== primary source materials ==
https://www.reddit.com/r/HistoricalWorldPowers/comments/ugm7kj/reny%C3%BAt_tsipkae/
https://www.reddit.com/r/HistoricalWorldPowers/comments/uk9oma/tereny%C3%BAt_a_primer_on_the_customary_practices_of/

There is a little description of Renyút language and correction of Renyút words.

{{quote|The Renyúts language is a distinctive out branch, assumed to be related to the eastern Urallic languages do to largely sharing phonemes with the Samoyedic languages. It's notable for it's combination of an intricate vowel inventory and relatively simple consonants and large number of grammatical cases. Renyúts uses a base twelve number system and a VSO word order.}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Renyút words
! word !! meaning !! etymology
|-
! Renyút
| (demonym) ||
|-
! pútøsi
| The basic social Renyúts social unit , an extended family unit ||
|-
! Tsipkae
| community under a cheiftan's pútøsi ||
|-
! Taep
| transitory confederation ||
|-
! Terenyút
| places and people in which Renyút customary laws hold and both those customary laws, expected duties, and social mores of the culture ||
|-
! Tenøunnè
| kitchen ||
|-
! nøunnè
| to cook ||
|-
! kûot
| yurt || < FU *kota
|-
! Nêr
| Renyúts mythological oral history ||
|-
! Ymorta
| the great [snow] leopard, a trickster, hunter, and warrior figure who per tradition fathered the first Renyút ||
|-
! Ûnyæir
| court ||
|-
! nøngo
| the local chieftain ||
|-
! Ûnyæiru
| great court ||
|-
! ûlonyuta
| composite bows designed for use from horseback ||
|-
! kuskæmøtæ
| large utility knife similar to a seax ||
|}

== reconstruction of Renyút language ==
=== phonology ===
Renyút language uses 23 letters
:a, e, i, k, l, m, n, ng, ny, o, p, r, s, t, ts, u, y, æ, è, ê, ø, ú, û
==== vowel ====
There are 10 vowel letters
:a, e, i, o, u, æ, è, ê, ø, ú
There seems to be some kind of vowel harmony.
:front vowel: æ, e, ø, ú
:neutral vowel: i(, è?)
:back vowel: a, (ê?), o, u

{| class="wikitable"
! || colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] || colspan="i" | [[w:Neutral vowel|Neutral]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- class="small"
! || [[w:roundedness|UR]] || R |||| UR || R
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[w:close vowel|Close]]
| || ú /ʏ/ ||i /i～ɯ/ |||| u
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| e || ø ||(è?)|| (ê?) || o
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| æ || |||| a /ɑ/ ||
|}

The digraph ae may represent long æ /ǣ/.

==== semi-vowel ====
There are 2 semi-vowel letters
:y/j/, û/w/

==== consonant ====
There are 11 consonant letters
:k, l, m, n, ng, ny, p, r, s, t, ts

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
![[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|m
|n
|ny /ɲ/
|ng /ŋ/
|-
! [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
|p
|t
|ts /t͡ʃ/
|k
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|s
|
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|r
|
|
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|l
|y /j/
|û /w/
|}
===etymology===
The only one word whose etymology can be suggested is "kûot"
:'''kûot'''/kwot/ < PU *kota

2022-10-28T15:04:11Z

Ogogogouy: Created page with "Category:Languages Category:Conlangs Category:A_posteriori Category:Indo-European_languages Category:Tocharian_languages {{construction}} {{Infobox languag..."

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A_posteriori]]
[[Category:Indo-European_languages]]
[[Category:Tocharian_languages]]
{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Tocharian D
|nativename = Täma Wiθan
|pronunciation = /təma wiθan/
|creator = [[User:Ogogogouy]]
|created = 2022
|setting =
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Tocharian_languages|Tocharian]]
|script = [[w:Tocharian_script]], Wusun script
|-
| nation =
| notice = IPA
}}

'''Tocharian D''' is a language that was spoken until around the 6th century in the region straddling southeastern Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan (Kurguzstan). It is classified in the [[w:Tocharian languages|Tocharian branch]] of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]]. The language is known to have had an agglutinative character. It is one of the dead languages. Johann S. Munchausen, a researcher of Tocharian D, claims that it is the language of [[w:Wusun|Wusun]], which existed around Lake Issyk (present-day Kyrgyzstan).
A manuscript dating from 300-500 A.D., written in the Greek-like Wusun script and the Brahmi-like [[w:Tocharian script|Tocharian script]], has been found in the ruins of a fortress at the bottom of Lake Balhash and in the remains of a city at the northern foot of the Tien Shan Mountains.

== Phonology ==
===[[w:Vowel|Vowel]]s===
{|class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-align=center
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|i || || u
|-align=center
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|ä
|o
|-align=center
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
|a
|
|}

Tocharian D also has the [[w:diphthong|diphthong]]s, ay, ey, oy, uy, äy

===[[w:Consonant|Consonant]]s===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!|  
! [[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]

|-
!| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| ''p'' {{IPA|/p/}}
| ''t'' {{IPA|/t/}}
|  
| ''c'' {{IPA|/tɕ/}}
|  
| ''k'' {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
!| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|  
|  
| ''ts'' {{IPA|/ts/}}
|  
|  
|  
|-
!| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| ''f'' {{IPA|/f/}}
| ''θ'' {{IPA|/θ/}}
| ''s'' {{IPA|/s/}}
| ''ś'' {{IPA|/ɕ/}}
|  
| ''h'' {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
!| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| ''m'' {{IPA|/m/}}
| ''n'' {{IPA|/n/}}
|  
|  
| ''ñ'' {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|  
|-
!| [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|  
|  
| ''r'' {{IPA|/r/}}
|  
|  
|  
|-
!| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| ''w'' {{IPA|/w/}}
|  
|  
|  
| ''y'' {{IPA|/j/}}
|  
|-
!| [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral approximant]]
|  
|  
| ''l'' {{IPA|/l/}}
|  
| ''ly'' {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
|  
|}

==Morphology==
Unlike Tocharian A and B, Tocharian D has largely inherited the Indo-European ancestral language system.

===Noun===
In addition to the six cases inherited from the Proto Indo-European Language (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, vocative), secondary cases are formed by suffixes. For example, the Tocharian D word yähwa "horse" < PIE *eḱwos is declined as follows:

{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2|[[w:Grammatical case|Case]]
! colspan=3|Tocharian D
|-
! [[w:Suffix]]
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural]]
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
| —
| yähwa
| yähwi
|-
| [[w:vocative case|Vocative]]
| —
| yahw
| —
|-
| [[w:accusative case|Accusative]]
| —
| yähwa
| yähwan
|-
| [[w:genitive case|Genitive]]
| —
| yähway
| yähwan
|-
| [[w:dative case|Dative]]
| —
| yähway
| yähwama
|-
| [[w:instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| —
| yähwa
| yähwami
|-
| [[w:Perlative case|Perlative]]
| -sa
| yähwasa
| yähwantsa
|-
| [[w:comitative case|Comitative]]
| -aśśäl
| yähwaśśäl
| yähwanaśśäl
|-
| [[w:allative case|Allative]]
| -ś(c)
| yähwaś(c)
| yähwanś(c)
|-
| [[w:ablative case|Ablative]]
| -äś
| yähwaś
| yähwanäś
|-
| [[w:locative case|Locative]]
| -ne
| yähwane
| yähwanne
|-
| [[w:causative case|Causative]]
| -ñ
| yähwañ
| yähwanñ
|}

===Verb===
Tocharian verbs are conjugated in the following categories:
*Mood: indicative, subjunctive, imperative.
*Tense: present, past.
*Voice: active, passive.
*Person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd.
*Number: singular, dual, plural.
*Non-finite: active participle, passive participle.

An example verb: ñämana "to take"

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Indicative
! colspan="2" | Subjunctive
! Imperative
|-
! Active
! Passive
! Active
! Passive
! Active
|-
! rowspan="8" | Present
! 1st sing
| ñäma || ñämay || ñämo || ñämay || —
|-
! 2nd sing
| ñämiś || ñämasayäso || ñämays || ñämayäso || päñäm
|-
! 3rd sing
| ñämic || ñämasayäto || ñämayt || ñämayäto || päñämato
|-
! 1st dual
| ñämaw || rowspan="5" | ñämantay || ñämayäw || rowspan="5" | ñämayänto || —
|-
! 2nd dual
| ñämac || ñämayäc || päñämac
|-
! 1st plur
| ñämama || ñämayäm || —
|-
! 2nd plur
| ñämi || ñämay || päñämi
|-
! 3rd plur
| ñämanc || ñämayanc || päñämanto
|-
! rowspan="8" | Past
! 1st sing
| naf
| rowspan="8" | —
| ñemi
| colspan="2" rowspan="8" | —
|-
! 2nd sing
| nafs
| ñemis
|-
! 3rd sing
| naft
| ñemit
|-
! 1st dual
| ñemu
| ñemiw
|-
! 2nd dual
| ñemäc
| ñemic
|-
! 1st plur
| ñemäm
| ñemim
|-
! 2nd plur
| ñemu
| ñemi
|-
! 3rd plur
| ñemänc
| ñeminc
|-
! colspan="2" | Infinitive
| colspan="5" | ñämana
|-
! colspan="2" | Present Participle
| colspan="5" | ñäma
|-
! colspan="2" | Past Participle
| colspan="5" | nmana
|}

==Comparison to other Indo-European languages==

{| style="margin:0 auto;font-size: 90%;" class="toccolours" colspan="2" cellpadding="3"
|-
|align=center colspan=13 style="background:#ccf"| '''Tocharian vocabulary (sample)'''
|-
|- bgcolor="#cdcdcd"
!'''''English'''''!! Tocharian D !! Tocharian A !! Tocharian B !! [[w:Ancient Greek]] !! [[w:Vedic Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] !! [[w:Latin]] !! [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] !! [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] !! [[w:Old Irish]] !! [[w:Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] !! [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|-
|''one''||'''aynä'''||'''sas'''||'''ṣe'''||heîs, hen||sa(kṛ́t)||semel||*simla||simle||samail||*sǫ-||*sḗm> PToch *sems
|-
|''two''||'''way'''||'''wu'''||'''wi'''||dúo||dvā́||duo||*twai||twái||dá||*dъva||''*dwóh₁''
|-
|''three''||'''θŕä'''||'''tre'''||'''trai'''||treîs||tráyas||trēs||*þrīz||þreis||trí||*trьje||''*tréyes''
|-
|''four''||''' fidär'''||'''śtwar'''||'''śtwer'''||téttares, téssares||catvā́ras, catúras||quattuor||*fedwōr||fidwōr||cethair||*četỳre||''*kʷetwóres''
|-
|''five''||'''fim'''||'''päñ'''||'''piś'''||pénte||páñca||quīnque||*fimf||fimf||cóic||*pętь||''*pénkʷe''
|-
|''six''||'''tsäh'''||'''ṣäk'''||'''ṣkas'''||héx||ṣáṣ||sex||*sehs||saihs||sé||*šestь||''*swéḱs''
|-
|''seven''||'''tsäp'''||'''ṣpät'''||'''ṣukt'''||heptá||saptá||septem||*sebun||sibun||secht||*sedmь||''*septḿ̥''
|-
|''eight''||''' ahto'''||'''okät'''||'''okt'''||oktṓ||aṣṭáu, aṣṭá||octō||*ahtōu||ahtau||ocht||*osmь||''*oḱtṓw''
|-
|''nine''||'''ño'''||'''ñu'''||'''ñu'''||ennéa||náva||novem||*newun||niun||noí||*dȅvętь||''*h₁néwn̥''
|-
|''ten''||'''cäh'''||'''śäk'''||'''śak'''||déka||dáśa||decem||*tehun||taihun||deich||*dȅsętь||''*déḱm̥t''
|-
|''hundred''||'''hwänta'''||'''känt'''||'''kante'''||hekatón||śatām||centum||*hundą||hund||cét||*sъto||''*ḱm̥tóm''
|-
|''father''||'''facer'''||'''pācar'''||'''pācer'''||patḗr||pitṛ||pater||*fadēr||fadar||athair|| – ||''*ph₂tḗr''
|-
|''mother''||'''macer'''||'''mācar'''||'''mācer'''||mḗtēr|||mātṛ||māter||*mōdēr||mōdar||máthair||*màti||''*méh₂tēr''
|-
|''brother''||'''pracer'''||'''pracar'''||'''procer'''||phrā́tēr||bhrātṛ||frāter||*brōþēr||brōþar||bráthair||*bràtrъ||''*bʰréh₂tēr''
|-
|''sister''||'''tsäster'''||'''ṣar'''||'''ṣer'''||éor||svásṛ||soror||*swestēr||swistar||siur||*sestrà||''*swésōr''
|-
|''horse''||'''yähwa'''||'''yuk'''||'''yakwe'''||híppos||áśva-||equus||*ehwaz||aiƕs||ech||([[w:Balto-Slavic|Balto-Slavic]] ''*áśwāˀ'')||''*h₁éḱwos''
|-
|''cow''||'''ku'''||'''ko'''||'''keu'''||boûs||gaúṣ||bōs||*kūz||([[w:Old English|OE]] ''cū'')||bó||*govę̀do||''*gʷṓws''
|-
|''voice''||'''wahma'''||'''vak'''||'''vek'''||épos||vāk||vōx||*wōhmaz||([[w:Dutch language|Du]] ge''wag'')||foccul||*vikъ||''*wṓkʷs''
|-
|''name''||'''nam'''||'''ñom'''||'''ñem'''||ónoma||nāman-||nōmen||*namô||namō||ainmm||*jь̏mę||''*h₁nómn̥''
|-
|''to milk''||'''milkana'''||'''mālkā'''||'''mālkant'''||amélgein||–||mulgēre||*melkaną||miluks||bligid ([[w:Middle Irish|MIr]])||*melzti||''*h₂melǵ-eye''
|}