Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Azano

2023-07-13T05:10:14Z

Nathan Xu: /* Orthography */

== Introduction ==
Azano stands as a co-official language, holding its ground alongside the widely spoken Faiten. With an estimated population of 2,500,000 million speakers, Azano boasts a significant number of individuals proficient in its unique linguistic expressions. Remarkably, Azano does not fall under the umbrella of any established language family, setting it apart as a distinctive language isolate. Through its independent existence, Azano has developed its own linguistic characteristics although phonologically influenced by Germanic languages, shaping a one of a kind linguistic heritage within the cultural tapestry of Faitonia.

Azano, historically spoken by the indigenous people of Azalova (previously known as Faitonia), underwent significant linguistic transformations as the nation opened its doors to immigrants. Chinese, French, and Italian settlers were among the first to establish themselves in the country, paving the way for subsequent waves of German immigrants. As these diverse groups integrated into the local society, the Azano language naturally absorbed various linguistic elements from the Germanic languages spoken by the newcomers. Consequently, Azano evolved into a diverse tapestry of influences from various Germanic languages, reflecting the cultural amalgamation brought about by centuries of immigration and settlement in Azalova. Furthermore, the linguistic tapestry of Faitonia expanded even further with the arrival of Arab settlers, who, in pursuit of business opportunities, began engaging in trade activities within the region.

== Phonology ==

=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Aa
|Ææ
|Ââ
|Ää
|Bb
|Cc
|Çç
|Dd
|Ee
|Ëë
|Ēē
|Êê
|Ff
|-
|ɐ
|æ
|ɑ
|ɞ
|b
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|d
|e
|ɛ
|ə
|ɤ
|f
|-
|Gg
|Ĝĝ
|Ğğ
|Hh
|Ħħ
|Ii
|Īī
|Îî
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|-
|g
|ɢ
|ʕ
|h
|ħ
|i
|ɨ
|ɯ
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|-
|Oo
|Ôô
|Öö
|Øø
|Œœ
|Pp
|Qq
|Rr
|Řř
|Ss
|Şş
|Tt
|Uu
|-
|o
|ɔ
|ɵ
|ø
|œ
|p
|q
|r
|ʁ
|s
|ʃ
|t
|u
|-
|Üü
|Vv
|Ww
|Xx
|Yy
|Zz
|Źź
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ʉ
|v
|w
|χ
|y
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

/ʔ/ is never written as it's found between vowels (in syllable boundaries) or before/after vowel letters (only if no consonant precedes/proceeds the vowel).

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant Inventory
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Glottal
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" |m
|
| style="text-align:center;" |n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| style="text-align:center;" |Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" |r
| style="text-align:center;" |l
|
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɥ)
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɰ)
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Glide
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |j
| style="text-align:center;" |w
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |p
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |k
| style="text-align:center;" |q
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʔ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |b
|
| style="text-align:center;" |d
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |g
| style="text-align:center;" |ɢ
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Affricate
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |f
|
| style="text-align:center;" |s
| style="text-align:center;" |ʃ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |χ
| style="text-align:center;" |ħ
| style="text-align:center;" |h
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |v
|
| style="text-align:center;" |z
| style="text-align:center;" |ʒ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʕ
|
|}

==== Allophony ====

* Phonemes /t͡ʃ ʃ ʒ/ have different realisations depending on the proceeding vowel.
** Before vowels /i e ɛ æ y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ/ palatalisation takes place, therefore [t͡ɕ ɕ ʑ].
** Before vowels /ɨ ə ɐ ɯ ɤ ɑ u o ɔ/ becomes [ʈ͡ʂ ʂ ʐ]
* [ɥ] is an allophone of the palatal approximant /j/ under vowels [y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ]
* /w/ is realised as [ɰ] under vowels [ɨ ə ɯ ɤ]

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowel Inventory
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Centre
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|-
|Closed
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʉ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɯ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|High Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | ɵ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɤ
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Low Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɞ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | æ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɐ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɑ
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:

* CV (light)
* CVV (heavy)
* CVC (heavy)
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVVCC (super-heavy)

A syllable cannot start with a vowel, if no consonant is written then it always starts with the glottal stop.

== Grammar ==
Azano is a fusional language where words use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple syntactic/semantc roles of words. Nouns inflect for gender (only nouns, demonstratives and relatives), case, number, person (only in pronouns), and spatial deixis (only in demonstratives). Verbs conjugate for Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Preterite, Perfect, Pluperfect, Relative Past and Relative Future), Voice (active voice and passive voice), Person (1st, 2nd and 3rd Person), Number (Singular and Plural) and Mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative).

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | an
| style="text-align:center;" | kä
| style="text-align:center;" | huwa
| style="text-align:center;" | nabt
| style="text-align:center;" | vabt
| style="text-align:center;" | tabt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | æna
| style="text-align:center;" | käval
| style="text-align:center;" | hawa
| style="text-align:center;" | nøş
| style="text-align:center;" | vøş
| style="text-align:center;" | tøş
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | enkâ
| style="text-align:center;" | ağnobal
| style="text-align:center;" | howlat
| style="text-align:center;" | nozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | vozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | tozalt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | ğena
| style="text-align:center;" | şova
| style="text-align:center;" | hüja
| style="text-align:center;" | nômaħ
| style="text-align:center;" | vômaħ
|tômaħ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | abena
| style="text-align:center;" | âsbar
| style="text-align:center;" | hidniža
| style="text-align:center;" | neltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | veltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | teltfavis
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | ala
| style="text-align:center;" | tanbihâ
| style="text-align:center;" | hœylap
| style="text-align:center;" | nyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | vyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | tyœ
|}
A feature noticeable in Azano is that pronouns in the '''accusative case''' can be used reflexively, or intensively. Similar to the English pronouns "myself, yourself, themself, himself, herself, itself".

{| class="wikitable"
|+Possessive Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | matus
| style="text-align:center;" | tanos
| style="text-align:center;" | salos
| style="text-align:center;" | notus
| style="text-align:center;" | vonos
| style="text-align:center;" | solus
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | meiri
| style="text-align:center;" | terem
| style="text-align:center;" | salem
| style="text-align:center;" | nori
| style="text-align:center;" | vori
| style="text-align:center;" | sori
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | marius
| style="text-align:center;" | terius
| style="text-align:center;" | sarius
| style="text-align:center;" | naltus
| style="text-align:center;" | valtus
| style="text-align:center;" | saltus
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | mazis
| style="text-align:center;" | tezis
| style="text-align:center;" | sazis
| style="text-align:center;" | naxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | vaxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | saxrabut
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | med
| style="text-align:center;" | ted
| style="text-align:center;" | sed
| style="text-align:center;" | nod
| style="text-align:center;" | vod
| style="text-align:center;" | sad
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | meia
| style="text-align:center;" | teia
| style="text-align:center;" | seia
| style="text-align:center;" | neiro
| style="text-align:center;" | veiro
| style="text-align:center;" | seiro
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Demonstrative Pronouns
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Masculine
! colspan="4" |Feminine
! colspan="4" |Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | tim
| style="text-align:center;" | tibâ
| style="text-align:center;" | şabrēki
| style="text-align:center;" | cœyft
| style="text-align:center;" | holao
| style="text-align:center;" | valeo
| style="text-align:center;" | ibis
| style="text-align:center;" | zaçiřb
| style="text-align:center;" | şêsb
| style="text-align:center;" | jîk
| style="text-align:center;" | zêmiln
| style="text-align:center;" | jēvin
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | timæ
| style="text-align:center;" | atima
| style="text-align:center;" | âşbek
| style="text-align:center;" | vystaln
| style="text-align:center;" | aglao
| style="text-align:center;" | vätoe
| style="text-align:center;" | ibnis
| style="text-align:center;" | alaziřb
| style="text-align:center;" | alşxifř
| style="text-align:center;" | jikin
| style="text-align:center;" | mizêlni
| style="text-align:center;" | jevin
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | abtima
| style="text-align:center;" | öbtima
| style="text-align:center;" | baixşer
| style="text-align:center;" | biesnam
| style="text-align:center;" | aĝleo
| style="text-align:center;" | avteno
| style="text-align:center;" | mahibis
| style="text-align:center;" | vatřaip
| style="text-align:center;" | heşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktin
| style="text-align:center;" | azêldin
| style="text-align:center;" | ējvin
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | qulta
| style="text-align:center;" | kulte
| style="text-align:center;" | raşĝuk
| style="text-align:center;" | maloud
| style="text-align:center;" | darlaho
| style="text-align:center;" | latevo
| style="text-align:center;" | zalbit
| style="text-align:center;" | řaleib
| style="text-align:center;" | hesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktibin
| style="text-align:center;" | êminzik
| style="text-align:center;" | ejvin
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | xâlâztâ
| style="text-align:center;" | valezte
| style="text-align:center;" | şağbek
| style="text-align:center;" | iemneo
| style="text-align:center;" | fenalħo
| style="text-align:center;" | atvon
| style="text-align:center;" | fælit
| style="text-align:center;" | ħæltřâm
| style="text-align:center;" | aheşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jikitbin
| style="text-align:center;" | ozemni
| style="text-align:center;" | vējin
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | îbtar
| style="text-align:center;" | ife
| style="text-align:center;" | zoluğbep
| style="text-align:center;" | fiemlo
| style="text-align:center;" | xiesto
| style="text-align:center;" | ğatvo
| style="text-align:center;" | actvölë
| style="text-align:center;" | alqêo
| style="text-align:center;" | ahesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jinbikti
| style="text-align:center;" | kêzmani
| style="text-align:center;" | vejin
|}

==Nouns==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Noun_Declension Noun Declension].

==Verbs==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Verb_Conjugation Verb Conjugation].

==Adjectives==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Adjective_Inflection Adjective Inflection].

== Example texts ==

== Other resources ==

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Azano]]

IPA for Azano

2023-07-08T08:59:02Z

Nathan Xu:

The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents the sounds of [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano Azano]. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see [[Help:IPA]].<div style="width: 48%; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Approximation
!Azano Grapheme
|-
|b
|English '''b'''alls
|Bb
|-
|d
|English '''d'''own
|Dd
|-
|f
|English '''f'''air
|Ff
|-
|g
|English '''g'''un
|Gg
|-
|ɢ
|Iranian Persian '''ق'''هوه
|Ĝĝ
|-
|h
|English '''h'''at
|Hh
|-
|ħ
|Arabic '''ح'''
|Ħħ
|-
|j
|English '''y'''es
|Jj
|-
|k
|English '''c'''an
|Kk
|-
|l
|English '''l'''ove but not velarised
|Ll
|-
|m
|English '''m'''aiden
|Mm
|-
|n
|English '''n'''oose
|Nn
|-
|p
|English '''p'''olish
|Pp
|-
|q
|Arabic '''ق'''
|Qq
|-
|r
|Spanish ca'''r'''o
|Rr
|-
|ʁ
|French '''r'''egarder
|Řř
|-
|s
|English sauce
|Ss
|-
|ʃ
|English ca'''sh'''
|Şş
|-
|t
|English '''t'''ime
|Tt
|-
|t͡s
|English ca'''ts'''
|Cc
|-
|t͡ʃ
|English ca'''tch'''
|Çç
|-
|v
|English '''v'''olcano
|Vv
|-
|w
|English '''w'''ow
|Ww
|-
|χ
|Scottish English lo'''ch''' (but more backer)
|Xx
|-
|z
|English '''z'''ebra
|Zz
|-
|ʒ
|English bei'''g'''e
|Žž
|-
|ʕ
|Arabic '''ع'''
|Ğğ
|-
|ʔ
|English uh'''-'''oh
|(not written)
|}
</div><div style="float: right; width: 48%;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!English approximation
!Azano Latin
|-
|æ
|General American English c'''a'''t
|Ææ
|-
|ɐ
|German od'''er'''
|Aa
|-
|ɑ
|Quebec French p'''â'''te
|Ââ
|-
|e
|Spanish ''f'''e'''''
|Ee
|-
|ɛ
|French b'''ê'''te
|Ëë
|-
|ə
|Malaysian p'''e'''ngadil
|Ēē
|-
|ɤ
|Thai เธอ/th'''oe'''
|Êê
|-
|i
|English s'''ea'''
|Ii
|-
|ɨ
|Romanian '''î'''not
|Īī
|-
|ɯ
|Thai ขึ้น/kh'''ue'''n
|Îî
|-
|o
|French '''eau'''
|Oo
|-
|ɔ
|French s'''o'''tte
|Ôô
|-
|ɵ
|Stavangersk Norwegian g'''u'''ll
|Öö
|-
|ɞ
|French p'''o'''rt
|Ää
|-
|ø
|French p'''eu'''
|Øø
|-
|œ
|French c'''œu'''r
|Œœ
|-
|u
|French '''où'''
|Uu
|-
|ʉ
|Australian English f'''oo'''d
|Üü
|-
|y
|French t'''u'''
|Yy
|}
</div>

[[Category:IPA keys]]
[[Category:Languages]]

IPA for Azano

2023-07-08T08:29:03Z

Nathan Xu:

The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents the sounds of [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano Azano]. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see [[Help:IPA]].<div style="width: 48%; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Approximation
!Azano Grapheme
|-
|b
|English '''b'''alls
|Bb
|-
|d
|English '''d'''own
|Dd
|-
|f
|English '''f'''air
|Ff
|-
|g
|English '''g'''un
|Gg
|-
|ɢ
|Iranian Persian '''ق'''هوه
|Ĝĝ
|-
|h
|English '''h'''at
|Hh
|-
|ħ
|Arabic '''ح'''
|Ħħ
|-
|j
|English '''y'''es
|Jj
|-
|k
|English '''c'''an
|Kk
|-
|l
|English '''l'''ove but not velarised
|Ll
|-
|m
|English '''m'''aiden
|Mm
|-
|n
|English '''n'''oose
|Nn
|-
|p
|English '''p'''olish
|Pp
|-
|q
|Arabic '''ق'''
|Qq
|-
|r
|Spanish ca'''r'''o
|Rr
|-
|ʁ
|French '''r'''egarder
|Řř
|-
|s
|English sauce
|Ss
|-
|ʃ
|English ca'''sh'''
|Şş
|-
|t
|English '''t'''ime
|Tt
|-
|t͡s
|English ca'''ts'''
|Cc
|-
|t͡ʃ
|English ca'''tch'''
|Çç
|-
|v
|English '''v'''olcano
|Vv
|-
|w
|English '''w'''ow
|Ww
|-
|χ
|Scottish English lo'''ch''' (but more backer)
|Xx
|-
|z
|English '''z'''ebra
|Zz
|-
|ʒ
|English bei'''g'''e
|Žž
|-
|ʕ
|Arabic '''ع'''
|Ğğ
|-
|ʔ
|English uh'''-'''oh
|(not written)
|}
</div><div style="float: right; width: 48%;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!English approximation
!Azano Latin
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|}
</div>

[[Category:IPA keys]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Azano

2023-07-08T07:39:00Z

Nathan Xu:

== Introduction ==
Azano stands as a co-official language, holding its ground alongside the widely spoken Faiten. With an estimated population of 2,500,000 million speakers, Azano boasts a significant number of individuals proficient in its unique linguistic expressions. Remarkably, Azano does not fall under the umbrella of any established language family, setting it apart as a distinctive language isolate. Through its independent existence, Azano has developed its own linguistic characteristics although phonologically influenced by Germanic languages, shaping a one of a kind linguistic heritage within the cultural tapestry of Faitonia.

Azano, historically spoken by the indigenous people of Azalova (previously known as Faitonia), underwent significant linguistic transformations as the nation opened its doors to immigrants. Chinese, French, and Italian settlers were among the first to establish themselves in the country, paving the way for subsequent waves of German immigrants. As these diverse groups integrated into the local society, the Azano language naturally absorbed various linguistic elements from the Germanic languages spoken by the newcomers. Consequently, Azano evolved into a diverse tapestry of influences from various Germanic languages, reflecting the cultural amalgamation brought about by centuries of immigration and settlement in Azalova. Furthermore, the linguistic tapestry of Faitonia expanded even further with the arrival of Arab settlers, who, in pursuit of business opportunities, began engaging in trade activities within the region.

== Phonology ==

=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Aa
|Ææ
|Ââ
|Ää
|Bb
|Cc
|Çç
|Dd
|Ee
|Ëë
|Ēē
|Êê
|Ff
|-
|ɐ
|æ
|ɑ
|ɞ
|b
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|d
|e
|ɛ
|ə
|ɤ
|f
|-
|Gg
|Ĝĝ
|Ğğ
|Hh
|Ħħ
|Ii
|Īī
|Îî
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|-
|g
|ɢ
|ʕ
|h
|ħ
|i
|ɨ
|ɯ
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|-
|Oo
|Ôô
|Öö
|Øø
|Œœ
|Pp
|Qq
|Rr
|Řř
|Ss
|Şş
|Tt
|Uu
|-
|o
|ɔ
|ɵ
|ø
|œ
|p
|q
|r
|ʁ
|s
|ʃ
|t
|u
|-
|Üü
|Vv
|Ww
|Xx
|Yy
|Zz
|Žž
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ʉ
|v
|w
|χ
|y
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

/ʔ/ is never written as it's found between vowels (in syllable boundaries) or before/after vowel letters (only if no consonant precedes/proceeds the vowel).

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant Inventory
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Glottal
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" |m
|
| style="text-align:center;" |n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| style="text-align:center;" |Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" |r
| style="text-align:center;" |l
|
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɥ)
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɰ)
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Glide
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |j
| style="text-align:center;" |w
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |p
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |k
| style="text-align:center;" |q
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʔ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |b
|
| style="text-align:center;" |d
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |g
| style="text-align:center;" |ɢ
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Affricate
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |f
|
| style="text-align:center;" |s
| style="text-align:center;" |ʃ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |χ
| style="text-align:center;" |ħ
| style="text-align:center;" |h
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |v
|
| style="text-align:center;" |z
| style="text-align:center;" |ʒ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʕ
|
|}

==== Allophony ====

* Phonemes /t͡ʃ ʃ ʒ/ have different realisations depending on the proceeding vowel.
** Before vowels /i e ɛ æ y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ/ palatalisation takes place, therefore [t͡ɕ ɕ ʑ].
** Before vowels /ɨ ə ɐ ɯ ɤ ɑ u o ɔ/ becomes [ʈ͡ʂ ʂ ʐ]
* [ɥ] is an allophone of the palatal approximant /j/ under vowels [y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ]
* /w/ is realised as [ɰ] under vowels [ɨ ə ɯ ɤ]

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowel Inventory
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Centre
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|-
|Closed
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʉ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɯ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|High Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | ɵ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɤ
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Low Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɞ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | æ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɐ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɑ
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:

* CV (light)
* CVV (heavy)
* CVC (heavy)
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVVCC (super-heavy)

A syllable cannot start with a vowel, if no consonant is written then it always starts with the glottal stop.

== Grammar ==
Azano is a fusional language where words use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple syntactic/semantc roles of words. Nouns inflect for gender (only nouns, demonstratives and relatives), case, number, person (only in pronouns), and spatial deixis (only in demonstratives). Verbs conjugate for Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Preterite, Perfect, Pluperfect, Relative Past and Relative Future), Voice (active voice and passive voice), Person (1st, 2nd and 3rd Person), Number (Singular and Plural) and Mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative).

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | an
| style="text-align:center;" | kä
| style="text-align:center;" | huwa
| style="text-align:center;" | nabt
| style="text-align:center;" | vabt
| style="text-align:center;" | tabt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | æna
| style="text-align:center;" | käval
| style="text-align:center;" | hawa
| style="text-align:center;" | nøş
| style="text-align:center;" | vøş
| style="text-align:center;" | tøş
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | enkâ
| style="text-align:center;" | ağnobal
| style="text-align:center;" | howlat
| style="text-align:center;" | nozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | vozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | tozalt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | ğena
| style="text-align:center;" | şova
| style="text-align:center;" | hüja
| style="text-align:center;" | nômaħ
| style="text-align:center;" | vômaħ
|tômaħ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | abena
| style="text-align:center;" | âsbar
| style="text-align:center;" | hidniža
| style="text-align:center;" | neltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | veltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | teltfavis
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | ala
| style="text-align:center;" | tanbihâ
| style="text-align:center;" | hœylap
| style="text-align:center;" | nyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | vyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | tyœ
|}
A feature noticeable in Azano is that pronouns in the '''accusative case''' can be used reflexively, or intensively. Similar to the English pronouns "myself, yourself, themself, himself, herself, itself".

{| class="wikitable"
|+Possessive Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | matus
| style="text-align:center;" | tanos
| style="text-align:center;" | salos
| style="text-align:center;" | notus
| style="text-align:center;" | vonos
| style="text-align:center;" | solus
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | meiri
| style="text-align:center;" | terem
| style="text-align:center;" | salem
| style="text-align:center;" | nori
| style="text-align:center;" | vori
| style="text-align:center;" | sori
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | marius
| style="text-align:center;" | terius
| style="text-align:center;" | sarius
| style="text-align:center;" | naltus
| style="text-align:center;" | valtus
| style="text-align:center;" | saltus
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | mazis
| style="text-align:center;" | tezis
| style="text-align:center;" | sazis
| style="text-align:center;" | naxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | vaxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | saxrabut
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | med
| style="text-align:center;" | ted
| style="text-align:center;" | sed
| style="text-align:center;" | nod
| style="text-align:center;" | vod
| style="text-align:center;" | sad
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | meia
| style="text-align:center;" | teia
| style="text-align:center;" | seia
| style="text-align:center;" | neiro
| style="text-align:center;" | veiro
| style="text-align:center;" | seiro
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Demonstrative Pronouns
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Masculine
! colspan="4" |Feminine
! colspan="4" |Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | tim
| style="text-align:center;" | tibâ
| style="text-align:center;" | şabrēki
| style="text-align:center;" | cœyft
| style="text-align:center;" | holao
| style="text-align:center;" | valeo
| style="text-align:center;" | ibis
| style="text-align:center;" | zaçiřb
| style="text-align:center;" | şêsb
| style="text-align:center;" | jîk
| style="text-align:center;" | zêmiln
| style="text-align:center;" | jēvin
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | timæ
| style="text-align:center;" | atima
| style="text-align:center;" | âşbek
| style="text-align:center;" | vystaln
| style="text-align:center;" | aglao
| style="text-align:center;" | vätoe
| style="text-align:center;" | ibnis
| style="text-align:center;" | alaziřb
| style="text-align:center;" | alşxifř
| style="text-align:center;" | jikin
| style="text-align:center;" | mizêlni
| style="text-align:center;" | jevin
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | abtima
| style="text-align:center;" | öbtima
| style="text-align:center;" | baixşer
| style="text-align:center;" | biesnam
| style="text-align:center;" | aĝleo
| style="text-align:center;" | avteno
| style="text-align:center;" | mahibis
| style="text-align:center;" | vatřaip
| style="text-align:center;" | heşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktin
| style="text-align:center;" | azêldin
| style="text-align:center;" | ējvin
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | qulta
| style="text-align:center;" | kulte
| style="text-align:center;" | raşĝuk
| style="text-align:center;" | maloud
| style="text-align:center;" | darlaho
| style="text-align:center;" | latevo
| style="text-align:center;" | zalbit
| style="text-align:center;" | řaleib
| style="text-align:center;" | hesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktibin
| style="text-align:center;" | êminzik
| style="text-align:center;" | ejvin
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | xâlâztâ
| style="text-align:center;" | valezte
| style="text-align:center;" | şağbek
| style="text-align:center;" | iemneo
| style="text-align:center;" | fenalħo
| style="text-align:center;" | atvon
| style="text-align:center;" | fælit
| style="text-align:center;" | ħæltřâm
| style="text-align:center;" | aheşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jikitbin
| style="text-align:center;" | ozemni
| style="text-align:center;" | vējin
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | îbtar
| style="text-align:center;" | ife
| style="text-align:center;" | zoluğbep
| style="text-align:center;" | fiemlo
| style="text-align:center;" | xiesto
| style="text-align:center;" | ğatvo
| style="text-align:center;" | actvölë
| style="text-align:center;" | alqêo
| style="text-align:center;" | ahesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jinbikti
| style="text-align:center;" | kêzmani
| style="text-align:center;" | vejin
|}

==Nouns==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Noun_Declension Noun Declension].

==Verbs==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Verb_Conjugation Verb Conjugation].

==Adjectives==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Adjective_Inflection Adjective Inflection].

== Example texts ==

== Other resources ==

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Azano]]

IPA for Azano

2023-07-08T07:38:18Z

Nathan Xu:

[[Category:IPA keys]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Azano]]

IPA for Azano

2023-07-08T07:38:05Z

Nathan Xu: Created page with " Category:IPA keys Category:Languages Category:Azano"

[[Category:IPA keys]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Azano]]

Azano

2023-07-07T09:16:04Z

Nathan Xu: /* Consonants */

== Introduction ==
Azano stands as a co-official language, holding its ground alongside the widely spoken Faiten. With an estimated population of 2,500,000 million speakers, Azano boasts a significant number of individuals proficient in its unique linguistic expressions. Remarkably, Azano does not fall under the umbrella of any established language family, setting it apart as a distinctive language isolate. Through its independent existence, Azano has developed its own linguistic characteristics although phonologically influenced by Germanic languages, shaping a one of a kind linguistic heritage within the cultural tapestry of Faitonia.

Azano, historically spoken by the indigenous people of Azalova (previously known as Faitonia), underwent significant linguistic transformations as the nation opened its doors to immigrants. Chinese, French, and Italian settlers were among the first to establish themselves in the country, paving the way for subsequent waves of German immigrants. As these diverse groups integrated into the local society, the Azano language naturally absorbed various linguistic elements from the Germanic languages spoken by the newcomers. Consequently, Azano evolved into a diverse tapestry of influences from various Germanic languages, reflecting the cultural amalgamation brought about by centuries of immigration and settlement in Azalova. Furthermore, the linguistic tapestry of Faitonia expanded even further with the arrival of Arab settlers, who, in pursuit of business opportunities, began engaging in trade activities within the region.

== Phonology ==

=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Aa
|Ææ
|Ââ
|Ää
|Bb
|Cc
|Çç
|Dd
|Ee
|Ëë
|Ēē
|Êê
|Ff
|-
|ɐ
|æ
|ɑ
|ɞ
|b
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|d
|e
|ɛ
|ə
|ɤ
|f
|-
|Gg
|Ĝĝ
|Ğğ
|Hh
|Ħħ
|Ii
|Īī
|Îî
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|-
|g
|ɢ
|ʕ
|h
|ħ
|i
|ɨ
|ɯ
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|-
|Oo
|Ôô
|Öö
|Øø
|Œœ
|Pp
|Qq
|Rr
|Řř
|Ss
|Şş
|Tt
|Uu
|-
|o
|ɔ
|ɵ
|ø
|œ
|p
|q
|r
|ʁ
|s
|ʃ
|t
|u
|-
|Üü
|Vv
|Ww
|Xx
|Yy
|Zz
|Žž
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ʉ
|v
|w
|χ
|y
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

/ʔ/ is never written as it's found between vowels (in syllable boundaries) or before/after vowel letters (only if no consonant precedes/proceeds the vowel).

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant Inventory
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Glottal
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" |m
|
| style="text-align:center;" |n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| style="text-align:center;" |Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" |r
| style="text-align:center;" |l
|
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɥ)
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɰ)
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Glide
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |j
| style="text-align:center;" |w
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |p
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |k
| style="text-align:center;" |q
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʔ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |b
|
| style="text-align:center;" |d
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |g
| style="text-align:center;" |ɢ
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Affricate
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |f
|
| style="text-align:center;" |s
| style="text-align:center;" |ʃ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |χ
| style="text-align:center;" |ħ
| style="text-align:center;" |h
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |v
|
| style="text-align:center;" |z
| style="text-align:center;" |ʒ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʕ
|
|}

==== Allophony ====

* Phonemes /t͡ʃ ʃ ʒ/ have different realisations depending on the proceeding vowel.
** Before vowels /i e ɛ æ y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ/ palatalisation takes place, therefore [t͡ɕ ɕ ʑ].
** Before vowels /ɨ ə ɐ ɯ ɤ ɑ u o ɔ/ becomes [ʈ͡ʂ ʂ ʐ]
* [ɥ] is an allophone of the palatal approximant /j/ under vowels [y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ]
* /w/ is realised as [ɰ] under vowels [ɨ ə ɯ ɤ]

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowel Inventory
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Centre
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|-
|Closed
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʉ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɯ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|High Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | ɵ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɤ
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Low Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɞ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | æ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɐ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɑ
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:

* CV (light)
* CVV (heavy)
* CVC (heavy)
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVVCC (super-heavy)

A syllable cannot start with a vowel, if no consonant is written then it always starts with the glottal stop.

== Grammar ==
Azano is a fusional language where words use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple syntactic/semantc roles of words. Nouns inflect for gender (only nouns, demonstratives and relatives), case, number, person (only in pronouns), and spatial deixis (only in demonstratives). Verbs conjugate for Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Preterite, Perfect, Pluperfect, Relative Past and Relative Future), Voice (active voice and passive voice), Person (1st, 2nd and 3rd Person), Number (Singular and Plural) and Mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative).

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | an
| style="text-align:center;" | kä
| style="text-align:center;" | huwa
| style="text-align:center;" | nabt
| style="text-align:center;" | vabt
| style="text-align:center;" | tabt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | æna
| style="text-align:center;" | käval
| style="text-align:center;" | hawa
| style="text-align:center;" | nøş
| style="text-align:center;" | vøş
| style="text-align:center;" | tøş
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | enkâ
| style="text-align:center;" | ağnobal
| style="text-align:center;" | howlat
| style="text-align:center;" | nozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | vozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | tozalt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | ğena
| style="text-align:center;" | şova
| style="text-align:center;" | hüja
| style="text-align:center;" | nômaħ
| style="text-align:center;" | vômaħ
|tômaħ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | abena
| style="text-align:center;" | âsbar
| style="text-align:center;" | hidniža
| style="text-align:center;" | neltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | veltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | teltfavis
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | ala
| style="text-align:center;" | tanbihâ
| style="text-align:center;" | hœylap
| style="text-align:center;" | nyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | vyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | tyœ
|}
A feature noticeable in Azano is that pronouns in the '''accusative case''' can be used reflexively, or intensively. Similar to the English pronouns "myself, yourself, themself, himself, herself, itself".

{| class="wikitable"
|+Possessive Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | matus
| style="text-align:center;" | tanos
| style="text-align:center;" | salos
| style="text-align:center;" | notus
| style="text-align:center;" | vonos
| style="text-align:center;" | solus
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | meiri
| style="text-align:center;" | terem
| style="text-align:center;" | salem
| style="text-align:center;" | nori
| style="text-align:center;" | vori
| style="text-align:center;" | sori
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | marius
| style="text-align:center;" | terius
| style="text-align:center;" | sarius
| style="text-align:center;" | naltus
| style="text-align:center;" | valtus
| style="text-align:center;" | saltus
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | mazis
| style="text-align:center;" | tezis
| style="text-align:center;" | sazis
| style="text-align:center;" | naxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | vaxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | saxrabut
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | med
| style="text-align:center;" | ted
| style="text-align:center;" | sed
| style="text-align:center;" | nod
| style="text-align:center;" | vod
| style="text-align:center;" | sad
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | meia
| style="text-align:center;" | teia
| style="text-align:center;" | seia
| style="text-align:center;" | neiro
| style="text-align:center;" | veiro
| style="text-align:center;" | seiro
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Demonstrative Pronouns
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Masculine
! colspan="4" |Feminine
! colspan="4" |Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | tim
| style="text-align:center;" | tibâ
| style="text-align:center;" | şabrēki
| style="text-align:center;" | cœyft
| style="text-align:center;" | holao
| style="text-align:center;" | valeo
| style="text-align:center;" | ibis
| style="text-align:center;" | zaçiřb
| style="text-align:center;" | şêsb
| style="text-align:center;" | jîk
| style="text-align:center;" | zêmiln
| style="text-align:center;" | jēvin
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | timæ
| style="text-align:center;" | atima
| style="text-align:center;" | âşbek
| style="text-align:center;" | vystaln
| style="text-align:center;" | aglao
| style="text-align:center;" | vätoe
| style="text-align:center;" | ibnis
| style="text-align:center;" | alaziřb
| style="text-align:center;" | alşxifř
| style="text-align:center;" | jikin
| style="text-align:center;" | mizêlni
| style="text-align:center;" | jevin
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | abtima
| style="text-align:center;" | öbtima
| style="text-align:center;" | baixşer
| style="text-align:center;" | biesnam
| style="text-align:center;" | aĝleo
| style="text-align:center;" | avteno
| style="text-align:center;" | mahibis
| style="text-align:center;" | vatřaip
| style="text-align:center;" | heşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktin
| style="text-align:center;" | azêldin
| style="text-align:center;" | ējvin
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | qulta
| style="text-align:center;" | kulte
| style="text-align:center;" | raşĝuk
| style="text-align:center;" | maloud
| style="text-align:center;" | darlaho
| style="text-align:center;" | latevo
| style="text-align:center;" | zalbit
| style="text-align:center;" | řaleib
| style="text-align:center;" | hesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktibin
| style="text-align:center;" | êminzik
| style="text-align:center;" | ejvin
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | xâlâztâ
| style="text-align:center;" | valezte
| style="text-align:center;" | şağbek
| style="text-align:center;" | iemneo
| style="text-align:center;" | fenalħo
| style="text-align:center;" | atvon
| style="text-align:center;" | fælit
| style="text-align:center;" | ħæltřâm
| style="text-align:center;" | aheşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jikitbin
| style="text-align:center;" | ozemni
| style="text-align:center;" | vējin
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | îbtar
| style="text-align:center;" | ife
| style="text-align:center;" | zoluğbep
| style="text-align:center;" | fiemlo
| style="text-align:center;" | xiesto
| style="text-align:center;" | ğatvo
| style="text-align:center;" | actvölë
| style="text-align:center;" | alqêo
| style="text-align:center;" | ahesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jinbikti
| style="text-align:center;" | kêzmani
| style="text-align:center;" | vejin
|}

==Nouns==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Noun_Declension Noun Declension].

==Verbs==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Verb_Conjugation Verb Conjugation].

==Adjectives==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Adjective_Inflection Adjective Inflection].

== Example texts ==

== Other resources ==

[[Category:Azano]]

Faiten

2023-07-07T08:20:36Z

Nathan Xu: /* Demonstrative Pronouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh, sme,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp, lf, be
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le, sne, nne,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt, de, the,
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nque,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk, gh, ge
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾[ŋu], 我[ŋa], 余[y], 俺[em], 台[i], 朕[dɨm], 阮[ŋi̯on], 咱[t͡san], 剌[lat̚], 僕[buk̚], 婢[bi̯e], 偶[u], 厓[ge], 祽[t͡so̯u], 偔[ŋak̚]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹[zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝[ni̯o], 爾[nen], 尓[ni̯e], 迺[nai̯], 叒[ni̯ak̚], 君[ki̯un], 卿[kʰi̯aŋ], 農[nɔŋ], 恁[nim], 儕[ʐə], 子[t͡si], 倷[nə], 㑚[nɐ], 英[i̯aŋ], 眉[mi]
|-
|3rd Person
|伊[i], 人[nin], 佢[kʰøy], 諾[nak̚], 佗[dɔ], 亓[gi], 厥[ki̯ut̚], 渠[gi̯o], 夫[vu], 㞢[t͡ɕi], 伢[i̯a], 夷[i], 它[tʰa], 亳[bak̚], 㑢[kʰi̯ak̚]
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這[an], 此[t͡sʰe], 箇[ka], 葛[kat̚], 益[i̯ek̚], 遮[t͡ɕi̯a], 是[de], 斯[se], 茲[zi], 茊[ʑi], 者[ta], 只[t͡ɕi̯e], 拓[tʰak̚], 邇[ni̯e], 即[t͡sik̚], 呢[ni]
|那[na], 彼[fe], 其[gu], 兀[gu̯ot̚], 個[kɔ], 許[hi̯o], 介[kei̯], 乢[kap̚], 艾[ŋai̯], 埃[ai̯], 改[kai̯], 該[kɛ], 嚀[neŋ], 遐[ha], 兜[tou̯], 箕[kɨ]
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等[toŋ]
|}

=== Interrogative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 3.3'''
|-
|What
|何, 啥, 麼, 乜, 淡, 奚, 曷, 底
|-
|Who
|誰, 疇, 孰, 誰人, 何人, 何者, 阿誰, 哪𠰻, 啥儂, 底儂,
|-
|When
|曷, 何時, 幾時, 哪久, 底時, 何時節, 當, 曷
|-
|Why
|何為, 何以, 何故, 何居, 何意, 何由, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 哪,
|-
|Where
|何處, 何許, 何方, 安, 選, 哪, 狃, 阿裡, 佗位, 哪搭, 邊
|-
|How
|何其, 如何, 奈何, 若何, 仰仔, 按怎, 做呢, 訾那, 焉, 咋,
|}

=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Faiten

2023-07-07T08:05:58Z

Nathan Xu: /* Personal Pronouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh, sme,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp, lf, be
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le, sne, nne,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt, de, the,
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nque,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk, gh, ge
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾[ŋu], 我[ŋa], 余[y], 俺[em], 台[i], 朕[dɨm], 阮[ŋi̯on], 咱[t͡san], 剌[lat̚], 僕[buk̚], 婢[bi̯e], 偶[u], 厓[ge], 祽[t͡so̯u], 偔[ŋak̚]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹[zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝[ni̯o], 爾[nen], 尓[ni̯e], 迺[nai̯], 叒[ni̯ak̚], 君[ki̯un], 卿[kʰi̯aŋ], 農[nɔŋ], 恁[nim], 儕[ʐə], 子[t͡si], 倷[nə], 㑚[nɐ], 英[i̯aŋ], 眉[mi]
|-
|3rd Person
|伊[i], 人[nin], 佢[kʰøy], 諾[nak̚], 佗[dɔ], 亓[gi], 厥[ki̯ut̚], 渠[gi̯o], 夫[vu], 㞢[t͡ɕi], 伢[i̯a], 夷[i], 它[tʰa], 亳[bak̚], 㑢[kʰi̯ak̚]
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
|}

=== Interrogative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 3.3'''
|-
|What
|何, 啥, 麼, 乜, 淡, 奚, 曷, 底
|-
|Who
|誰, 疇, 孰, 誰人, 何人, 何者, 阿誰, 哪𠰻, 啥儂, 底儂,
|-
|When
|曷, 何時, 幾時, 哪久, 底時, 何時節, 當, 曷
|-
|Why
|何為, 何以, 何故, 何居, 何意, 何由, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 哪,
|-
|Where
|何處, 何許, 何方, 安, 選, 哪, 狃, 阿裡, 佗位, 哪搭, 邊
|-
|How
|何其, 如何, 奈何, 若何, 仰仔, 按怎, 做呢, 訾那, 焉, 咋,
|}

=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Faiten

2023-07-07T07:49:07Z

Nathan Xu: /* Finals */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh, sme,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp, lf, be
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le, sne, nne,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt, de, the,
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nque,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk, gh, ge
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾[ŋu], 我[ŋa], 余[y], 俺[em], 台[i], 朕[dɨm], 阮[ŋi̯on], 咱[t͡san], 剌[lat̚], 僕[buk̚], 婢[bi̯e], 偶[u], 厓[ge], 祽[t͡so̯u], 偔[ŋak̚]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹 [zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝, 爾, 尓, 迺, 叒, 君, 卿, 農, 恁, 儕, 子, 倷, 㑚, 英, 眉
|-
|3rd Person
|伊, 人, 佢, 諾, 佗, 亓, 厥, 渠, 夫, 㞢, 伢, 夷, 它, 亳, 㑢
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
|}

=== Interrogative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 3.3'''
|-
|What
|何, 啥, 麼, 乜, 淡, 奚, 曷, 底
|-
|Who
|誰, 疇, 孰, 誰人, 何人, 何者, 阿誰, 哪𠰻, 啥儂, 底儂,
|-
|When
|曷, 何時, 幾時, 哪久, 底時, 何時節, 當, 曷
|-
|Why
|何為, 何以, 何故, 何居, 何意, 何由, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 哪,
|-
|Where
|何處, 何許, 何方, 安, 選, 哪, 狃, 阿裡, 佗位, 哪搭, 邊
|-
|How
|何其, 如何, 奈何, 若何, 仰仔, 按怎, 做呢, 訾那, 焉, 咋,
|}

=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Faiten

2023-07-07T07:47:33Z

Nathan Xu: /* Finals */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp, lf, be
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt, de, the,
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nd, hgn
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk, gh, ge
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾[ŋu], 我[ŋa], 余[y], 俺[em], 台[i], 朕[dɨm], 阮[ŋi̯on], 咱[t͡san], 剌[lat̚], 僕[buk̚], 婢[bi̯e], 偶[u], 厓[ge], 祽[t͡so̯u], 偔[ŋak̚]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹 [zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝, 爾, 尓, 迺, 叒, 君, 卿, 農, 恁, 儕, 子, 倷, 㑚, 英, 眉
|-
|3rd Person
|伊, 人, 佢, 諾, 佗, 亓, 厥, 渠, 夫, 㞢, 伢, 夷, 它, 亳, 㑢
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
|}

=== Interrogative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 3.3'''
|-
|What
|何, 啥, 麼, 乜, 淡, 奚, 曷, 底
|-
|Who
|誰, 疇, 孰, 誰人, 何人, 何者, 阿誰, 哪𠰻, 啥儂, 底儂,
|-
|When
|曷, 何時, 幾時, 哪久, 底時, 何時節, 當, 曷
|-
|Why
|何為, 何以, 何故, 何居, 何意, 何由, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 哪,
|-
|Where
|何處, 何許, 何方, 安, 選, 哪, 狃, 阿裡, 佗位, 哪搭, 邊
|-
|How
|何其, 如何, 奈何, 若何, 仰仔, 按怎, 做呢, 訾那, 焉, 咋,
|}

=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-06T02:22:54Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension III (Third Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-05T22:38:36Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension IV (Fourth Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-05T22:38:22Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension IV (Fourth Declension */

Azano

2023-07-05T22:37:44Z

Nathan Xu: /* Pronouns */

== Introduction ==
Azano stands as a co-official language, holding its ground alongside the widely spoken Faiten. With an estimated population of 2,500,000 million speakers, Azano boasts a significant number of individuals proficient in its unique linguistic expressions. Remarkably, Azano does not fall under the umbrella of any established language family, setting it apart as a distinctive language isolate. Through its independent existence, Azano has developed its own linguistic characteristics although phonologically influenced by Germanic languages, shaping a one of a kind linguistic heritage within the cultural tapestry of Faitonia.

Azano, historically spoken by the indigenous people of Azalova (previously known as Faitonia), underwent significant linguistic transformations as the nation opened its doors to immigrants. Chinese, French, and Italian settlers were among the first to establish themselves in the country, paving the way for subsequent waves of German immigrants. As these diverse groups integrated into the local society, the Azano language naturally absorbed various linguistic elements from the Germanic languages spoken by the newcomers. Consequently, Azano evolved into a diverse tapestry of influences from various Germanic languages, reflecting the cultural amalgamation brought about by centuries of immigration and settlement in Azalova. Furthermore, the linguistic tapestry of Faitonia expanded even further with the arrival of Arab settlers, who, in pursuit of business opportunities, began engaging in trade activities within the region.

== Phonology ==

=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Aa
|Ææ
|Ââ
|Ää
|Bb
|Cc
|Çç
|Dd
|Ee
|Ëë
|Ēē
|Êê
|Ff
|-
|ɐ
|æ
|ɑ
|ɞ
|b
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|d
|e
|ɛ
|ə
|ɤ
|f
|-
|Gg
|Ĝĝ
|Ğğ
|Hh
|Ħħ
|Ii
|Īī
|Îî
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|-
|g
|ɢ
|ʕ
|h
|ħ
|i
|ɨ
|ɯ
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|-
|Oo
|Ôô
|Öö
|Øø
|Œœ
|Pp
|Qq
|Rr
|Řř
|Ss
|Şş
|Tt
|Uu
|-
|o
|ɔ
|ɵ
|ø
|œ
|p
|q
|r
|ʁ
|s
|ʃ
|t
|u
|-
|Üü
|Vv
|Ww
|Xx
|Yy
|Zz
|Žž
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ʉ
|v
|w
|χ
|y
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

/ʔ/ is never written as it's found between vowels (in syllable boundaries) or before/after vowel letters (only if no consonant precedes/proceeds the vowel).

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant Inventory
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Glottal
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" |m
|
| style="text-align:center;" |n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| style="text-align:center;" |Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" |r
| style="text-align:center;" |l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Glide
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |j
| style="text-align:center;" |w
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |p
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |k
| style="text-align:center;" |q
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʔ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |b
|
| style="text-align:center;" |d
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |g
| style="text-align:center;" |ɢ
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Affricate
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |f
|
| style="text-align:center;" |s
| style="text-align:center;" |ʃ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |χ
| style="text-align:center;" |ħ
| style="text-align:center;" |h
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |v
|
| style="text-align:center;" |z
| style="text-align:center;" |ʒ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʕ
|
|}

==== Allophony ====

* Phonemes /t͡ʃ ʃ ʒ/ have different realisations depending on the proceeding vowel.
** Before vowels /i e ɛ æ y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ/ palatalisation takes place, therefore [t͡ɕ ɕ ʑ].
** Before vowels /ɨ ə ɐ ɯ ɤ ɑ u o ɔ/ becomes [ʈ͡ʂ ʂ ʐ]

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowel Inventory
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Centre
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|-
|Closed
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʉ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɯ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|High Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | ɵ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɤ
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Low Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɞ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | æ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɐ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɑ
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:

* CV (light)
* CVV (heavy)
* CVC (heavy)
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVVCC (super-heavy)

A syllable cannot start with a vowel, if no consonant is written then it always starts with the glottal stop.

== Grammar ==
Azano is a fusional language where words use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple syntactic/semantc roles of words. Nouns inflect for gender (only nouns, demonstratives and relatives), case, number, person (only in pronouns), and spatial deixis (only in demonstratives). Verbs conjugate for Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Preterite, Perfect, Pluperfect, Relative Past and Relative Future), Voice (active voice and passive voice), Person (1st, 2nd and 3rd Person), Number (Singular and Plural) and Mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative).

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | an
| style="text-align:center;" | kä
| style="text-align:center;" | huwa
| style="text-align:center;" | nabt
| style="text-align:center;" | vabt
| style="text-align:center;" | tabt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | æna
| style="text-align:center;" | käval
| style="text-align:center;" | hawa
| style="text-align:center;" | nøş
| style="text-align:center;" | vøş
| style="text-align:center;" | tøş
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | enkâ
| style="text-align:center;" | ağnobal
| style="text-align:center;" | howlat
| style="text-align:center;" | nozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | vozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | tozalt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | ğena
| style="text-align:center;" | şova
| style="text-align:center;" | hüja
| style="text-align:center;" | nômaħ
| style="text-align:center;" | vômaħ
|tômaħ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | abena
| style="text-align:center;" | âsbar
| style="text-align:center;" | hidniža
| style="text-align:center;" | neltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | veltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | teltfavis
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | ala
| style="text-align:center;" | tanbihâ
| style="text-align:center;" | hœylap
| style="text-align:center;" | nyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | vyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | tyœ
|}
A feature noticeable in Azano is that pronouns in the '''accusative case''' can be used reflexively, or intensively. Similar to the English pronouns "myself, yourself, themself, himself, herself, itself".

{| class="wikitable"
|+Possessive Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | matus
| style="text-align:center;" | tanos
| style="text-align:center;" | salos
| style="text-align:center;" | notus
| style="text-align:center;" | vonos
| style="text-align:center;" | solus
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | meiri
| style="text-align:center;" | terem
| style="text-align:center;" | salem
| style="text-align:center;" | nori
| style="text-align:center;" | vori
| style="text-align:center;" | sori
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | marius
| style="text-align:center;" | terius
| style="text-align:center;" | sarius
| style="text-align:center;" | naltus
| style="text-align:center;" | valtus
| style="text-align:center;" | saltus
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | mazis
| style="text-align:center;" | tezis
| style="text-align:center;" | sazis
| style="text-align:center;" | naxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | vaxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | saxrabut
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | med
| style="text-align:center;" | ted
| style="text-align:center;" | sed
| style="text-align:center;" | nod
| style="text-align:center;" | vod
| style="text-align:center;" | sad
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | meia
| style="text-align:center;" | teia
| style="text-align:center;" | seia
| style="text-align:center;" | neiro
| style="text-align:center;" | veiro
| style="text-align:center;" | seiro
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Demonstrative Pronouns
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Masculine
! colspan="4" |Feminine
! colspan="4" |Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | tim
| style="text-align:center;" | tibâ
| style="text-align:center;" | şabrēki
| style="text-align:center;" | cœyft
| style="text-align:center;" | holao
| style="text-align:center;" | valeo
| style="text-align:center;" | ibis
| style="text-align:center;" | zaçiřb
| style="text-align:center;" | şêsb
| style="text-align:center;" | jîk
| style="text-align:center;" | zêmiln
| style="text-align:center;" | jēvin
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | timæ
| style="text-align:center;" | atima
| style="text-align:center;" | âşbek
| style="text-align:center;" | vystaln
| style="text-align:center;" | aglao
| style="text-align:center;" | vätoe
| style="text-align:center;" | ibnis
| style="text-align:center;" | alaziřb
| style="text-align:center;" | alşxifř
| style="text-align:center;" | jikin
| style="text-align:center;" | mizêlni
| style="text-align:center;" | jevin
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | abtima
| style="text-align:center;" | öbtima
| style="text-align:center;" | baixşer
| style="text-align:center;" | biesnam
| style="text-align:center;" | aĝleo
| style="text-align:center;" | avteno
| style="text-align:center;" | mahibis
| style="text-align:center;" | vatřaip
| style="text-align:center;" | heşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktin
| style="text-align:center;" | azêldin
| style="text-align:center;" | ējvin
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | qulta
| style="text-align:center;" | kulte
| style="text-align:center;" | raşĝuk
| style="text-align:center;" | maloud
| style="text-align:center;" | darlaho
| style="text-align:center;" | latevo
| style="text-align:center;" | zalbit
| style="text-align:center;" | řaleib
| style="text-align:center;" | hesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktibin
| style="text-align:center;" | êminzik
| style="text-align:center;" | ejvin
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | xâlâztâ
| style="text-align:center;" | valezte
| style="text-align:center;" | şağbek
| style="text-align:center;" | iemneo
| style="text-align:center;" | fenalħo
| style="text-align:center;" | atvon
| style="text-align:center;" | fælit
| style="text-align:center;" | ħæltřâm
| style="text-align:center;" | aheşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jikitbin
| style="text-align:center;" | ozemni
| style="text-align:center;" | vējin
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | îbtar
| style="text-align:center;" | ife
| style="text-align:center;" | zoluğbep
| style="text-align:center;" | fiemlo
| style="text-align:center;" | xiesto
| style="text-align:center;" | ğatvo
| style="text-align:center;" | actvölë
| style="text-align:center;" | alqêo
| style="text-align:center;" | ahesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jinbikti
| style="text-align:center;" | kêzmani
| style="text-align:center;" | vejin
|}

==Nouns==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Noun_Declension Noun Declension].

==Verbs==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Verb_Conjugation Verb Conjugation].

==Adjectives==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Adjective_Inflection Adjective Inflection].

== Example texts ==

== Other resources ==

[[Category:Azano]]

Azano

2023-07-05T22:33:54Z

Nathan Xu: /* Consonants */

== Introduction ==
Azano stands as a co-official language, holding its ground alongside the widely spoken Faiten. With an estimated population of 2,500,000 million speakers, Azano boasts a significant number of individuals proficient in its unique linguistic expressions. Remarkably, Azano does not fall under the umbrella of any established language family, setting it apart as a distinctive language isolate. Through its independent existence, Azano has developed its own linguistic characteristics although phonologically influenced by Germanic languages, shaping a one of a kind linguistic heritage within the cultural tapestry of Faitonia.

Azano, historically spoken by the indigenous people of Azalova (previously known as Faitonia), underwent significant linguistic transformations as the nation opened its doors to immigrants. Chinese, French, and Italian settlers were among the first to establish themselves in the country, paving the way for subsequent waves of German immigrants. As these diverse groups integrated into the local society, the Azano language naturally absorbed various linguistic elements from the Germanic languages spoken by the newcomers. Consequently, Azano evolved into a diverse tapestry of influences from various Germanic languages, reflecting the cultural amalgamation brought about by centuries of immigration and settlement in Azalova. Furthermore, the linguistic tapestry of Faitonia expanded even further with the arrival of Arab settlers, who, in pursuit of business opportunities, began engaging in trade activities within the region.

== Phonology ==

=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Aa
|Ææ
|Ââ
|Ää
|Bb
|Cc
|Çç
|Dd
|Ee
|Ëë
|Ēē
|Êê
|Ff
|-
|ɐ
|æ
|ɑ
|ɞ
|b
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|d
|e
|ɛ
|ə
|ɤ
|f
|-
|Gg
|Ĝĝ
|Ğğ
|Hh
|Ħħ
|Ii
|Īī
|Îî
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|-
|g
|ɢ
|ʕ
|h
|ħ
|i
|ɨ
|ɯ
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|-
|Oo
|Ôô
|Öö
|Øø
|Œœ
|Pp
|Qq
|Rr
|Řř
|Ss
|Şş
|Tt
|Uu
|-
|o
|ɔ
|ɵ
|ø
|œ
|p
|q
|r
|ʁ
|s
|ʃ
|t
|u
|-
|Üü
|Vv
|Ww
|Xx
|Yy
|Zz
|Žž
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ʉ
|v
|w
|χ
|y
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

/ʔ/ is never written as it's found between vowels (in syllable boundaries) or before/after vowel letters (only if no consonant precedes/proceeds the vowel).

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant Inventory
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Glottal
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" |m
|
| style="text-align:center;" |n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| style="text-align:center;" |Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" |r
| style="text-align:center;" |l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Glide
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |j
| style="text-align:center;" |w
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |p
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |k
| style="text-align:center;" |q
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʔ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |b
|
| style="text-align:center;" |d
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |g
| style="text-align:center;" |ɢ
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Affricate
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |f
|
| style="text-align:center;" |s
| style="text-align:center;" |ʃ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |χ
| style="text-align:center;" |ħ
| style="text-align:center;" |h
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |v
|
| style="text-align:center;" |z
| style="text-align:center;" |ʒ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʕ
|
|}

==== Allophony ====

* Phonemes /t͡ʃ ʃ ʒ/ have different realisations depending on the proceeding vowel.
** Before vowels /i e ɛ æ y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ/ palatalisation takes place, therefore [t͡ɕ ɕ ʑ].
** Before vowels /ɨ ə ɐ ɯ ɤ ɑ u o ɔ/ becomes [ʈ͡ʂ ʂ ʐ]

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowel Inventory
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Centre
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|-
|Closed
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʉ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɯ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|High Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | ɵ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɤ
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Low Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɞ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | æ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɐ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɑ
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:

* CV (light)
* CVV (heavy)
* CVC (heavy)
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVVCC (super-heavy)

A syllable cannot start with a vowel, if no consonant is written then it always starts with the glottal stop.

== Grammar ==
Azano is a fusional language where words use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple syntactic/semantc roles of words. Nouns inflect for gender (only nouns, demonstratives and relatives), case, number, person (only in pronouns), and spatial deixis (only in demonstratives). Verbs conjugate for Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Preterite, Perfect, Pluperfect, Relative Past and Relative Future), Voice (active voice and passive voice), Person (1st, 2nd and 3rd Person), Number (Singular and Plural) and Mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative).

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | an
| style="text-align:center;" | kä
| style="text-align:center;" | huwa
| style="text-align:center;" | nabt
| style="text-align:center;" | vabt
| style="text-align:center;" | tabt
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | æna
| style="text-align:center;" | käval
| style="text-align:center;" | hawa
| style="text-align:center;" | nøş
| style="text-align:center;" | vøş
| style="text-align:center;" | tøş
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | enkâ
| style="text-align:center;" | ağnobal
| style="text-align:center;" | howlat
| style="text-align:center;" | nozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | vozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | tozalt
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | ğena
| style="text-align:center;" | şova
| style="text-align:center;" | hüja
| style="text-align:center;" | nômaħ
| style="text-align:center;" | vômaħ
|tômaħ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | abena
| style="text-align:center;" | âsbar
| style="text-align:center;" | hidniža
| style="text-align:center;" | neltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | veltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | teltfavis
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | ala
| style="text-align:center;" | tanbihâ
| style="text-align:center;" | hœylap
| style="text-align:center;" | nyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | vyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | tyœ
|}
A feature noticeable in Azano is that pronouns in the '''accusative case''' can be used reflexively, or intensively. Similar to the English pronouns "myself, yourself, themself, himself, herself, itself".

{| class="wikitable"
|+Possessive Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | matus
| style="text-align:center;" | tanos
| style="text-align:center;" | salos
| style="text-align:center;" | notus
| style="text-align:center;" | vonos
| style="text-align:center;" | solus
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | meiri
| style="text-align:center;" | terem
| style="text-align:center;" | salem
| style="text-align:center;" | nori
| style="text-align:center;" | vori
| style="text-align:center;" | sori
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | marius
| style="text-align:center;" | terius
| style="text-align:center;" | sarius
| style="text-align:center;" | naltus
| style="text-align:center;" | valtus
| style="text-align:center;" | saltus
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | mazis
| style="text-align:center;" | tezis
| style="text-align:center;" | sazis
| style="text-align:center;" | naxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | vaxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | saxrabut
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | med
| style="text-align:center;" | ted
| style="text-align:center;" | sed
| style="text-align:center;" | nod
| style="text-align:center;" | vod
| style="text-align:center;" | sad
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | meia
| style="text-align:center;" | teia
| style="text-align:center;" | seia
| style="text-align:center;" | neiro
| style="text-align:center;" | veiro
| style="text-align:center;" | seiro
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Demonstrative Pronouns
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Masculine
! colspan="4" |Feminine
! colspan="4" |Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | tim
| style="text-align:center;" | tibâ
| style="text-align:center;" | şabrēki
| style="text-align:center;" | cœyft
| style="text-align:center;" | holao
| style="text-align:center;" | valeo
| style="text-align:center;" | ibis
| style="text-align:center;" | zaçiřb
| style="text-align:center;" | şêsb
| style="text-align:center;" | jîk
| style="text-align:center;" | zêmiln
| style="text-align:center;" | jēvin
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | timæ
| style="text-align:center;" | atima
| style="text-align:center;" | âşbek
| style="text-align:center;" | vystaln
| style="text-align:center;" | aglao
| style="text-align:center;" | vätoe
| style="text-align:center;" | ibnis
| style="text-align:center;" | alaziřb
| style="text-align:center;" | alşxifř
| style="text-align:center;" | jikin
| style="text-align:center;" | mizêlni
| style="text-align:center;" | jevin
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | abtima
| style="text-align:center;" | öbtima
| style="text-align:center;" | baixşer
| style="text-align:center;" | biesnam
| style="text-align:center;" | aĝleo
| style="text-align:center;" | avteno
| style="text-align:center;" | mahibis
| style="text-align:center;" | vatřaip
| style="text-align:center;" | heşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktin
| style="text-align:center;" | azêldin
| style="text-align:center;" | ējvin
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | qulta
| style="text-align:center;" | kulte
| style="text-align:center;" | raşĝuk
| style="text-align:center;" | maloud
| style="text-align:center;" | darlaho
| style="text-align:center;" | latevo
| style="text-align:center;" | zalbit
| style="text-align:center;" | řaleib
| style="text-align:center;" | hesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktibin
| style="text-align:center;" | êminzik
| style="text-align:center;" | ejvin
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | xâlâztâ
| style="text-align:center;" | valezte
| style="text-align:center;" | şağbek
| style="text-align:center;" | iemneo
| style="text-align:center;" | fenalħo
| style="text-align:center;" | atvon
| style="text-align:center;" | fælit
| style="text-align:center;" | ħæltřâm
| style="text-align:center;" | aheşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jikitbin
| style="text-align:center;" | ozemni
| style="text-align:center;" | vējin
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | îbtar
| style="text-align:center;" | ife
| style="text-align:center;" | zoluğbep
| style="text-align:center;" | fiemlo
| style="text-align:center;" | xiesto
| style="text-align:center;" | ğatvo
| style="text-align:center;" | actvölë
| style="text-align:center;" | alqêo
| style="text-align:center;" | ahesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jinbikti
| style="text-align:center;" | kêzmani
| style="text-align:center;" | vejin
|}

==Nouns==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Noun_Declension Noun Declension].

==Verbs==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Verb_Conjugation Verb Conjugation].

==Adjectives==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Adjective_Inflection Adjective Inflection].

== Example texts ==

== Other resources ==

[[Category:Azano]]

Azano

2023-07-05T22:25:33Z

Nathan Xu: /* Pronouns */

== Introduction ==
Azano stands as a co-official language, holding its ground alongside the widely spoken Faiten. With an estimated population of 2,500,000 million speakers, Azano boasts a significant number of individuals proficient in its unique linguistic expressions. Remarkably, Azano does not fall under the umbrella of any established language family, setting it apart as a distinctive language isolate. Through its independent existence, Azano has developed its own linguistic characteristics although phonologically influenced by Germanic languages, shaping a one of a kind linguistic heritage within the cultural tapestry of Faitonia.

Azano, historically spoken by the indigenous people of Azalova (previously known as Faitonia), underwent significant linguistic transformations as the nation opened its doors to immigrants. Chinese, French, and Italian settlers were among the first to establish themselves in the country, paving the way for subsequent waves of German immigrants. As these diverse groups integrated into the local society, the Azano language naturally absorbed various linguistic elements from the Germanic languages spoken by the newcomers. Consequently, Azano evolved into a diverse tapestry of influences from various Germanic languages, reflecting the cultural amalgamation brought about by centuries of immigration and settlement in Azalova. Furthermore, the linguistic tapestry of Faitonia expanded even further with the arrival of Arab settlers, who, in pursuit of business opportunities, began engaging in trade activities within the region.

== Phonology ==

=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Aa
|Ææ
|Ââ
|Ää
|Bb
|Cc
|Çç
|Dd
|Ee
|Ëë
|Ēē
|Êê
|Ff
|-
|ɐ
|æ
|ɑ
|ɞ
|b
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|d
|e
|ɛ
|ə
|ɤ
|f
|-
|Gg
|Ĝĝ
|Ğğ
|Hh
|Ħħ
|Ii
|Īī
|Îî
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|-
|g
|ɢ
|ʕ
|h
|ħ
|i
|ɨ
|ɯ
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|-
|Oo
|Ôô
|Öö
|Øø
|Œœ
|Pp
|Qq
|Rr
|Řř
|Ss
|Şş
|Tt
|Uu
|-
|o
|ɔ
|ɵ
|ø
|œ
|p
|q
|r
|ʁ
|s
|ʃ
|t
|u
|-
|Üü
|Vv
|Ww
|Xx
|Yy
|Zz
|Žž
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ʉ
|v
|w
|χ
|y
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

/ʔ/ is never written as it's found between vowels (in syllable boundaries) or before/after vowel letters (only if no consonant precedes/proceeds the vowel).

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonant Inventory
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Glottal
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
|
| style="text-align:center;" | n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| style="text-align:center;" | Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | r
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Glide
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
| style="text-align:center;" | w
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| style="text-align:center;" | Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
|
| style="text-align:center;" | t
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | q
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ʔ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
|
| style="text-align:center;" | d
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | g
| style="text-align:center;" | ɢ
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Affricate
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| style="text-align:center;" | Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʃ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | χ
| style="text-align:center;" | ħ
| style="text-align:center;" | h
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʒ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʕ
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowel Inventory
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Centre
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|Flat
|Round
|-
|Closed
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʉ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɯ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|High Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | ɵ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɤ
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Low Mid
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɞ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | æ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɐ
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɑ
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:

* CV (light)
* CVV (heavy)
* CVC (heavy)
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVVCC (super-heavy)

A syllable cannot start with a vowel, if no consonant is written then it always starts with the glottal stop.

== Grammar ==
Azano is a fusional language where words use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple syntactic/semantc roles of words. Nouns inflect for gender (only nouns, demonstratives and relatives), case, number, person (only in pronouns), and spatial deixis (only in demonstratives). Verbs conjugate for Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Preterite, Perfect, Pluperfect, Relative Past and Relative Future), Voice (active voice and passive voice), Person (1st, 2nd and 3rd Person), Number (Singular and Plural) and Mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative).

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | an
| style="text-align:center;" | kä
| style="text-align:center;" | huwa
| style="text-align:center;" | nabt
| style="text-align:center;" | vabt
| style="text-align:center;" | tabt
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | æna
| style="text-align:center;" | käval
| style="text-align:center;" | hawa
| style="text-align:center;" | nøş
| style="text-align:center;" | vøş
| style="text-align:center;" | tøş
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | enkâ
| style="text-align:center;" | ağnobal
| style="text-align:center;" | howlat
| style="text-align:center;" | nozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | vozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | tozalt
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | ğena
| style="text-align:center;" | şova
| style="text-align:center;" | hüja
| style="text-align:center;" | nômaħ
| style="text-align:center;" | vômaħ
|tômaħ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | abena
| style="text-align:center;" | âsbar
| style="text-align:center;" | hidniža
| style="text-align:center;" | neltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | veltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | teltfavis
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | ala
| style="text-align:center;" | tanbihâ
| style="text-align:center;" | hœylap
| style="text-align:center;" | nyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | vyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | tyœ
|}
A feature noticeable in Azano is that pronouns in the '''accusative case''' can be used reflexively, or intensively. Similar to the English pronouns "myself, yourself, themself, himself, herself, itself".

{| class="wikitable"
|+Possessive Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | matus
| style="text-align:center;" | tanos
| style="text-align:center;" | salos
| style="text-align:center;" | notus
| style="text-align:center;" | vonos
| style="text-align:center;" | solus
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | meiri
| style="text-align:center;" | terem
| style="text-align:center;" | salem
| style="text-align:center;" | nori
| style="text-align:center;" | vori
| style="text-align:center;" | sori
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | marius
| style="text-align:center;" | terius
| style="text-align:center;" | sarius
| style="text-align:center;" | naltus
| style="text-align:center;" | valtus
| style="text-align:center;" | saltus
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | mazis
| style="text-align:center;" | tezis
| style="text-align:center;" | sazis
| style="text-align:center;" | naxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | vaxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | saxrabut
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | med
| style="text-align:center;" | ted
| style="text-align:center;" | sed
| style="text-align:center;" | nod
| style="text-align:center;" | vod
| style="text-align:center;" | sad
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | meia
| style="text-align:center;" | teia
| style="text-align:center;" | seia
| style="text-align:center;" | neiro
| style="text-align:center;" | veiro
| style="text-align:center;" | seiro
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Demonstrative Pronouns
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Masculine
! colspan="4" |Feminine
! colspan="4" |Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | tim
| style="text-align:center;" | tibâ
| style="text-align:center;" | şabrēki
| style="text-align:center;" | cœyft
| style="text-align:center;" | holao
| style="text-align:center;" | valeo
| style="text-align:center;" | ibis
| style="text-align:center;" | zaçiřb
| style="text-align:center;" | şêsb
| style="text-align:center;" | jîk
| style="text-align:center;" | zêmiln
| style="text-align:center;" | jēvin
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | timæ
| style="text-align:center;" | atima
| style="text-align:center;" | âşbek
| style="text-align:center;" | vystaln
| style="text-align:center;" | aglao
| style="text-align:center;" | vätoe
| style="text-align:center;" | ibnis
| style="text-align:center;" | alaziřb
| style="text-align:center;" | alşxifř
| style="text-align:center;" | jikin
| style="text-align:center;" | mizêlni
| style="text-align:center;" | jevin
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | abtima
| style="text-align:center;" | öbtima
| style="text-align:center;" | baixşer
| style="text-align:center;" | biesnam
| style="text-align:center;" | aĝleo
| style="text-align:center;" | avteno
| style="text-align:center;" | mahibis
| style="text-align:center;" | vatřaip
| style="text-align:center;" | heşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktin
| style="text-align:center;" | azêldin
| style="text-align:center;" | ējvin
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | qulta
| style="text-align:center;" | kulte
| style="text-align:center;" | raşĝuk
| style="text-align:center;" | maloud
| style="text-align:center;" | darlaho
| style="text-align:center;" | latevo
| style="text-align:center;" | zalbit
| style="text-align:center;" | řaleib
| style="text-align:center;" | hesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktibin
| style="text-align:center;" | êminzik
| style="text-align:center;" | ejvin
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | xâlâztâ
| style="text-align:center;" | valezte
| style="text-align:center;" | şağbek
| style="text-align:center;" | iemneo
| style="text-align:center;" | fenalħo
| style="text-align:center;" | atvon
| style="text-align:center;" | fælit
| style="text-align:center;" | ħæltřâm
| style="text-align:center;" | aheşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jikitbin
| style="text-align:center;" | ozemni
| style="text-align:center;" | vējin
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | îbtar
| style="text-align:center;" | ife
| style="text-align:center;" | zoluğbep
| style="text-align:center;" | fiemlo
| style="text-align:center;" | xiesto
| style="text-align:center;" | ğatvo
| style="text-align:center;" | actvölë
| style="text-align:center;" | alqêo
| style="text-align:center;" | ahesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jinbikti
| style="text-align:center;" | kêzmani
| style="text-align:center;" | vejin
|}

==Nouns==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Noun_Declension Noun Declension].

==Verbs==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Verb_Conjugation Verb Conjugation].

==Adjectives==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Adjective_Inflection Adjective Inflection].

== Example texts ==

== Other resources ==

[[Category:Azano]]

Azano/Verb Conjugation

2023-07-03T15:31:09Z

Nathan Xu: /* Conjugation II (-a stems) */

== Overview ==
Azano Verbs are classified into 3 classes of Verb conjugation based on the verb stems, namely Conjugations I II and III. Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person and number. When there is regular conjugations there are irregular conjugations, solely for the copulative verb "es". '''Conjugation I''' ends in the -o stem, '''Conjugation II''' ends with the -a stem, and the '''Conjugation III''' ends with the -e stem.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation characteristics of Azano
!Tense
!Mood
!Voice
!Person
!Number
|-
|Present
|Indicative
|Active
|First Person
|Singular
|-
|Preterite
|Subjunctive
|Passive
|Second Person
|Plural
|-
|Future
|Conditional
|
|Third Person
|
|-
|Imperfect
|Imperative
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation II (-a stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Second Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation III (-e stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Third Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Irregular Conjugation ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Azano/Verb Conjugation

2023-07-03T15:30:57Z

Nathan Xu: /* Conjugation III (-e stems) */

== Overview ==
Azano Verbs are classified into 3 classes of Verb conjugation based on the verb stems, namely Conjugations I II and III. Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person and number. When there is regular conjugations there are irregular conjugations, solely for the copulative verb "es". '''Conjugation I''' ends in the -o stem, '''Conjugation II''' ends with the -a stem, and the '''Conjugation III''' ends with the -e stem.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation characteristics of Azano
!Tense
!Mood
!Voice
!Person
!Number
|-
|Present
|Indicative
|Active
|First Person
|Singular
|-
|Preterite
|Subjunctive
|Passive
|Second Person
|Plural
|-
|Future
|Conditional
|
|Third Person
|
|-
|Imperfect
|Imperative
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation II (-a stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation III (-e stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Third Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Irregular Conjugation ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Azano/Verb Conjugation

2023-07-03T15:30:28Z

Nathan Xu: /* Conjugation II (-a stems) */

== Overview ==
Azano Verbs are classified into 3 classes of Verb conjugation based on the verb stems, namely Conjugations I II and III. Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person and number. When there is regular conjugations there are irregular conjugations, solely for the copulative verb "es". '''Conjugation I''' ends in the -o stem, '''Conjugation II''' ends with the -a stem, and the '''Conjugation III''' ends with the -e stem.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation characteristics of Azano
!Tense
!Mood
!Voice
!Person
!Number
|-
|Present
|Indicative
|Active
|First Person
|Singular
|-
|Preterite
|Subjunctive
|Passive
|Second Person
|Plural
|-
|Future
|Conditional
|
|Third Person
|
|-
|Imperfect
|Imperative
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation II (-a stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation III (-e stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Irregular Conjugation ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Azano/Verb Conjugation

2023-07-03T15:29:53Z

Nathan Xu: /* Conjugation I (-o stems) */

== Overview ==
Azano Verbs are classified into 3 classes of Verb conjugation based on the verb stems, namely Conjugations I II and III. Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person and number. When there is regular conjugations there are irregular conjugations, solely for the copulative verb "es". '''Conjugation I''' ends in the -o stem, '''Conjugation II''' ends with the -a stem, and the '''Conjugation III''' ends with the -e stem.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation characteristics of Azano
!Tense
!Mood
!Voice
!Person
!Number
|-
|Present
|Indicative
|Active
|First Person
|Singular
|-
|Preterite
|Subjunctive
|Passive
|Second Person
|Plural
|-
|Future
|Conditional
|
|Third Person
|
|-
|Imperfect
|Imperative
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation II (-a stems) ==

== Conjugation III (-e stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Irregular Conjugation ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Azano/Verb Conjugation

2023-07-03T15:29:32Z

Nathan Xu: /* Conjugation II (-o stems) */

== Overview ==
Azano Verbs are classified into 3 classes of Verb conjugation based on the verb stems, namely Conjugations I II and III. Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person and number. When there is regular conjugations there are irregular conjugations, solely for the copulative verb "es". '''Conjugation I''' ends in the -o stem, '''Conjugation II''' ends with the -a stem, and the '''Conjugation III''' ends with the -e stem.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation characteristics of Azano
!Tense
!Mood
!Voice
!Person
!Number
|-
|Present
|Indicative
|Active
|First Person
|Singular
|-
|Preterite
|Subjunctive
|Passive
|Second Person
|Plural
|-
|Future
|Conditional
|
|Third Person
|
|-
|Imperfect
|Imperative
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation II (-a stems) ==

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Second Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation III (-e stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Irregular Conjugation ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Azano/Verb Conjugation

2023-07-03T15:29:10Z

Nathan Xu: /* Conjugation II (-a stems) */

== Overview ==
Azano Verbs are classified into 3 classes of Verb conjugation based on the verb stems, namely Conjugations I II and III. Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person and number. When there is regular conjugations there are irregular conjugations, solely for the copulative verb "es". '''Conjugation I''' ends in the -o stem, '''Conjugation II''' ends with the -a stem, and the '''Conjugation III''' ends with the -e stem.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation characteristics of Azano
!Tense
!Mood
!Voice
!Person
!Number
|-
|Present
|Indicative
|Active
|First Person
|Singular
|-
|Preterite
|Subjunctive
|Passive
|Second Person
|Plural
|-
|Future
|Conditional
|
|Third Person
|
|-
|Imperfect
|Imperative
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation II (-o stems) ==

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Second Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation III (-e stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Irregular Conjugation ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Azano/Verb Conjugation

2023-07-03T15:28:08Z

Nathan Xu: /* Conjugation I (-o stems) */

== Overview ==
Azano Verbs are classified into 3 classes of Verb conjugation based on the verb stems, namely Conjugations I II and III. Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person and number. When there is regular conjugations there are irregular conjugations, solely for the copulative verb "es". '''Conjugation I''' ends in the -o stem, '''Conjugation II''' ends with the -a stem, and the '''Conjugation III''' ends with the -e stem.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation characteristics of Azano
!Tense
!Mood
!Voice
!Person
!Number
|-
|Present
|Indicative
|Active
|First Person
|Singular
|-
|Preterite
|Subjunctive
|Passive
|Second Person
|Plural
|-
|Future
|Conditional
|
|Third Person
|
|-
|Imperfect
|Imperative
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | '''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation II (-a stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation III (-e stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Irregular Conjugation ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Azano

2023-07-03T15:26:36Z

Nathan Xu: /* Pronouns */

Azano/Verb Conjugation

2023-07-03T15:18:11Z

Nathan Xu: Created page with "== Overview == Azano Verbs are classified into 3 classes of Verb conjugation based on the verb stems, namely Conjugations I II and III. Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person and number. When there is regular conjugations there are irregular conjugations, solely for the copulative verb "es". '''Conjugation I''' ends in the -o stem, '''Conjugation II''' ends with the -a stem, and the '''Conjugation III''' ends with the -e stem. {| class="wikitable" |+Conjugation..."

== Overview ==
Azano Verbs are classified into 3 classes of Verb conjugation based on the verb stems, namely Conjugations I II and III. Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person and number. When there is regular conjugations there are irregular conjugations, solely for the copulative verb "es". '''Conjugation I''' ends in the -o stem, '''Conjugation II''' ends with the -a stem, and the '''Conjugation III''' ends with the -e stem.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation characteristics of Azano
!Tense
!Mood
!Voice
!Person
!Number
|-
|Present
|Indicative
|Active
|First Person
|Singular
|-
|Preterite
|Subjunctive
|Passive
|Second Person
|Plural
|-
|Future
|Conditional
|
|Third Person
|
|-
|Imperfect
|Imperative
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
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|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation I (-o stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+First Conjugation Suffix System
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation II (-a stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Conjugation III (-e stems) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Irregular Conjugation ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person/Number
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|1st Person
|2nd Person
|3rd Person
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Indicative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Subjunctive Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Conditional Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="9" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |Passive
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Preterite
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Imperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pluperfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future Perfect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Past
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Relative Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Imperative Mood'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Active
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Future
|Present
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Future
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Non-Finite Forms'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="3" |Active
| colspan="3" |Passive
|-
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|Present
|Perfect
|Future
|-
| colspan="2" |Infinitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Participle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Verbal Nouns'''
| colspan="4" |Gerund
| colspan="2" |Supine
|-
|Genitive
|Dative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|Accusative
|Ablative
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T07:45:25Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension III (Third Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T07:45:08Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension II (Second Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T07:32:50Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension I (First Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T07:31:36Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension I (First Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T07:00:57Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension II (Second Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T07:00:44Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension II (Second Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T06:54:55Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension I (First Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T06:48:34Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension IV (Fourth Declension */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T06:40:44Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension IV (Fourth Declension */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T06:39:57Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension III (Third Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T06:39:41Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension II (Second Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T06:39:31Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension II (Second Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T06:37:01Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension I (First Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-03T06:35:55Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension I (First Declension) */

Faiten

2023-07-02T09:02:52Z

Nathan Xu: /* Interrogative Pronouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nd, hgn
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾[ŋu], 我[ŋa], 余[y], 俺[em], 台[i], 朕[dɨm], 阮[ŋi̯on], 咱[t͡san], 剌[lat̚], 僕[buk̚], 婢[bi̯e], 偶[u], 厓[ge], 祽[t͡so̯u], 偔[ŋak̚]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹 [zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝, 爾, 尓, 迺, 叒, 君, 卿, 農, 恁, 儕, 子, 倷, 㑚, 英, 眉
|-
|3rd Person
|伊, 人, 佢, 諾, 佗, 亓, 厥, 渠, 夫, 㞢, 伢, 夷, 它, 亳, 㑢
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
|}

=== Interrogative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 3.3'''
|-
|What
|何, 啥, 麼, 乜, 淡, 奚, 曷, 底
|-
|Who
|誰, 疇, 孰, 誰人, 何人, 何者, 阿誰, 哪𠰻, 啥儂, 底儂,
|-
|When
|曷, 何時, 幾時, 哪久, 底時, 何時節, 當, 曷
|-
|Why
|何為, 何以, 何故, 何居, 何意, 何由, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 哪,
|-
|Where
|何處, 何許, 何方, 安, 選, 哪, 狃, 阿裡, 佗位, 哪搭, 邊
|-
|How
|何其, 如何, 奈何, 若何, 仰仔, 按怎, 做呢, 訾那, 焉, 咋,
|}

=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Faiten

2023-07-02T09:02:36Z

Nathan Xu: /* Grammar */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nd, hgn
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾[ŋu], 我[ŋa], 余[y], 俺[em], 台[i], 朕[dɨm], 阮[ŋi̯on], 咱[t͡san], 剌[lat̚], 僕[buk̚], 婢[bi̯e], 偶[u], 厓[ge], 祽[t͡so̯u], 偔[ŋak̚]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹 [zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝, 爾, 尓, 迺, 叒, 君, 卿, 農, 恁, 儕, 子, 倷, 㑚, 英, 眉
|-
|3rd Person
|伊, 人, 佢, 諾, 佗, 亓, 厥, 渠, 夫, 㞢, 伢, 夷, 它, 亳, 㑢
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
|}

== Interrogative Pronouns ==
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 3.3'''
|-
|What
|何, 啥, 麼, 乜, 淡, 奚, 曷, 底
|-
|Who
|誰, 疇, 孰, 誰人, 何人, 何者, 阿誰, 哪𠰻, 啥儂, 底儂,
|-
|When
|曷, 何時, 幾時, 哪久, 底時, 何時節, 當, 曷
|-
|Why
|何為, 何以, 何故, 何居, 何意, 何由, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 哪,
|-
|Where
|何處, 何許, 何方, 安, 選, 哪, 狃, 阿裡, 佗位, 哪搭, 邊
|-
|How
|何其, 如何, 奈何, 若何, 仰仔, 按怎, 做呢, 訾那, 焉, 咋,
|}

=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Faiten

2023-07-02T09:00:48Z

Nathan Xu: /* Personal Pronouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nd, hgn
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾[ŋu], 我[ŋa], 余[y], 俺[em], 台[i], 朕[dɨm], 阮[ŋi̯on], 咱[t͡san], 剌[lat̚], 僕[buk̚], 婢[bi̯e], 偶[u], 厓[ge], 祽[t͡so̯u], 偔[ŋak̚]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹 [zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝, 爾, 尓, 迺, 叒, 君, 卿, 農, 恁, 儕, 子, 倷, 㑚, 英, 眉
|-
|3rd Person
|伊, 人, 佢, 諾, 佗, 亓, 厥, 渠, 夫, 㞢, 伢, 夷, 它, 亳, 㑢
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
|}

=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Faiten

2023-07-02T08:57:38Z

Nathan Xu: /* Personal Pronouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nd, hgn
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾[ŋu], 我[ŋa], 余[y], 俺[em], 台[i], 朕[dɨm], 阮[ŋi̯on], 咱[t͡san], 剌[lat̚], 僕[], 婢[], 偶[], 厓[], 祽[], 偔[]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹 [zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝, 爾, 尓, 迺, 叒, 君, 卿, 農, 恁, 儕, 子, 倷, 㑚, 英, 眉
|-
|3rd Person
|伊, 人, 佢, 諾, 佗, 亓, 厥, 渠, 夫, 㞢, 伢, 夷, 它, 亳, 㑢
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
|}

=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Faiten

2023-07-02T08:51:25Z

Nathan Xu: /* Demonstrative Pronouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nd, hgn
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾, 我, 余, 俺, 台, 朕, 阮, 咱, 剌, 僕, 婢, 偶, 厓, 祽, 偔
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹 [zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝, 爾, 尓, 迺, 叒, 君, 卿, 農, 恁, 儕, 子, 倷, 㑚, 英, 眉
|-
|3rd Person
|伊, 人, 佢, 諾, 佗, 亓, 厥, 渠, 夫, 㞢, 伢, 夷, 它, 亳, 㑢
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
|}

=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Faiten

2023-07-02T08:51:16Z

Nathan Xu: /* Personal Pronouns */

{{Infobox language
|name = Faiten
|nativename = '''Fae Tan Fah''' or '''飛談話'''
|pronunciation = fᴀi̯ tᴀn fᴀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Faitonia
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Sinitic
|creator = Nathan Xu
|nation = Faitonia
|agency = '''共產媈唐人民共和國政府''' or '''Kaung Shan Fai Tang Hnin Bin Gong Var Quoc Jieng Fu'''
}}

==Introduction==

'''Faiten Language''' (also known as '''Tan Language''') is a constructed language with its roots in the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is primarily spoken in the region of Faitonia and holds a community of 4 million speakers (4.5 million including in Faitonian diaspora). While Faiten initially gained popularity as a tool to circumvent government censorship on the internet, it has also evolved into a fully-fledged spoken language. Faiten's linguistic structure draws influences from mainly Chinese and in some cases Vietnamese.

==Phonology==

===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | i
| style="text-align:center;" | y
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | e
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
| style="text-align:center;" | ᴀ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|}

=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | ai̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯a
| style="text-align:center;" | au̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | ei̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯e
| style="text-align:center;" | eu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ̯ə
| style="text-align:center;" | əi̯
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯ə
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯o
|
| style="text-align:center;" | u̯o
| style="text-align:center;" | ou̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | y̯ø
| style="text-align:center;" | øy̯
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | i̯u
|
|
|
|}

===Consonant inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Velar
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Stop
| Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | pʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | tʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡sʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂʰ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕʰ
|-
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" | t
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʈ͡ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" | d
| style="text-align:center;" | g
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Fricative
| Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" | s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʂ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɕ
|-
| Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʑ
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Resonant
| Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" | ŋ
|
|
|
|-
| Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
|}

===Correspondences From Middle Chinese===

<gallery>
Faiten initials.png|Faiten Initials
Faiten openrimes.png|Faiten Open Rimes
Faiten nasalrimes.png|Faiten Nasal Rimes
</gallery>
''Notes:''
* Labialisation of initials 幫滂並明 only occur in independent rimes 嚴元殷庚凡文廢微幽 as well as Chongniu-B rimes 祭支脂宵鹽侵仙真清 as well as Closed mouth III rimes 戈陽蒸.
* Rimes 魚虞 are realized as back vowels /u o/ in initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟, and front /y ø/ for the initials 章昌禪書船, and /i̯o i̯u/ for the rest.
* Before initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the mixed III finals lose their palatal glide as they merge with division II.
* The initials 曉匣 are both realized as /h/. But in closed mouth syllables they labiodentalise into /f v/ which lose their -u̯- glide.
* Before initials 端透定泥精清從心邪 they lose their palatal glide while retaining their vowels.
* In initials 知徹澄娘莊初崇生俟 the vowels /e i/ become /ə ɨ/.
* In initials 見溪羣疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide.

== Orthography ==
Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme.

=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Initials
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Palatal
|Retroflex
|Velar
|-
| rowspan="3" |Stop
|Aspirated
| style="text-align:center;" | '''pʰ'''

p, hp, ph
| style="text-align:center;" | '''tʰ'''

t, ht, th
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡sʰ'''

tz, ch
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕʰ'''

q
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂʰ'''

kr, gr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''kʰ'''

k, hk, kh
|-
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p'''

p, b
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t'''

t, d
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡s'''

ts
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t͡ɕ'''

j
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʈ͡ʂ'''

tr, dr
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k'''

k, c, g
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''b'''

b, bh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''d'''

d, dh
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''g'''

g, gh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
|Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''

f
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''s'''

s
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɕ'''

x
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʂ'''

sh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''

h
|-
|Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | '''v'''

v
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''z'''

z
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʑ'''

r
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ʐ'''

zh
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Resonant
|Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, hm
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, hn
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, gn
|-
|Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''

l, lh, hl
|
|
|
|
|-
|Glide
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''j'''

i, y
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''w'''

u, w
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
| style="text-align:center;" | Flat
| style="text-align:center;" | Round
|-
|Close
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i'''

i, ee
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y'''

u, uu, ue
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ'''

z, ze, y
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u'''

u, oo, ou
|-
|Middle
| style="text-align:center;" | '''e'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ø'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ə'''

e, o, a
| style="text-align:center;" | '''o'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|-
|Open
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɛ'''

e, ay, ai, eh, er
| style="text-align:center;" | '''œ'''

eu, eo, oe, oeu
| style="text-align:center;" | '''a'''

a, aa, ah, ar
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɔ'''

o, aw, au, oh, or
|}
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash".
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Labial
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯a'''

ia, ya, iar, iah, yar, yah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ai̯'''

ae, ay
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯a'''

oi, oa, war, waa, wah
| style="text-align:center;" | '''au̯'''

ao, aw, aou
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯e'''

ie, ye, iae, yae
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ei̯'''

ey, ei, ay, ai
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯e'''

we, way, wai, oue, oui
| style="text-align:center;" | '''eu̯'''

ew, aeo, eow, aio, iew
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ɨ̯ə'''

eau, uea, ea
| style="text-align:center;" | '''əi̯'''

aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯ə'''

our, ua, wa
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯o'''

iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo
|
| style="text-align:center;" | '''u̯o'''

uo, wo, wau
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ou̯'''

ow, ou, aw, au
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''y̯ø'''

ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo
| style="text-align:center;" | '''øy̯'''

eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''i̯u'''

iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''

m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh
| style="text-align:center;" | '''p̚'''

p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft, bp
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''n'''

n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le,
| style="text-align:center;" | '''t̚'''

t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch, dt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ŋ'''

ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nd, hgn
| style="text-align:center;" | '''k̚'''

k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck, gk
|}

==Grammar==
Faiten Language is an analytic nominative-accusative language with free word order and a head-initial structure. This means that the language relies on word order and context to convey meaning, rather than inflectional endings on words. In Faiten, the subject of a sentence is marked in the nominative case, while the object is marked in the accusative case. The language also has a head-initial structure, which means that the head of a phrase (such as a noun or verb) comes before any modifiers. This allows for flexibility in word order, as modifiers can be placed before or after the head without changing the meaning of the sentence.

=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.1'''
|Singular
|Plural
|-
|1st Person
|吾, 我, 余, 俺, 台, 朕, 阮, 咱, 剌, 僕, 婢, 偶, 厓, 祽, 偔
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Singular Pronoun + 曹 [zau̯]
|-
|2nd Person
|汝, 爾, 尓, 迺, 叒, 君, 卿, 農, 恁, 儕, 子, 倷, 㑚, 英, 眉
|-
|3rd Person
|伊, 人, 佢, 諾, 佗, 亓, 厥, 渠, 夫, 㞢, 伢, 夷, 它, 亳, 㑢
|}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Table 3.2'''
|Proximal
|Distal
|-
|Singular
|這, 此, 箇, 葛, 益, 遮, 是, 斯, 茲, 茊, 者, 只, 拓, 邇, 即, 呢
|那, 彼, 其, 兀, 個, 許, 介, 乢, 艾, 埃, 改, 該, 嚀, 遐, 兜, 箕
|-
|Plural
| colspan="2" |Singular Proximal/Distal + 等 [toŋ]
|}
=== Nouns ===
In Faiten, the noun system is characterized by its simplicity and lack of inflection. Nouns in Faiten do not undergo changes to indicate case, gender, or number. Unlike many other languages, where nouns can take on different forms depending on their role in a sentence or their grammatical characteristics, Faiten nouns remain constant. This means that the same noun form is used regardless of whether it is the subject, object, singular, or plural. To indicate the number of the noun, Faiten incorporates the use of quantifier particles to specify the quantity or provide detailed counting of nouns. These particles are essential for indicating the number associated with a particular noun. Instead of relying on inflection or morphological changes within the noun itself, Faiten speakers utilise quantifier particles to convey precise numeric information.

'''Examples of Faiten Nouns:'''

# 龍 [loŋ] - dragon
# 蓮花 [lɛn fa] - lotus flower
# 古琴 [ku gim] - ancient musical instrument
# 山水 [ʂan ɕy] - landscape
# 書法 [ɕy fap̚] - calligraphy
# 古董 [ku tuŋ] - antique
# 酒坛 [dan t͡su] - wine jar
# 紅袍 [huŋ bau̯] - red robe
# 琉璃 [li̯u li̯e] - glass
# 丹鳳眼 [tan bi̯uŋ ŋan] - phoenix eye (a type of precious stone)
# 筆架 [fit̚ ke] - pen holder
# 羅漢床 [la han ʐaŋ] - Luohan bed (traditional Chinese wooden bed)
# 碧玉 [piak̚ ŋio̯k̚] - jade
# 金魚 [kim ŋi̯o] - goldfish
# 羽毛扇 [vu mau̯ ɕi̯en] - feather fan

In Faiten, there is an evident lack of inherent distinction between the singular and plural forms of nouns through infliction. Instead, to indicate whether a noun is singular or plural, it is necessary to specify the quantity or number of items involved. A key element in this process is the use of measure words, which are added between the number and the noun. Quantifiers assist in making the noun countable and provide clarity regarding the quantity being referred to. Unlike English, where measure words are primarily used to isolate individual parts of collective nouns (e.g., a piece of paper, a pair of pants, a drop of water), Faiten takes a unique approach. In Faiten, every noun, whether collective or not, is accompanied by a specific measure word. This distinctive feature of the language treats all nouns as if they were collective nouns, necessitating the use of measure words to define the grammatical number of a word. Consequently, Faiten extensively employs measure words to provide clarity and precision when indicating the quantity or number associated with a noun. Fortunately, all measure words or classifiers in Faiten tend to cognate a lot with Mandarin as well as Cantonese.

An average noun phrase follows the pattern,<blockquote>'''Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>To indicate similarity, the number 壹 is used in place of the quantifier, followed by the Classifier then the Noun. Quantifiers can also be omitted leaving the classifier following the noun, to convey singularity although it’s used colloquially.<blockquote>壹 '''+ Classifier + Noun''' (Standard Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>or<blockquote>'''Classifier + Noun''' (Informal Singular Noun Phrase)</blockquote>

E.g:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |壹層烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 壹
| style="text-align:center;" | 層
| style="text-align:center;" | 烤寬麵條
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | it̚
| style="text-align:center;" | zɔŋ
| style="text-align:center;" | kʰu kʰu̯an men deu̯
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | CL
| style="text-align:center;" | lasagna
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |"1 layer of lasagna" or "a layer of lasagna"
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |門專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 門
| style="text-align:center;" | 專業
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | wun
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ɕøn ŋi̯ap̚
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | (1)CL
| style="text-align:center;" | major
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |"1 major" or "a major"
|}

For the plural nouns, the numbers 貳 higher, or quantifiers (for indefinite plural) is used to imply that the noun comes in a pair or multiple instances of the noun. Naturally Quantifiers are plural and they convey an indefinite plural.<blockquote>'''Number (貳 or higher) / Quantifiers + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

With demonstratives, the demonstrative comes before the number or the quantifier.<blockquote>'''Demonstrative Pronouns + Number/Quantifier + Classifier + Noun'''</blockquote>

==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Faiten]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-02T08:31:55Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension I (First Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-02T08:31:32Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension I (First Declension) */

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-02T08:29:53Z

Nathan Xu:

== Declension of nouns ==
Nouns in Azano decline for case, gender, and number. They are categorised into 4 classes which focuses on the stem of the noun, namely Declensions I II III and IV. Declensions I to III contrast by the backness of the vowels, with I the frontest and the III the backest, meanwhile IV ends mainly in a consonant stem.

== Declension I (First Declension) ==
Declension I is applied to nouns that end in stems -i -e -ë -æ -y -ø -œ.

'''Sample Nouns:''' ''kafi, halve, dozucë, řoluæ, taħby, xolacø, vuantœ''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Suffixes
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|-
|Nominative
| -i
-e
-ë
-æ
-y
-ø
-œ
| -ija
-eja
-ëja
-æja
-yja
-øja
-œja
| -id
-ed
-ëd
-æd
-yd
-ød
-œd
| -ima
-ema
-ëma
-æma
-yma
-øma
-œma
| -imja
-emja
-ëmja
-æmja
-ymja
-ømja
-œmja
| -im
-em
-ëm
-æm
-ym
-øm
-œm
|-
|Accusative
| -idlo
-edlo
-ëdlo
-ædlo
-ydlo
-ødlo
-œdlo
| -idla
-edla
-ëdla
-ædla
-ydla
-ødla
-œdla
| -idle
-edle
-ëdle
-ædle
-ydle
-ødle
-œdle
| -inde
-ende
-ënde
-ænde
-ynde
-ønde
-œnde
| -indeberin
-endeberin
-ëndeberin
-ændeberin
-yndeberin
-øndeberin
-œndeberin
| -inberin
-enberin
-ënberin
-ænberin
-ynberin
-ønberin
-œnberin
|-
|Genitive
| -iz
-ez
-ëz
-æz
-yz
-øz
-œz
| -izis
-ezis
-ëzis
-æzis
-yzis
-øzis
-œzis
| -izmisis
-ezmisis
-ëzmisis
-æzmisis
-yzmisis
-øzmisis
-œzmisis
| -izlis
-ezlis
-ëzlis
-æzlis
-yzlis
-øzlis
-œzlis
| -izilis
-ezilis
-ëzilis
-æzilis
-yzilis
-øzilis
-œzilis
| -imtazis
-emtazis
-ëmtazis
-æmtazis
-ymtazis
-ømtazis
-œmtazis
|-
|Dative
| -ibis
-ebis
-ëbis
-æbis
-ybis
-øbis
-œbis
| -ibnis
-ebnis
-ëbnis
-æbnis
-ybnis
-øbnis
-œbnis
| -ilin
-elin
-ëlin
-ælin
-ylin
-ølin
-œlin
| -iĝoru
-eĝoru
-ëĝoru
-æĝoru
-yĝoru
-øĝoru
-œĝoru
| -iğarum
-eğarum
-ëğarum
-æğarum
-yğarum
-øğarum
-œğarum
| -illat
-ellat
-ëllat
-ællat
-yllat
-øllat
-œllat
|-
|Ablative
| -iřo
-eřo
-ëřo
-æřo
-yřo
-øřo
-œřo
| -ixo
-exo
-ëxo
-æxo
-yxo
-øxo
-œxo
| -iqa
-eqa
-ëqa
-æqa
-yqa
-øqa
-œqa
| -ifter
-efter
-ëfter
-æfter
-yfter
-øfter
-œfter
| -iftelin
-eftelin
-ëftelin
-æftelin
-yftelin
-øftelin
-œftelin
| -işīn
-eşīn
-ëşīn
-æşīn
-yşīn
-øşīn
-œşīn
|-
|Vocative
| -i
-e
-ë
-æ
-y
-ø
-œ
| -ija
-eja
-ëja
-æja
-yja
-øja
-œja
| -id
-ed
-ëd
-æd
-yd
-ød
-œd
| -ima
-ema
-ëma
-æma
-yma
-øma
-œma
| -imja
-emja
-ëmja
-æmja
-ymja
-ømja
-œmja
| -im
-em
-ëm
-æm
-ym
-øm
-œm
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension Table
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|-
|Nominative
|''kafihalvedozucëřoluætaħbyxolacøvuantœ''
|kafija
halveja
''dozuc''ëja
''řolu''æja
''taħb''yja
''xolac''øja
vuantœja
|kafid
halved
dozucëd
''řolu''æd
''taħb''yd
''xolac''ød
vuantœd
|kafima
halvema
dozucëma
-æma
-yma
xolacøma
vuantœma
|kafimja
halvemja
dozucëmja
-æmja
-ymja
xolacømja
vuantœmja
|kafim
halvem
dozucëm
''řolu''æm
''taħb''ym
xolacøm
vuantœm
|-
|Accusative
| -idlo
-edlo
-ëdlo
-ædlo
-ydlo
-ødlo
-œdlo
| -idla
-edla
-ëdla
-ædla
-ydla
-ødla
-œdla
| -idle
-edle
-ëdle
-ædle
-ydle
-ødle
-œdle
| -inde
-ende
-ënde
-ænde
-ynde
-ønde
-œnde
| -indeberin
-endeberin
-ëndeberin
-ændeberin
-yndeberin
-øndeberin
-œndeberin
| -inberin
-enberin
-ënberin
-ænberin
-ynberin
-ønberin
-œnberin
|-
|Genitive
| -iz
-ez
-ëz
-æz
-yz
-øz
-œz
| -izis
-ezis
-ëzis
-æzis
-yzis
-øzis
-œzis
| -izmisis
-ezmisis
-ëzmisis
-æzmisis
-yzmisis
-øzmisis
-œzmisis
| -izlis
-ezlis
-ëzlis
-æzlis
-yzlis
-øzlis
-œzlis
| -izilis
-ezilis
-ëzilis
-æzilis
-yzilis
-øzilis
-œzilis
| -imtazis
-emtazis
-ëmtazis
-æmtazis
-ymtazis
-ømtazis
-œmtazis
|-
|Dative
| -ibis
-ebis
-ëbis
-æbis
-ybis
-øbis
-œbis
| -ibnis
-ebnis
-ëbnis
-æbnis
-ybnis
-øbnis
-œbnis
| -ilin
-elin
-ëlin
-ælin
-ylin
-ølin
-œlin
| -iĝoru
-eĝoru
-ëĝoru
-æĝoru
-yĝoru
-øĝoru
-œĝoru
| -iğarum
-eğarum
-ëğarum
-æğarum
-yğarum
-øğarum
-œğarum
| -illat
-ellat
-ëllat
-ællat
-yllat
-øllat
-œllat
|-
|Ablative
| -iřo
-eřo
-ëřo
-æřo
-yřo
-øřo
-œřo
| -ixo
-exo
-ëxo
-æxo
-yxo
-øxo
-œxo
| -iqa
-eqa
-ëqa
-æqa
-yqa
-øqa
-œqa
| -ifter
-efter
-ëfter
-æfter
-yfter
-øfter
-œfter
| -iftelin
-eftelin
-ëftelin
-æftelin
-yftelin
-øftelin
-œftelin
| -işīn
-eşīn
-ëşīn
-æşīn
-yşīn
-øşīn
-œşīn
|-
|Vocative
|''kafihalvedozucëřoluætaħbyxolacøvuantœ''
|kafija
halveja
''dozuc''ëja
''řolu''æja
''taħb''yja
''xolac''øja
vuantœja
|kafid
halved
dozucëd
''řolu''æd
''taħb''yd
''xolac''ød
vuantœd
|kafima
halvema
dozucëma
-æma
-yma
xolacøma
vuantœma
|kafimja
halvemja
dozucëmja
-æmja
-ymja
xolacømja
vuantœmja
|kafim
halvem
dozucëm
''řolu''æm
''taħb''ym
xolacøm
vuantœm
|}

== Declension II (Second Declension) ==
Declension II is applied to nouns that end in stems -ī -ē -a -ü -ö -ä.

'''Sample Nouns:''' ''zamâqī, ĝuotē, livata, qulştü, ölozö, œlafä''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Suffixes
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|-
|Nominative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Accusative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Genitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ablative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Vocative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension Table
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|-
|Nominative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Accusative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Genitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ablative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Vocative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Declension III (Third Declension) ==
Declension III is applied to nouns that end in stems -î -ê -â -u -o -ô
{| class="wikitable"
|+Suffixes
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|-
|Nominative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Accusative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Genitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ablative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Vocative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension Table
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|-
|Nominative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Accusative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Genitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ablative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Vocative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Declension IV (Fourth Declension ==
Declension IV is applied to nouns that end in consonant stems -C.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Suffixes
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|-
|Nominative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Accusative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Genitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ablative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Vocative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension Table
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|Masculine
|Feminine
|Neuter
|-
|Nominative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Accusative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Genitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ablative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Vocative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Azano/Noun Declension

2023-07-02T08:08:01Z

Nathan Xu: /* Declension IV (Fourth Declension */