er''' ||belmil-belmil'''er'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|ome'''pur''' ||ome-ome'''pur'''
|belmil'''epur''' ||belmil-belmil'''epur'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|ome'''su''' ||ome-ome'''su'''
|belmil'''esu''' ||belmil-belmil'''esu'''
|-
|}

=== Pronouns & Determinants ===
=== Adjectives ===
=== Verbs ===
=== Adverbs and Other Particles ===
=== Numerals and Quantifiers ===
=== Syntax ===

== Vocabulary ==

== Sample Texts ==

[[Category:Moon Draconic]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]

File:Draconic - t.png

2024-10-23T17:19:28Z

Madoka mapper: Madoka mapper reverted File:Draconic - t.png to an old version

File:Draconic - t.png

2024-10-23T17:18:59Z

Madoka mapper: Madoka mapper reverted File:Draconic - t.png to an old version

File:Draconic - t.png

2024-10-23T17:18:05Z

Madoka mapper: Madoka mapper uploaded a new version of File:Draconic - t.png

Moon Draconic

2024-10-21T21:31:43Z

Madoka mapper: /* Nouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Moon Draconic
|nativename = Ratihomer
|pronunciation =
|states (state) = N/A
|region =
|ethnicity = Sky Dragonborns Humanoids
|speakers = {{formatnum:15,000,000}}
|date = 2023
|familycolor =
|fam2 = Basaric Languages
|fam3 = Proto-Draconic
|fam4 = Old Draconic
|creator = [[User:Madoka mapper|Madoka]]
|created = 2022
|setting = Alt-Earth
|script = Draconic Alphabet
|nation = Kingdom of Draconia
|agency =
|image =
|imagealt =
|notice=IPA
}}

== Introduction ==
=== Goals ===
Moon Draconic is my third attempt in making an actual conlang. This time I really tried my best following steps I myself organised. The language is for a project I'm trying to create!
=== Setting ===
Moon Draconic is spoken by the north inhabitants of the Kingdom of Draconia, which is the most populated area of the kingdom excluding the capital, Irisamu. In older books, the Moon Draconic was considered a dialect of it's sister language, [[Sun Draconic]], just incorporated into one language named Draconic. With recent investigations and social, cultural movements, Moon Draconic gained independence from it's southern counterpart.

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Alveolopalatal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''n''' {{IPA|n}} || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless
| '''p''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''t''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''k''' {{IPA|k}} || ||
|-
! Voiced
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''d''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''g''' {{IPA|ɡ}} || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Affricates !! Voiceless
| || || || '''tsh''' {{IPA|tʃ}} || || || ||
|-
! Voiced
| || || || '''dzh''' {{IPA|dʒ}} || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless
| || '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || '''sh''' {{IPA|ʃ}} || || '''x''' {{IPA|x}} || || '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Voiced
| || '''v''' {{IPA|v}} || '''z''' {{IPA|z}} || '''zh''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
| || || || || || '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Tap or flap
| || || '''r''' {{IPA|ɾ}} || || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Lateral Approximants
| || || '''l''' {{IPA|l}} || || || || ||
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' {{IPA|i}} || || '''u''' {{IPA|u}}
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' {{IPA|e}} || || '''o''' {{IPA|o}}
|-
! Low
| || '''a''' {{IPA|ɐ}} ||
|}

=== Phonotactics & Syllables ===
==== Syllabic Structure ====
The permissible syllable structures in Moon Draconic is '''(C)V(C)''', means a syllable may consist of:
* CV: Consonant followed by a vowel.
* V: A single vowel
* CVC: Consonant, vowel, and consonant.

Forbidden combinations include:
* VC: Vowel followed by a consonant
* VV: Two consecutive vowels, meaning that there are no hiatus nor diphtongs in Moon Draconic.

The onset in Moon Draconic syllables can be branched, but it is very restritive, this situation only happens when a plosive or the labiodental fricatives ({{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}) are followed by the alveolar tap ({{IPA|/ɾ/}}).
Codas in Moon Draconic cannot be branched and only a few set of consonants can fullfil the spot of coda:
* The two palatal fricatives: {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
* The labio-velar approximant: {{IPA|/w/}}
* The alveolar lateral approximant: {{IPA|/l/}}
* The alveolar tap: {{IPA|/ɾ/}}

==== Stress ====

Stress in Moon Draconic is fixed and generally falls on the last syllable of a word. In cases when the word has its last syllable with coda, the stress moves to the penultimate syllable.

==== Phonological Rules ====
Moon Draconic also has several phonological rules that affect the pronunciation of certain sounds based on their position within a word or in relation to neighboring sound: this include Allophonic Variations and Vowel Shifts with Stress.

'''Allophonic Variation:'''
* {{IPA|[l]}} → {{IPA|[ɫ]}}: The lateral {{IPA|/l/}} becomes velarized {{IPA|[ɫ]}} when it occurs in the coda position.
*{{IPA|[ʃ]}} → {{IPA|[s]}}: The voiceless postalveolar fricative {{IPA|/ʃ/}} changes to the voiceless alveolar fricative {{IPA|[s]}} if it is in the coda position and the following word starts with a vowel or a voiceless consonant.
*{{IPA|[ʒ]}} → {{IPA|[z]}}: The voiced postalveolar fricative {{IPA|/ʒ/}} changes to the voiced alveolar fricative {{IPA|[z]}} if it is in the coda position and the following word starts with a vowel or a voiced consonant.
*{{IPA|[ɾ]}} → {{IPA|[ʀ~ʁ]}}: The alveolar tap {{IPA|/ɾ/}} becomes a uvular trill or fricative {{IPA|[ʀ~ʁ]}} when it occurs in the onset position and is the first syllable of the word.

'''Vowel Shifts with Stress'''
* {{IPA|/ɐ/}} → {{IPA|/a/}}: {{IPA|/ɐ/}} shifts to {{IPA|/a/}} when stressed.
* {{IPA|/e/}} → {{IPA|/ɛ/}}: {{IPA|/e/}} shifts to {{IPA|/ɛ/}} when stressed.
* {{IPA|/o/}} → {{IPA|/ɔ/}}: {{IPA|/o/}} shifts to {{IPA|/ɔ/}} when stressed.

=== Orthography ===
Moon Draconic uses three scripts: latin alphabet, cyrilic alphabet and the draconic alphabet. In Draconic's history, most of it's texts were written in the Draconic Alphabet. Only with the contact with the humans and the latin alphabet in the XVIII Century that draconic started to be written in latin alphabet. Later, in the XIX Century with the approach to the Russian Empire, Draconic started to be written in Cyrilic as well. Cyrilic became the official script between 1880-1990, with the coming back to the Draconic script as official in 1990 with the complementary of Latin and Cyrilic.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Order !! Draconic Alphabet !! IPA !! Cyrilic Alphabet !! Latin Alphabet
|-
| 1 || [[File:Draconic - a.png]] || {{IPA|ɐ}} || А а || A a
|-
| 2 || [[File:Draconic - p.png]] || {{IPA|p}} || П п || P p
|-
| 3 || [[File:Draconic - b.png]] || {{IPA|b}} || Б б || B b
|-
| 4 || [[File:Draconic - f.png]] || {{IPA|f}} || Ф ф || F f
|-
| 5 || [[File:Draconic - v.png]] || {{IPA|v}} || В в || V v
|-
| 6 || [[File:Draconic - m.png]] || {{IPA|m}} || М м || M m
|-
| 7 || [[File:Draconic - e.png]] || {{IPA|e}} || Е е || E e
|-
| 8 || [[File:Draconic - i.png]] || {{IPA|i}} || И и || I i
|-
| 9 || [[File:Draconic - h.png]] || {{IPA|h}} || Һ һ || H h
|-
| 10 || [[File:Draconic - d.png]] || {{IPA|d}} || Д д || D d
|-
| 11 || [[File:Draconic - s.png]] || {{IPA|s}} || С с || S s
|-
| 12 || [[File:Draconic - r.png]] || {{IPA|ɾ}} || Р р || R r
|-
| 13 || [[File:Draconic - n.png]] || {{IPA|n}} || Н н || N n
|-
| 14 || [[File:Draconic - k.png]] || {{IPA|k}} || К к || K k
|-
| 15 || [[File:Draconic - l.png]] || {{IPA|l}} || Л л || L l
|-
| 16 || [[File:Draconic - g.png]] || {{IPA|ɡ}} || Г г || G g
|-
| 17 || [[File:Draconic - t.png]] || {{IPA|t}} || Т т || T t
|-
| 18 || [[File:Draconic - o.png]] || {{IPA|o}} || О о || O o
|-
| 19 || [[File:Draconic - x.png]] || {{IPA|x}} || Х х || X x
|-
| 20 || [[File:Draconic - u.png]] || {{IPA|u}} || У у || U u
|-
| 21 || [[File:Draconic - z.png]] || {{IPA|z}} || У у || U u
|-
| 22 || [[File:Draconic - w.png]] || {{IPA|w}} || З з || Z z
|-
| 23 || [[File:Draconic - c.png]] || {{IPA|ʃ}} || Ш ш || Sh shC c (PC)
|-
| 24 || [[File:Draconic - j.png]] || {{IPA|ʒ}} || Ж ж || Zh zhJ j (PC)
|-
| 25 || [[File:Draconic - q.png]] || {{IPA|tʃ}} || Ч ч || Tsh tshQ q (PC)
|-
| 26 || [[File:Draconic - y.png]] || {{IPA|dʒ}} || Џ џ || Dzh dzhY y (PC)
|-
|}

== Grammar ==
=== Nouns ===
Nouns in Moon Draconic inflect in number and case. There's no grammatical gender

=== Pronouns & Determinants ===
=== Adjectives ===
=== Verbs ===
=== Adverbs and Other Particles ===
=== Numerals and Quantifiers ===
=== Syntax ===

== Vocabulary ==

== Sample Texts ==

[[Category:Moon Draconic]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]

Moon Draconic

Hololang

2022-01-27T21:05:13Z

Madoka mapper: /* Vocabulary & Sentences */

{{Infobox language
|name = Hololang
|nativename = Holo
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[hɔ.lɔː]}}
|states (state) = N/A
|region =
|ethnicity = HoloCouncil
|speakers = {{formatnum:5}}
|date = 2021
|familycolor = #FFC0CB
|fam2 = [[Hololive Related Languages]]
|fam3 =
|fam4 =
|creator = [[User:Madoka mapper|Madoka]]
|created = Aug 2021
|setting = Alt-Earth
|script = Latin Alphabet
|nation =
|agency =
|image =
|imagealt =
|notice=IPA
}}

==Introduction==
===Goals===
The goal of this artlang is to create a fun and simple experiment, making the members of HoloCouncil actually react to it and maybe create a memrise course when everything is 100% ready to be launched.
====To Do List====
* Lexicon
* Translation of texts

===Setting===
Hololang is the language that used to be spoken by the members of the HoloCouncil (if you know the Hololive english second generation), since they have been here on the universe before the appearance of the human race and therefore the surgiment of human language. This is the language that was used during the meetings of the Council.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Alveolopalatal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''n''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''ny''' {{IPA|ɲ}} || '''ng''' {{IPA|ŋ}}|| ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! Voiceless
| '''p''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''t''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''c''' {{IPA|k}} '''q''' {{IPA|kʷ}} || ||
|-
! Voiced
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''d''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''g''' {{IPA|ɡ}} || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Affricates !! Voiceless
| || || '''ts''' {{IPA|ts}} || '''ch''' {{IPA|tʃ}} || || || ||
|-
! Voiced
| || || '''dz''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''dj''' {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! Voiceless
| || '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || '''sh/ss''' {{IPA|ʃ}} || || || || '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Voiced
| || '''v''' {{IPA|v}} || '''z''' {{IPA|z}} || '''j''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || '''rr''' {{IPA|ʁ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
| || || || ||'''y''' {{IPA|j}} || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Trill
| || || '''r''' {{IPA|r}} || || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Tap or flap
| || || <'''r''' {{IPA|ɾ}}> || || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Lateral Approximants
| || || '''l''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''ly''' {{IPA|ʎ}} || || ||
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' {{IPA|i}} || || '''u''' {{IPA|u}}
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' {{IPA|ɛ}} || || '''o''' {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! Low
| '''a''' {{IPA|a}} || ||
|}

===Orthography===
Hololang's orthography is very recent since it was mostly a spoken language before the existence of the writing systems, after observing the humans for hundred of times, HoloCouncil adopted the Latin alphabet as the main script for the language.
The graphemes of each phoneme are written in bold on the respective tables, but the things that grab attention are mostly the voiced postalveolar fricative being written as '''j''' and the voiced palatal approximant being written as '''y'''.
The voiceless velar plosive is normally written as '''c''' but in loan words it is written as '''k'''. The voiceless postalveolar fricative has two written methods, one when this phoneme is at the beginning of a word '''sh''' and the other when the sound is found at the middle or end of a word '''ss'''.

====Letter Names and pronunciations====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name (in IPA) !! Sound (in IPA) !! English equivalent
|-
| a || ā (/a:/) || /a/ || '''a''' as in h'''a'''t
|-
| b || bē (/bɛ:/) || /b/ || '''b''' as in a'''b'''ack
|-
| c || cē (/kɛ:/) || /k/ || '''k''' as in ba'''k'''e
|-
| ch || chē (/tʃɛ:/) || /tʃ/ || '''tch''' as in ba'''tch'''
|-
| d || dē (/dɛ:/) || /d/ || '''d''' as in '''d'''ive
|-
| dz || dzā (/dza:/) || /dz/ || Polish '''dz''' as in '''dz'''won
|-
| e || e (/ɛ:/) || /ɛ/ || '''e''' as in b'''e'''d
|-
| f || ef (/ef/) || /f/ || '''f''' as in '''f'''ine
|-
| g || eg (/eg/) || /g/ || '''g''' as in '''g'''o
|-
| h || hā (/ha:/) || /h/ || '''h''' as in '''h'''oney
|-
| i || ī (/i:/) || /i/ || '''ee''' as in fr'''ee'''
|-
| j || jē (/ʒɛ:/) || /ʒ/ || '''si''' as in vi'''si'''on
|-
| k || kapā (/kapa:/) || /k/ || '''k''' as in ba'''k'''e only appears in loanwords
|-
| l || el (/el/) || /l/ || '''l''' as in '''l'''ine
|-
| ly || lyī (/ʎi:/) || /ʎ/ || Portuguese '''lh''' as in ra'''lh'''o
|-
| m || mā (/ma:/) || /m/ || '''m''' as in '''m'''ine
|-
| n || nā (/na:/) || /n/ || '''n''' as in '''n'''ice
|-
| ng || ēng (/ɛ:ŋ/) || /ŋ/ || '''ng''' as in si'''ng'''
|-
| ny || nyī (/ɲi/) || /ɲ/ || Spanish '''ñ''' as in espa'''ñ'''ol
|-
| o || ō (/ɔ:/) || /ɔ/ || '''o''' as in n'''o'''t
|-
| p || pē (/pɛ:/) || /p/ || '''p''' as in '''p'''ill
|-
| q || qī (/kʷi:/) qē (/kʷɛ:/) || /kʷ/ || '''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Labialized_voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg labialized /k/]'''
|-
| r || rā (/ra:/)arā (/aɾa:/) || /r//ɾ/ || Spanish '''rr''' as in pe'''rr'''oSpanish '''r''' as in ca'''r'''o
|-
| rr || tvuārrū rā (/tvua:ʁu: ra:/) || /ʁ/ || German '''r''' as in '''r'''ost
|-
| s || esē (/ɛsɛ:/) || /s/ || '''s''' as in '''s'''ong
|-
| sssh || tvuārrū esē (/tvua:ʁu: ɛsɛ:/)shā (/ʃa:/) || /ʃ/ || '''sh''' as in '''sh'''eep
|-
| t || tē (/tɛ:/) || /t/ || '''t''' as in '''t'''en
|-
| ts || tsā (/tsa:/) || /ts/ || German '''z''' as in '''z'''eit
|-
| u || ū (/u:/) || /u/ || '''oo''' as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| v || vē (/vɛ:/) || /v/ || '''v''' as in '''v'''ine
|-
| y || yaī (/jai:/ || /j/ || '''y''' as in '''y'''es
|-
| z || zē (/zɛ:/) || /z/ || '''z''' as in '''z'''oo
|-
|}

====Diacritics====
The macron (ˉ) is the only diacritic used in Hololang and it's only used on vowels, its function is to increase the lenght of the vowel sound.

===Phonotactics===
Most of the consonant clusters are allowed in Hololang.
Other rules that apply to Hololang:
*{{IPA|r}} becomes {{IPA|ɾ}} between vowels or between a plosive and a vowel
*Vowels get longer when placed at the end of a word, in a diphthong or between a vowel and a nasal consonant for example in the words vē {{IPA|vɛː}} (english: we), sofēng {{IPA|sɔfɛːŋ}} (english: seven) and Havaī {{IPA|havaiː}} (english: Hawaii}}
*In cases where the last syllable ends in "n" or "m", the vowel that is before this sound becomes nasalized and longer.
Example: mūmān {{IPA|mu:.mã:}} (civilization)
*{{IPA|s}} becomes {{IPA|ʃ}} at the end of the last syllable

==Morphology==
There are cases but the words doesn't suffer change. Hololang doesn't have a grammatical gender.
===Nouns===
Nouns deflect on number,singular and plural, and degree (augmentative, normal and diminutive)
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| kores = planet
! colspan=3| rozē = rose
|-
!
!Augmentative
!Normal
!Diminutive
!Augmentative
!Normal
!Diminutive
|-
|align="right"|'''Singular'''
|kores'''ān'''|| kores || kores'''īn''' || rozē'''nyān''' || rozē || roze'''īn'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Plural'''
|kores'''āns''' || kore'''ss''' || kores'''īns''' || rozē'''nyāns''' || rozes || roze'''īns'''
|-
|}

Nouns are divided in three families: common, colective and proper.

===Pronouns===
Personal and Possessive pronouns are related to each other they only inflect in person.
:{|
|| || ||Personal|| ||Possessive||
|-
||1SG|| ||mā|| ||moī||
|-
||2SG|| ||tī|| ||tuī||
|-
||3SG|| ||jaī|| ||jaī||
|-
||1PL|| ||vē|| ||venyī||
|-
||2PL|| ||tiss|| ||tissuī||
|-
||3PL|| ||jaīs|| ||jaīs||
|-
|}

There's also the demonstratives, the relatives and the indefinites
====Demonstrative Pronouns====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2 | !! Proximal !! Distant
|-
! colspan=2 | Singular
| djā || tsā
|-
! colspan=2 | Plural
| djas || tsas
|-
|}

====Relative Pronouns====
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|align="right"|'''Refering to People'''
|qāng
|-
|align="right"|'''Refering to Living Things'''
|qāny
|-
|align="right" |'''Refering to Things'''
|qām
|-
|align="right" |'''Refering to Places'''
|qarū
|-
|align="right" |'''Refering to Time'''
|qacē
|-
|align="right" |'''Refering to Possession'''
|qatsī
|}

Interrogative Pronouns are based on the relative pronouns.

==== Indefinite Pronouns====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=4 | !! All !! Part of !! Any !! No
|-
! colspan=4 | People
| chāmal || chānil || chānyol || charraj
|-
! colspan=4 | Living Things
| rūmal || rūnil || rūnyol || rurraj
|-
! colspan=4 | Things
| rīmal || rīnil || rīnyol || rīrraj
|-
! colspan=4 | Places
| qāmal || qānil || qānyol || qārraj
|-
! colspan=4 | Time
| nyēmal || nyēnil || nēnyol || nyerraj
|-
|}

===Articles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! colspan=2 | Definite
| yā || lyā
|-
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
| yas || lyas
|-
|}

=== Verbs ===
''for list of verbs check [[Hololang/Verbs]]''

There are 5 tenses in Hololang: present, past, future, neutral and infinitive. The later one usually appears in negative and imperative sentences. Neutral tense has a gnotic aspect, using this tense normally refers to a absence of time.
The verb used in the examplification is '''tēnē''' (to have)

{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=1| '''Present'''
! colspan=1| '''Past'''
! colspan=1| '''Future'''
! colspan=1| '''Gnotic/Neutral'''
|-
|align="right"|'''mā'''
|te'''rō''' ||te'''rrū''' ||te'''rā''' ||tēnē
|-
|align="right"|'''tī'''
|te'''tos''' ||tē'''nyus''' ||te'''ras''' ||te'''ss'''
|-
|align="right" |'''jaī'''
|te'''sō''' ||tē'''nyū''' ||te'''rāng''' ||te'''s'''
|-
|align="right"|'''vē'''
|te'''fos''' ||te'''hus''' ||te'''djas''' ||te'''dzē'''
|-
|align="right"|'''tiss'''
|te'''foīss''' ||te'''huīs''' ||te'''djaīs''' ||te'''dzes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''jaīs'''
|te'''toīs''' ||tē'''nyuīs''' ||te'''raīs''' ||te'''z'''
|-
|}

====Irregular Verbs====

There are few irregular verbs in Hololang, the lack of those verbs made it perfect for the speakers to remember the verbal flexion.

'''Verbs that are irregular in all people'''
* to be - sē
* to go - yachē
* to laugh / to smile - djānyō
* to put - pōnō
* to want - vassē

''''Example - to be - sē''''

{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=1| '''Present'''
! colspan=1| '''Past'''
! colspan=1| '''Future'''
! colspan=1| '''Gnotic/Neutral'''
|-
|align="right"|'''mā'''
|seīrrō ||selhū ||sidjā ||sē
|-
|align="right"|'''tī'''
|seīrrus ||seīlhūs ||sidjas ||shē
|-
|align="right" |'''jaī'''
|seīrrū ||seīlhū ||seīrāng ||ē
|-
|align="right"|'''vē'''
|sōngos ||selhēmos ||sīnegos ||sidzī
|-
|align="right"|'''tiss'''
|sōnovos ||selhevos ||sīnivos ||sidzis
|-
|align="right"|'''jaīs'''
|seīruīs ||seīlhuīs ||seīraīs ||shez
|-
|}

'''Verbs that are irregular only on the 1st person singular and 1st person plural'''
* to fall - kicī
* to give - derē
* to like / to love - aī
* to read - litī
* to say - dichē

''''Present Table''''

{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=1| '''First Person Singular'''
! colspan=1| '''First Person Plural'''
|-
|align="right"|'''kicī'''
|kiriō ||kiriōs
|-
|align="right"|'''derē'''
|dēngō ||dēngus
|-
|align="right" |'''aī'''
|aiōrō ||aiōrus
|-
|align="right"|'''litī'''
|liriō ||liriōs
|-
|align="right"|'''dichē'''
|dīngō ||dīngus
|-
|}

=== Adjectives ===
''for list of adjectives check [[Hololang/Adjectives]]''

Adjectives inflect in number, degree and politeness. The following table showcases the inflection of three adjectives by degree and politeness.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| bōnyij = beautiful, handsome
! colspan=2| niēsij = nice
! colspan=2| vīnij = thin
|-
!
!Complimentary
!Pejorative
!Complimentary
!Pejorative
!Complimentary
!Pejorative
|-
|align="right"|'''Normal'''
|bōnyij|| '''ha'''bōnyij || niēsij || '''ha'''niēsij || vīnij || '''ha'''vīnij
|-
|align="right"|'''Comparative'''
|bōny'''ān''' || '''ha'''bōny'''ān''' || niēs'''ān''' || '''ha'''niēs'''ān''' || vīn'''ān''' || '''ha'''vīn'''ān'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Superlative Relative'''
|bōny'''oqū''' || '''ha'''bōny'''oqū''' || niēs'''oqū''' || '''ha'''niēs'''oqū''' || vīn'''oqū''' || '''ha'''vīn'''oqū'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Superlative Analytic'''
|bōny'''etsū''' || '''ha'''bōny'''etsū''' || niēs'''etsū''' || '''ha'''niēs'''etsū''' || vīn'''etsū''' || '''ha'''vīn'''etsū'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Superlative Synthetic'''
|bōny'''irrēn''' || '''ha'''bōny'''irrēn''' || niēs'''irrēn''' || '''ha'''niēs'''irrēn''' || vīn'''irrēn''' || '''ha'''vīn'''irrēn'''
|-
|}

Note that habōnyij is an adjective in his insult form, doesn't mean "ugly" it means "beautiful" in an evil/pejorative manner.

==== Contraditory Prefix ====
'''a-''' is the prefix used to give the opposite of the mentioned adjective. The following table will showcase three adjectives on the normal degree and complimentary manner with the contraditory prefix.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Original Adjective !! Contraditory !! Meaning
|-
|bōnyij || abōnyij || 'not beautiful'
|-
|niēsij || āniēsij || 'not nice'
|-
|vīnij || avīnij || 'not thin'
|-
|}

Note that "abōnyij" can mean "ugly" but the literal/most used meaning is "not beautiful".
In pejorative manner, the prefix becomes before the pejorative prefix.
For example:
bōnyij (beautiful, complimentary) -> abōnyij (not beautiful, complimentary)
habōnyij (beautiful, pejorative) -> ahabōnyij (not beautiful, pejorative)

==== Exceptions ====
The adjectives like bōnē (good), malē (evil, bad), ricō (rich), paūbris (poor) doesn't have a regular degree format and doesn't have a contraditory form.

==== Adjective Subclasses ====
* '''Qualifying''' - give a quality to the subject
* '''Numeral''' - check the number table (ordinal section)
* '''Relative / Relational''' - establishes a relationship

A relational adjective comes from an already exisisting name, using the suffix -n, in names that end in consoant the suffix changes to -ēn.
Examples:

labū (lip) -> labū'''n''' (labial)
corpū (body) -> corpū'''n''' (body)
kores (planet) -> kores'''ēn''' (planetary)

Nationalities are the most known example of relational adjectives

=== Adverbs ===
''for list of adverbs check [[Hololang/Adverbs]]''

Most of the adverbs come from adjectives, to know which adverb you are looking at, you need to understand the suffixes for formation of adverbs. Adverbs are, like adjectives, flexible by degree but only in the superlative, there's no comparative degree in adverbs.

==== Adverbs formation from adjectives ====

In order to create an adverb, the adjective in case must be:
* in the Normal or Superlative degree;
* in the Complimentary form;
* without the contraditory preffix

bōnyij (beautiful) can be used to form an adverb, meanwhile abōnyij (not beautiful) cannot be used neither ahabōnyij or habōnyij (pejorative forms of beautiful and not beautiful).

After checking this, we need to check the suffix of the adjective in order to classify the sub-class, if the adjective ends in '''-ij''' then we have a '''qualifying adjective'''. If the adjetive ends in '''-n''' we have a '''relational adjective''', if we have an ordinal numeral (a numeral which suffix is '''-īng''') then we have a '''numeral adjective'''.

{|
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|+ Qualifying Adjectives
! colspan=1| '''Adjective'''
! colspan=1| '''Adverb'''
! colspan=1| '''Meaning'''
|-
| bōny'''ij''' || bōny'''idjī''' || ''beautifully''
|-
| niēs'''ij''' || niēs'''idjī''' || ''nicely''
|-
| vīn'''ij''' || vīn'''idjī''' || ''thinly''
|-
|}
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|+ Numeral Adjectives
! colspan=1| '''Adjective'''
! colspan=1| '''Adverb'''
! colspan=1| '''Meaning'''
|-
| tvu'''īng''' || tvu'''īnyī''' || ''secondly''
|-
| fo'''īng''' || fo'''īnyī''' || ''thirdly''
|-
| utaj'''īng''' || utaj'''īnyī''' || ''hundrethly''
|-
|}
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|+ Relational Adjectives
! colspan=1| '''Adjective'''
! colspan=1| '''Adverb'''
! colspan=1| '''Meaning'''
|-
| labū'''n''' || labū'''ng''' || ''labially''
|-
| corpū'''n''' || corpū'''ng''' || ''bodily''
|-
| kores'''ēn''' || kores'''ēng''' || '''planetary'''
|-
|}
|}

===== Exceptions =====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Adjective !! Adverb !! Meaning
|-
|'''bōnē''' || bōnē'''djē''' || ''goodly''
|-
|'''malē''' || male'''djē''' || ''evilly, badly''
|-
|'''ricō''' || rico'''djū''' || ''richly''
|-
|'''paūbris''' || paūbris'''ijī''' || ''poorly''
|-
|ōny'''īng''' || ōny'''īngī''' || ''firstly''
|-
|īnfuss'''īng''' || īnfuss'''ēny''' || ''infinitely order''
|-
|'''nān''' || nān'''ej'''|| ''negatively''
|-
|| '''shān''' || shān'''ej''' || ''affirmatively, certainly''
|-
|}

==== Adverb Subclasses ====
There are 4 subclasses of adverbs, those 4 subclasses are based on the adjective-adverb relation. The subclasses are:
* Qualifying adverbs - adverbs that came from qualifying adjectives;
* Numeral adverbs - adverbs that came from ordinal numerals / numeral adjectives;
* Relational adverbs - adverbs that came from relative / relational adjectives;
* Special adverbs - Umbrella term for all adverbs that doesn't come from an adjective.

===== Special Adverbs =====
The special adverbs are a very large subclass, they include the:
* Time adverbs
* Place adverbs
* Negation / Affirmation / Doubt adverbs
* Quantity adverbs (quantifierial adverb)

'''Quantity''' adverbs express quantitiy.

'''ēm''' means ''normal quantity'' and it's the initial word for the rest of the quantity adverbs. Starting with bigger quantities, if you want to say more/plus you say ēm'''ān''', but if you want to say ''plus'' in maths or hours you say '''pus''' which is also on this sub-subclass. If you want to say much/ a lot/quite you say ēm'''ānī''' and if you want to say too much you say ēm'''ānidjī'''. With fewer quantities, if you want to say less/minus you say ēm'''ī''', note that in maths or hours case, for saying ''minus'' you say '''mipus''' which is also a word of this sub-subclass. If you want to say few/little bit you say ēm'''ij''' and if you want to say none/very little bit/very few you say ēm'''ijī'''.

'''Time''' adverbs express timelines, normally related with numerals (check numerals table on day and month).

This adverbs are stricly related to the verbal tenses, the presence of one of these adverbs can help the speaker in choosing the proper verbal tense.

'''Place''' adverbs express location, this adverbs replace the need of prepositions.

Normally these adverbs are used to give directions or to locate something in the universe.

'''NAD''' (negation, affirmation, doubt) adverbs are used to express the respective ideas mentioned, negation adverbs are the triggers for negative sentences.

The negation adverbs are: nān (no), nānyer (never), nānej (negatively).
The affirmation adverbs are: shān (yes), sānyer (right, correct), shānej (affirmatively, certainly).
The doubt adverbs are: yān (maybe), yānjer (probably), yānjerij (possibly).

=== Prepositions ===
Hololang doesn't have prepositions. Pronouns, adverbs and relational adjectives are replacements

=== Numerals ===
Numerals are an extra word class, there are several suffixes for the meaning of the numeral. There's the cardinals, the ordinals, the multiplicatives, the dividers, the days, the months.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=6 | !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Multiplicative !! Divider !! Day !! Month
|-
! colspan=6 | 0
| zerō || zero'''īng''' || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A
|-
! colspan=6 | 1
| ōny || ōnyīng || ōny'''arrū''' || ōny'''irā''' || ōny'''idraī''' || ōny'''imōnf'''
|-
! colspan=6 | 2
| tvū || tvuīng || tvuārrū || tvuīrā || tvuīdraī || tvuīmōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 3
| tarē || tareīng || tareārrū || tareīrā || tareīdraī || tareīmōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 4
| fō || foīng || foārrū || foīrā || foīdraī || foīmōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 5
| siqē || siqeīng || siqeārrū || siqeīrā || siqeīdraī || siqeīmōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 6
| shiz || shizīng || shizarrū || shizirā || shizidraī || shizimōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 7
| sofēng || sofēngīng || sofēngarrū || sofēngirā || sofēngidraī || sofēngimōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 8
| hutā || hutaīng || hutārrū || hutaīrā || hutaīdraī || hutaīmōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 9
| nīnē || nīneīng || nīneārrū || nīneīrā || nīneīdraī || nīneīmōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 10
| taj || tajīng || tajarrū || tajirā || tajidraī || tajimōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 11
| tajōny || tajōnyīng || tajōnyarrū || tajōnyirā || tajōnyidraī || tajōnyimōnf
|-
! colspan=6 | 100
| ōnyitaj || ōnyitajīng || ōnyitajarrū || ōnyitajirā || ōnyitajidraī || N/A
|-
! colspan=6 | 1000
| utaj || utajīng || utajarrū || utajirā || N/A || N/A
|-
! colspan=6 | ∞
| īnfuss || īnfussīng || N/A || N/A || īnfussidraī || īnfussimōnf
|-
|}

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The normal word order for a sentence in Hololag is SOV. In interrogative and negative sentences this changes to a OSV order.
Sentences of commands and requests are in SOV excluding negative commands.

===Negative Sentences===
Negative sentences follow an OSV order. In negation, verbal tenses happen to change. Normally it only happens with the Neutral tense. But:
* '''Neutral tense will always change into Infinitive'''
* '''Future tense might change into Present tense if only the speaker is sure that the action in the future won't really happen'''

===Orders/Requests - Imperative Sentence===
There's no imperative mode for the verbs in Hololang, the infinitive is used to give orders. SOV order except negative order or requests (interrogative orders), that is the OSV order.

''Give me diamonds! - moī djaīmōnes derē!
Can you give me diamonds? - djaīmōnes moī derē?''

==Trivia==
The names of the members of HoloCouncil means their element in Hololang, of course the name in English and in Holo might be completly different:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Hololang !! IPA !! Meaning !! Council Name
|-
|hacoūs || {{IPA|ha.kou:ʃ}} || "chaos" || '''Hakos''' Baelz
|-
|mūmān || {{IPA|mu:.mã:}} || "humanity, civilization" || Nanashi '''Mumei'''
|-
|qorrī || {{IPA|kʷɔ.ʁi:}} || "time" || Ouro '''Kronii'''
|-
|sāna || {{IPA|sa:.na}} || "space, universe" || Tsukumo '''Sana'''
|-
|seres || {{IPA|sɛ.ɾɛʃ}} || "nature" || '''Ceres''' Fauna
|-
|}

==Example texts==

==Vocabulary & Sentences==
''for list of basic sentences check [[Hololang/Basic Sentences]]'' 
''for list of some vocabulary check [[Hololang/Basic Vocabulary]]'' 



[[Category:Hololang]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]