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Scots Norse

2026-05-09T16:22:31Z

Melinoë: /* Morphology */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|name=Scots Norse
|nativename=Agharsc
|pronunciation=ˈəːɾsk
|ethnicity=Norse Scots
|states=[[w:Outer Hebrides|Aghar]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|fam5=Gaelo-Nordic?
|script1=Latn
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|ancestor3=[[Sudrey Norse]]
|ancestor4=[[Scots Norse]]
|creator=[[User:Melinoë|Melinoë]]
|created=April 3rd, 2026
|setting=
|stand1={{l|snon|Agharsc h'u Zorcha}}
|dia1=[[Eastern Scots Norse|Eastern]]
|dia2=[[Western Scots Norse|Western]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|nation=Scotland
|speakers=(L1) 2,000
|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000
|date=2019
|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg
|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
|notice=IPA
}}

Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these are called {{l|snon|Veastèghsc}} ("Western") and {{l|snon|Èstèghsc}} ("Eastern") Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects, which can be viewed within the articles themselves. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.

Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Agharsc h'u Zorcha'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects.

==Classification==
Scots Norse has long been a difficulty for linguists to classify, as it shows clear signs of being a mixed language, though the extent of this has been and still is heavily debated and questioned. As well as the general lack of speakers of Scots Norse, it is hard to determine whether Scots Norse stands as a creole or not, thus the general consensus among modern linguists to class it under ''Gaelo-Nordic'' till enough research has been done to reclassify it under a more appropriate position, potentially as a Scottish-Norse creole.

The difficulty in classifying Scots Norse comes largely down to the morphology and phonology, where it is closer to the modern Gaelic languages than the other Nordic languages, having lost most inflection while simultaneously gaining a simple system of preposition inflections from heavily reduced pronouns.

==History==
===Pre-Modern===
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to [[w:Scotland|Scotland]] with the [[w:Treaty of Perth|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still [[w:Middle Irish|Middle Irish]] and [[w:Middle English|Middle English]]), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.

Having been spoken throughout all of Suðreyjar, Scots Norse once had a dialect within the [[w:Isle of Man|Isle of Man]] ({{l|snon|Monaègharr}}). Little is known about Manx Scots Norse ({{l|snon|Monèsc}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words (see ''[[the Noreine speche fra Man]]''), with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that it still had the original [[w:dental fricative|dental fricatives]] that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."

Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occurred in the 18th century when several of the last native speakers (having had no more than 150 remaining speakers) were gathered together by [[Sorcha of Uist]] in order to compile two main documents, [[An Etymological Dictionary of Scotland's Norse|a dictionary]] and [[A Description of Scotland's Norse|a grammar]]. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.

===Modern===
Modern Scots Norse is typically classed as critically endangered due to how few speakers it has, having no more than 2,500 native speakers as of 2020, and virtually all of them live in the Hebrides, making its usage extremely limited.

Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | labial
! colspan=2 | alveolar
! colspan=2 | velar
|-
! broad
! slender
! broad
! slender
! broad
! slender
|-
! colspan=2 | nasal
| m
| mʲ
| n
| ɲ
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | stop
! unvoiced
| p
| pʲ
| t
| tʲ
| k
| c
|-
! voiced
| b
| bʲ
| d
| dʲ
| g
| ɟ
|-
! rowspan=2 | fricative
! unvoiced
| f
| fʲ
| s
| ʃ
| x
| ç
|-
! voiced
| v
| vʲ
| z
| ʒ
| ɣ
| j
|-
! colspan=2 | approximant
|
|
| ɾ, ɫ
| ɾʲ, ʎ
| colspan=2 | j
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | front
! colspan=2 | back
|-
! short
! long
! short
! long
|-
! High
| ɪ
| i
| ɤ
| u
|-
! Mid
| ɛ
| e
| ɔ
| o
|-
! Low
|
|
| ə
| ɑ
|-
|}

# Every vowel can appear nasalized.

===Prosody===
The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.
:Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhraèir'' is stressed on "aèi")

===Mutation===
Since Old Norse, initial [[w:consonant mutation|consonant mutation]] has developed. Scots Norse has three forms:
:radical (basic)
:lenition
:eclipsis

The following gives each form of {{l|snon|tàl}}:
:''tàlir'' /ˈtɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "I speak"
:''dàlir'' /ˈdɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''thàlir'' /ˈxɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"

==Orthography==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=5 | consonants
|-
! colspan=3 | Letter(s)
! Phoneme
! Examples
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''b'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /b/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /bˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /bʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''bh'''
| rowspan=2 | before u/ù
| intervocalically
| /./
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| elsewhere
| null
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | otherwise
| plain
| /v/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| broad
| /v/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| slender
| /vʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /k/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /c/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /x/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| /xk/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''cn'''
| /kɾ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| '''chi'''
| colspan=2 | before a vowel
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chn'''
| /xɾ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''d'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /d/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /dˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /dʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=6 | '''dh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /ð/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=2 | broad
| normally
| /ɣ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| intervocalically
| /./
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | slender
| normally
| /ʝ~j/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| intervocalically before /ə, ɪ, i/
| /./
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| elsewhere before /ə, ɪ, i/
| null
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /g/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɟ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''gh'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /ɣ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʝ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''gn'''
| /ɡɾ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''h'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''l'''
| rowspan=2 | plain
| non-finally
| /l/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| finally
| /ʃ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /lˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʎ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ll'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /l/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /lˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʎ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''m'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /m/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /mˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /mʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''mh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /m̥/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /m̥ˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /m̥ʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''n'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /nˠ~ŋ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | post-vocalic when final/pre-fricative
| /Ṽ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''nh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n̥/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /n̥ˠ~ŋ̊/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ̊/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''nn'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /nˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''p'''
| rowspan=2 | plain
| initially, before a vowel/finally
| /pʰ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| elsewhere
| /p/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /pˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /pʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /f/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /fˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /fʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| /θ͇/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| /r/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /rˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /rʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''rr'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| /r/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| /r/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /rˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /rʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| /ɾʃt̪/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /s/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /sˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʃ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''t'''
| rowspan=2 | plain
| initially/finally
| /tʰ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| elsewhere
| /t/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /tˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| initially/finally
| /t͡ʃʰ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| elsewhere
| /t͡ʃ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''th'''
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
| /./ or null
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| rowspan=3 | z
| colspan=2 | plain
| /z/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| /zˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʒ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
|-
|}

==Morphology==
Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.
===Pronouns===
{{snon-pronouns}}
===Nouns===
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the gender distinction effectively lost, only being maintained by the pronouns used for the words. Nouns have also dropped their definite forms in favor of an independent article, {{l|snon|hi}}.

Plurals of native words are almost always formed with {{l|snon|-ar}}, though remnants of umlaut also exist. Nouns from Gàidhlig most often instead use {{l|snon|-an}}.

With the general loss of gender, the suffix {{l|snon|-al}} developed. Originally a feminine diminutive, it was analogized to the masculine and became an agent suffix, then a general suffix for forming feminine nouns. In the plural, it appears as {{l|snon|-lar}}.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives, like nouns, have been heavily reduced, down to the positive, comparative, and superlative forms. The comparative and superlative are formed with {{l|snon|-ir}} and {{l|snon|-ist}} respectively.

===Numerals===
{|class="wikitable"
!1
|{{l|snon|èn}}
|-
!2
|{{l|snon|tfèrr}}
|-
!3
|{{l|snon|trìrr}}
|-
!4
|{{l|snon|fiòrarr}}
|-
!5
|{{l|snon|fi}}
|-
!6
|{{l|snon|sac}}
|-
!7
|{{l|snon|siò}}
|-
!8
|{{l|snon|àet}}
|-
!9
|{{l|snon|naì}}
|-
!10
|{{l|snon|taì}}
|-
!11
|{{l|snon|aliov}}
|-
!12
|{{l|snon|tòlv}}
|-
|}

===Prepositions===
Scots Norse has a very, very simple system of inflected prepositions, only inflecting for person and number.

A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.

{{snon-infl-prep|i|n=y}}

{{snon-infl-prep|til}}

===Verbs===
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, original formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}.

Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.

{{snon-conj|t|àl|cst=n}}

{{snon-conj|m|èl|cst=n}}

{{snon-conj|à|gh|cst=n}}

====Suppletive verbs====
There are very few known suppletive verbs in Scots Norse, the main one being the copula ''vèr'', and even it has been leveled by many speakers.
{{snon-conj-vèr|cst=n}}
"er" and "var" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrir" and "vèradhir" are also rather common.

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Scots Norse word order is incredibly strict, relying more on particles than word order for changing the sentence type. The typical order is:
#Preverbal particle
#Verb
#Postverbal particle(s)
#Subject
#Preposition(s) (usually)
#Direct object or predicate adjective
#Indirect object

Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for "under" as in "i miùeghi" ("under construction", literally "in building").

An example:

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)
| er Agharsc Vheostnariòzc h'u ghi nAghar.
| be.PRES Scots_Norse West_Norse of the Hebrides
| Scots Norse is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides
}}

===Questions and answers===
Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è(gh)" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in:
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(2)
| vàrth mèlir tù vid mic?
| Q speak.PRES 2sg with 1sg
| Will you speak with me?
}}
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(2.1)|indent=6
| ègh
| NEG
| I won't
}}

Following this usage of "ègh", "ghià" (Old Norse "já") is often used as an affirmative, as in:
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)
| vàrth èthist tù màenhmhàth vid mic?
| Q speak.FUT 2sg dinner with 1sg
| Will you eat dinner with me?
}}
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=&emsp;(3.1)|indent=6
| ghià!
| AFF
| I will!
}}

As has likely been noticed by now, questions consistently contain "vàrth" at the beginning, this is a general question particle, akin to Gàidhlig "an".

==="To be"===
====The stative====
Scots Norse has several things fulfilling the function of "to be". In the descriptive role (eg. "I am happy") the stative of a verb is used (eg. "sèladhist").
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)
| tiòemhadhist hi ger
| empty.STAT the box
| The box is empty
}}
====Existential ''bì''====
Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".

==Texts==
===UDHR Article 1===
====Original (English)====
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

====Old Norse (modern translation)====
Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
====Scots Norse====
arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.

=====English translation=====
:lit: "all men are born free and equal, being dignity and rights at them. being reason and conscience at them, and should act to brotherhood at each other"
:"all men are born free and equal, having dignity and rights. they have reason and conscience, and should act to eachother as a brotherhood"

===Deor===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=250}}
'''Old English'''
:Welund him be wurman
::wræces cunnade,
:anhydig eorl
::earfoþa dreag,
:hæfde him to gesiþþe
::sorge and longaþ,
:wintercealde wræce,
::wean oft onfond
:siþþan hine Niðhad on
::nede legde,
:swoncre seonobende
::on syllan monn.
:Þæs ofereode,
::þisses swa mæg.
{{col-break}}
'''Scots Norse'''
:Vòluenn shi, thur ròvnirr
::cvàlarr cenn,
:ànar iall
::arrvidh thoeld,
:-
::-
:-
::-
:-
::-
:-
::-
:ta h-oevgangtirr,
::tash thil mègh.
{{col-end}}
(lines with "-" are yet to be translated)

==Lexical comparison==
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=9 | Leipzig-Jakarta List
|-
! Rank
! English
! Old Norse
! Scots Norse
! Icelandic
! Swedish
|-
|1
| fire
| eldr
| ald /ˈæʎdʲ/
| eldur
| eld
|-
|2
| nose
| nǫs
| no /ˈnˠɔ/
| nös
| nas
|-
|3
| to go
| ganga
| gang /ˈɟæŋ̟/
| ganga
| gånga
|-
|4
| water
| vatn
| vat /ˈvʲætʲ/
| vatn
| vatten
|-
|5
| mouth
| (body) munnr(river) mynni(river) óss
| (body) muenn /ˈmˠɤɲ/(river) mainn /ˈmiɲ/
|
|-
|6
| tongue
| tunga
| tueng /ˈtˠɤŋ̟/
|-
|7
| blood
| blóð
| blòd /ˈbˠɫodˠ/
|-
|8
| bone
| bein
| bè /ˈbʲe/
|-
|9
| 2sg pronoun (you)
| þú
| tù /ˈtˠu/
|-
|10
| root
| rót
| ròt /ˈrˠotˠ/
|-
|11
| to come (move)
| koma
| còem /ˈkomʲ/
|-
|12
| breast
| brjóst
| briòst /ˈbʲrʲosˠ(tˠ)/
|-
|13
| rain
| regn
| rei /ˈrʲɛː/
|-
|14
| 1sg pronoun (I)
| ek
| e /ɛɛ/
|-
|15
| name
| nafn
| nav /ˈnʲæ/
|-
|16
| louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
|
|
|
|-
|17
| wing
|
|
|
|-
|18
| flesh/meat
|
|
|
|-
|19
| arm/hand
|
|
|
|-
|20
| fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
|
|
|
|-
|21
| night (time)
| nátt
| nàtt /ˈnot/
|-
|22
| ear
|
|
|
|-
|23
| neck
|
|
|
|-
|24
| far (prep.)
|
|
|
|-
|25
| to do/make
|
|
|
|-
|26
| house/structure
|
|
|
|-
|27
| stone/rock (singular)
|
|
|
|-
|28
| bitter
|
|
|
|-
|29
| to say
| tala
| tàel /ˈtoʎ/
|-
|30
| tooth
|
|
|
|-
|31
| hair
|
|
|
|-
|32
| big
|
|
|
|-
|33
| one (number)
| einn
| è /ˈe/
|-
|34
| who?
|
|
|
|-
|35
| 3sg pronoun (they)
| hann (m)hǫ́n (f)þat (n)
| ha (m) /ˈha/hò (f) /ˈxo/
|-
|36
| to hit/beat
|
|
|
|-
|37
| leg/foot
|
|
|
|-
|38
| horn
|
|
|
|-
|39
| this (pron.)
| sá
| tà /ˈto/
|-
|40
| fish
| fiskr
| fisc /ˈfʲɪʃc/
|-
|41
| yesterday
|
|
|
|-
|42
| to drink
|
|
|
|-
|43
| black (color)
|
|
|
|-
|44
| navel
|
|
|
|-
|45
| to stand
|
|
|
|-
|46
| to bite
|
|
|
|-
|47
| back (body)
|
|
|
|-
|48
| wind
|
|
|
|-
|49
| smoke (substance)
|
|
|
|-
|50
| what?
|
|
|
|-
|51
| child (kin term)
|
|
|
|-
|52
| egg
|
|
|
|-
|53
| to give
|
|
|
|-
|54
| new (adj.)
|
|
|
|-
|55
| to burn (intr.)
|
|
|
|-
|56
| not (adj./adv.)
| eigi(verbal) -at
| ègh /eʝ/(verbal) -(a)t /(ə)tʲ/
|-
|57
| good
|
|
|
|-
|58
| to know
| kunna(a person) kenna
| cuen /ˈkɤ̃/(a person) cen /ˈcɛ̃/
|-
|59
| knee
|
|
|
|-
|60
| sand
|
|
|
|-
|61
| to laugh
|
|
|
|-
|62
| to hear
|
|
|
|-
|63
| soil
|
|
|
|-
|64
| leaf
|
|
|
|-
|65
| red (color)
|
|
|
|-
|66
| liver (organ)
|
|
|
|-
|67
| to hide
|
|
|
|-
|68
| skin/hide
| feldr (animal) skinn (general)húð
| feld /ˈfʲɛʎdʲ/ (animal) sci /ˈʃcɪ/ (general)hùd /ˈxudˠ/
|-
|69
| to suck
|
|
|
|-
|70
| to carry
|
|
|
|-
|71
| ant ([[:w:Formidae|Formid]])
|
|
|
|-
|72
| heavy
|
|
|
|-
|73
| to take
|
|
|
|-
|74
| old
|
|
|
|-
|75
| to eat
| eta
| èt /ˈetʲ/
|-
|76
| thigh
|
|
|
|-
|77
| thick
|
|
|
|-
|78
| long (spacially)
|
|
|
|-
|79
| to blow
|
|
|
|-
|80
| wood
|
|
|
|-
|81
| to run
|
|
|
|-
|82
| to fall
|
|
|
|-
|83
| eye (body-part)
|
|
|
|-
|84
| ash
|
|
|
|-
|85
| tail
|
|
|
|-
|86
| dog
| hundrrakki
| huenn /ˈxɤɲ/ (archaic)rac /ˈrʲæc/(affectionate) cù /ˈku/
| hundurrakki
| hundrakka
|-
|87
| to cry/weep
|
|
|
|-
|88
| to tie
|
|
|
|-
|89
| to see
|
|
|
|-
|90
| sweet
|
|
|
|-
|91
| rope
|
|
|
|-
|92
| shade/shadow
|
|
|
|-
|93
| bird
| fugl
| fùil /ˈfˠɯʎ/
|-
|94
| salt
|
|
|
|-
|95
| small
|
|
|
|-
|96
| wide
|
|
|
|-
|97
| star
|
|
|
|-
|98
| in
| í
| ì /i/
|-
|99
| hard (materially)
|
|
|
|-
|100
| to crush/grind
|
|
|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Scots Norse/Agharsc|This page in Scots Norse]]

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Scots Norse language]]

Contionary:-sc

2026-05-09T13:20:35Z

Melinoë: /* Mutation */

==[[Scots Norse]]==
===Pronunciation===
*{{IPA+|snon|/ʃc/}}
===Etymology===
Reduced form of {{l|snon|sic}}, {{snon-inh|sik|sek}} {{doublet|snon|-st}}
===Pronoun===
{{head|snon|personal pronoun}}
#{{lb|snon|on verbs}} {{n-g|affixed form of the reflexive pronoun}}; -self
##{{n-g|forms the mediopassive voice}}
====Declension====
{{snon-pronouns}}
===Mutation===
{{snon-mut|len=-shc|ecl=-zc}}

2026-05-08T21:52:44Z

Melinoë: Melinoë moved page Contionary:n'eld to Contionary:n'eldh without leaving a redirect

==[[Scots Norse]]==
===Pronunciation===
*{{IPA+|snon|/ˈɲɛʎ/|a=ST}}
*{{IPA+|snon|/ˈɲɛj/|a=LH}}
*{{IPA+|snon|/ˈɲæʎ/|a=EA}}
===Etymology===
See corresponding lemma form.
===Noun===
{{head|snon|mutated noun|g=f}}
# {{Eclipsis of|snon|eldh}}

Contionary:n'eldh

2026-05-08T21:52:37Z

Melinoë: /* Scots Norse */

Contionary:n'arvh

2026-05-08T21:48:59Z

Melinoë: Melinoë moved page Contionary:n'arv to Contionary:n'arvh without leaving a redirect

==[[Scots Norse]]==
===Pronunciation===
*{{IPA+|snon|/ˈnəɾ/|a=ST}}
*{{IPA+|snon|/ˈɲæɾʲ/|a=EA}}
===Etymology===
See corresponding lemma form.
===Noun===
{{head|snon|mutated noun|g=f}}
#{{eclipsis of|snon|arvh}}

Contionary:n'arvh

2026-05-08T20:09:16Z

Melinoë: /* Scots Norse */

Contionary:n'arvh

2026-05-08T20:09:03Z

Melinoë: /* Scots Norse */

==[[Scots Norse]]==
===Pronunciation===
*{{IPA+|snon|/ˈnəɾ/|a=ST}}
*{{IPA+|snon|/ˈɲæɾʲ/|a=EA}}
===Etymology===
See corresponding lemma form.
====Noun====
{{head|snon|mutated noun|g=f}}
#{{eclipsis of|snon|arvh}}