Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Fingail

2026-03-10T15:05:35Z

Nicomega: /* Example texts */

{{construction}}
[[Category:User:Nicomega]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Uralic languages]] [[Category:Finnic languages]]
{{Infobox language
|name=Fingail
|nativename=''Fingail''
|pronunciation=ˈfiŋgaˌil
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Fingail
|state = Fingall
|region=[[w:Finland|Finland]]
|setting = Alt-history Europe, Southern Finland
|created = 2010
| familycolor = Uralic
| fam2 = [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]]
| fam3 = [[Finnic languages|Finnic]]
| fam4 = Northern Finnic
| nation = Finland
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Finnic|Proto-Finnic]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|creator = [[User:Nicomega|Nicolas Campi]]
|script1 = Latn
|iso3=fnh
|notice=IPA
}}

[[Fingail]] ({{IPA|/ˈfɪŋɡaɪl/}}; [[Fingail]]: ''fingail'' {{IPA|[ˈfiŋgaˌil]}}) is an [[a posteriori]] Finnic altlang spoken in certain rural areas of what corresponds to our Wales and England, especially Cornwall.

== Phonology ==
===Consonants===
Phonemes that appear in brackets are only allophonic variants of the same phoneme.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!
! colspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Dental
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Lateral
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! colspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!Nasal
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" |({{IPA|ŋ}})
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Stop
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|p}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|b}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|k}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Fricative
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|f}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|v}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|θ}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{angbr|th}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|s}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |({{IPA|z}})
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|ɬ}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{angbr|lh}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|χ}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{angbr|ch}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|h}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
!Trill
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA|r̥}} {{angbr|rh}}
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|r}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Approximant
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|l}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|j}} {{angbr|i}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|w}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Vowels===
Vowels retain a long vs short distinction, and are marked either by the use of an acute {{angbr|´}} or by the use of a circumflex {{angbr|^}}. This last one is mostly used to denote certain contexts where the long vowels are a result of a historical contraction of more than one vowel.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short
! long
! short
! long
! short
! long
|-
! Close
| {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|iː}} || || || {{IPA|u}} || {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|eː}} || || || {{IPA|o}} || {{IPA|oː}}
|-
! Open
| || | || {{IPA|a}} || {{IPA|aː}} || ||
|}

==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==
:'''sín ragathan, mín ragathad?'''
:''I love you, do you love me?''

'''Hî paeth!'''
''Hello!''

'''Peithath aeg'''
''long time no see''

'''Mí voed'''
''How are you?''

'''Hî geid, ened sín?'''
''Fine, and you?''

'''Hî goven!'''
''Good morning!''

'''Hî eled'''
''Good evening!''

User:Nicomega/Brest etyma

2026-03-10T14:58:59Z

Nicomega: Created page with "{| class="wikitable" ! Brest !! Meaning !! Germanic Parallel !! Brythonic Parallel !! Source |- | weder || water || OE wæter || — || Germanic |- | lofan || love || OE lufian || — || Germanic |- | celf || art || — || Welsh celf || Brythonic |- | evan || drink || — || Breton evañ / Cornish eva || Brythonic |- | sinder || beauty || — || Welsh syndod || Brythonic |- | glenge || beauty || — || Welsh/Breton glan || Brythonic |- | wel || good/well || Eng well ||..."

{| class="wikitable"
! Brest !! Meaning !! Germanic Parallel !! Brythonic Parallel !! Source
|-
| weder || water || OE wæter || — || Germanic
|-
| lofan || love || OE lufian || — || Germanic
|-
| celf || art || — || Welsh celf || Brythonic
|-
| evan || drink || — || Breton evañ / Cornish eva || Brythonic
|-
| sinder || beauty || — || Welsh syndod || Brythonic
|-
| glenge || beauty || — || Welsh/Breton glan || Brythonic
|-
| wel || good/well || Eng well || — || Germanic
|-
| feger || good || Ger feger || — || Germanic
|-
| quit || white || OE hwīt || — || Germanic
|-
| dain || good || — || Welsh da || Brythonic
|-
| grein || good || ON grænn || — || Germanic (semantic shift)
|-
| mad || good || — || Welsh/Breton mad || Brythonic
|-
| gan || walk || dialect gang || — || Germanic
|-
| eker || field || OE æcer || — || Germanic
|-
| ower || sky || — || Welsh awyr || Brythonic
|-
| hert || heart || OE heorte || — || Germanic
|-
| Celi || god || — || Celtic theophoric element || Celtic-type
|-
| fierd || army || OE fyrd || — || Germanic
|-
| folc || people/army || OE folc || — || Germanic
|-
| wroth || army || — || Welsh rhuthr || Brythonic
|-
| bidan || wait || OE bīdan || — || Germanic
|-
| browan || fail || — || Welsh brau || Brythonic
|-
| wig || war || OE wīg || — || Germanic
|-
| feran || go || OE faran || — || Germanic
|-
| aifel || bad || Eng evil || — || Germanic
|-
| fal || bad || — || Breton fall || Brythonic loan
|-
| anras || bad || OE unrǣd influence || Welsh rhas influence || Hybrid
|-
| dared || perish || — || Welsh darfod || Brythonic
|-
| quilan || die || OE cwellan || — || Germanic
|-
| sweltan || die || OE sweltan || — || Germanic
|-
| ledge || nation || OE lēod || — || Germanic
|-
| nef || heaven || — || Welsh nef || Brythonic
|-
| nefeth || paradise || — || Welsh nef || Brythonic
|-
| winnan || fight || OE winnan || — || Germanic
|-
| han || stone || OE hān || — || Germanic
|-
| men || stone || — || Welsh maen || Brythonic
|-
| biddan || ask || OE biddan || — || Germanic
|-
| faran || prepare || OE faran || — || Germanic (semantic shift)
|-
| kared || love || — || Welsh caru || Brythonic
|-
| banin || queen || — || Celtic ban/ben || Brythonic
|-
| brennen || king || — || Welsh brenin || Brythonic
|-
| queth || pray || — || Welsh gweddïo || Brythonic
|-
| widan || know || OE witan || — || Germanic
|-
| halig || sacred || OE hālig || — || Germanic
|-
| diegel || secret || OE dēagol || — || Germanic
|-
| eman || be || Germanic am || — || Germanic
|-
| vesan || be || OE wesan || — || Germanic
|-
| Arles || temple || — || place name Arles || Toponymic
|-
| dont || come || — || Welsh dônt || Brythonic
|-
| gridan || see || — || Welsh gwrid || Brythonic
|-
| gwelt || see || — || Welsh gweled || Brythonic
|-
| beran || wear || OE beran || — || Germanic
|-
| buan || live || OE būan || — || Germanic
|}

User:Nicomega/Historical conlangs

2026-02-22T18:09:45Z

Nicomega: /* Familia Proto-Balado-Favriana (Lenguas Baladí) */

== Familia Proto-Balado-Favriana (Lenguas Baladí) ==

{{tree list}}

* '''''Proto-Balado-Favriano'''''
** Debilen
*** '''Baladi''' / Feylen
**** ''Proto-Etten''
***** '''Etten'''
** Old Baldan
*** '''Newbaldan'''
*** ''Proto-Rzomag''
**** '''Rzomag'''
**** Romāgos
**** Lomāhuac
** ''Proto-Favrian''
*** '''Favrian'''
**** ''Proto-Fabriano''
***** '''Glaureo'''
****** Glaurean
******* ''Glau-p-dom'' (Glauro-Pre-Domacos)
******** Domaku
********* '''Domacos'''
******** Doma
****** '''Neo-faver'''
***** '''Giareu'''
*** '''Yavan'''
** ''Tronco Eresseano''
*** Eressea
**** Eredhuin
*** '''Eressena'''
**** '''Eredhen'''
** supra-lang
** ''materlingua''
*** '''Findolesse'''

== Familia Delico-Ziekall ==

* '''''Proto-Delico-Ziekall'''''
** Old Dellician
*** '''Dellos'''
** Zaikall
*** '''Ziekall'''
**** '''Zyekol'''
*** ''Proto-Melwish''
**** '''Melwish'''
** '''Warthuz'''

== Familia Ginameda ==

{{tree list}}
*'''Gin'amed'''
**Gin'amed (Shibirish)
**Sawid

== Familia Senshra ==

*;Senshra
:*Sensh'ra
:*Sengshrra
:*Seishur

== Familia Shelud ==

*;Shelud
:*Shelud
::*Shelud dosh
:*Neo-Shelud
:*Shellud

User:Nicomega/Historical conlangs

2026-02-22T18:07:28Z

Nicomega: /* Familia Proto-Balado-Favriana (Lenguas Baladí) */

== Familia Proto-Balado-Favriana (Lenguas Baladí) ==

{{tree list}}

* '''''Proto-Balado-Favriano'''''
** Debilen
*** '''Baladi''' / Feylen
**** ''Proto-Etten''
***** '''Etten'''
** Old Baldan
*** '''Newbaldan'''
*** ''Proto-Rzomag''
**** '''Rzomag'''
**** Romaugos
**** Lomāhuac
** ''Proto-Favrian''
*** '''Favrian'''
**** ''Proto-Fabriano''
***** '''Glaureo'''
****** Glaurean
******* ''Glau-p-dom'' (Glauro-Pre-Domacos)
******** Domaku
********* '''Domacos'''
******** Doma
****** '''Neo-faver'''
***** '''Giareu'''
*** '''Yavan'''
** ''Tronco Eresseano''
*** Eressea
**** Eredhuin
*** '''Eressena'''
**** '''Eredhen'''
** supra-lang
** ''materlingua''
*** '''Findolesse'''

== Familia Delico-Ziekall ==

* '''''Proto-Delico-Ziekall'''''
** Old Dellician
*** '''Dellos'''
** Zaikall
*** '''Ziekall'''
**** '''Zyekol'''
*** ''Proto-Melwish''
**** '''Melwish'''
** '''Warthuz'''

== Familia Ginameda ==

{{tree list}}
*'''Gin'amed'''
**Gin'amed (Shibirish)
**Sawid

== Familia Senshra ==

*;Senshra
:*Sensh'ra
:*Sengshrra
:*Seishur

== Familia Shelud ==

*;Shelud
:*Shelud
::*Shelud dosh
:*Neo-Shelud
:*Shellud

User:Nicomega/Ducuz kuruz

2026-02-05T18:32:34Z

Nicomega: /* Attempted translation */

'''Ducuz kuruz accīskur'''

:{{cardosmall|Ducuz kuruz hrelunca, apu lūmí the nogū.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru inú naskut jaculac, apu inú the ōcoskum safāc.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru kwōnut tūcinōn, ewur uvarīc hīllut Nerut Ragatwa.}}
:{{cardosmall|Ewur uvarīc ducut hīllut, ewur thasa ducīz nagaz bruntar ku thinnuc, un as gūnac rokkuntar...}}

Lang: Warthuz

22 de Agosto de 2005

== Attempted translation ==

Since the document and conlang are from so long ago, I had some travel reconstructing what was intended. This was my best attempt at a translation:

'''My heart is drowning'''

:{{cardosmall|My heart weeps, and I do not know the reason.}}
:{{cardosmall|I want to see you always, and never abandon you.}}
:{{cardosmall|I want to be with you, even after the death of the Sun and the Moon.}}
:{{cardosmall|Even after my death, even when our souls shine from heaven, or burn in the abyss…}}

== Normalization of c/k/q? ==
Further I don't know whether or not to normalize the spelling so as not to have c, k, kw. I'm thinking of one of two versions:

'''1) Version k → c / kw → q'''

:{{cardosmall|Ducuz curuz hrelunca, apu lūmí þe nogū.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru inú nascut jaculac, apu inú þe ōcoscum safāc.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru qōnut tūcinōn, ewur uvarīc hīllut Nerut Ragatwa.}}
:{{cardosmall|Ewur uvarīc ducut hīllut, ewur þasa ducīz nagaz bruntar cu þinnuc, un as gūnac roccuntar…}}

'''2) Version k → q / kw → q'''

:{{cardosmall|Ducuz quruz hrelunca, apu lūmí þe nogū.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru inú nasqut jaculac, apu inú þe ōcosqum safāc.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru qōnut tūcinōn, ewur uvarīc hīllut Nerut Ragatwa.}}
:{{cardosmall|Ewur uvarīc ducut hīllut, ewur þasa ducīz nagaz bruntar qu þinnuc, un as gūnac roqquntar…}}

User:Nicomega/Ducuz kuruz

2026-02-05T18:05:12Z

Nicomega:

'''Ducuz kuruz accīskur'''

:{{cardosmall|Ducuz kuruz hrelunca, apu lūmí the nogū.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru inú naskut jaculac, apu inú the ōcoskum safāc.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru kwōnut tūcinōn, ewur uvarīc hīllut Nerut Ragatwa.}}
:{{cardosmall|Ewur uvarīc ducut hīllut, ewur thasa ducīz nagaz bruntar ku thinnuc, un as gūnac rokkuntar...}}

Lang: Warthuz

22 de Agosto de 2005

== Attempted translation ==

Since the document and conlang are from so long ago, I had some travel reconstructing what was intended. This was my best attempt at a translation:

'''My heart is drowning'''

:{{cardosmall|My heart weeps, and I do not know the reason.}}
:{{cardosmall|I want to see you always, and never abandon you.}}
:{{cardosmall|I want to be with you, even after the death of the Sun and the Moon.}}
:{{cardosmall|Even after my death, even when our souls shine in the sky, or burn in the abyss…}}

== Normalization of c/k/q? ==
Further I don't know whether or not to normalize the spelling so as not to have c, k, kw. I'm thinking of one of two versions:

'''1) Version k → c / kw → q'''

:{{cardosmall|Ducuz curuz hrelunca, apu lūmí þe nogū.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru inú nascut jaculac, apu inú þe ōcoscum safāc.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru qōnut tūcinōn, ewur uvarīc hīllut Nerut Ragatwa.}}
:{{cardosmall|Ewur uvarīc ducut hīllut, ewur þasa ducīz nagaz bruntar cu þinnuc, un as gūnac roccuntar…}}

'''2) Version k → q / kw → q'''

:{{cardosmall|Ducuz quruz hrelunca, apu lūmí þe nogū.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru inú nasqut jaculac, apu inú þe ōcosqum safāc.}}
:{{cardosmall|Caru qōnut tūcinōn, ewur uvarīc hīllut Nerut Ragatwa.}}
:{{cardosmall|Ewur uvarīc ducut hīllut, ewur þasa ducīz nagaz bruntar qu þinnuc, un as gūnac roqquntar…}}

2025-08-07T01:09:37Z

Nicomega:

Hello, I'm '''Nicholas''', creating languages since 1998~1999 from [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[w:Argentina|Argentina]]. First inspirations at that time came from learning English, French and some notions of Greek terminology and Latin (very vague). Later on other influences were [[w:Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s Elvish languages, [[w:Old English|Old English]], [[w:Old Norse|Old Norse]] among others. Some languages I've studied to a higher degree include English, French, German, Japanese, Chinese, Russian and Croatian. Also I've studied [[w:Classical Languages|Classical Languages]] at the university ([[w:Latin|Latin]], [[w:Ancient Greek|Ancient Greek]], [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]) and some Ancient languages like [[w:Sumerian|Sumerian]], [[w:Akkadian|Akkadian]]. I'm more into ''[[a priori]]'' naturalistic languages, but I've dabbled in ''[[a posteriori]]'' too, and of course, some experiments as well!

I began my conlanging experience circa June 1997, during boring high-school classes (you can see a list of these first ones in ''[[User:Nicomega/Historical conlangs|Historical conlangs]]''). At first I had started developing two a priori artlangs, called '''Baladi''' and '''Debilen''', which were supposed to be related. The first was supposed to have a Graeco-Roman feel to it, and the Debilen would be the prototypical "barbarians". After that I also included a language called '''Gin'amed''', another a priori artlang supposed to feel like a mix of reconstructed Egyptian hieroglyphic pronunciation and Semitic languages with triliteral roots. Afterwards I decided to start anew with another a priori language but this time to really go deep into creating words that I could relate to their meanings, called '''Senshra'''. After those I created many many more conlangs, even a couple where I tried to convince a friend to join in, to no real success. If we could term the Baladi and Debilen languages my Phase I, then Gin'amed and Senshra would be Phase II. I've played quite a lot with those special first languages, closest to my heart, but also started developing a ton of new ones. Phase III had a lot of new directions, '''Manketzal''', '''Shelud''', '''Xoršid''', '''Kežtuzakil''' and many more. Most of those listed here belong to Phase IV by that count, and there's even a Phase V (e.g. '''Warthuz''') and beyond ('''Lassakirthi''', '''Tulvan''', '''Kareyku''').

'''[http://www.frathwiki.com/User:Esploranto My Frathwiki User page]'''

'''Contact''':

'''Twitter''': @nicocampi

'''Instagram''': @nicomcampi

{{List subpages}}

== Pages working on currently ==
* [[Karrakêsh|Aklo]]
* [[Tulvan]]
* [[Omonkwi]]
* [[Wakensi]]
* [[Teutla]]

== Languages ==
===A priori ===
;[[User:Nicomega/Alanûz|Alanûz]]
:Alanûz is a language inspired in [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic languages]] and [[w:triliteral roots|triliteral roots]] but completely ''a priori''. It doesn't strictly follow a Semitic grammar though.

;[[Omonkwi]]
:Omonkwi started as an early attempt to capture the sounds I liked from mesoamerican indigenous languages.

;[[User:Nicomega/Českoen|Českoen]]
:Českoen is more of a semi-spooflang, parodying notions of "better languages" or "complex = good".

;[[Kamatarna]]
:This language was sparked by a mention in Tolkien's ''The Monsters and the Critics'' about how he overheard a man deciding he would "mark the accusative with a prefix", so I ran with the idea.

;[[Shellud]]
:My first attempt to create a "dark language" whatever that may be. It draws some inspiration from Tolkien's [[w:Black Speech|Black Speech]], but also from [[w:Akkadian|Akkadian]].

;[[Warthuz]]
:A language of some [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]] inspiration, but very generally.

;[[Tulvan]]
:Tulvan is an attempt at a more futuristic language, supposedly more evolved historically.

;[[Kareyku]]
:Kareyku is a case-heavy language with 11 cases and 7 evidentials. Here I was trying a new concept using more evidentials than verb-heavy morphology.

;[[Lassakirthi]]

;[[Esyar/Eshan]]

===A posteriori ===
;[[Fingail]]
:A Welshified version of the Finnish language.

;[[User:Nicomega/Brest|Brest]]
:A very weird mixture of germanic, with substrate of brittonic.

;[[Untitled Romlang]]
:Giving a pseudo-daco-romanian spin to it.

;[[Untitled Germlang]]
:Another thought that popped into my head. And I think I wanted an excuse to use a modern cognate of "woruldceondl", a ''kenning'' for the sun.

=== Commissioned Conlangs ===
;[[Bamzooki]] (2017)
:A language created for a projected animated TV-series and open-world videogame for the London BBC. It includes its own writing system that combines abugida with ideograms.

;[[Karrakêsh|Aklo]] (2018)
:Created for the Argentine movie '''''Necronomicón: El Libro del Infierno''''', inspired in the literature of [[w:H. P. Lovecraft|H. P. Lovecraft]]. The language was created to serve as the on-screen secret language of an order of cultists custodians of the Necronomicon and its secrets, claiming to have come from [[w:Carcosa|Carcosa]].

;[[Djinn language]] (2019)
:A conlang commissioned for a series of books, it is to be the language spoken by a race identified with the arabic tradition of [[w:Djinn|Djinns]].

;Atlantean (Atilanan dresh) (2020)
:Conlang job for a movie project. It is the language of extra-dimensional humans from a dimension called "Atlantis".

=== Cramarian project ===
Since the start of the project I've been going back again to it at different times with each time making a couple new derivations. For ease I've termed those as "phases". These could be years of months appart. Those with † are discarded languages or those that were superseded by a new version, those in parenthesis () are only provisional names.

;Phase I
* [[Wakensi]]†
* [[Teutla]]† > Coalen
* [[User:Nicomega/Daxeom|Daxeom]] 
* Éothuth
* Tuscal† > Caunē

;Phase II
* (Muzhag) 
* (Nuxan) 
* (Bexe)† 
* (Këmı-fasım)† 

;Phase III
* (Tañja) 
* Pennyen† > Hībarashī
* (Miska) 
* Hrashrzen

;Phase IV
* (ʂopr joː) 
* Coalen, ''a revision of Teutla''
* (Fitjá) 
* (Caunē), ''a revision of Tuscal'' 
* (Hībarashī) 

=== Okiwo project ===
* [[User:Nicomega/Proto-Okiwo|Proto-Okiwo]]

== Language Templates ==
{{Special:Prefixindex/Template:Tulv}}{{Special:Prefixindex/Template:Tun}}{{Special:Prefixindex/Template:Tu-}}

<includeonly>[[Category:User:Nicomega]]</includeonly>

== Subpages ==
<splist />

2024-11-08T15:43:11Z

Nicomega: /* External history */

'''Verdurian''' (''soa Sfahe'', "the Speech") is a [[constructed language]] created by Mark Rosenfelder, first published in 1995 and hosted on Zompist.com. It is spoken in the fictional nation of '''Verduria''' on the planet '''Almea'''. As the most-developed and best-known of Almea's languages, Verdurian is a member of the Cadhinorian branch of the Eastern language family, bearing typological similarities to Indo-European languages on Earth. Derived from the ancient language Cadhinor, it serves as the official language of Verduria, the most economically advanced state on Almea, and several neighboring countries.

In recognition of its detailed and intricate design, Verdurian received a [[Smiley Award]] from David J. Peterson in 2020.

==External history==
When Rosenfelder was a freshman in college, his dorm was next to that of a [[w:Dungeons & Dragons|Dungeons & Dragons]] aficionado, one Chris Vargas. Vargas introduced Rosenfelder to the game, and Rosenfelder created the wilderness and also the languages for the game. All the players in Vargas and Rosenfelder's Dungeons & Dragons group were given Verdurian names.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zompist.com/secreth.htm |title=The Secret History of Verduria |publisher=Zompist.com |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref>

The language borrows words and grammar from various [[Indo-European languages|languages of Europe]], but has been described as not resembling any one language. Many of the words were inspired directly by [[French language|French]] or [[Russian language|Russian]]. Others, such as "elir" for life, were [[A priori (languages)|a priori]] coinages by Rosenfelder. There are also words based on political humor, e.g. 'fanaticism' is [[w:Sun Myung Moon|''sunmünmún'']] and 'terror' is [[w:Yassir Arafat|''arhafát'']].

==Fictional history==
In Rosenfelder's Almean universe, Verdurian is spoken by about 55 million people in the kingdom of Verduria, as well as nations nearby in Almea's Cadhinorian plain.

Verdurian is a member of the '''Eastern language phylum'''. This derives from a [[proto-language]] called '''proto-Eastern''', spoken by invaders of the Cadhinorian and Xurnese plains, about 4,000 years before the present time in Rosenfelder's universe. Some of the Eastern invaders were Cuzeian, while others were Cadhinorian. Cadhinorians picked up [[civilization]] from Cuzeians (who left behind such works as the ''Count of Years'', showing the clear influence of [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zompist.com/ciroma.htm |title=The Count of Years : 1 |publisher=Zompist.com |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref> The Cadhinorians spoke a classical language called '''Cadhinorian''' (its relationship to Verdurian is analogous to that of [[Latin language|Latin]] to [[Spanish language|Spanish]]). After the fall of the Cadhinorian Empire, Cadhinorian developed into several daughter languages, among them Old Verdurian, which evolved later into Modern Verdurian.

The fictional country of Verduria has an [[embassy]] in [[Linköping]], [[Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://relaz.pl/magazyn,wymyslone-jezyki,824 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628154646/http://relaz.pl/magazyn,wymyslone-jezyki,824 |archive-date=2012-06-28 |title=Wymyślone języki, Jakub Kowalski - relaz.pl |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref>

==Phonology and grammar==
Verdurian's phonology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zompist.com/phonology.htm |title=Grammar of Verdurian |publisher=Zompist.com |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref> has eight vowels and twenty-one consonants. Among the most exotic of its sounds is the [[voiced uvular fricative]] (ʁ), which is transcribed as an R with a [[háček]] over it ([[Ř|Ř, ř]]).<ref>Ethnoslavica: Johannes Reinhart, Tilmann Reuther, Gerhard Neweklowsky, (C) 2006, p. 213.</ref> Verdurian also has its own alphabet.

Verdurian has SVO word order, fusional morphology, and accusative morphosyntactic alignment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.frath.net/Verdurian |title=Verdurian - FrathWiki |publisher=Wiki.frath.net |date=2011-03-27 |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref>

This language has two [[Grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine and feminine), two [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular and plural) and four [[Grammatical case|case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[accusative]] and [[dative]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zompist.com/morphology.htm#nounm |title=Grammar of Verdurian |publisher=Zompist.com |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref> There are 4 [[Grammatical tense|tenses]] (present, past, past anterior and future).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zompist.com/morphology.htm#verbm |title=Grammar of Verdurian |publisher=Zompist.com |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref>

== Alphabet and Fonts ==
The Verdurian alphabet is used to write several languages of the Cadhinorian Plain on the world of Almea, most notably Verdurian, but also (with some supplemental characters) Caizu, Kebreni, Ismaîn, Sarroc, and Flaidish. It derives from the ancient Cadhinorian alphabet (equivalent to the Verdurian capital letters), and this in turn derives from the alphabet of Cuzei. The Verdurian alphabet may be used to write both ancient languages, Cadhinor and Cuêzi.<ref>{{cite web |author = Mark Rosenfelder |title = Verdurian Proposal |url = https://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/verdurian.html |access-date = 2020-07-27}}</ref>

Verdurian is currently included in the unofficial [[ConScript Unicode Registry]] (CSUR), which assigns code points in the [[Private Use Area]]. Verdurian code points are mapped to the range U+E200 to U+E26F.

The eight “Aux” variant fonts of [https://Kurinto.com/ Kurinto] (Kurinto Text Aux, Book Aux, Sans Aux, etc.) support the Verdurian alphabet.

==Verdurian in popular culture==
Out of all the languages of Almea, Verdurian is not only the best-developed but the most popular. Rosenfelder has translated texts from other languages into Verdurian and also published short stories and a newspaper in the language. He has also started a Verdurian course due to the requests of Verdurian aficionados.

Verdurian makes an appearance in the novel ''Gaits of Heaven'', one of [[Susan Conant]]'s "Dog Lover's Mysteries". The character Johanna does [[linguistics|linguistic]] research with a [[feminist]] bent on [[grammatical gender]] "in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], Verdurian and various other languages in which verbs as well as nouns are masculine, feminine, or, in some instances, neuter".<ref>Gaits of Heaven, Susan Conant, (2007), p.102, ISBN, 9780786292813, Thorndike Press</ref>

==Samples of the language==
''Proše mižu: --Žaneno, tan satenam mážula er gorat, kiei finta attróue so syel er tan lažecom brac, pro dy řo ažlädam fne soa pera almea Ekaiei.'' – From the story of the [[Tower of Babel]].

Translation: Then they said: "Come, let us build a town and a tower, whose top will reach the heavens; and let us get ourselves glory, so that we are not scattered across all the earth."

''So cuon er so ailuro eu druki. Cuon ride še slušir misotém ailurei. So ailuro e arašó rizuec.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zompist.com/kitlong.html#half |title=The Language Construction Kit |publisher=Zompist.com |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref>

Translation: The dog and the cat are friends. The dog laughs at the cat's jokes. The cat is quite amusing.

==References==
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[[Category:Smiley Award winners]]