Linguifex - User contributions [en]

I Kronurum

2018-01-06T19:34:41Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Leipzig-Jakarta list */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Seven Marks of Ifarka'' and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Morphology || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

The ordinal form of a number is formed with the ordinal suffix ''-(j)os'' (derived from the superlative affix ''-jós''), with the form ''-os'' after plosives and fricatives and ''-jos'' after nasals and rhotics.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Morphology || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jogos || ˈjo̞.go̞s || 01, first
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || norjos || ˈno̞ɾ.jo̞s || 02, second
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || anjos || ˈʔɑ.ɲo̞s || 03, third
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittos || ˈʔi.tːo̞s || 04, fourth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lurjos || ˈluɾ.jo̞s || 05, fifth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fitos || ˈfi.to̞s || 06, sixth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþos || ˈʔei̯.θo̞s || 07, seventh
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltos || ˈhe̞l.to̞s || 08, eighth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ustos || ˈʔus.to̞s || 09, ninth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hórjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s || 10, tenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog-(j)os || hórjogos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞.go̞s || 11, eleventh
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor-(j)os || hórnorjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ.jo̞s || 12, twelveth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-an-(j)os || hóranjos || ˈhu̜.ɾa.ɲo̞s || 13, thirteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-itt-(j)os || hórittos || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːo̞s || 14, fourteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur-(j)os || hólurjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ.jo̞s || 15, fifteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit-(j)os || hórfitos || ˈhu̜ɾ.fi.to̞s || 16, sixteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþ-(j)os || hóréþos || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θo̞s || 17, seventeenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jolt-(j)os || hórjoltos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.to̞s || 18, eighteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jost-(j)os || hórjostos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞s || 19, nineteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jor-(j)os || jorjos || ˈjo̞ɾ.jo̞s || 20, twentieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor-(j)os || jogór-jorjos || ˈjo.gu̹.ɾio̯s || 21, twenty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor-(j)os || norór-jorjos || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 22, twenty-second
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor-(j)os || anór-jorjos || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯s || 23, twenty-third
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor-(j)os || ittór-jorjos || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯s || 24, twenty-fourth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor-(j)os || lurór-jorjos || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 25, twenty-fifth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor-(j)os || fitór-jorjos || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 26, twenty-sixth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor-(j)os || éþór-jorjos || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯s || 27, twenty-seventh
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor-(j)os || heltór-jorjos || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 28, twenty-eighth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor-(j)os || ustór-jorjos || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 29, twenty-ninth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jonar-(j)os || jonarjos || ˈjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 30, thirtieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonar-(j)os || jogór-jonarjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 31, thirty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jottag-(j)os || jottagos || ˈjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 40, fortieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottag-(j)os || jogór-jottagos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 41, forty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolur-(j)os || jolurjos || ˈjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 50, fiftieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur-(j)os || jogór-jolurjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 51, fifty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jofit-(j)os || jofitos || ˈjo̞.fi.to̯s || 60, sixtieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofit-(j)os || jogór-jofitos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fi.to̯s || 61, sixty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| joþ-(j)os || joþos || ˈjo̞.θo̯s || 70, seventieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþ-(j)os || jogór-joþos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θo̯s || 71, seventy-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolt-(j)os || joltos || ˈjo̞l.to̯s || 80, eightieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolt-(j)os || jogór-joltos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.to̯s || 81, eighty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jost-(j)os || jostos || ˈjo̞s.to̞s || 90, ninetieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jost-(j)os || jogór-jostos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.to̞s || 91, ninety-first
|-
|}

=====Multiples=====

· '''n-times''' → '''numeral+ADV'''

“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''joguŕó'', simple (“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''noruŕó'', double; ''anaŕó'', triple; ''ittaguŕó'', quadruple;

· '''n-times''' → '''NLZ+numeral+ADV'''

“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''ijoguŕó'', once(“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''inoruŕó'', twice; ''janaŕó'', thrice; ''jittaguŕó'', four times; etc.

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || géga || ˈgei̯.gɐ
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-12-27T16:28:28Z

Nicolasstraccia:

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Seven Marks of Ifarka'' and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Morphology || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

The ordinal form of a number is formed with the ordinal suffix ''-(j)os'' (derived from the superlative affix ''-jós''), with the form ''-os'' after plosives and fricatives and ''-jos'' after nasals and rhotics.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Morphology || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jogos || ˈjo̞.go̞s || 01, first
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || norjos || ˈno̞ɾ.jo̞s || 02, second
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || anjos || ˈʔɑ.ɲo̞s || 03, third
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittos || ˈʔi.tːo̞s || 04, fourth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lurjos || ˈluɾ.jo̞s || 05, fifth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fitos || ˈfi.to̞s || 06, sixth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþos || ˈʔei̯.θo̞s || 07, seventh
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltos || ˈhe̞l.to̞s || 08, eighth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ustos || ˈʔus.to̞s || 09, ninth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hórjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s || 10, tenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog-(j)os || hórjogos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞.go̞s || 11, eleventh
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor-(j)os || hórnorjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ.jo̞s || 12, twelveth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-an-(j)os || hóranjos || ˈhu̜.ɾa.ɲo̞s || 13, thirteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-itt-(j)os || hórittos || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːo̞s || 14, fourteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur-(j)os || hólurjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ.jo̞s || 15, fifteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit-(j)os || hórfitos || ˈhu̜ɾ.fi.to̞s || 16, sixteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþ-(j)os || hóréþos || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θo̞s || 17, seventeenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jolt-(j)os || hórjoltos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.to̞s || 18, eighteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jost-(j)os || hórjostos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞s || 19, nineteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jor-(j)os || jorjos || ˈjo̞ɾ.jo̞s || 20, twentieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor-(j)os || jogór-jorjos || ˈjo.gu̹.ɾio̯s || 21, twenty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor-(j)os || norór-jorjos || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 22, twenty-second
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor-(j)os || anór-jorjos || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯s || 23, twenty-third
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor-(j)os || ittór-jorjos || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯s || 24, twenty-fourth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor-(j)os || lurór-jorjos || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 25, twenty-fifth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor-(j)os || fitór-jorjos || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 26, twenty-sixth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor-(j)os || éþór-jorjos || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯s || 27, twenty-seventh
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor-(j)os || heltór-jorjos || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 28, twenty-eighth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor-(j)os || ustór-jorjos || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 29, twenty-ninth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jonar-(j)os || jonarjos || ˈjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 30, thirtieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonar-(j)os || jogór-jonarjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 31, thirty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jottag-(j)os || jottagos || ˈjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 40, fortieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottag-(j)os || jogór-jottagos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 41, forty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolur-(j)os || jolurjos || ˈjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 50, fiftieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur-(j)os || jogór-jolurjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 51, fifty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jofit-(j)os || jofitos || ˈjo̞.fi.to̯s || 60, sixtieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofit-(j)os || jogór-jofitos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fi.to̯s || 61, sixty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| joþ-(j)os || joþos || ˈjo̞.θo̯s || 70, seventieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþ-(j)os || jogór-joþos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θo̯s || 71, seventy-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolt-(j)os || joltos || ˈjo̞l.to̯s || 80, eightieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolt-(j)os || jogór-joltos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.to̯s || 81, eighty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jost-(j)os || jostos || ˈjo̞s.to̞s || 90, ninetieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jost-(j)os || jogór-jostos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.to̞s || 91, ninety-first
|-
|}

=====Multiples=====

· '''n-times''' → '''numeral+ADV'''

“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''joguŕó'', simple (“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''noruŕó'', double; ''anaŕó'', triple; ''ittaguŕó'', quadruple;

· '''n-times''' → '''NLZ+numeral+ADV'''

“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''ijoguŕó'', once(“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''inoruŕó'', twice; ''janaŕó'', thrice; ''jittaguŕó'', four times; etc.

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T21:52:42Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Numerals */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Morphology || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

The ordinal form of a number is formed with the ordinal suffix ''-(j)os'' (derived from the superlative affix ''-jós''), with the form ''-os'' after plosives and fricatives and ''-jos'' after nasals and rhotics.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Morphology || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jogos || ˈjo̞.go̞s || 01, first
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || norjos || ˈno̞ɾ.jo̞s || 02, second
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || anjos || ˈʔɑ.ɲo̞s || 03, third
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittos || ˈʔi.tːo̞s || 04, fourth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lurjos || ˈluɾ.jo̞s || 05, fifth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fitos || ˈfi.to̞s || 06, sixth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþos || ˈʔei̯.θo̞s || 07, seventh
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltos || ˈhe̞l.to̞s || 08, eighth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ustos || ˈʔus.to̞s || 09, ninth
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hórjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s || 10, tenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog-(j)os || hórjogos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞.go̞s || 11, eleventh
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor-(j)os || hórnorjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ.jo̞s || 12, twelveth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-an-(j)os || hóranjos || ˈhu̜.ɾa.ɲo̞s || 13, thirteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-itt-(j)os || hórittos || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːo̞s || 14, fourteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur-(j)os || hólurjos || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ.jo̞s || 15, fifteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit-(j)os || hórfitos || ˈhu̜ɾ.fi.to̞s || 16, sixteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþ-(j)os || hóréþos || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θo̞s || 17, seventeenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jolt-(j)os || hórjoltos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.to̞s || 18, eighteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jost-(j)os || hórjostos || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞s || 19, nineteenth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jor-(j)os || jorjos || ˈjo̞ɾ.jo̞s || 20, twentieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor-(j)os || jogór-jorjos || ˈjo.gu̹.ɾio̯s || 21, twenty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor-(j)os || norór-jorjos || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 22, twenty-second
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor-(j)os || anór-jorjos || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯s || 23, twenty-third
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor-(j)os || ittór-jorjos || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯s || 24, twenty-fourth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor-(j)os || lurór-jorjos || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯s || 25, twenty-fifth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor-(j)os || fitór-jorjos || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 26, twenty-sixth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor-(j)os || éþór-jorjos || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯s || 27, twenty-seventh
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor-(j)os || heltór-jorjos || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 28, twenty-eighth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor-(j)os || ustór-jorjos || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯s || 29, twenty-ninth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jonar-(j)os || jonarjos || ˈjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 30, thirtieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonar-(j)os || jogór-jonarjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.na.ɾio̯s || 31, thirty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jottag-(j)os || jottagos || ˈjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 40, fortieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottag-(j)os || jogór-jottagos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːa.go̯s || 41, forty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolur-(j)os || jolurjos || ˈjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 50, fiftieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur-(j)os || jogór-jolurjos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.lu.ɾio̯s || 51, fifty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jofit-(j)os || jofitos || ˈjo̞.fi.to̯s || 60, sixtieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofit-(j)os || jogór-jofitos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fi.to̯s || 61, sixty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| joþ-(j)os || joþos || ˈjo̞.θo̯s || 70, seventieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþ-(j)os || jogór-joþos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θo̯s || 71, seventy-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jolt-(j)os || joltos || ˈjo̞l.to̯s || 80, eightieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolt-(j)os || jogór-joltos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.to̯s || 81, eighty-first
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jost-(j)os || jostos || ˈjo̞s.to̞s || 90, ninetieth
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jost-(j)os || jogór-jostos || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.to̞s || 91, ninety-first
|-
|}

=====Multiples=====

· '''n-times''' → '''numeral+ADV'''

“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''joguŕó'', simple (“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''noruŕó'', double; ''anaŕó'', triple; ''ittaguŕó'', quadruple;

· '''n-times''' → '''NLZ+numeral+ADV'''

“in the manner of something which is n-times”. E.g. ''jog'', one - ''ijoguŕó'', once(“in the manner of something which is one time”); ''nor'', two - ''inoruŕó'', twice; ''janaŕó'', thrice; ''jittaguŕó'', four times; etc.

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T21:10:59Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Orthography */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T21:10:24Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Leipzig-Jakarta list */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T21:09:49Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Toponyms */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T21:09:15Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Discourse particles */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T21:08:10Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Sandhi */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Sandhi || Example
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T21:07:06Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Sandhi */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T21:06:31Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Onset mutations */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum verb conjugation paradigms

2017-10-09T21:04:49Z

Nicolasstraccia:

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

While the tables could be less redundant, they are meant to aid in the search for the correct suffix, thus presenting all forms already in the manner in which they should be applied.

The first vowels in the roots marked as "√´-" (i.e., "root+acute accent") undergo a sound change we call a form of ''umlaut'' (e.g. ''kronur'' /ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ/ {{sc|1s.pres.ind.act}} → ''krónur'' /ˈkɾu̹.nuɾ/ {{sc|1s.pres.subj.act}}). See the [[I_Kronurum#Umlaut_and_diphthongs_by_umlaut|phonology section]] in the main article for more detail.

=Verb conjugation paradigms=

====={{sc|i}}. ''-nur''=====

:Mostly verbs of movement.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nura
| þar √-nura
| √´-nura
| þar √´-nura
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-neþan
| þar √-neþan
| √´-neþan
| þar √´-neþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-naran
| þar √-naran
| √´-naran
| þar √´-naran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-nera
| þar √-nera
| √´-nera
| þar √´-nera
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-nturan
| þar √-nturan
| √´-nturan
| þar √´-nturan
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nurtan
| þar √-nurtan
| √´-nurtan
| þar √´-nurtan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-néþan
| þar √-néþan
| √´-néþan
| þar √´-néþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-náran
| þar √-náran
| √´-náran
| þar √´-náran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-néren
| þar √-néren
| √´-néren
| þar √´-néren
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-nturan
| þar √-nturan
| √´-nturan
| þar √´-nturan
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nur
| þar √-nur
| √´-nur
| þar √´-nur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-neþ
| þar √-neþ
| √´-neþ
| þar √´-neþ
| √-neþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-nara
| þar √-nara
| √´-nara
| þar √´-nara
| rowspan="3"| √-niri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-nere
| þar √-nere
| √´-nere
| þar √´-nere
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ntur
| þar √-ntur
| √´-ntur
| þar √´-ntur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nurtu
| þar √-nurtu
| √´-nurtu
| þar √´-nurtu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-néþu
| þar √-néþu
| √´-néþu
| þar √´-néþu
| √-néþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-náru
| þar √-náru
| √´-náru
| þar √´-náru
| rowspan="3"| √-níri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-nére
| þar √-nére
| √´-nére
| þar √´-nére
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-nturu
| þar √-nturu
| √´-nturu
| þar √´-nturu
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sur
| þar √-sur
| √´-sur
| þar √´-sur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-set
| þar √-set
| √´-set
| þar √´-set
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sar
| þar √-sar
| √´-sar
| þar √´-sar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-ser
| þar √-ser
| √´-ser
| þar √´-ser
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-su
| þar √-su
| √´-su
| þar √´-su
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sétur
| þar √-sétur
| √´-sétur
| þar √´-sétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sárur
| þar √-sárur
| √´-sárur
| þar √´-sárur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-séru
| þar √-séru
| √´-séru
| þar √´-séru
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-nni
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-nuri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-nna
|-
|}

====={{sc|ii}}. ''-tur''=====

:Mostly stative verbs.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tura
| þar √-tura
| √´-tura
| þar √´-tura
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-teþan
| þar √-teþan
| √´-teþan
| þar √´-teþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-taran
| þar √-taran
| √´-taran
| þar √´-taran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-tera
| þar √-tera
| √´-tera
| þar √´-tera
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-turan
| þar √-turan
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-turtan
| þar √-turtan
| √´-turtan
| þar √´-turtan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-téþan
| þar √-téþan
| √´-téþan
| þar √´-téþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táran
| þar √-táran
| √´-táran
| þar √´-táran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-téren
| þar √-téren
| √´-téren
| þar √´-téren
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ðuran
| þar √-ðuran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tur
| þar √-tur
| √´-tur
| þar √´-tur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-teþ
| þar √-teþ
| √´-teþ
| þar √´-teþ
| √-teþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-tara
| þar √-tara
| √´-tara
| þar √´-tara
| rowspan="3"| √-tiri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-tere
| þar √-tere
| √´-tere
| þar √´-tere
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ttur
| þar √-ttur
| √´-ður
| þar √´-ttur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-turtu
| þar √-turtu
| √´-turtu
| þar √´-turtu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-téþu
| þar √-téþu
| √´-téþu
| þar √´-téþu
| √-téþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táru
| þar √-táru
| √´-táru
| þar √´-táru
| rowspan="3"| √-tíri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-tére
| þar √-tére
| √´-tére
| þar √´-tére
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-turu
| þar √-ðuru
| √´-ðuru
| þar √´-ðuru
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-þet
| þar √-þet
| √´-þet
| þar √´-þet
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þar
| þar √-þa
| √´-þar
| þar √´-þar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-þer
| þar √-þer
| √´-þer
| þar √´-þer
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þu
| þar √-þu
| √´-þu
| þar √´-þu
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-þétur
| þar √-þétur
| √´-þétur
| þar √´-þétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þárur
| þar √-þárur
| √´-þárur
| þar √´-þárur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-þéru
| þar √-þéru
| √´-þéru
| þar √´-þéru
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-tti
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-turi
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-tta
|-
|}

====={{sc|ii}}a. ''-dur''=====

:Attenuated verbs of the first class (''-t·nur'' → ''-dur'') are conjugated by analogy after the conjugation of the second class (''-tur'').

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-dura
| þar √-dura
| √´-dura
| þar √´-dura
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-deþan
| þar √-deþan
| √´-deþan
| þar √´-deþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-daran
| þar √-daran
| √´-daran
| þar √´-daran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-dera
| þar √-dera
| √´-dera
| þar √´-dera
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-duran
| þar √-dduran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-durtan
| þar √-durtan
| √´-durtan
| þar √´-durtan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-déþan
| þar √-déþan
| √´-déþan
| þar √´-déþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dáran
| þar √-dáran
| √´-dáran
| þar √´-dáran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-déren
| þar √-déren
| √´-déren
| þar √´-déren
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ðuran
| þar √-ðuran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-dur
| þar √-dur
| √´-dur
| þar √´-dur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-deþ
| þar √-deþ
| √´-deþ
| þar √´-deþ
| √-deþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dara
| þar √-dara
| √´-dara
| þar √´-dara
| rowspan="3"| √-diri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-dere
| þar √-dere
| √´-dere
| þar √´-dere
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ddur
| þar √-ddur
| √´-ður
| þar √´-ddur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-durtu
| þar √-durtu
| √´-durtu
| þar √´-durtu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-déþu
| þar √-déþu
| √´-déþu
| þar √´-déþu
| √-déþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dáru
| þar √-dáru
| √´-dáru
| þar √´-dáru
| rowspan="3"| √-díri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-dére
| þar √-dére
| √´-dére
| þar √´-dére
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-duru
| þar √-ðuru
| √´-ðuru
| þar √´-ðuru
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-þet
| þar √-þet
| √´-þet
| þar √´-þet
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þar
| þar √-þa
| √´-þar
| þar √´-þar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-þer
| þar √-þer
| √´-þer
| þar √´-þer
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þu
| þar √-þu
| √´-þu
| þar √´-þu
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-þétur
| þar √-þétur
| √´-þétur
| þar √´-þétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þárur
| þar √-þárur
| √´-þárur
| þar √´-þárur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-þéru
| þar √-þéru
| √´-þéru
| þar √´-þéru
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-ddi
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-duri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-dda
|-
|}

====={{sc|iii}}. ''-rur''=====

:[...]

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-runa
| þar √-runa
| √´-runa
| þar √´-runa
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-reþan
| þar √-reþan
| √´-reþan
| þar √´-reþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-ranan
| þar √-ranan
| √´-ranan
| þar √´-ranan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-rena
| þar √-rena
| √´-rena
| þar √´-rena
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rtunan
| þar √-rtunan
| √´-rtunan
| þar √´-rtunan
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-runtan
| þar √-runtan
| √´-runtan
| þar √´-runtan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-réþan
| þar √-réþan
| √´-réþan
| þar √´-réþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-ránan
| þar √-ránan
| √´-ránan
| þar √´-ránan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-rénen
| þar √-rénen
| √´-rénen
| þar √´-rénen
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rtunan
| þar √-rtunan
| √´-rtunan
| þar √´-rtunan
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-rur
| þar √-rur
| √´-rur
| þar √´-rur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-reþ
| þar √-reþ
| √´-reþ
| þar √´-reþ
| √-reþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-rana
| þar √-rana
| √´-rana
| þar √´-rana
| rowspan="3"| √-rini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-rene
| þar √-rene
| √´-rene
| þar √´-rene
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rtur
| þar √-rtur
| √´-rtur
| þar √´-rtur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-runtu
| þar √-runtu
| √´-runtu
| þar √´-runtu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-réþu
| þar √-réþu
| √´-réþu
| þar √´-réþu
| √-réþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-ránu
| þar √-ránu
| √´-ránu
| þar √´-ránu
| rowspan="3"| √-ríni
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-réne
| þar √-réne
| √´-réne
| þar √´-réne
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rturu
| þar √-rturu
| √´-rturu
| þar √´-rturu
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sur
| þar √-sur
| √´-sur
| þar √´-sur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-set
| þar √-set
| √´-set
| þar √´-set
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sar
| þar √-sar
| √´-sar
| þar √´-sar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-ser
| þar √-ser
| √´-ser
| þar √´-ser
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-su
| þar √-su
| √´-su
| þar √´-su
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sétur
| þar √-sétur
| √´-sétur
| þar √´-sétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sánur
| þar √-sánur
| √´-sánur
| þar √´-sánur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-sénu
| þar √-sénu
| √´-sénu
| þar √´-sénu
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þuntu
| þar √-þuntu
| √´-þuntu
| þar √´-þuntu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-ŕí
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-ruri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-ŕa
|-
|}

====={{sc|iv}}. ''-jur''=====

:Mostly verbs of some abstraction (e.g. derived causative verbs).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-juna
| þar √-juna
| √´-juna
| þar √´-juna
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-jeþan
| þar √-jeþan
| √´-jeþan
| þar √´-jeþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-janan
| þar √-janan
| √´-janan
| þar √´-janan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-jena
| þar √-jena
| √´-jena
| þar √´-jena
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-jtunan
| þar √-jtunan
| √´-jtunan
| þar √´-jtunan
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-juntan
| þar √-juntan
| √´-juntan
| þar √´-juntan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-jéþan
| þar √-jéþan
| √´-jéþan
| þar √´-jéþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jánan
| þar √-jánan
| √´-jánan
| þar √´-jánan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-jénen
| þar √-jénen
| √´-jénen
| þar √´-jénen
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-jtunan
| þar √-jtunan
| √´-jtunan
| þar √´-jtunan
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-jur
| þar √-jur
| √´-jur
| þar √´-jur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-jeþ
| þar √-jeþ
| √´-jeþ
| þar √´-jeþ
| √-jeþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jana
| þar √-jana
| √´-jana
| þar √´-jana
| rowspan="3"| √-jini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-jene
| þar √-jene
| √´-jene
| þar √´-jene
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-jtur
| þar √-jtur
| √´-jtur
| þar √´-jtur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-juntu
| þar √-juntu
| √´-juntu
| þar √´-juntu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-jéþu
| þar √-jéþu
| √´-jéþu
| þar √´-jéþu
| √-jéþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jánu
| þar √-jánu
| √´-jánu
| þar √´-jánu
| rowspan="3"| √-jini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-jéne
| þar √-jéne
| √´-jéne
| þar √´-jéne
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-jturu
| þar √-jturu
| √´-jturu
| þar √´-jturu
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sjur
| þar √-sjur
| √´-sjur
| þar √´-sjur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sjet
| þar √-sjet
| √´-sjet
| þar √´-sjet
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sjar
| þar √-sjar
| √´-sjar
| þar √´-sjar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-sjer
| þar √-sjer
| √´-sjer
| þar √´-sjer
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-śur
| þar √-śur
| √´-śur
| þar √´-śur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sju
| þar √-sju
| √´-sju
| þar √´-sju
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sjétur
| þar √-sjétur
| √´-sjétur
| þar √´-sjétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sjánur
| þar √-sjánur
| √´-sjánur
| þar √´-sjánur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-sjénu
| þar √-sjénu
| √´-sjénu
| þar √´-sjénu
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-śunt
| þar √-śuntu
| √´-śuntu
| þar √´-śuntu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-jti
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-juri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-ja
|-
|}

====={{sc|v}}. ''-kur''=====

:[...]

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-kuna
| þar √-kuna
| √´-kuna
| þar √´-kuna
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-keþan
| þar √-keþan
| √´-keþan
| þar √´-keþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kanan
| þar √-kanan
| √´-kanan
| þar √´-kanan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-kena
| þar √-kena
| √´-kena
| þar √´-kena
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-kkunan
| þar √-kkunan
| √´-kkunan
| þar √´-kkunan
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-kuntan
| þar √-kuntan
| √´-kuntan
| þar √´-kuntan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-kéþan
| þar √-kéþan
| √´-kéþan
| þar √´-kéþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kánan
| þar √-kánan
| √´-kánan
| þar √´-kánan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-kénen
| þar √-kénen
| √´-kénen
| þar √´-kénen
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-kkuna
| þar √-kkuna
| √´-kkuna
| þar √´-kkuna
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-kur
| þar √-kur
| √´-kur
| þar √´-kur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-keþ
| þar √-keþ
| √´-keþ
| þar √´-keþ
| √-keþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kana
| þar √-kana
| √´-kana
| þar √´-kana
| rowspan="3"| √-kini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-kene
| þar √-kene
| √´-kene
| þar √´-kene
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-kkur
| þar √-kkur
| √´-kkur
| þar √´-kkur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-kuntu
| þar √-kuntu
| √´-kuntu
| þar √´-kuntu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-kéþu
| þar √-kéþu
| √´-kéþu
| þar √´-kéþu
| √-kéþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kánu
| þar √-kánu
| √´-kánu
| þar √´-kánu
| rowspan="3"| √-kini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-kéne
| þar √-kéne
| √´-kéne
| þar √´-kéne
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-kkuru
| þar √-kkuru
| √´-kkuru
| þar √´-kkuru
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-skur
| þar √-skur
| √´-skur
| þar √´-skur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sket
| þar √-sket
| √´-sket
| þar √´-sket
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-skar
| þar √-skar
| √´-skar
| þar √´-skar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-sker
| þar √-sker
| √´-sker
| þar √´-sker
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-hur
| þar √-hur
| √´-hur
| þar √´-hur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sku
| þar √-sku
| √´-sku
| þar √´-sku
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-skétur
| þar √-skétur
| √´-skétur
| þar √´-skétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-skánur
| þar √-skánur
| √´-skánur
| þar √´-skánur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-skénu
| þar √-skénu
| √´-skénu
| þar √´-skénu
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-hunt
| þar √-huntu
| √´-huntu
| þar √´-huntu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-kki
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-kuri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-ka
|-
|}

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T21:03:08Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Verb conjugation paradigms */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes:

:{{sc|i}} ''-nur'',

:{{sc|ii}} ''-tur'',

::{{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> ''-dur'',

:{{sc|iii}} ''-rur'',

:{{sc|iv}} ''-jur'',

:{{sc|v}} ''-kur''.

The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum verb conjugation paradigms

2017-10-09T20:58:39Z

Nicolasstraccia:

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}).

While the tables could be less redundant, they are meant to aid in the search for the correct suffix, thus presenting all forms already in the manner in which they should be applied.

The first vowels in the roots marked as "√´-" (i.e., "root+acute accent") undergo a sound change we call a form of ''umlaut'' (e.g. ''kronur'' /ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ/ {{sc|1s.pres.ind.act}} → ''krónur'' /ˈkɾu̹.nuɾ/ {{sc|1s.pres.subj.act}}). See the [[I_Kronurum#Umlaut_and_diphthongs_by_umlaut|phonology section]] in the main article for more detail.

=Verb conjugation paradigms=

====={{sc|i}}. ''-nur''=====

:Mostly verbs of movement.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nura
| þar √-nura
| √´-nura
| þar √´-nura
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-neþan
| þar √-neþan
| √´-neþan
| þar √´-neþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-naran
| þar √-naran
| √´-naran
| þar √´-naran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-nera
| þar √-nera
| √´-nera
| þar √´-nera
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-nturan
| þar √-nturan
| √´-nturan
| þar √´-nturan
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nurtan
| þar √-nurtan
| √´-nurtan
| þar √´-nurtan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-néþan
| þar √-néþan
| √´-néþan
| þar √´-néþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-náran
| þar √-náran
| √´-náran
| þar √´-náran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-néren
| þar √-néren
| √´-néren
| þar √´-néren
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-nturan
| þar √-nturan
| √´-nturan
| þar √´-nturan
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nur
| þar √-nur
| √´-nur
| þar √´-nur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-neþ
| þar √-neþ
| √´-neþ
| þar √´-neþ
| √-neþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-nara
| þar √-nara
| √´-nara
| þar √´-nara
| rowspan="3"| √-niri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-nere
| þar √-nere
| √´-nere
| þar √´-nere
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ntur
| þar √-ntur
| √´-ntur
| þar √´-ntur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-nurtu
| þar √-nurtu
| √´-nurtu
| þar √´-nurtu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-néþu
| þar √-néþu
| √´-néþu
| þar √´-néþu
| √-néþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-náru
| þar √-náru
| √´-náru
| þar √´-náru
| rowspan="3"| √-níri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-nére
| þar √-nére
| √´-nére
| þar √´-nére
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-nturu
| þar √-nturu
| √´-nturu
| þar √´-nturu
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sur
| þar √-sur
| √´-sur
| þar √´-sur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-set
| þar √-set
| √´-set
| þar √´-set
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sar
| þar √-sar
| √´-sar
| þar √´-sar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-ser
| þar √-ser
| √´-ser
| þar √´-ser
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-su
| þar √-su
| √´-su
| þar √´-su
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sétur
| þar √-sétur
| √´-sétur
| þar √´-sétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sárur
| þar √-sárur
| √´-sárur
| þar √´-sárur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-séru
| þar √-séru
| √´-séru
| þar √´-séru
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-nni
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-nuri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-nna
|-
|}

====={{sc|ii}}. ''-tur''=====

:Mostly stative verbs.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tura
| þar √-tura
| √´-tura
| þar √´-tura
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-teþan
| þar √-teþan
| √´-teþan
| þar √´-teþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-taran
| þar √-taran
| √´-taran
| þar √´-taran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-tera
| þar √-tera
| √´-tera
| þar √´-tera
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-turan
| þar √-turan
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-turtan
| þar √-turtan
| √´-turtan
| þar √´-turtan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-téþan
| þar √-téþan
| √´-téþan
| þar √´-téþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táran
| þar √-táran
| √´-táran
| þar √´-táran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-téren
| þar √-téren
| √´-téren
| þar √´-téren
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ðuran
| þar √-ðuran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-tur
| þar √-tur
| √´-tur
| þar √´-tur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-teþ
| þar √-teþ
| √´-teþ
| þar √´-teþ
| √-teþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-tara
| þar √-tara
| √´-tara
| þar √´-tara
| rowspan="3"| √-tiri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-tere
| þar √-tere
| √´-tere
| þar √´-tere
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ttur
| þar √-ttur
| √´-ður
| þar √´-ttur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-turtu
| þar √-turtu
| √´-turtu
| þar √´-turtu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-téþu
| þar √-téþu
| √´-téþu
| þar √´-téþu
| √-téþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-táru
| þar √-táru
| √´-táru
| þar √´-táru
| rowspan="3"| √-tíri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-tére
| þar √-tére
| √´-tére
| þar √´-tére
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-turu
| þar √-ðuru
| √´-ðuru
| þar √´-ðuru
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-þet
| þar √-þet
| √´-þet
| þar √´-þet
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þar
| þar √-þa
| √´-þar
| þar √´-þar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-þer
| þar √-þer
| √´-þer
| þar √´-þer
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þu
| þar √-þu
| √´-þu
| þar √´-þu
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-þétur
| þar √-þétur
| √´-þétur
| þar √´-þétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þárur
| þar √-þárur
| √´-þárur
| þar √´-þárur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-þéru
| þar √-þéru
| √´-þéru
| þar √´-þéru
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-tti
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-turi
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-tta
|-
|}

====={{sc|ii}}a. ''-dur''=====

:Attenuated verbs of the first class (''-t·nur'' → ''-dur'') are conjugated by analogy after the conjugation of the second class (''-tur'').

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-dura
| þar √-dura
| √´-dura
| þar √´-dura
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-deþan
| þar √-deþan
| √´-deþan
| þar √´-deþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-daran
| þar √-daran
| √´-daran
| þar √´-daran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-dera
| þar √-dera
| √´-dera
| þar √´-dera
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-duran
| þar √-dduran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-durtan
| þar √-durtan
| √´-durtan
| þar √´-durtan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-déþan
| þar √-déþan
| √´-déþan
| þar √´-déþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dáran
| þar √-dáran
| √´-dáran
| þar √´-dáran
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-déren
| þar √-déren
| √´-déren
| þar √´-déren
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ðuran
| þar √-ðuran
| √´-ðuran
| þar √´-ðuran
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-dur
| þar √-dur
| √´-dur
| þar √´-dur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-deþ
| þar √-deþ
| √´-deþ
| þar √´-deþ
| √-deþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dara
| þar √-dara
| √´-dara
| þar √´-dara
| rowspan="3"| √-diri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-dere
| þar √-dere
| √´-dere
| þar √´-dere
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-ddur
| þar √-ddur
| √´-ður
| þar √´-ddur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-durtu
| þar √-durtu
| √´-durtu
| þar √´-durtu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-déþu
| þar √-déþu
| √´-déþu
| þar √´-déþu
| √-déþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-dáru
| þar √-dáru
| √´-dáru
| þar √´-dáru
| rowspan="3"| √-díri
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-dére
| þar √-dére
| √´-dére
| þar √´-dére
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-duru
| þar √-ðuru
| √´-ðuru
| þar √´-ðuru
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-þet
| þar √-þet
| √´-þet
| þar √´-þet
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þar
| þar √-þa
| √´-þar
| þar √´-þar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-þer
| þar √-þer
| √´-þer
| þar √´-þer
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-þu
| þar √-þu
| √´-þu
| þar √´-þu
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-þétur
| þar √-þétur
| √´-þétur
| þar √´-þétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-þárur
| þar √-þárur
| √´-þárur
| þar √´-þárur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-þéru
| þar √-þéru
| √´-þéru
| þar √´-þéru
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þurtu
| þar √-þurtu
| √´-þurtu
| þar √´-þurtu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-ddi
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-duri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-dda
|-
|}

====={{sc|iii}}. ''-rur''=====

:[...]

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-runa
| þar √-runa
| √´-runa
| þar √´-runa
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-reþan
| þar √-reþan
| √´-reþan
| þar √´-reþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-ranan
| þar √-ranan
| √´-ranan
| þar √´-ranan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-rena
| þar √-rena
| √´-rena
| þar √´-rena
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rtunan
| þar √-rtunan
| √´-rtunan
| þar √´-rtunan
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-runtan
| þar √-runtan
| √´-runtan
| þar √´-runtan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-réþan
| þar √-réþan
| √´-réþan
| þar √´-réþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-ránan
| þar √-ránan
| √´-ránan
| þar √´-ránan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-rénen
| þar √-rénen
| √´-rénen
| þar √´-rénen
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rtunan
| þar √-rtunan
| √´-rtunan
| þar √´-rtunan
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-rur
| þar √-rur
| √´-rur
| þar √´-rur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-reþ
| þar √-reþ
| √´-reþ
| þar √´-reþ
| √-reþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-rana
| þar √-rana
| √´-rana
| þar √´-rana
| rowspan="3"| √-rini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-rene
| þar √-rene
| √´-rene
| þar √´-rene
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rtur
| þar √-rtur
| √´-rtur
| þar √´-rtur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-runtu
| þar √-runtu
| √´-runtu
| þar √´-runtu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-réþu
| þar √-réþu
| √´-réþu
| þar √´-réþu
| √-réþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-ránu
| þar √-ránu
| √´-ránu
| þar √´-ránu
| rowspan="3"| √-ríni
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-réne
| þar √-réne
| √´-réne
| þar √´-réne
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-rturu
| þar √-rturu
| √´-rturu
| þar √´-rturu
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sur
| þar √-sur
| √´-sur
| þar √´-sur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-set
| þar √-set
| √´-set
| þar √´-set
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sar
| þar √-sar
| √´-sar
| þar √´-sar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-ser
| þar √-ser
| √´-ser
| þar √´-ser
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þur
| þar √-þur
| √´-þur
| þar √´-þur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-su
| þar √-su
| √´-su
| þar √´-su
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sétur
| þar √-sétur
| √´-sétur
| þar √´-sétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sánur
| þar √-sánur
| √´-sánur
| þar √´-sánur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-sénu
| þar √-sénu
| √´-sénu
| þar √´-sénu
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-þuntu
| þar √-þuntu
| √´-þuntu
| þar √´-þuntu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-ŕí
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-ruri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-ŕa
|-
|}

====={{sc|iv}}. ''-jur''=====

:Mostly verbs of some abstraction (e.g. derived causative verbs).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-juna
| þar √-juna
| √´-juna
| þar √´-juna
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-jeþan
| þar √-jeþan
| √´-jeþan
| þar √´-jeþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-janan
| þar √-janan
| √´-janan
| þar √´-janan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-jena
| þar √-jena
| √´-jena
| þar √´-jena
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-jtunan
| þar √-jtunan
| √´-jtunan
| þar √´-jtunan
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-juntan
| þar √-juntan
| √´-juntan
| þar √´-juntan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-jéþan
| þar √-jéþan
| √´-jéþan
| þar √´-jéþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jánan
| þar √-jánan
| √´-jánan
| þar √´-jánan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-jénen
| þar √-jénen
| √´-jénen
| þar √´-jénen
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-jtunan
| þar √-jtunan
| √´-jtunan
| þar √´-jtunan
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-jur
| þar √-jur
| √´-jur
| þar √´-jur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-jeþ
| þar √-jeþ
| √´-jeþ
| þar √´-jeþ
| √-jeþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jana
| þar √-jana
| √´-jana
| þar √´-jana
| rowspan="3"| √-jini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-jene
| þar √-jene
| √´-jene
| þar √´-jene
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-jtur
| þar √-jtur
| √´-jtur
| þar √´-jtur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-juntu
| þar √-juntu
| √´-juntu
| þar √´-juntu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-jéþu
| þar √-jéþu
| √´-jéþu
| þar √´-jéþu
| √-jéþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-jánu
| þar √-jánu
| √´-jánu
| þar √´-jánu
| rowspan="3"| √-jini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-jéne
| þar √-jéne
| √´-jéne
| þar √´-jéne
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-jturu
| þar √-jturu
| √´-jturu
| þar √´-jturu
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sjur
| þar √-sjur
| √´-sjur
| þar √´-sjur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sjet
| þar √-sjet
| √´-sjet
| þar √´-sjet
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sjar
| þar √-sjar
| √´-sjar
| þar √´-sjar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-sjer
| þar √-sjer
| √´-sjer
| þar √´-sjer
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-śur
| þar √-śur
| √´-śur
| þar √´-śur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sju
| þar √-sju
| √´-sju
| þar √´-sju
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sjétur
| þar √-sjétur
| √´-sjétur
| þar √´-sjétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-sjánur
| þar √-sjánur
| √´-sjánur
| þar √´-sjánur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-sjénu
| þar √-sjénu
| √´-sjénu
| þar √´-sjénu
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-śunt
| þar √-śuntu
| √´-śuntu
| þar √´-śuntu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-jti
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-juri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-ja
|-
|}

====={{sc|v}}. ''-kur''=====

:[...]

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| {{sc|indicative}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|subjunctive}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|imperative}}
|-
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
! {{sc|active}}
! {{sc|passive}}
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|past}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-kuna
| þar √-kuna
| √´-kuna
| þar √´-kuna
| rowspan="11"| n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-keþan
| þar √-keþan
| √´-keþan
| þar √´-keþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kanan
| þar √-kanan
| √´-kanan
| þar √´-kanan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-kena
| þar √-kena
| √´-kena
| þar √´-kena
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-kkunan
| þar √-kkunan
| √´-kkunan
| þar √´-kkunan
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-kuntan
| þar √-kuntan
| √´-kuntan
| þar √´-kuntan
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-kéþan
| þar √-kéþan
| √´-kéþan
| þar √´-kéþan
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kánan
| þar √-kánan
| √´-kánan
| þar √´-kánan
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-kénen
| þar √-kénen
| √´-kénen
| þar √´-kénen
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-kkuna
| þar √-kkuna
| √´-kkuna
| þar √´-kkuna
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|present}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-kur
| þar √-kur
| √´-kur
| þar √´-kur
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-keþ
| þar √-keþ
| √´-keþ
| þar √´-keþ
| √-keþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kana
| þar √-kana
| √´-kana
| þar √´-kana
| rowspan="3"| √-kini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-kene
| þar √-kene
| √´-kene
| þar √´-kene
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-kkur
| þar √-kkur
| √´-kkur
| þar √´-kkur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-kuntu
| þar √-kuntu
| √´-kuntu
| þar √´-kuntu
| n/a
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-kéþu
| þar √-kéþu
| √´-kéþu
| þar √´-kéþu
| √-kéþur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-kánu
| þar √-kánu
| √´-kánu
| þar √´-kánu
| rowspan="3"| √-kini
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-kéne
| þar √-kéne
| √´-kéne
| þar √´-kéne
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-kkuru
| þar √-kkuru
| √´-kkuru
| þar √´-kkuru
|-
! rowspan="12"| {{sc|future}}
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|singular}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-skur
| þar √-skur
| √´-skur
| þar √´-skur
| rowspan="11"|n/a 
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-sket
| þar √-sket
| √´-sket
| þar √´-sket
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-skar
| þar √-skar
| √´-skar
| þar √´-skar
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-sker
| þar √-sker
| √´-sker
| þar √´-sker
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-hur
| þar √-hur
| √´-hur
| þar √´-hur
|-
! rowspan="6"| {{sc|plural}}
|-
! colspan="2"| 1
| √-sku
| þar √-sku
| √´-sku
| þar √´-sku
|-
! colspan="2"| 2
| √-skétur
| þar √-skétur
| √´-skétur
| þar √´-skétur
|-
! rowspan="3"| 3
! {{sc|anim}}
| √-skánur
| þar √-skánur
| √´-skánur
| þar √´-skánur
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| √-skénu
| þar √-skénu
| √´-skénu
| þar √´-skénu
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| √-hunt
| þar √-huntu
| √´-huntu
| þar √´-huntu
|-
! colspan="9"| {{sc|non-finite forms}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|infinitive}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √-kki
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|past participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| e(n)-√-kuri
|-
! colspan="4"| {{sc|present participle}}
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"| √´-ka
|-
|}

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T20:56:52Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Numerals and quantifiers */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T20:55:36Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Numerals and quantifiers */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

====Numerals====

The I Kronurum numeral system is decimal (base ten).

The word “number”, ''ihámunna'' /ʔi.ˈhɑi̯.mu.nːɐ/, is the nominalized present participle form of the verb ''hamur'', “to count”.

=====Cardinals=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible autocollapse"
|-
! || < > || // ||
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || harna || ˈhɑɾ.nɐ || no, none; 0, cero (from harnara, nothing)
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || jog || ˈjo̞x || 01, one
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || nor || ˈno̞ɾ || 02, two
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ana, an- || ˈʔɑ.nɐ || 03, three
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || ittag, itt- || ˈʔi.tːɐx || 04, four
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || lur || ˈluɾ || 05, five
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || fit || ˈfit || 06, six
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || éþi, éþ- || ˈʔei̯.θil || 07, seven
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || heltr, helt- || ˈhe̞l.tɾ̩ || 08, eight
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || usto, ust- || ˈʔus.to̞ || 09, nine
|-
| style="background: #676767;"| || hór || ˈhu̜ɾ || 10, ten
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-jog || hórjog || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞x || 11, eleven
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-nor || hórnor || ˈhu̜ɾ.no̞ɾ || 12, twelve
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ana || hórana || ˈhu̜.ɾa.nɐ || 13, thirteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-ittag || hórittag || ˈhu̜.ɾi.tːɐx || 14, fourteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-lur || hólur || ˈhu̜ɾ.luɾ || 15, fifteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-fit || hórfit || ˈhu̜ɾ.fit || 16, sixteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-éþil || hóréþil || ˈhu̜ɾ.ei̯.θil || 17, seventeen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-heltr || hórjoltr || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞l.tɾ̩ || 18, eighteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| hór-usto || hórjosto || ˈhu̜ɾ.jo̞s.to̞ || 19, nineteen
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-nor-r || jor || ˈjo̞ɾ || 20, twenty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jor || jogór-jor || ˈjo̞.gu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 21, twenty-one (one-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| nor-ór-jor || norór-jor || ˈno̞.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 22, twenty-two (two-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| an-ór-jor || anór-jor || ˈʔɑ.nu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 23, twenty-three (three-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| itt-ór-jor || ittór-jor || ˈʔi.tːu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 24, twenty-four (four-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| lur-ór-jor || lurór-jor || ˈlu.ɾu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 25, twenty-five (five-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| fit-ór-jor || fitór-jor || ˈfi.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 26, twenty-six (six-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| éþ-ór-jor || éþór-jor || ˈʔei̯.θu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 27, twenty-seven (seven-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| helt-ór-jor || heltór-jor || ˈhe̞l.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 28, twenty-eight (eight-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| ust-ór-jor || ustór-jor || ˈʔus.tu̹.ɾio̯ɾ || 29, twenty-nine (nine-and-twenty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ana-r || jonr || ˈjo̞.nɾ̩ || 30, thirty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jonr || jogór-jonr || ˈjo.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.nɾ̩ || 31, thirty-one (one-and-thirty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ittag-r || jottar || ˈjo̞.tːɐɾ || 40, forty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jottar || jogór-jottar || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.tːɐɾ || 41, forty-one (one-and-fourty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-lur-r || jolur || ˈjo̞.luɾ || 50, fifty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jolur || jogór-jolur || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.luɾ || 51, fifty-one (one-and-fifty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-fit-r || jofir || ˈjo̞.fiɾ || 60, sixty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jofir || jogór-jofir || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.fiɾ || 61, sixty-one (one-and-sixty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-éþi-r || joþr || ˈjo̞.θɾ̩ || 70, seventy
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joþr || jogór-joþr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞.θɾ̩ || 71, seventy-one (one-and-seventy)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-helt-r || joltr || ˈjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 80, eighty
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-joltr || jogór-joltr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞l.tɾ̩ || 81, eighty-one (one-and-eighty)
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ust-r || jostr || ˈjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 90, ninety
|-
| style="background: #D3D3D3;"| jog-ór-jostr || jogór-jostr || ˈjo̞.gu̹ɾ.ˌjo̞s.tɾ̩ || 91, ninety-one (one-and-ninety)
|-
|}

=====Ordinals=====

=====Multiples=====

====Quantifiers====

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T20:26:54Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Verbs */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

====Verbs====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T20:26:36Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Nouns */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

===Marking hierarchy===

====Nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

==Verbs==

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-10-09T20:25:39Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Marking hierarchy */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Numerals and quantifiers===

===Marking hierarchy===

==Nouns==

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
| case governing particle: {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}}, {{sc|dim}}, {{sc|augm}} || {{sc|and}} || grammatical case ({{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}), {{sc|advm}}
|-
|}

==Verbs==

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || colspan=2 | 1 || 2
|-
| passive voice marker particle || aspect marker affix: intensive(1,2); imperfect, perfect || √{{sc|root}} || aspect marker affix: attenuative || conjugation affix for person, number, and mood || aspect marker particle
|-
|}

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-09-30T16:57:16Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Background */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
| {{sc|i}} || {{sc|southmark}} <small>(south-west)</small> || ''i-Étrir'' || /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}} || {{sc|westmark}} || ''i-Jókláran'' || /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ || style=text-align:left| “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark”
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.a</small> || {{sc|northern-westmark}} || ''i-Dehráleþ'' || /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ || style=text-align:left| “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran.

The name sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.
|-
| {{sc|ii}}<small>.b</small> || {{sc|southern-westmark}} || ''i-Árháfr'' || /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ || style=text-align:left| “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran
|-
| {{sc|iii}} || {{sc|northern-eastmark}} || ''i-Fóþrhir'' || /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ || style=text-align:left| "the ridge", northeastern mark; “Ridgemark”
|-
| {{sc|iv}} || {{sc|southern-eastmark}} || ''i-Branárlåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|v}} || {{sc|valleybend mark}} || ''i-Þistelåjn'' || /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ || style=text-align:left| “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river
|-
| {{sc|vi}} || {{sc|longshore mark}} || ''i-Branháfrjók'' || /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ || style=text-align:left| “the long beach shore(line)"
|-
| {{sc|vii}} || {{sc|islemark}} || ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' || /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ || style=text-align:left| “the grabbed/conquered port”, metonymic name for the whole Islemark
|-
|}

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Marking hierarchy===

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

Ɯ

2017-09-29T23:09:52Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Nominalization of a verb */

{{privatelang}} {{construction}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Ŭrbŭrŭx U
|nativename=''"the speech, U"''
|pronunciation=/ˈuɾ.bu.ɾux ˈɯ/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-

|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=Ɯ languages
|ancestor=
|ancestor2=
|ancestor3=
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], native
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''Ɯ''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] as part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>

[...]

----

=Grammar=


==PHONOLOGY==
===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:13%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">y</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɯ</div>



<div style="position:absolute; left:19%; width:2em; top:42%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">e</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:28%; width:2em; top:42%;height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ø</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:84%; width:2em; top:42%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o</div>



<div style="position:absolute; left:45%; width:2em; top:83%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">a</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

''Stem-controlled roundness harmony''. Both /a/ and /o/, a back and a front vowel, are neutral. In compounds each element retains it own harmony; affixes will harmonize with the stem with which they are directly in contact.

===Consonants===
====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
| (ɟ)
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| (ɲ)
| (ŋ)
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
|
| s
| ʃ
|
| x
| h
|-
! style="" |Africate
|
|
|
|
| ʧ
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
| (ʎ)
|
|
|}

===Phonotaxis===
====Sandhi====

[...]

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! style="text-align:left;" | Sandhi over morpheme boundaries
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | '''''-VC·CV-'''''
|-
| '''-n·'''
|-
| -n·t- → -n·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/
|-
| -n·t- → -n·n-, assimilation of /t/ → /n/
|-
| -n·k- → -n·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/
|-
| -n·h- → -n·k-, fortition of /h/ → /k/
|-
| -n·j- → -n̆-, fusion (palatalization of /n/ → /ɲ/)
|-
| -n·b- → -m·b-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/)
|-
| -n·b- → -m·m-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/), assimilation of /b/ → /m/)
|-
| -n·l- → -n·n-, assimilation of /l/ → /n/
|-
| -n·r- → -n·n-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/
|-
| -n·m- → -n·n-, assimilation of /m/ → /n/
|-
| -n·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/
|-
| '''-m·'''
|-
| -m·b- → -p-, fusion to /p/
|-
| -m·l- → -m·m-, assimilation of /l/ → /m/
|-
| -m·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ (labialization of /v/ → /β/, plosivization of /β/ → /p/)
|-
| '''-l'''
|-
| -l·t- → -l·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/
|-
| -l·k- → -l·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/
|-
| -l·g- → -l·l-, assimilation of /g/ → /l/
|-
| -l·r- → -l·l-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /l/
|-
| -l·m- → -l·l-, assimilation of /m/ → /l/
|-
| -l·b- → -p·p- [+____]
|-
| -l·j- → -l̆-, fusion (palatalization of /l/ → /ʎ/)
|-
| -l·v- → -l·l-, assimilation of /v/ → /l/
|-
| '''-r·'''
|-
| -r·g- → -rr-, assimilation of /g/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·h- → -rr-, assimilation of /h/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·x- → -rr-, assimilation of /x/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·l- → -rr-, assimilation of /l/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·t- → -s·s- [+____]
|-
| '''-s·'''
|-
| -s·l- → -s·s-, assimilation of /l/ → /s/
|-
| -s·g- → -s·k-, fortition of /g/ → /k/
|-
| '''-s̆·'''
|-
| -s̆·h- → -s̆→s̆-, assimilation of /h/ → /ʃ/
|-
| -s̆·l- → -s̆·s̆-, assimilation of /l/ → /ʃ/
|-
| '''-t·'''
|-
| -t·b- → -s·s- [+____]
|-
| -t·g- → -t·t-, assimilation of /g/ → /t/
|-
| -t·l- → -t·t-, assimilation of /l/ → /t/
|-
| -t·n- → -t·t-, assimilation of /n/ → /t/
|-
| '''-x·'''
|-
| -x·k- → -n·k- [+nasalization]
|-
| Being all instances of -n·k- already lenited by sandhi to -n·g-, all remaining instances of -n·k- after the sandhi has been applied must then spawn from modified instances of -x·k-, thus avoiding ambiguity.
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | '''''-VC·CCV-'''''
|-
| '''-n·'''
|-
| -n·rk- → -n·ng- → -ngg-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/, fusion of /n/ and /k/ (velatization of /n/ → /ŋ/)
|-
| -n·lt- → -n·t-, elision of /l/
|-
| -n·ln- → -n·n-, elision of /l/
|-
| -n·ll- → -n·n-, assimilation of first /l/, elision of second /l/
|-
| -n·hm- → -m·m-, elision of /l/, assimilation of /n/
|-
| -n·hr- → -n·kr-, fortition of /h/ → /k/
|-
| -n·hš- → -n·š-, elision of /h/
|-
| -n·tm- → -d·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/, elision of /n/, assimilation of /m/ → /d/
|-
| -n·tx- → -n·x-, elision of /t/
|-
| '''-x·'''
|-
| -x·hr- → -x·r-, elision of /h/
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | '''''-CV·CV-'''''
|-
| '''-ta·'''
|-
| -ta·h- → -ta·g- [+____]
|-
| -ta·r- → -ta·l- [+____]
|-
| -ta·š- → -ta·s- [+____]
|-
| -ta·x- → -ta·g- [+____]
|-
| -ta·t- → -ta·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/
|-
| -ta·k- → -ta·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/
|-
| -ta·bVC- → -ta·fCV- [+____]
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | '''''-CV·CCV-'''''
|-
| '''-ta·'''
|-
| -ta·hš- > -ta·š- [+____]
|-
| -ta·tx- > -ta·x- [+____] tVtC > tVC elision of t? haplology?
|-
| -m·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ (labialization of /v/ → /β/, plosivization of /β/ → /p/)
|-
| '''-l'''
|-
| -l·t- → -l·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/
|-
| -l·k- → -l·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/
|-
| -l·g- → -l·l-, assimilation of /g/ → /l/
|-
| -l·r- → -l·l-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /l/
|-
| -l·m- → -l·l-, assimilation of /m/ → /l/
|-
| -l·b- → -p·p- [+____]
|-
| -l·j- → -l̆-, fusion (palatalization of /l/ → /ʎ/)
|-
| -l·v- → -l·l-, assimilation of /v/ → /l/
|-
| '''-r·'''
|-
| -r·g- → -rr-, assimilation of /g/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·h- → -rr-, assimilation of /h/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·x- → -rr-, assimilation of /x/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·l- → -rr-, assimilation of /l/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·t- → -s·s- [+____]
|-
| '''-s·'''
|-
| -s·l- → -s·s-, assimilation of /l/ → /s/
|-
| -s·g- → -s·k-, fortition of /g/ → /k/
|-
| '''-s̆·'''
|-
| -s̆·h- → -s̆→s̆-, assimilation of /h/ → /ʃ/
|-
| -s̆·l- → -s̆·s̆-, assimilation of /l/ → /ʃ/
|-
| '''-t·'''
|-
| -t·b- → -s·s- [+____]
|-
| -t·g- → -t·t-, assimilation of /g/ → /t/
|-
| -t·l- → -t·t-, assimilation of /l/ → /t/
|-
| -t·n- → -t·t-, assimilation of /n/ → /t/
|-
| '''-x·'''
|-
| -x·k- → -n·k- [+nasalization]
|-
| Being all instances of -n·k- already lenited by sandhi to -n·g-, all remaining instances of -n·k- after the sandhi has been applied must then spawn from modified instances of -x·k-, thus avoiding ambiguity.
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | '''''-VC·CCV-'''''
|-
| '''-n·'''
|-
| -n·rk- → -n·ng- → -ngg-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/, fusion of /n/ and /k/ (velatization of /n/ → /ŋ/)
|-
| -n·lt- → -n·t-, elision of /l/
|-
| -n·ln- → -n·n-, elision of /l/
|-
| -n·ll- → -n·n-, assimilation of first /l/, elision of second /l/
|-
| -n·hm- → -m·m-, elision of /l/, assimilation of /n/
|-
| -n·hr- → -n·kr-, fortition of /h/ → /k/
|-
| -n·hš- → -n·š-, elision of /h/
|-
| -n·tm- → -d·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/, elision of /n/, assimilation of /m/ → /d/
|-
| -n·tx- → -n·x-, elision of /t/
|-
| '''-x·'''
|-
| -x·hr- → -x·r-, elision of /h/
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | '''''-CV·CV-'''''
|-
| '''-ta·'''
|-
| -ta·h- → -ta·g- [+____]
|-
| -ta·r- → -ta·l- [+____]
|-
| -ta·š- → -ta·s- [+____]
|-
| -ta·x- → -ta·g- [+____]
|-
| -ta·t- → -ta·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/
|-
| -ta·k- → -ta·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/
|-
| -ta·bVC- → -ta·fCV- [+____]
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | '''''-CV·CCV-'''''
|-
| '''-ta·'''
|-
| -ta·hš- > -ta·š- [+____]
|-
| -ta·tx- > -ta·x- [+____] tVtC > tVC elision of t? haplology?
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | '''Sandhi over word boundaries'''
|-
| -C_b- → -C_p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | '''Composite sandhi: obligatory contour and other phenomena.'''
|-
| A case of composite sandhi occurs when the application of an external sandhi rule results in either i) the resetting of or ii) the innovation on an internal sandhi rule.
|-
| '''Examples''':
|-
| i) Resetting of an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, resetting internal sandhi.
|-
| bengilir > penkilir
|-
| 1) Internal sandhi: rule -n·k- → -n·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ (voicing of /k/)
|-
| bV·en·kil·Vr → bēnkilir* → bēngilir
|-
| 2) External sandhi: rule -C b- → -C p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
|-
| (-V bēngilir → -V bēngilir)
|-
| -C bēngilir → -C pēngilir* >> -C pēnkilir
|-
| ii) Innovation on an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, leniting a cluster formed through assimilation
|-
| bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr
|-
| 1) Internal sandhi: rule -n·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/
|-
| bV·en·vɯl·Vr > bepɯlɯr
|-
| 2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/  /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
|-
| (-V bepɯlɯr > bepɯlɯr)
|-
| -C bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr
|-
|}

====Syllable structure====

Both verbal and nominal roots, as well as affixes, have a (C)(C)V(C) syllable structure.

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nominal roots are marked for grammatical case, deixis (relative locativity and lativity), definiteness and number or quantity.

====Grammatical gender and animacy====

There are two grammatical genders: animate and inanimate. The animate gender has two subdivisions: masculine and feminine. These are all generally listed as masculine, feminine and neuter gender.

(See also ‘Animacy and volition’ below)

====Grammatical number and quantifier affixes====

There are two systems of grammatical number: i) for nouns, Collective 1, Dual, Singulative, Collective 2; ii) for pronouns, the numbers Singular, Dual, Plural and Indefinite.

(See also “__*number*__” below)

=====Grammatical number markers for nouns=====

The determiners account for definiteness as well as for number:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Number !! Definiteness !! Marker
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|col}} Collective || Indefinite || -Ø
|-
| Definite || -Vr
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|dual}} Dual || Indefinite || -Vt
|-
| Definite || -VmVm
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|sg}} Singulative || Indefinite || -Vm
|-
| Definite || -Vx
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|col2}} Collective 2* || Indefinite || -lVt
|-
| Definite || -lVm
|-
|}

<small>
:<nowiki>*</nowiki> The number “Collective 2” reffers to collectives or complete sets of a noun; e.g. ''ne''; trees; ''nelet'', a.forest
</small>


====Declension particles and affixes====

=====Grammatical case=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=4| Animate !! colspan=4| Inanimate
|-
! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! 4th !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! 4th
|-
| style="text-align:left"| Nominative {{sc|nom}} || colspan=8| Ø
|-
| style="text-align:left"| Ergative {{sc|erg}} || an- || vVl- || sVm- || tVm- || ɯl- || xan- || rVm- || tVl-
|-
| style="text-align:left"| Dative {{sc|dat}} || colspan=2| bVl- || colspan=2| mVl- || colspan=2| bVl- || colspan=2| mVl-
|-
| style="text-align:left"| Absolutive {{sc|abs}} || tVn- || wVn- || VtVn- || sVn- || okVn- || xVn- || VkVn- || šVn-
|-
| style="text-align:left"| Accusative {{sc|acc}} || colspan=2| VnV- || colspan=2| lVt- || colspan=2| VnV- || colspan=2| lVt-
|-
| style="text-align:left"| Instrumental {{sc|inst}} || colspan=2| or- || colspan=2| Vm- || colspan=2| or- || colspan=2| Vm-
|-
| style="text-align:left"| Partitive* {{sc|part}} || bV- || colspan=3| tV- || kV- || colspan=3| tV-
|-
| style="text-align:left"| Genitive** {{sc|gen}} || colspan=8| -(o)nnu(r)
|-
|}

<small>
:<nowiki>*</nowiki> The partitive case ({{sc|part}}) conveys the telicity of the verb (''to.{{sc|x}}/to.{{sc|x}}.{{sc|obj}} vs. to.fully/thoroughly.{{sc|x}}/{{sc|x}}.{{sc|obj}}'').

:<nowiki>**</nowiki> The genitive case ({{sc|gen}}) is marked with a conflation of the deictic markers -ho- (FROM) and -nur (APUD) and is thus the same for all nouns.
</small>

=====Deictics=====
.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left"
|-
|+ style="text-align:left"| Deictic markers
|-
! colspan=7 style="text-align:left"| A. ESSIVITY
|-
! !! ‹› !! colspan=2| // !! colspan=3| Case
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"| I || -vul || colspan=2| -vɯl || {{sc|in}} || inessive ||
|-
| -kil || colspan=2| -kil || {{sc|sup}} || superessive ||
|-
| -tiš || colspan=2| -tiʃ || {{sc|sub}} || subessive ||
|-
| -lur || colspan=2| -lɯɾ || {{sc|ant}} || antessive ||
|-
| -vet || colspan=2| -vet || {{sc|poste}} || postessive || This case is now rarely used for its original meaning "behind" and is often used to mean "with" or "in exchange for"
|-
| -nur || colspan=2| -nɯɾ || {{sc|apud}} || apudessive || apudessive, adessive ||
|-
! colspan=7 style="text-align:left"| B. LATIVITY
|-
! !! ‹› !! colspan=2| // !! colspan=3| Case
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"| II || -kur || colspan=2| -kɯɾ || {{sc|il}} || ilative ||
|-
| -lir || colspan=2| -liɾ || {{sc|el}} || elative ||
|-
| -vox || colspan=2| -vox || {{sc|perl}} || perlative ||
|-
| -tum || colspan=2| -tɯm || {{sc|prol}} || prolative || prolative, prosecutive, oblative/pertingent (against)
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"| III.a || -te || colspan=2| -te || || || up.to, until
|-
| -sul || -te·vɯl || -sɯl || || || ||
|-
| -xil || -te·kil || -xil || || || ||
|-
| -tiš || -te·tiʃ || -(t)tiʃ || || || ||
|-
| -nur || -te·lɯɾ || -nɯɾ || || || ||
|-
| -det || -te·vet || -det || || || ||
|-
| -dur || -te·nɯɾ || -dɯɾ || || || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"| III.b || -ho || colspan=2| -ho || || || from
|-
| -ful || -ho·vɯl || -fɯl || {{sc|inel}} || inelatve ||
|-
| -kil || -ho·kil || -(h)kil || || || /k/→/g/ sandhi doesn’t apply, anulated by underlying /h/
|-
| -diš || -ho·tiʃ || -diʃ || || || ||
|-
| -hlur || -ho·lɯɾ || -hlɯɾ || || || ||
|-
| -hret || -ho·vet || -hɾet || || || ||
|-
| -šur || -ho·nɯɾ || -ʃɯɾ || || || ||
|-
|}

====Nominal declension themes====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| rowspan=2| C-theme || VC-stems
|-
|CVC-stems
|-
|rowspan=2| V-theme || CV-stems
|-
|CCV-stems
|-
|}

====Personal pronouns====

Personal pronouns can be dropped. They are marked as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| rowspan=2| {{sc|grammatical.case}} || {{sc|lam}} || rowspan=2| {{sc|deictic.marker}} || rowspan=2| {{sc|number.marker}}
|-
| “person"
|-
|}

====Proper names====

Proper names are marked for grammatical case in the same way as animate singular common nouns. Regular sandhi over morpheme boundaries is not triggered (for instance, ''tanTavar'' instead of ''**tanDavar'', see below).

In the Romanization, the capitalization of the proper name remains in place while prefixes and suffixes remain in minuscle, e.g.:

''“Farŭl” {Ø-Farŭl} {{sc|nom}}-Farŭl'' vs. ''“anFarŭl” {an-Farŭl} {{sc|erg}}-Farŭl'' or

''“Perit” {Ø-Perit} {{sc|nom}}-Perit'' vs. ''“belPerit” {bVl-Perit} {{sc|dat}}-Perit'' or

''“Tavar” {Ø-Tavar} {{sc|nom}}-Tavar'' vs. ''“tanTavar” {tVn-Tavar} {{sc|abs}}-Tavar''.

Other names, like ''given names'', ''nicknames'' and ''pet names'' based on ''common'' nouns are marked with the proper name marker {{sc|pnm}} ''–gV'' or ''–Vg''.

The proper name vocative, derived from a reduplicated form of the {{sc|pnm}}, fossilized in the forms ''-gagV'' and ''-agVg'', occurs with epenthesis of the harmonically neutral vowel ''a''. In this latter form, the first ''g'' is subject to sandhi, while the second isn’t. E.g. ''Tavar'' → ''Tavarraga!'', ''Perit'' → ''Perittagi!'', ''Farŭl'' → ''Farŭllagŭ!''.

===Verbal morphology===

Verbal roots are marked for tense, aspect and subject (animacy, gender, number and person). Mood is marked through postpositions.

====Tenses====

Tenses are: present, non-present. The equivalent to the future and past tense are conveyed as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=5| Marking !! rowspan=2| Conveyed tense
|-
! -2 !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| {{sc|perfect}} || rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"| - || rowspan=3| √{{sc|root}} || rowspan=3| {{sc|obviative}} || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|past}}
|-
| Ø || {{sc|subject.present}} || {{sc|present}}
|-
| {{sc|prospective}} || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|future}}
|-
|}

Whence:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=2| Marking !! rowspan=2 colspan=2|
|-
! Primary aspect (-2) !! Tense (2)
|-
| rowspan=2| Perfect || present || stative || resulting from past action
|-
| non-present || past ||
|-
| rowspan=2| Prospective || present || prospective ||
|-
| non-present || future ||
|-
| rowspan=2| Neutral (Ø marking) || present || present ||
|-
| non-present || oblique ||
|-
|}

====Tense-person marking suffixes====

The ''most animate'' agent of the clause (see "Animacy, control, volition") agrees with the verb declined with the ''proximate'' suffix, the ''lesser animate'' with the verb marked with the ''obviate''. This can also be used to mark a change of referent (see "referent anaphora").

=====Proximate suffixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan=2|Animacy !! rowspan=2|Gender !! rowspan=2|Number !! rowspan=2|Person !! colspan=2| Tense
|-
! Present !! Non-present
|-
| rowspan=16 style="background:LightBlue"|Animate || rowspan=8|Masculine || rowspan=3|S || 1 || -hɯɾ || -hɾam
|-
| 2 || -ɾam || -ɾamat
|-
| 3 || -lit || -liteʃ
|-
| colspan=2|D || -Vl || -Vlɯt
|-
| rowspan=3|P || 1 || -ʃɯt || -ʃtɯɾ
|-
| 2 || -ɾok || -ɾkol
|-
| 3 || -litit || -lteʃ
|-
| colspan=2|4 || -bɯl || -batɯɾ
|-
| rowspan=8|Feminine || rowspan=3|S || 1 || -hɯm || -hmɯɾ
|-
| 2 || -xal || -xlat
|-
| 3 || -lan || -lnaɾ
|-
| colspan=2|D || -Vt || -Vtem
|-
| rowspan=3|P || 1 || -tam || -tmaʃ
|-
| 2 || -xɯl || -tɯleɾ
|-
| 3 || -hoʃ || -hʃol
|-
| colspan=2|4 || -bok || -bilɯɾ
|-
| rowspan=8 style="background:LightBlue"|Inanimate || rowspan=8|Neuter || rowspan=3|S || 1 || -tex || -txet
|-
| 2 || -kol || -klot
|-
| 3 || -leɾ || -lɾeʃ > -lleʃ
|-
| colspan=2|D || -VtVl || -VtVʃ
|-
| rowspan=3|P || 1 || -tot || -tɯɾ
|-
| 2 || -hem || -hmel
|-
| 3 || -kim || -kmiliɾ > -biliɾ
|-
| colspan=2|4 || -bim || -bamal
|-
|}

=====Obviate suffixes=====

The obviative particle {{sc|obv}} ''-i-/-ĭ-'' is placed between the root and the proximal tense marker. It applies to the second and third person.

This in turn shows the form of the tense suffix that is otherwise opaqued by the sandhi:

::{{sc|prox}} ''mẹnnᴉt'', {{sc|obv}} ''mẹnᴉlᴉt''

::''-lit'' {{sc|3s.masc.pres}}, ''-ilit'' {{sc|3s.masc.pres.obv}}.

====Verbal aspect markers====

.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=2|Aspect !! Marker
|-
| Perfect || {{sc|perf}} || C₂a-/C₂o-
|-
| Prospective || {{sc|pros}} || C₂ora-/oC₂osa-
|-
| Continuous || {{sc|cont}} || C₂ona-
|-
| Progressive || {{sc|prog}} || C₂ara-
|-
| Gnomic || {{sc|gnom}} || aC₂C₂a-
|-
| Imperfective || {{sc|imper}} || oC₂a-
|-
| Iterative || {{sc|iter}} || toC₂a-
|-
|}

The primary and the secondary aspect markers have historically fused through metaphony and syncope, yielding the following standarized forms:

=====For animate subjects=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=2|Aspect !! colspan=2|Marker
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Perfect !! style="text-align:left"|{{sc|perf.anim}} !! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"|C₂a-
|-
| Per. gnomic || {{sc|perf.gnom.anim}} || C₂a·aC₂C₂a- || C₂aC₂C₂a-
|-
| Per. imperfective || {{sc|perf.imperf.anim}} || C₂a·oC₂a- || C₂aC₂o-
|-
| Per. continuous || {{sc|perf.cont.anim}} || C₂a·C₂ona- || C₂ano-
|-
| Per. progressive || {{sc|perf.prog.anim}} || C₂a·C₂ara- || aC₂ara-
|-
| Per. iterative || {{sc|perf.iter.anim}} || C₂a·toC₂a- || toC₂aC₂a-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Prospective !! style="text-align:left"|{{sc|pros.anim}} !! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"|C₂ora-
|-
| Pro. gnomic || {{sc|pros.gnom.anim}} || C₂ora·aC₂C₂a- || C₂oC₂C₂ara-
|-
| Pro. imperfective || {{sc|pros.imperf.anim}} || C₂ora·oC₂a- || oC₂C₂a-
|-
| Pro. continuous || {{sc|pros.cont.anim}} || C₂ora·C₂ona- || C₂oC₂a-
|-
| Pro. progressive || {{sc|pros.prog.anim}} || C₂ora·C₂ara- || aC₂oC₂ara-
|-
| Pro. iterative || {{sc|pros.iter.anim}} || C₂ora·toC₂a- || noC₂ora-
|-
|}

=====For inanimate subjects=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=2|Aspect !! colspan=2|Marker
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Perfect !! style="text-align:left"|{{sc|perf.inan}} !! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"|C₂o-
|-
| Per. gnomic || {{sc|perf.gnom.inan}} || C₂a·aC₂C₂a- || C₂waC₂C₂a-
|-
| Per. imperfective || {{sc|perf.imperf.inan}} || C₂a·oC₂a- || oC₂C₂a-
|-
| Per. continuous || {{sc|perf.cont.inan}} || C₂a·C₂ona- || C₂ona-
|-
| Per. progressive || {{sc|perf.prog.inan}} || C₂a·C₂ara- || oC₂wara-
|-
| Per. iterative || {{sc|perf.iter.inan}} || C₂o·toC₂a- || otoC₂C₂a-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Prospective !! style="text-align:left"|{{sc|pros.inan}} !! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"|oC₂osa-
|-
| Pro. gnomic || {{sc|pros.gnom.inan}} || oC₂osa·aC₂C₂a- || oC₂oC₂wara-
|-
| Pro. imperfective || {{sc|pros.imperf.inan}} || oC₂osa·oC₂a- || C₂wasa-
|-
| Pro. continuous || {{sc|pros.cont.inan}} || oC₂osa·C₂ona- || oC₂ona-
|-
| Pro. progressive || {{sc|pros.prog.inan}} || oC₂osa·C₂ara- || oC₂wasa-
|-
| Pro. iterative || {{sc|pros.iter.inan}} || oC₂osa·toC₂a- || toC₂osa-
|-
|}

====Mood marking particles====

All mood marking particles are postpositional to the verb they modify. Being there no copula for existencial predication, all mood markers modify verbal phrases directly (see below: negation).

=====Special cases=====

i) Counterfactual conditional

The if clause is counterfactual 

ii) Deliberative mood

A construction similar to a deliberative mood ({{sc|delib}} – sentences of the form ''“should I do X?”'') can be marked by the conflation of the optative mood marker ({{sc|opt}}) ''kŭ'' either 1) with the interrogative mood marker ({{sc|int}}) ''če''; or 2) with the imperative mood marker ({{sc|imp}}) ''kŭ''.

:{|
|-
| {{sc|delib}} ({{sc|int}}+{{sc|opt}}): || ''čekkŭ'' (< če + kŭ)
|-
|
|-
| {{sc|delib}} ({{sc|imp}}+{{sc|opt}}): || ''nakkŭ'' (< na + kŭ)
|-
|}

iii) Desiderative mood (''“wanting to X”'')


====Participles====

The participial verbal forms are formed with the bare root of the verb, marked with the participial marker {{sc|ppl}} ''aC₂(a)-'' (a modified form of the gnomic aspect marker {{sc|gnom}} ''aC₂C₂a-'') and an epenthetic suffix ''-i/-ĭ'' that takes over the slot of the person-tense marker. This works as an infinitive participle, and can furtherly be inflected for tense and aspect. The forms of the {{sc|ppl}} fused with the verbal tense structural primary verbal aspects, and most used participles are:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=5| Marking !! rowspan=2| Conveyed tense
|-
! colspan=2| -3 !! -2 !! 0 !! 2
|-
| 1 || rowspan=3| {{sc|ppl}} '''''aC₂(a)-''''' || {{sc|perfect}} '''''C₂a-/C₂o-''''' || rowspan=3| √{{sc|root}} || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|past}}
|-
| 2 || style="text-align:center"| Ø || {{sc|subject.present}} || {{sc|present}}
|-
| 3 || {{sc|prospective}} '''''C₂ora-/oC₂osa-''''' || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|future}}
|-
|}

Marked with the forms:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=2| Participle !! {{sc|ppl}} !! Primary aspect marker !! Person-tense marker !! Participle prefix ''(-3)·(-2)-''
|-
| 1 || Past participle || rowspan=3| ''aC₂(a)-'' || ''C₂a-/C₂o-'' || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || '''''aC₂C₂(V)-'''''
|-
| 2 || Present participle || Ø || {{sc|subject.present}} || '''''aC₂(V)-'''''
|-
| 3 || Future participle || ''C₂ora-/oC₂osa-'' || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || '''''aC₂Vr(V)-'''''
|-
|}

For example:

:{|
|-
| colspan=2| ‹axxamaxi nēr›
|-
| /ˈax.xa.ma.xi || neːɾ/
|-
| {axxa-max-i || ne-er}
|-
| {'''aC₂C₂(V)'''-max-'''i''' || ne-Vr}
|-
| '''{{sc|ppl}}'''-to.cut-'''{{sc|ppl}}''' || trees-{{sc|def.col}}
|-
| colspan=2| ''“the cut trees”''
|-
|}

All other combinations of {{sc|ppl}}+(aspect marker) are also allowed.

====Referent anaphora====

=====Anaphoric reference shift particle=====

The anaphoric marker states that the referent of the verb has changed.  This is to avoid the ambiguity of sentences like the following:

:''“Tavar hit Perit. He cried”''

Given a sequence of actions like the one above, performed by actuants (A or S) of the same level of semantically adscribed animaciy, it is necessary to mark wether the sequence of actions (hitting, then crying) belongs to the same referent, or if the referent of the first action is different than that of the latter. To mark that the actuant of the crying, S, is now ''Perit'' (formerly the non-actuant, O, of the hitting), and no longer ''Tavar'' (actuant, A, of the hitting), either the verb itself or the pronoun -most commonly the verb, given the pro-drop feature of the language- is suffixed with one of the following particles:

::{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=2 style="text-align:left"| Particle
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vn, -an, -on} /C_''' || -Vn > [√a, o]
|-
| -an > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C]
|-
| -on > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C]
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vt, -at, -ot} /C_''' || -Vt > [√a, o]
|-
| -at > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C]
|-
| -ot > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C]
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vk, -ak, -ok} /C_''' || -Vk > [√a, o]
|-
| -ak > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C]
|-
| -ok > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C]
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vs̆, -as̆, -os̆} /C_''' || -Vs̆ > [√a, o]
|-
| -as̆ > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C]
|-
| -os̆ > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C]
|-
|}

This would render the aforementioned sentence (''"Tavar hit Perit. He cried"'') into the unambiguously marked:

:{|
|-
| colspan=6| ''‹anTavar sakĕssiteš tenPerit. Lamma xabaxlitešen›''
|-
| /an.ta.ˈvaɾ || sa.ˈkøs.si.teʃ || ten.pe.ˈɾit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || ˈlam.ma || xa.ˈbax.li.te.ʃen/
|-
| {an-Tavar || sa-kĕs-siteš || ten-Perit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || Ø-lam-ma || xa-bax-liteš-'''en'''}
|-
| {an-Tavar || C₂a-kĕs-liteš || tVn-Perit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || Ø-lam-Ca || C₂a-bax-liteš-Ø-'''Vn'''}
|-
| {{sc|erg.anim.sg}}-Tavar || {{sc|perf}}-to.hit-{{sc|3s.anim.masc.npres}} || {{sc|abs.anim.sg}}-Perit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || {{sc|nom.anim.sg}}-{{sc|lam}}-{{sc|pron.sg}} || {{sc|perf}}-to.cry-{{sc|3s.anim.masc.npres.ind}}-'''{{sc|shift}}'''
|-
| colspan=6 | ''“Tavar hit Perit. He cried”''
|-
|}

''Tavar'' did the hitting, ''Perit'' the crying.
''

=====Use of the obviate=====

The obviative form of the tense-person marker, used to mark agreement of verbs with the less animate actor of a clause with different actors of the same semanticly adscribed degree of animacy, as it sepparates actors, can be used on its own to mark the shift in referent within a single clause, while the anaphoric reference shift particle can also be used over longer discourse segments.

====Verbal compounding====

Two verbal roots are combined to convey a new meaning (see ''Derivational morphology: Special compositional functions of verbs'').


===Derivational morphology===

.
====Derivational affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan=5| Marker !! rowspan=2| Meaning
|-
! ‹› !! // !! {{sc|gloss}} !! Name !! Slot
|-
| -(i)ti || i.ti || {{sc|agen}} || agentive || || Derives agent nouns from other common nouns or from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to use the noun (instrumental construction) or to perform or partake in the verb's action.
|-
| -(s)im || sim || {{sc|agen}} || agentive || || The same as ''-(i)ti''. Mostly used for derivation from verbs.
|-
| -(r)in || ɾin || {{sc|agen}} || agentive || || The same as ''-(i)ti''. Mostly used for derivation from other common, but non-agent nouns.
|-
| -Can || [C]an || {{sc|res}} || resultative || || Derives nouns resulting of an action. (e.g. ''mar'' to.carve, ''marran'' carved.item, statue; ''mĕr'' to.write, ''mĕrran'' letter, written symbol)
|-
| y(V)- || j_ || {{sc|nlz}} || nominalizer || || (See ''"Nominalization of a locative adverb"'')
|-
| =la- || la || {{sc|hyl}} || hylic || 1 || Material commonly associated with the noun (e.g. ''-ne-'' trees, ''-ne=la-'' wood)
|-
| -aš || aʃ || {{sc|tool}} || tools || || Tool associated with the verb or noun which it modifies.
|-

|}

====Compounding====

=====Genitive compounds=====

Genitive compounds are usually binary structures of elements of the same or different parts of speech, though some tripartite compounds can arise. In binary structures, the first element is the determinatum (head element) of the compound. The following compositions are the most common:

:i) A noun₁+noun₂ compound: will yield a compound noun that pertains both elements.

:ii) A noun+verb compound: will yield a noun after the scheme: [noun]-used.for/used.to-[verb]

:iii) A verb₁+verb₂ compound: will yield a compound verb that pertains both elements

:iv) A verb+noun compound: will yield a verb after the scheme: [verb]>>[noun]

When a noun is the first element in a compound, it will be rendered in its construct state (CS) after the following scheme:

:(1) [√-C] → +V(√) if [√C-] | +V(√)m if [√V-]

:(2) [√-V] → +Ø if [√C-] | +m if [√V-]

<small>
::(1) If the root of noun₁ ends with a consonant, the CS of that root will be either i) √+V(√) if the root of noun₂/verb begins with a consonant or ii) √+V(√)m if it begins with a vowel.

::(2) If the root of noun₁ ends with a vowel, the CS of that root will be either i) √+Ø if the root of noun₂/verb begins with a consonant or ii) √+m if it begins with a vowel.
</small>

The roots of verbs have no CS and the morphemes are subject to regular sandhi phenomena.

Examples:

Composition i) noun₁+noun₂

::{|
|-
| Noun₁: ''ĕl'' /øl/ flesh; CS: ''√''+''V(√)'' → ''ĕlĕ-'' {ĕl=ĕ}
|-
| Noun₂: ''ne'' /ne/ trees {tree:COL}
|-
|
|-
| ''‹ĕlĕne›''
|-
| /ˈø.lø.ne/
|-
| {ĕl=ĕ-ne}
|-
| {flesh=CS-tree:COL}
|-
| ''“tree-flesh; wood”''
|}

Composition ii) noun+verb

::{|
|-
| Noun: ''kaš'' /kaʃ/ sticks {stick:COL}; CS: ''√''+''V(√)'' → ''kaša-'' {kaš=a}
|-
| Verb: ''kĕs'' /køs/ to hit
|-
|
|-
| ''‹kašakĕs›''
|-
| /ˈka.ʃa.køs/
|-
| {kaš=a-kĕs}
|-
| {stick:COL=CS-to.hit}
|-
| ''“hit-sticks; clubs, maces”''
|-
|}

Composition iii) verb₁+verb₂

::{|
|-
| Verb₁: ''mĕn'' /ˈmøn/ to.fly
|-
| Verb₂: ''koteš'' /ko.ˈteʃ/ to.hand.over
|-
|
|-
| ''‹mĕngoteš›''
|-
| /ˈmøn.go.teʃ/
|-
| {mĕn-koteš}
|-
| {to.fly-to.hand.over}
|-
| ''"to fly”'' (transitive)
|-
|}

Composition iv) verb+noun

::{|
|-
| Verb: ''max'' /max/ to.cut
|-
| Noun: ''nela'' /ne.la/ {ne=la} trees-HYL, wood
|-
|
|-
| ''‹maxnela›''
|-
| /ˈmax.ne.la/
|-
| {max-(ne=la)}
|-
| {to.cut-wood}
|-
| ''“to cut wood; woodcutting”''
|-
|}

=====Special compositional functions of verbs=====

There are some verbs that, being the determinans in a type iii composition (verb₂), act differently than in isolation or as the determinatum of such a composition.

'''- The verbs''' '''''‹kĕs›''''' '''/køs/ to.hit and''' '''''‹huš›''''' '''/ˈhɯʃ/ to.burn.'''

They may both act like intensifiers, either forming new lexemes or acting as intensive aspect marker. The verb ''kĕs'' to.hit is mostly used for motion verbs, the verb ''huš'' to.burn mostly for stative or abstract verbs.

Examples:

'''''to.cleave'''''
:{|
|-
| Verb₁: ''max'' /max/ to.cut
|-
|Verb₂: ''kĕs'' /køs/ to.hit
|-
|
|-
| ''‹mankĕs›''
|-
| /ˈman.køs/
|-
| {max-kĕs}
|-
| {to.cut-to.hit}
|-
| ''“to.cleave”''
|-
|}

'''''to.glare'''''
:{|
|-
|Verb₁: ''ala'' /ˈa.la/ to.see
|-
|Verb₂: ''huš'' /ˈhɯʃ/ to.burn
|-
|
|-
| ''‹alahuš›''
|-
| /ˈa.la.hɯʃ/
|-
| {ala-huš}
|-
| {to.see-to.burn}
|-
| ''“to.glare”''
|-
|}

=====Dative compounds=====

Dative compounds are binary structures, mainly nominal compounds that portray some form of possession (dativus possesivus). The elements can be nominal roots or nominalized verbal roots, adjectives and adverbs. The compositions follow the structure noun₁+noun₂, where the first element is the determinatum (head element) of the compound.

The elements of the dative compound are preceded by the pertinent dative case marker DAT depending on the gender and number of the determinatum. Furthermore, the determinatum is suffixed as follows:

:(1) [√-C] → -i if [√C-] | -Ø if [√V-]

:(2) [√-V] → -Ø if [√C-] | -t if [√V-]

::(1) If the root of noun₁ ends with a consonant, then it will be suffixed either with –i/-ĭ if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant or not suffixed if it begins with a vowel.

::(2) If the root of noun₁ ends with a vowel, then it will be either not suffixed if the root of noun₂ begins with a consonant, or with -t if it begins with a vowel.

The determinatum suffix is glossed with DS (“determinatum suffix”). The morphemes are then subject to regular sandhi phenomena.

This kind of “triple” marking of the dererminatum (syntactically, through the position in the compound, and morphologically, through prefixation of DAT and suffixation as described above) allows that one of the two morphological ones can be dropped, most typically the DAT prefixation. As the compound attained through a dative of possession can be treated as a noun, this allows for the absolutive case marker ABS to be attached directly to the determinatum instead of to the DAT.

Examples:

'''''-C·C-'''''

''Regular form''

:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALMARAX NELEMER}}
|-
| bVl-mar-Vx nelem-Vr Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET forests-COL.DET-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
|-
| The forests of the hill
|-
|}

''Compound form''

:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALLARINELEM}}
|-
| bVl-mar-i-nelem-Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-forests-COL.DET-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are forests” > “the hill has forests”
|-
| The forests of the hill
|-
|}

''Regular form''

:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALMARAX NĒR}}
|-
| bVl-mar-Vx ne-Vr Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-SG.DET trees-COL.DET-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
|-
| The trees of the hill
|-
|}

''Compound form''

:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| {{cardosmall|BALLARINE}}
|-
| bVl-mar-i-ne-Ø
|-
| DAT.SG.INAN-hills-DS-trees-IND
|-
| “to the hill, there are trees” > “the hill has trees”
|-
| The trees of the hill
|-
|}


This kind of compounding is also used to form many words referring to places where something is made or found. This takes different general descriptive words for different kinds of places as determiners in the DEF.SING form. For buildings, it takes the word house, en. For open spaces, it takes the word field, bĕ.

For instance, ‘bakery’ would be '''''bŭllŭkenex''''' {bVl-vŭk-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to breads, the house”. Furthermore, the word for arsenal or armory, both “weapon storage” and “weapon manufacture”, would be '''''balgašenex''''' {bVl-kaša(s̆)-Ø-en-Vx}, literally “to weapons, the house” (SEE NOUN-VERB COMPOUNDS).

====Nominalization====

NLZ
‹y(V)-›
/j_/
{jV-}

=====Nominalization of a verb=====

A verb can be nominalized through the reduplication of the verbal root, which undergoes a mutation of its onset. Regular sandhi rules also apply to this forms. This yields a noun that is an instance of the action conveyed by the verb. This compositions take the following forms:

'''Replacement of the first consonant through /m/ in the iteration''': [√-C], [√-V] → √C·{C>m}V-

-fricative

:''kĕs'' to.hit _________ ''kĕsmĕs'' strikes

:''max'' to.cut ________ ''maxmax'' cuts

-nasal

:''vun'' to.grow _______ ''vunnun'' (<''vunmun'') growth

:''mĕn'' to.fly ________ ''mĕnnĕn'' (<''mĕnmĕn'') flights

-liquid

:''mŭr'' to.(be).ill ______ ''mŭrmŭr'' illnesses

:''bul'' to.go __________ ''bullul'' (<''bulmul'') ways

-vowel

:''reta'' to.eat _______ ''retama'' (''retam’a'' < ''retameta'') meals

'''Lenition of stops''': [√-C], [√-V] → √C·{C+lenition}V-

-nasal

-liquid

-vowel

:''vun'' to.grow _______ ''vunnun'' (<''vunmun'') growth

'''Epenthesis of /b/''': VC roots → VC·{b}·VC

:''ĕl'' to.__ _________ ''ĕppĕl'' (<''ĕlbĕl'') ___

:''on'' to.__ _________ ''ommon'' (<''onbon'') ___

:''ŭr'' to.speak _______ ''ŭrbŭr'' speech

:''ala'' to.perceive ________ ''alabal(a)''

Verbs that are already composite are normally nominalized with the prefixation of the nominalizer NLZ y(V)- to this same effect.

=====Nominalization of a locative adverb=====

A locative (essive) adverbs can be nominalized with use of the nominalizer prefix NLZ y(Y)-. In contrast to what happens with locative and lative adverbs on their own, nominalized locative adverbs can be modified by grammatical case and become the theme (T) or object (O) of a sentence


:E.g.:

:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''‹nekilixtir›'' || {{pipe}} || ''‹yenekilixtir›''
|-
| /ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/ || {{pipe}} || /je.ˈne.ki.lix.tiɾ/
|-
| {ne·kil·Vx·tVr} || {{pipe}} || {yV·ne·kil·Vx·tVr}
|-
| tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME || {{pipe}} || NLZ-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
|-
| "on top of some trees" || {{pipe}} || "the top of some trees"
|-
|}

From wich, for instance:

:{| class=""wikitable
|-
| colspan=2| ''‹xomaxram yēkennekilixtir›''
|-
| colspan=2| /xo.ˈma.xɾam ˈjeː.ken.ne.ki.ˌlix.tiɾ/
|-
| colspan=2| { xo·max·ram ye·eken·ne·kil·ix·tir}
|-
| {C₂o max-hɾam || {{pipe}}yV·VkVn·ne·kil·Vx·tVr}
|-
| PER.ANIM-to.cut-NPR.ANIM.MASC.1S || {{pipe}}NLZ-ABS.INAN.PL-tree-SUP-DET.PL-SOME
|-
| colspan=2| "I (masc.) cut (past) the top of some trees"
|-
|}

====Hypocoristics====

Some hypocoristics have since been lexicalized (e.g. yĕmĕr writing, yĕmĕrĭš “little writing” > letter)


=====Diminutives=====

-iš/-ĭš

=====Augmentatives=====

-(h)kur/-(h)kŭr


==SYNTAX==

===Morphosyntactic allignment===

i) transitive verbs (A) – (V) – (O)

ii) intransitive verbs (S) – (V)

iii) ditransitive verbs (A) – (V) – (T) – (O)

(S) NOM

(A) ERG

(T) DAT

(O) i) ABS, iii) ACC

===Word order===

(S)-V-(O/A)-V-(T)-(O)

A/N

=Lexicon=
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.



=Samples=

==Words:==

{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|''anaramĕnkram''
|-
|/a.na.ɾa.ˈmøn.kɾam/
|-
|aC₂ara-møn-hram
|-
|{{sc|per.prog.anim}}-to.fly-{{sc|1s.mas.n.pres}}
|-
|"I was flying"
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|''alāšax''
|-
|/ˈa.laː.ʃax/
|-
|ala-aš-Vx
|-
|to.perceive-{{sc|tool}}-{{sc|def.singulative}}
|-
|"the pair of glasses"
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic:
|-
|''alahuš''
|-
|/ˈa.la.hɯʃ/
|-
|ala-huš
|-
|to.perceive-to.burn
|-
|"to glare"
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-09-29T18:44:28Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Background */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided at the top level in seven administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.

:{{sc|i}}· ''i-Étrir'' /ʔi.ˈʔei̯.tɾiɾ/ > „the standing“, southern mark; “Southmark” SOUTHMARK (south-west)

:{{sc|ii}}· ''i-Jókláran'' /ʔi.ˈju̜.klai̯.ɾɐn/ > “the fjords”, western mark; “Westermark”, “Fjordmark” WESTMARK

::· ''i-Dehráleþ'' /ʔi.ˈde̞.hɾai̯.le̞θ/ >> “the cliffed”, northern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran NORTHERN-WESTMARK
:::Sounds like “i-Dehláreþ”, which would mean “Bigflower”, and some would refer to it like that as a compliment or display of local pride.

::· ''i-Árháfr'' /ʔi.ˈʔɑi̯ɾ.hɑi̯.fɾ̩/ >> “the shorebend”, southern shoreside of Mark i-Jókláran SOUTHERN-WESTMARK

:{{sc|iii}}· ''i-Fóþrhir'' /ʔi.ˈfu̜.θɾ̩.hiɾ/ > northeastern mark; “Ridgemark” NORTHERN-EASTMARK

:{{sc|iv}}· ''i-Branárlåjn'' /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑ.nɐi̯ɾ.ˌlɑi̯n/ > “longbend valley”, higher valley of the great river SOUTHERN-EASTMARK

:{{sc|v}}· ''i-Þistelåjn'' /ʔi.ˈθis.te̞.lɑi̯n/ > “mouth/gape valley”, lower valley of the great river VALLEYBEND MARK

:{{sc|vi}}· ''i-Branháfrjók'' /ʔi.ˈb̥ɾɑn.hai̯.ˌfɾju̜k/ > “the long beach shore(line)" LONGSHORE MARK

:{{sc|vii}}· ''i-Elugrujifjórd'' /je̞.ˈlu.gɾu.ji.fju̜ɾd̥/ > “the grabbed port”, metonymic name for the Islemark ISLEMARK

<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Marking hierarchy===

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-09-28T12:43:52Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Background */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.


<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Marking hierarchy===

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-09-28T12:33:35Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Background */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified:

:· ''Ancient I Kronurum'' (AIK),

:· ''Old I Kronurum'' (OIK),

:· ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and

:· ''Modern I Kronurum'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle I Kronurum'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Marks or "defended regions" (''Igódánafáreþ'' /ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the Hold.
<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Marking hierarchy===

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-09-26T23:51:37Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Verb conjugation paradigms */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: ''Ancient IK'' (AIK), ''Old IK'' (OIK), ''Middle IK'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and ''Modern IK'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle IK'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called ''Igódánafáreþ'' (/ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/; "Marks"), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the hold.
<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}). The following table displays a collapsed view of the morphemic structures involved, grouping identical elements together:

{|
|-
|

|
|-
|}

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Marking hierarchy===

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Yrḳuti]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]]

I Kronurum

2017-09-22T17:15:32Z

Nicolasstraccia: /* Verb conjugation paradigms */

{{privatelang}}

{{Infobox language
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
|name=Middle ''I Kronurum''
|nativename=''"that which is spoken"''
|pronunciation=/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project
|-
|states=The ''Marks of Ifarka'' (i-Étrir, i-Jókláran, i-Fóþrhir, [...]) and some exclaves under their influence

|familycolor=Tai-Kadai
|fam1=Northern Languages
|ancestor=Proto-Northern
|ancestor2=[...]
|ancestor3=Ancient IK
|ancestor4=Old IK
|ancestor5=Early Middle I Kronurum
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Gothic script|Gothic]], native
|iso3=qkm
|-
|notice=IPA
}}

The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project.

<br/>
=Background=
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the [[Northern Languages]] linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this Central Branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: ''Ancient IK'' (AIK), ''Old IK'' (OIK), ''Middle IK'' (MIK; together with ''Early-MIK'', EMIK) and ''Modern IK'' (MoIK; together with ''Early-MoIK'', EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of ''Middle IK'' (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'', which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called ''Igódánafáreþ'' (/ʔi.ˈgu̜.dɑi̯.nɐ.ˌfɑi̯.ɾe̞θ/; "Marks"), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the hold.
<br/>

=Grammar=

====In a nutshell:====

OSV

A/N

Pro-drop

[...]

==PHONOLOGY==

===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>

<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}

====Vowel allophony====

'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

====Umlaut and diphthongs by umlaut====

In the course from Old Ikronurum to Middle Ikronurum the OIK long vowels suffered a process of diphthongization which replaced their ''phonemic length contrast'' distinction. Since there is a certain, albeit small, change in the quality of the vowels as compared with their short counterparts (lowered vowels appear to be heightened -normalized- as part of the diphthong), these are called "diphthongs by umlaut".

Evolution of the OIK long vowels through to the MIK diphthong:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="2"| OIK !! colspan="2"| EMIK !! colspan="2"| MIK
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ā⟩ || /ɑə̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨á⟩ || /ɑi̯/~[ai̯]~[ɐi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ē⟩ || /eɪ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨é⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɘi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ī⟩ || /ɪi̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨í⟩ || /ei̯/~[ɛi̯]
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oː/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ō⟩ || /oʊ̯/ || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|⟨ó⟩ || /u̹/~[ʊ]
|-
|}

====Other diphtongs====

{|
|-
| ⟨i.o⟩ → /io̯/~/jo/(N/R) ||
|-
| ⟨oj⟩ → /o̞j/~/oi̯/ ||
|-
| ⟨ój⟩ → /u̜j/~/ui̯/ || E.g. "fish" ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/<sup>1</sup>, "fishy" ''strójrin'' /ˈstɾuj.ɾin/ [ˈstɾui̯.ɾin]
|-
|}

<small><sup>1</sup> the conservative pronunciation of ''strójr'' ranges between /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ and [ˈstɾu̹.ɟɾ̩]; a less conservative pronunciation is [ˈstɾu̹ɪ̯ɾ], which has regularized the diphthong and coalesced the word into a single syllable.</small>

===Consonants===

====Consonant inventory====

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| [ɲ]
| [ŋ]
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tap or flap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| [β]
| f
| θ ð
| s
| ʃ
|
| x [ɣ]
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
|
|
|
| [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| w
|
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

====Onset mutations====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; float:right;"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|p- /p/ ||f- /f/ ||f- /f/
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||ƕ- /hw/ ||p- /p/
|-
|t- /t/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/ ||d- /d/
|-
|ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||mw- /mʷ/~/w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||ñ- /ɲ/ ||ng- /ŋ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||lh- /ɬ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|w- /w/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ || w- /w/
|-
|j- /j/ ||ś- /ʃ/ ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||p- /p/
|-
|}

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. As the previous stages of the language get better and better documented, scientific speculation gives way to scientific fact.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are presented for pedagogical ends as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation is perceived as being triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and 'triggers' the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and 'triggers' the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹k› /k/, ‹h› /h/ and ‹g› /g/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. ''kramo'' {crow:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó hramen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} crow-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró gramo'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} crow:{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}

===Phonotaxis===

====Syllable structure====

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(S), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end only with a continuant (''S''), typically either a nasal, a rhotic, or an /s/.

====Sandhi====

These are some situations where sandhi rules apply. Generalized rules to follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| -/ren/-/rin/ → -/relin/, -/ro/-/rion/ → -/rolion/ || ash-coloured, grey ''agoróśigrelin'' {agor-ó-śigren-rin} → {agor-ó-śigrelin}
|-

|-
| -/u̜.j/- → -/ui̯/- || fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
|-
| -/m/·/b/- → -/mb̥/- || small animal ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
|-
| /bl/- → -/b̥l/ || blód /ˈb̥lu̹d̥/
|-
| -/Vg/·/l/- → -/Vg̊l/- || portion, part, section ''abágli'' / ˈʔɑ.bai̯.g̊li /
|-
| -/ɾ/·/d/-, -/l/·/d/- → -/ɾ.d̥/-, -/l.d̥/- || _ ''balda'' /ˈbɑl.d̥ɐ/
|-
| -/d/ → -/d̥/ || flax ''ljód'' /ˈlju̹d̥/
|-
| -/ɾ/·/ð/- → -/ɾ.d/- || _ ''larða'' **/ˈlɑɾ.ðɐ/ → /ˈlɑɾ.dɐ/
|-
| -/t/·/n/- → -/d/- || In the case of the attenuative infix ‹t›, e.g.:
to work, to labour ''hénur'' /ˈhei̯.nuɾ/ → to do chores ''hé·t·nur'' > ''hédur'' /ˈhei̯.duɾ/
|-
| -n-t- → -nd̥- || won-tró-ƕartagra → wondróƕarta [ˈwo̞n.d̥ɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ]
|-
| /lu/-/wa/- → /ˈlu.ʔa/- || to strike, to hit ''waŕtur'' /ˈwɑr.tuɾ/ → to beat ''lu·waŕtur'' > ''luaŕtur'' /ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ/
|-
| /θVθ/→/θVt/ || <jóneþóþanen>→<jóneþótanen>
|-
| -/θ/·/k/- → -/θː/- || noþþánur (< noþ-kánur)
|-
| -/ɾ/·/r/- → -/r/- || ar-ŕó /ˈʔɑɾ/+/ˈru̹/ → ''aŕó'' /ʔɑ.ˈru̹/ emptily (empty-ADV)
|-
| larnnirin → larnirin || -nn- → -n- when ADJZ is added (word is longer)
|-
| -/_.ris/-/ris/- → -/_rissis/ || lexicalized+DAT-DAT
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-ris → [dafríra-rírahiŕissis]
|-
| -/_.ris/-/rum/- → -/_rissum/ || lexicalized+DAT-DET
[dafríra-rírahiŕis]-rum → [dafríra-rírahiŕisum]
|-
| -/rin/-/rum/ → -/rinnum/ || -ADJZ-DET
|-
|}

====Allophony====

Middle I·K has /g/ surfacing as:

1) [g̊] before consonants in word-medial morpheme boundaries*,

2) [ɣ] intervocalically and in codas in word-medial position,

3) [x~χ] at word-final coda**, and

4) [g] elsewhere (which is practically in onsets, word initial or elsewhere -when not intervocallic-).

<nowiki>*</nowiki> a fortition which also happens to /d/ and /b/ in the same environments
<nowiki>**</nowiki> a -/g/•/h/- word medial morpheme boundary will generally collapse to [χ]

==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness. The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}} || √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || {{sc|and}} || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|acc}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}

====Grammatical case====

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| • Nominative
|-
| The nominative case marks both the subject of an intransitive verb phrase and the agent of a transitive verb phrase. It is morphologically unmarked, recognized as a null-morpheme (written as ∅; glossed: {{sc|nom}}). The nominative singular form, being the least marked possible, is the citation form of a noun.
|-
| • Accusative
|-
| The accusative case marks the object/patient of a transitive verb and marks personal pronouns for reflexivity and the middle voice. It is morphologically marked by the preposition ''tró'' (glossed: {{sc|acc.i}}); traditionally, a null-morpheme is also marked as suffixed to the noun (∅, glossed: {{sc|acc.ii}}), probably by analogy with the genitive marking. The preposition ''tró'' triggers a second degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
|-
| • Genitive
|-
|The genitive case conveys the following meanings: origin (procedence, ablative and partitive genitive), possession (possessive genitive), topicality (“x-gen” → “about x”).

:It is morphologically marked by the preposition ó (glossed GEN.I), which presents an excrecent r before a vowel, and the suffix -(e)n (glossed GEN.II); e.g. ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/. The preposition ó triggers a first degree mutation in the following onset (see Onset mutations above).
:Some older genitive compounds, however, do not display the onset mutation of the second element (which follows the genitive preposition). For instance, the word ''hissóhéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ should be rendered as **''hissókéuren'' /ˈhi.sːu̹.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n/ (i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the ''Discrepance on onset mutations'' controversy.
|-
| • Dative
|-
| The dative case marks the theme argument of a distransitive verb phrase.
|-
| • Instrumental
|-
| The instrumental case has two basic functions: a plain instrumental marking for nouns of the inanimate and indefinite genders, and a commitative marking for animate nouns.
|-
| • Locative
|-
| The locative functions as a general locative and adessive locative. Locative phrases can be concatenated to specify a particular location within a broader location stated before (e.g. "''bághirliftó, héuraftó''“, "in the grove, by the river"; "''tr‘ostaftó, órostenaftó lugraftó''", "by him/her, in his/her hand").
|-
| • Allative
|-
| The allative marks, as a lative case, movement towards something. It can be used as a benefactive marker. With ditransitive verbs like "to inflict“, it marks the object/patient in stead of the accusative marker → «to.inflict {x}-{{sc|dat}} upon {Y}-{{sc|all}}».
|-
|}

=====Declension particles and affixes=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ∅ || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|acc}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: comitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}

====Grammatical number====

[Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective]

=====· Plural marking=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Plural form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-n'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/n/ || ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɑi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-an'' || {´}n || ‹´›-/ɐn/ ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-ran'' || {´}ran || ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ || ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-eþ''|| {´}eþ || ‹´›-/eθ/ || ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbɑi̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-aþ'' || aþ || -/ɐθ/ ||
|-
|}

====Definiteness====

The definiteness of a noun can be marked either with a numeral, stating the quantity of the noun, or by the determiner suffix ({{sc|det}}) ''-rum'' (See ''Derivational particles and affixes'' below).

- When used to mark the subject of a verb in the imperative voice, it serves the function of a ''vocative'' marker.

====Other forms====

=====· Diminutives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Diminutive form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-(e)jar'' || {´}(e)jar || ‹´›-/e̞.jɐɾ/ || ‹''gángrejar''›, ''little dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹som›* || rowspan="2"|/so̞m/ || rowspan="2"|‹''som lugr''›, ''little hand''; ‹''som breja''›, ''little animal''.
|-
| rowspan="3"|Inanimate
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-þu'' || {´}þu || ‹´›-/θu/ || ‹''bágaþu''›, ''little eye''
|-
| {{sc|umlaut}}+''-li'' || {´}li || ‹´›-/li/ || ‹''noþa''›, ''package''; ‹''nódali''›, ''bag''
|-
| Indefinite || {{sc|umlaut}}+''-isi'' || {´}(i)si || ‹´›-/isi/ || ‹''iarisi''›, ''sorrow'' (''little emptyness'')
|}

=====· Augmentatives=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender !! colspan="3"|Augmentative form !! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"|Animate || ''-ónr'' || (ó)nr || -/u̹.nɾ̩/ || ‹''gangrónr''›, ''big dog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{sc|preposition}} || rowspan="2"|‹det›* || rowspan="2"|/de̞t/ || rowspan="2"| ‹''det koŕa''›, ''big door''; ‹''det hlár''›, ''big flower''.
|-
| rowspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
| ''-lår'' || lår || -/lɑɾ/ || ‹''faltalår''›, ''big table''
|-
| Indefinite || ''-(a)śar'' || (a)śar || -/a.ʃɐɾ/ || ‹''grébaśar''›, ''great harm''
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The use of the particles ‹''det''› and ‹''som''› as diminutive and augmentative particles respectively may not be confused with their use in other forms. For the former, for instance, forms such as "''x-ful''", "''very x'', "''having x (n.)''" or "''very x (adj.)''", since it is not bound to the word it modifies, neither as an affix+word lexicalization (as in ‹''detjalatti''›, ''expected'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''i-alatti''› -"''expectation''"-); nor as an affix+word construction (as in ‹''det-hjol''›, ''with walls'', ''walled'', from ‹''det''› -"''with, having''"- and ‹''hjol''› -''wall''-).

Many of this both forms, diminutives and augmentatives, have been lexicalized, mainly in derivation of nouns of inanimate and indeterminate grammatical gender.

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the ''instrumental'' ({{sc|inst}}), ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}) and ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the ''third person indefinite'' ({{sc|3s.ind}} and {{sc|3p.ind}}) for all grammatical genders.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|Person !! colspan="7"|Grammatical case
|-
! {{sc|nom}} || {{sc|gen}} || {{sc|acc}} || {{sc|dat}} || {{sc|inst}} || {{sc|loc}} || {{sc|all}}
|-
! rowspan="5"|Singular
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹angr›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹ór angren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró angr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
| ‹angris›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
| ‹angrion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹angraftó›<br>/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹angorion›<br>/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹setr›<br>/ˈse̞.tr̩/
| ‹ó þetren›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
| ‹tró śetr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
| ‹setris›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾis/
| ‹setrion›<br>/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
| ‹setraftó›<br>/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
| ‹setorion›<br>/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹osta›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór osten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró osta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ostris›<br>/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹estrion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹estraftó›<br>/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
| rowspan="3"|‹estarion›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹masta›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
| ‹ó mwasten›<br>/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
| ‹tró wasta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
| ‹mastris›<br>/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹esta›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹ór esten›<br>/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
| ‹tró esta›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
| ‹estris›<br>/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
|-
! rowspan="5"|Plural
!colspan="2"|1
| ‹óstr›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹ór óstren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
| ‹tró óstr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
| ‹óstris›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
| ‹óstrion›<br>/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
| ‹óstraftó›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
| ‹óstrorion›<br>/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! colspan="2"|2
| ‹hagr›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹ó kagren›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
| ‹tró gagr›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
| ‹hagris›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
| ‹hagrion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
| ‹hagraftó›<br>/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
| ‹hagorion›<br>/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! rowspan="3"|3
! {{sc|anim}}
| ‹jóka›<br>/ˈju̜.kɐ/
| ‹ó jóbken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñóka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
| ‹jókris›<br>/ˈju̜.kɾis/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkrion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkaftó›<br>/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
| rowspan="3"|‹narkorion›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
|-
! {{sc|inan}}
| ‹méka›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
| ‹ó mwéken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
| ‹tró wéka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
| ‹mékris›<br>/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
|-
! {{sc|ind}}
| ‹narka›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹ó nwarken›<br>/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
| ‹tró ñarka›<br>/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
| ‹narkris›<br>/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

====Relatives: comparative and equative====

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is {{sc|x}}-er than {{sc|b}}'' (comparative)'''

In the case of comparative constructions, deviating from the norm, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the ''comparative construction'' (adjective plus ''compared-to noun'' or ''nominal phrase''). The ''compared-to'' term is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.than}} ''-(a)los'' (from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”). The adjective, in turn, is affixed with the comparative suffix {{sc|comp.more}} ''de-'' (from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”).

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · {{sc|comp}} || -(a)los || -/ɐlos/ || comparative || suffix. || From ''losi'', adj. “(to be) other”
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right;"
|-
| · det || /ˈde̞t/ || adjective particle, || (adj.) ''with x'', ''x-ful'', ''having x (n.)''; ''very x''
|-
|}

The structure of the comparative construction is:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; "
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| (theme, what is being described) || || {{sc|more}}-[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]-{{sc|than}}
|-
| [noun:{{sc|nom}}] || || ''de-''[adjective] || [compared-to-noun]''-(a)los''
|-
|}

For example:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[wolf/dog] || || {{sc|er}}-[small] || [house]-{{sc|than}}
|-
|[gangr] || || de-[som] || [þane]-los
|-
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
|-
| colspan="4"|"''a dog is smaller than a house''"
|-
|}

'''· ''{{sc|a}} is as {{sc|x}} as {{sc|b}}'' (equative)'''

''Perifrastic workaround: “as for A and B, their respective x-ity is equal”''

Relative forms use the following affixes:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
| {{sc|comp.more}} || de- || /de̞/- || ''compared-by'' adjective || from ''det'', adj. “with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)”
|-
| {{sc|comp.than}} || -(a)los || -/ɐ.lo̞s/ || ''compared-to'' noun || from ''losi'', adj. “(to be) the other”
|-
| {{sc|comp.as}} || -wes || -/we̞s/ || equative || from ''wesse'',adj. „(to be) equal“
|-
|}

====Superlatives====

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Grammatical gender
! colspan="3"|Superlative form
! Example
|-
| rowspan="2"| Animate
| ''-(n)aur''
| (n)aur
| -/nau̯ɾ/
| ‹''knegaur''›, ''the tallest'' (anim.)
|-
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Inanimate
| {{sc|preposition}}
| ‹dette›
| /de̞.tːɘ/
| (dette < det-det)
|-
| Indefinite
| ''-jós''
| jós
| -/ju̜s/
| ‹''netreriñós''›, ''the most orderly'' (ind.)
|}

For example, when used as the superlative of a certain group or list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; allign:right; text-align:center;"
|-
! [X] || (is) || {{sc|er}}-[α] || [Y]-{{sc|than}} || , || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [α] || [Z] || ({{sc|dat}} dem. pronoun)
|-
|[house] || || {{sc|er}}-[big] || [wolf/dog]-{{sc|than}} || || {{sc|but}} || {{sc|est}} || [big] || [mountain] || ({{sc|dem.distal.dat.pl}} “to them”)
|-
|[þane] || || de-[dag] || [gangr]-los || || harhaŕa || dette || [dag] || [fóþr] || (tréþraris)
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|‹''þane de-dag gangralos, harhaŕa dette dag fóþr tréþraris''›
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|"''a house is bigger than a dog, but a mountain is tallest (in respect) to them''"
|-
|}

====Colour terms====

Ikronurum has two classes of colour terms: a closed set, including ''basic colour terms'' and ''standardized derived colour terms'', and an open set, including further ''ad hoc colour terms'', which can be derived as needed.

All ''derived colour terms'', both ''standardized'' and ''ad hoc'', are constructed as ''genitive compounds'' composed of the word "colour" (''agoro'' /ˈʔɑ.go̞ɾo̞/) and the noun which carries the colour one wants to refer to; this compounds are then marked with the ''adjectivizer suffix'' {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''.

The verb used to refer to something being "of x colour“ is ''nontur'' /ˈno̞n.tuɾ/, "to.take.with, to.take.along, to.bring.with, to.bring.along; to.carry" (used also with flavours and some attributes to convey the meaning of "having X“, e.g. "having strength", or "being X“, e.g. "being sweet").

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="5"| Basic colour terms
|-
| alta || ˈʔɑl.tɐ || n || in || green
|-
| áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi || adj || q || black
|-
| us || ˈʔus || adj || q || white
|-
| mól || ˈmu̹l || adj || q || blue, azure
|-
| þír || ˈθei̯ɾ || adj || q || brown, dun
|-
| ... || || || ||
|-
! colspan="5"| Derived colour terms (agor-ó-X.en-rin, colour-of-X.of-{{sc|adjz}})
|-
| agoróśigrelin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌʃi.gɾɘ.lin || adj || q || ash-coloured, grey (agor-ó-śigren-rin) → (agor-ó-śigrelin)
|-
| agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin || adj || q || blood-coloured, red (agor-ó-kennan-rin) → (agor-ó-kenallin)
|-
| agoróparkarin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌpɑɾ.kɐ.ɾin || adj || q || earth-coloured, brownish black (agor-ó-parkan-rin)
|-
|}

===Verbal morphology===

Verbs are marked for person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice. The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! {{sc|preposition}} !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}

====Verb conjugation paradigms====

There are five basic verb conjugation paradigms or classes ({{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}}, {{sc|iv}} and {{sc|v}}).

For detailed tables of each paradigm see [[I_Kronurum_verb_conjugation_paradigms|here]].

====Verbal aspect markers====

Almost all verbal aspect markers are prefixed to the root. Only the attenuative aspect marker {{sc|atten}} is infixed between the root and the declension suffix (in this cases, sandhi rules may apply to it).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| {{sc|aspect}}
! rowspan="2"| {{sc|marker}}
! colspan="2"| {{sc|theme}}
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! {{sc|consonant}}
! {{sc|vowel}}
|-
| Continuous
| {{sc|cont}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| Ø- (unmarked)
| ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, ''I’m speaking Ikronurum''
|-
| Gnomic
| {{sc|gnom}}
| [conjugated verb] ini
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /ˈʔi.ni/
| (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, ''I speak Ikronurum''
|-
| Perfect
| {{sc|perf}}
| style="text-align:center"| j(ó)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ju̹.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ˈjV/-
| Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› 
|-
| Imperfect
| {{sc|imp}}
| style="text-align:center"| ke-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈ/-
| style="text-align:center"| /ke̞.ˈʔ/-
| Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel.
|-
| Intensive1
| {{sc|int1}}
| style="text-align:center"| ja(g)-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| /jɑˈɣ/-
| Movement: to.walk → to.parade
|-
| Intensive2
| {{sc|int2}}
| style="text-align:center"| a(l)-
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈ/
| style="text-align:center"| /ʔɑ.ˈlV/
| Abstract: to.wish → to.hope
|-
| Attenuative
| {{sc|atten}}
| style="text-align:center"| -(e)t-
| style="text-align:center"| -/ɘt/-
| style="text-align:center"| -/t/-
| (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water)
|-
|}

====Particles and affixes====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pvm}} || Passive voice marker || þar || /ˈθɑɾ/ || particle/preposition ||
|-
| {{sc|aux}} || Auxiliar particle || gar || /ˈgɑɾ/ || particle/preposition || "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri»
|-
| {{sc|hort}} || Hortative particle || heŕan || /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ || particle/preposition || [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb]
|-
| {{sc|neg}} || Negation of an action || ren || /ˈre̞n/ || particle/preposition || (it won’t x, it doesn’t x)
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|}

===Marking hierarchy===

===Derivational morphology===
'''· Nominalizer ({{sc|nmlz}})'''

''Derivation of nouns from verbs (deverbal nouns):''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[verb in the infinitive]

''Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:''

: {{sc|nmlz}}-[adjective/{{sc|ppl}}]

: dag, ''big''; i-dag, ''bigness''.

''Nominalization of past participles''
When a past participle is nominalized to mean “one or any instance of this deverbal form”, a contraction of the participial suffix happens as follows:

: [-nuri → -ni], [-turi → -ti], [-ruri → -ri], [-juri → -ji].

''Deverbal adjectives''

: verb.{{sc|inf}}+{{sc|adjz}}

''Denominal adjectives''

: - {{sc|adjz}} ''-rin''

: - “with” (''det-'')

: - “without” (''har-'')

: - verb:
:''nontur'' “to.take.with/along, to.bring.with/along; to.carry” → “to.have [noun+ACC]” → “to be [adj]”, e.g.
:: “to.have strength-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be strong”

:: “to.have sweetness-{{sc|acc}}” → “to be sweet”

====Derivational particles and affixes====

<br>
'''· Grammatical'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nmlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}

''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}

[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]

= "''was ich spreche''", “''that what I’m speaking''”; speech, language.

|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(u)ŕó || -/u.ˈru̹/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-

|}

'''· Lexical and partially grammaticalized lexical forms'''

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ''ríra'', “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.

''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From ''nara'', “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|place}} || Associated place || -fér || -/fei̯ɾ/ || suffix || From ''féra'', “place”.
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From ''hitr'', “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
|}

===Discourse particles===
<br>

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align:left" | List of discourse particles
|-
! style="text-align:left" | Type !! <> !! [] !! style="text-align:left" | Translation !! style="text-align:left" | Notes
|-
| adjective || det || ˈde̞t || with || ''with x, x-ful, having x'' (n.); ''very x'' (adj.)
|-
| adjective || har || ˈhɑɾ || without || ''without; no x, not x, un-x, x-less''
|-
| adverbial || feŕ || ˈfe̞r|| thus ||
|-
| adverbial || pórhaŕa || ˈpʰu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ || whenever || “each-while”
|-
| adverbial || ídihaŕa || ˈʔei̯.di.ha.rɐ || always || “all-while”
|-
| adverbial || sig || ˈsix || until ||
|-
| adverbial || haŕa || ˈhɑ.rɐ || while || When used figuratively: “''while x, y''” - Order: “''while X, Y then[=won] Z''”
|-
| adverbial || won || ˈwo̞n || then ||
|-
| connective || ána || ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ || so, therefore ||
|-
| connective || -ór || -u̹ɾ || and || suffix, word connector
|-
| connective || || || or || word or sentence disjunctor
|-
| connective || om || ˈʔo̞m || and/or ||
|-
| connective || harhaŕa || ˈhɑɾ.ha.rɐ || but || “not-while”
|-
| connective || man || ˈmɑn || so || Ger. ''also''; “and” as coordinator of propostitions
|-
| connective || hurman || huɾ.ˈmɑn || “''and so, indeed, ...''” ||
|-
| connective || as || ˈʔɑs || because (of) || +{{sc|gen}}
|-
| connective || nwo || ˈnʷo̞ || that || (''hen-won'', "this-then") Ger. ''dass'' - Used with “I experience (see, hear, etc) that ...”
|-
| connective || losihiraftó || ˈlo̞.si.hi.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ || “''as for the rest, ...''” || From ''losihirum-aftó'', the.rest-{{sc|loc}} (''losihir’aftó'', the {{sc|det}} ''-rum'' is dropped)
|-
| connective<nowiki>/</nowiki> <br> adverbial || losiŕó || lo̞.si.ˈru̹ || otherwise || {{sc|adv.m}} “other-ly, in the manner of the.other”, introduces an option
|-
| hortative || heŕan || ˈhe̞.rɐn || “''let’s ...''” || preposition; [{{sc|hort}}]+[pers.pron.+{{sc|dat}}]+[verb]
|-
| intensifier || hur || ˈhuɾ || indeed || intensifier
|-
| negation || || || no || of a proposition, of a sentence
|-
| negation || ren || ˈre̞n || not || negation of an action (''it won’t x, it doesn’t x'', etc)
|-
| subord || nun || ˈnun || which, RLTZ2 || introduces non-restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| subord || fror || ˈfɾo̞ɾ || which, RLTZ1 || introduces restrictive bound finite relative clauses
|-
| || pórja || ˈpʰu̜.ɾjɐ || whatever || “each-any”
|-
| || og || ˈʔo̞x || hence ||

|-
|}

===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====

===Proper nouns===

Proper nouns can have forms which are inconsistent with the current vocabulary. Some of this oddities come from older compounding strategies and words, or are the result of loan translations into Ikronurum.
For example, the name Faradur, meaning “horse-son”, is not the word for foal, DURÓPARAN, which is a horse’s son. Likewise the surname Artassarir, meaning “swordsmith, swordmaker”, is not the word for swordsmith, ASSARIRÓARTEN, which is the proper name of the occupation.

====Anthroponyms====

An Ikronurum name consists minimally of a first name and a surname.
First names
Surnames are typically either occupational (e.g. “swordmaker”), genitive (e.g. “of Greenwall”) or patronymic (e.g. Dur-Kríhrafr), amongst which the oldest can be found.
Each spouse may carry the surname of the other after their own, prefixed with Det-, “with”, while a widow/er may use Har-, “without”.

For example:

{| class=""wikitable
|-
| ''Faradur Ór-Altahjol'' || → || /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ.duɾ || ʔu̹ɾ.ˈʔɑl.tɐ.hjo̞l/ || || "Horse-son || of Greenwall"
|-
| ''Énor''* ''Artassarir'' || → || /ˈʔei̯.no̞ɾ || ˈʔɑɾ.ta.sːɐ.ɾiɾ/ || || "Bear(paw) || Swordmaker"
|-
| ''Héurbrok Dur-Kríhrafr'' || → || /ˈhei̯.uɾ.bɾo̞k || duɾ.ˈkɾei̯.ˌhɾɐ.fɾ̩/ || || "Riverstone || son of Eaglewing"
|-
| *<small>(Énor < Énorag)</small>
|-
| colspan=7| A name with first name, surname and spouse’s surname:
[Énor Ór-Altahjol Har-Artassarir]
“Bearpaw of Greenwall, widower of Swordwright”
|-
|}

Older genitive names, like some older genitive compounds, dont suffix the word with -(e)n; for example, the surname “Ór-Altahjol” would become the Middle IK rendering **Ór-Altahjolen, but in this stage of the language a similar form would only be used to indicate actual procedence, regardless of the procedence which birthed the surname in the first place. One could have a “Faradur Ó-pBrankóg, ór Artahjolen”, being “Horse-son of Longmoor, of[=from] Artahjol”.

Nicknames derived from first names follow different regional traditions. While in the southern marks names are typically clipped (e.g. Faradur → Far, Fare, Faru), in the northern marks names tend to be modified by merging of the first and last syllables (e.g. Faradur → Fadu). Islanders generally prefer clippings marked as diminutives (Faradur → Fárejar).
Nicknames not derived from first-names but from the individual’s character include a rather wide array of motifs and themes, such as nature (animals, landscape features), auspicious or desirable characteristics (habilities, expertises) and objects associated with such characteristics (“sword” for the cunning, “boat” for the swift, “beam” for the strong), amongst others.

====Toponyms====

There is a variety of toponymical forms for the names of topological and anthropogenic landmarks, which are used exclusively in the formation of ''toponymical proper nouns''. Though derived from the common nouns, some of the toponymical forms can vary notably.

Groups: A) anthropogenic structures; B) abrupt terrain; C) waterfront; D) plain terrain; E) vegetation and other terrain; F) waterways.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Group || colspan=4| Toponymical form
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|a}}
|-
| {{sc|hamlet}}
| -þåjn
| -/θɑi̯n/
| ''top.'' “-ham”, from ''þánerum'', hamlet
|-
| {{sc|town}}
| -þåjl
| -/θɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' “-ton”, from ''-þåjnl'', in turn from ''þánelår'', town
|-
| {{sc|path}}
| -års
| -/ɑɾs/
| ''top.'' from ''arso'', path, way; street, road
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|b}}
|-
| {{sc|hill}}
| -neþ || -/nɘθ/
| ''top.'' from ''neþo'', hill
|-
| {{sc|valley}}
| -låjn
| -/lɑi̯.n/
| ''top.'' from ''lánr'', valley
|-
| {{sc|cove}}
| -lor || -/lo̞ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''lora'', cavity; nook, cranny; cove, bay
|-
| {{sc|chasm}}
| -luþ
| -/luθ/
| ''top.'' from ''luþlor'', “deep cavity”, pit, chasm; well
|-
| {{sc|cliff}}
| -hråjl
| -/hɾɑi̯l/
| ''top.'' from ''hrál'', cliff; out-jutting rock, Sp. ''farallón''
|-
! rowspan=6|{{sc|c}}
|-
| {{sc|sea}}
| -jår
| -/jɑɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''jarl'', sea
|-
| {{sc|bay}}
| -fjór
| -/fju̜ɾ/
| ''top.'' from ''fjór'', pond, shallow lake; shallow bay
|-
| {{sc|port}}
| -fjórd
| -/fju̜ɾd̥/
| ''top.'' port, haven (< fjórþ, fjór-þåjn, fjór-þánerum)
|-
| {{sc|beach}}
| -håjf
| -/hɑi̯f/
| ''top.'' from ''háfr'', beach, shoreline
|-
| {{sc|shore}}
| -jók
| -/ju̜k/
| ''top.'' from ''jóke'', border, Ger. ''Rand''; side, coast
|-
! rowspan=3|{{sc|d}}
|-
| {{sc|land}}
| -får(k)
| -/fɑɾk/
| ''top.'' region, region-name; from ''farka'', earth
|-
| {{sc|field}}
| -lól
| -/lu̹l/
| ''top.'' from ''lótli'', field
|-
! rowspan=4|{{sc|e}}
|-
| {{sc|forest}}
| -bågh
| -/bɑx/
| ''top.'' from ''baghir'', forest
|-
| {{sc|grove}}
| -båjg
| -/bɑi̯x/
| ''top.'' from ''bághirli'', grove
|-
| {{sc|swamp}}
| -kóg
| -/kʰu̹x/
| ''top.'' from ''kóg'', bog, moor, swamp
|-
! rowspan=2|{{sc|f}}
|-
| {{sc|creek}}
| -hel
| -/he̞l/
| ''top.'' from ''héur'', creek, river
|-
|}

====Demonyms====

==Syntax==

Word order per sentence type

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! colspan="3"|Sentence type !! Constituent order !! Constituent marking
|-
| rowspan="4"|Declarative sentences || rowspan="3"|Active sentences || Intransitive verbs || SV || {{sc|nom-v}}
|-
| Monotransitive verbs || OSV || {{sc|acc-nom-v}}
|-
| Ditransitive verbs || OTSV || {{sc|acc-dat-nom-v}}
|-
| colspan="2"|Passive sentences || SOV || {{sc|nom-acc-pvm-v}}
|-
| rowspan="4" colspan="3"|Interrogative sentences (focus fronting) || OQSV || {{sc|acc-q-nom-v}}
|-
| SQOV || {{sc|nom-q-acc-v}}
|-
| TQOSV || {{sc|dat-q-acc-nom-v}}
|-
| VQOS || {{sc|v-q-acc-nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"|Imperative sentences || OVS || {{sc|acc-v-nom+det}}
|}

Imperative sentences put the issuée of the command at the end of the sentence and marked as determinate (both common and proper nouns). This counts as a vocative marking of the argument, achieved through conjunct use of determiner marking ({{sc|det}} ''-rum-'') and a syntactical alteration of the neutral word order (OVS instead of OSV). Nevertheless, most of the time whenever a proper name is not involved the pronoun is dropped and the sentence consists of the conjugated verb and verbal derivational morphology only.

==Lexicon==
<br/>
Citation forms:

'''·''' Nouns: nominative singular;

'''·''' Adjectives: nominative singular

'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active.

===Leipzig-Jakarta list===

Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Ikronurum have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || colspan="2"| I Kronurum
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› || style="text-align:center;"| //
|-
|ant || urna || ˈʔuɾ.nɐ
|-
|arm || nidr || ˈni.dɾ̩
|-
|hand || lugr || ˈlu.gɾ̩
|-
|ash || sigr || ˈsi.gɾ̩
|-
|back || ikanrin || ʔi.ˈkɑn.ɾin
|-
|big || dag || ˈdɑx
|-
|bird || unda || ˈʔun.dɐ
|-
|to bite (human) || þistånur || ˈθis.tɑ.nuɾ
|-
|to bite (animal) || ðanur || ˈðɑ.nuɾ
|-
|bitter || ljur || ˈljuɾ
|-
|black || áþi || ˈʔɑi̯.θi
|-
|blood || henna || ˈhe̞.nːɐ
|-
|to blow || þuntur || ˈθun.tuɾ
|-
|bone || hamr || ˈhɑ.mɾ̩
|-
|breast || boðr || ˈbo̞.ðɾ̩
|-
|to burn (intransitive) || orkjur || ˈʔo̞ɾ.kjuɾ
|-
|to carry || nontur || ˈno̞n.tuɾ
|-
|child (reciprocal of parent) || sente || ˈse̞n.tɘ
|-
|to come || herjonur || ˈhe̞.ɾjo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to crush/to grind || luhestur || ˈlu.he̞s.tuɾ
|-
|to cry/to weep || nasjur || ˈnɑ.sjuɾ
|-
|to do/to make || hlajur || ˈhlɑ.juɾ
|-
|dog || gangr || ˈgɑn.gɾ̩
|-
|to drink || wentur || ˈwe̞n.tuɾ
|-
|ear || náa || ˈnɑ.jɐ
|-
|to eat || nistur || ˈnis.tuɾ
|-
|egg || gaŕa || ˈgɑ.rɐ
|-
|eye || bagra || ˈbɑ.gɾɐ
|-
|to fall || ||
|-
|far || sór || ˈsu̜ɾ
|-
|fire || okre || ˈʔo̞.kɾɘ
|-
|fish || strójr || ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩
|-
|flesh/meat || fegr || ˈfe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|fly || jaŕan || ˈjɑ.rɐn
|-
|to give || hajur || ˈhɑ.juɾ
|-
|to go || arnur || ˈʔɑɾ.nuɾ
|-
|good || sag || ˈsɑx
|-
|hair (human) || vór || ˈvu̹ɾ
|-
|hard || breg || ˈbɾe̞x
|-
|he/she (3S.AN.NOM) || osta || ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|it (3S.IN.NOM) || masta || ˈmɑs.tɐ
|-
|him/her (3S.ACC) || tró osta || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ
|-
|to hear || nátur || ˈnɑi̯.tur
|-
|heavy || bro || ˈbɾo̞
|-
|to hide (intransitive) || ||
|-
|to hide (transitive) || fráråjur || ˈfɾɑi̯.ɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|to hit || waŕtur || ˈwɑr.tuɾ
|-
|to beat || luaŕtur || ˈlu.ʔar.tuɾ
|-
|horn || ðrófa || ˈðɾu̜.fɐ
|-
|house || þane || ˈθɑ.nɘ
|-
|I || angr || ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|me || tró angr || ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩
|-
|in ({{sc|loc}}) || -aftó || -ɐf.ˈtu̹
|-
|knee || þranár || ˈθɾɑn.ʔɐi̯ɾ
|-
|to know || arajur || ˈʔɑ.ɾɐ.juɾ
|-
|to laugh || reþinur || ˈre̞.θi.nuɾ
|-
|leaf || brefa || ˈbɾe̞.fɐ
|-
|leg || þran || ˈθɾɑn
|-
|foot || jona || ˈjo.nɐ
|-
|liver || geś || ˈge̞ʃ
|-
|long || bran || ˈbɾɑn
|-
|louse || ||
|-
|mouth (human) || þiste || ˈθis.te̞
|-
|name || lok || ˈlo̞k
|-
|navel || hjarma || ˈhjɑɾ.mɐ
|-
|neck || mele || ˈme̞.lɘ
|-
|new || krim || ˈkɾim
|-
|night || hjól || ˈhju̜l
|-
|nose || fróð || ˈfɾu̹ð
|-
|not (of an action) || ren || ˈre̞n
|-
|old || þrór || ˈθɾu̜ɾ
|-
|one || jog || ˈjox
|-
|rain || sigrahir || ˈsi.gɾɐ.hiɾ
|-
|red || agorókenallin || ˈʔɑ.go̞.ɾʊ.ˌkɘ.nɐ.lːin
|-
|root || suma || ˈsu.mɐ
|-
|rope || hjara || ˈhjɑ.ɾɐ
|-
|to run || ekanur || ˈʔe̞.ka.nuɾ
|-
|salt || fora || ˈfo̞.ɾɐ
|-
|sand || bisso || ˈbi.sːo̞
|-
|to say || kronur || ˈkɾo̞.nuɾ
|-
|to see || bagråjur || ˈbɑ.gɾɑ.juɾ
|-
|shade/shadow || wegr || ˈwe̞.gɾ̩
|-
|skin (human) || gród || ˈgɾu̹d̥
|-
|hide || kuŕa || ˈkʰu.rɐ
|-
|small || som || ˈso̞m
|-
|smoke || þóste || ˈθu̹s.tɘ
|-
|soil || farka || ˈfɑɾ.kɐ
|-
|to stand || étrur || ˈʔei̯.truɾ
|-
|star || fár || fɑi̯ɾ
|-
|stone || broka || ˈbɾo̞.kɐ
|-
|rock || ibroke || ʔi.ˈbɾo̞.kɘ
|-
|to suck || fiþinur || ˈfi.θi.nuɾ
|-
|sweet || ónðr || ˈʔu̜n.ðɾ̩
|-
|tail (animal) || sikr || ˈsi.kɾ̩
|-
|to take (away) || tróśórkánur || ˈtɾu̜.ʃu̜ɾ.ˌkɑi̯.nuɾ
|-
|thick || san || ˈsɑn
|-
|thigh || kneg-þran || ˈkne̞x.θɾɑn
|-
|this (prox. to speaker, NOM) || nédor || ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ
|-
|to tie || hjarmåjur || ˈhjɑɾ.mɑ.juɾ
|-
|tongue || silr || ˈsi.lɾ̩
|-
|tooth || taga || ˈtʰɑ.gɐ
|-
|water || nimr || ˈni.mɾ̩
|-
|what? || ||
|-
|who? || ||
|-
|wide || aða || ˈʔɑ.ðɐ
|-
|wind || þunr || ˈθu.nɾ̩
|-
|wing || hrafr || ˈhɾɑ.fɾ̩
|-
|wood || linda || ˈlin.dɐ
|-
|yesterday || unþróƕarta || ˈʔun.θɾu̹.ˌhʷɐɾ.tɐ
|-
|you (singular, NOM) || setr || ˈse̞.tr̩
|-
|}



=Orthography=

[[File:Ikronurum-name_scripts.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The name of the language, ''I Kronurum'', in one of the native scripts, a [[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]] and a romanization]]

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a "[[w:Gothic_alphabet|gautification]]" (a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script).

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Orthographies
|-
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|p||p||𐍀||-||-
|-
|b||b||𐌱||-||-
|-
|t||t||𐍄||-||-
|-
|d||d||𐌳||-||-
|-
|k||k||𐌺||-||-
|-
|g||g||𐌲||-||-
|-
|m||m||𐌼||-||-
|-
|n||n||𐌽||-||-
|-
|ɲ||ñ, ń, nj||𐌽𐌹||-||-
|-
|r||ŕ, rr||𐍂𐍂||-||-
|-
|ɾ||r||𐍂||-||-
|-
|f||f||𐍆||-||-
|-
|θ||þ||𐌸||-||-
|-
|ð||ð||𐍊||-||-
|-
|s||s||𐍃||-||-
|-
|ʃ||ś||𐌶||-||-
|-
|h||h||𐌷||-||-
|-
|w||w||𐍅||-||-
|-
|j||j||𐌾||-||-
|-
|l||l||𐌻||-||-
|-
|ɬ||lh||𐍁||-||-
|-
|hʷ||ƕ||𐍈||-||-
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|ɑ||a, å||𐌰||-||The spelling ‹å› is used for instances of ‹a› which need to be pronounced as /ɑ/ but happen in positions in which the realization would be either /a/ or /ɐ/. For instance, the causative marker {{sc|caus}} ‹-a-›, which happens word-medially, would otherwise be pronounced /a/.
|-
|ɑi̯~ɐi̯~ai̯||á||𐌰𐌰||-||From an early long ''a'' vowel; AIK ‹â›, OIK ‹ā› /ɑː/, EMIK ‹ó› /ɑə̯/
|-
|i||i||𐌹||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɛi̯||í||𐌹𐌹||-||From an early long ''i'' vowel; AIK ‹î› /ɪː/, OIK ‹ī› /ɪː/, EMIK ‹ī› /ɪi̯/
|-
|e̞||e||𐌴||-||-
|-
|ei̯~ɘi̯||é||𐌴𐌴||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ê›, OIK ‹ē› /eː/, EMIK ‹é› /eɪ̯/
|-
|o̞||o||𐍉||-||-
|-
|u̹||ó||𐍉𐍉||-||From an early long ''o'' vowel; AIK ‹ô› /ɔː/, OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/
|-
|u||u||𐌿||-||-
|-
|}
<br>

=Samples=
===Sentences===

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| <big>{{cardo|·:𐍉𐍉:𐍀𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌽:𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌽:·}}</big>
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| {{cardo|‹Ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen›}}
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {{lcbr}}b→p{{rcbr}}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center"| "''of/about the tree, the bird and the horse''"
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:right"| <small>(name of a traditional tale)</small>
|-
|}



===Other samples===

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[Minhast]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini. Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan. Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur. Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini, won tró esta angris hajana-ini. Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere. Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.}}
|-
| <small><poem> /ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ri.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/ /huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/ /ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/ /ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/ /ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/ </poem>
</small>
|-
| Lord, high and strong, you who came to me in the far sea, I heed to your desire. So, to the sky-spirit. I asked him for and he gave me. You know a silver offering against death won’t protect him. That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed.
|-
|}

*I Kronurum has taken [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. Text of the IK entry (translation from [[User:Araneus|Kharrash]]):

{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center; margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Alanni

Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur<br/>
i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur<br/>
as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,<br/>
man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur<br/>
man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot}}
|-
| <small><poem>/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/</poem>
</small>
|-
| Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end<br/>
I love staying by your fire<br/>
Because this fire makes me want to know,<br/>
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world<br/>
and remain in time forever<br/>

– Dogrili Gogrot
|-
|}

*[[w:Schleicher's_fable|''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable"]]:[[File:Schleicher's_fable.png|250px|thumb|right|The text of ''The sheep and the horses'', aka "Schleicher's fable" in Middle I·Kronurum, transcribed in an early version of the all-capital gautification (''click on the picture to enlarge'').]]
{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardo|Ór antarumen fárarumanóren}}
|-
| {{cardosmall|Jo’harkroj’anta tró báran bagråjanan, fror jóka pór: tró pro nonttinar jog keanontaran; tró dag nóntta losi kenontaran; tró ñog ríra losi tíruŕó þarkefrenaran. Feŕ antarum tró ídi fárarum kekronaran: “ikanaftórum ór angren þisten wohtarinur, as ja ríra tró báran kearånaran kebagråjur”. Feŕ ídi fárarum tró antarum kekronaran: “tr’óstr janáteþur, antarum; pórhaŕa nédor bagråjuntu, nwo haŕa jog ríra, fror frenara ini, tró ibrohir ór ídin ántanen krojarumion estarion hlajana, won, ídi ánta har ó grojan ó jóbken nontáru; wo’nog, antarum, ikanaftórum ór óstren þístenen wohtarinurtu”. Són tróðréðr gar jónátaran, won, antarum lótrumorion jarnturan.}}
|-
| <small>The Sheep and the Horses<small>
|-
| <small>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</small>
|-
|}

* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'_2.png "Story of Esro"] (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]). [[File:IK_translation_'Story_of_Esro'.png|250px|thumb|left|I Kronurum translation of the story of Esro (original English text by [[User:Fiora|Rhian Davies]]).]]

{| class="wikitable style="margin:3%"
|-
| {{cardosmall|Eþro· de’tru áþi dumarum· iltuŕu alanara ini. Ó osten i-ilttirum har-tró-śena man ó osten bágreþ tró śenasig ésénu ini. Harhaŕa i-kanaftórum ó osten þisten antara ini man de’tró huma som-i-anttitara ini· kan ó osten tarp-ó-págrumeþen agoraþór ialíŕaþór som-i-anttiaþór netrór man harnetrór imannaþór iþinnór jagarnturu ini. Ídi ó osten de’tró istojti man haristojti i-arattirumen hararattirumaftó. Man Eþro won haŕa lósan dumaruman antáru ini alanara ini.}}
|-
| <small>The black fox, Esro, lay asleep. His rest is eternal, [&] his eyes forever shut. But he is awake in his heart and he dreams of the most beautiful things. Behind his eyelids is a theatre of colours and hopes and dreams, of order and chaos, of reason and faith. All of consciousness lies within his unconsciousness, mortal and immortal. So Esro lay asleep, while the other foxes awoke.</small>
|-
|}

<br>
*For some conlangs I wrote up samples for a thread in the Facebook group "[https://www.facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed Languages]". The task was proposed as a small game: ''"From all your conlangs, pick one word to represent the language and describe it!"'':
{| style="margin:3%"
|
{|
! align=left|A verb:
|-
|{{cardosmall|gódånur}}
|-
|/ˈgu̜.dɑ.nuɾ/
|-
|gód-å-nur
|-
|shield-{{sc|caus}}-{{sc|lemma}}
|-
|"to.cause.to.be.shielded", to protect
|}
|
{|
! align=left|A noun:
|-
|{{cardosmall|faltahlajrir}}
|-
|/ˈfɑl.tɐ.ˌhlɑj.ɾiɾ/
|-
|falta-hlajrir
|-
|table-maker
|-
|“table-maker”, carpenter
|}
|
{|
! align=left|Something idiomatic: a double kenning
|-
|{{cardosmall|markówartáþan}}
|-
|/ˈmɑɾ.kʊ.ˌwaɾ.tai̯.θɐn/
|-
|marka-ó-warta-áþan
|-
|metal-{{sc|gen}}-time-dark
|-
|“metal of the dark time" → "metal of the night", the moon
|}
|
|}



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