https://linguifex.com/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=P%C3%A1+mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m+ont%C4%81%CC%81+b%C3%A1nLinguifex - User contributions [en]2026-05-05T03:26:50ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sitenotice&diff=56754MediaWiki:Sitenotice2016-09-30T12:02:18Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>{{ombox<br />
|text = <center>We welcome [[Brooding]] as the featured language for August!</center><br />
}}</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/featured/Esperanto&diff=56204Template:Front/featured/Esperanto2016-09-19T11:53:21Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>La '''[[Brooding|brudinga]]''' estas lingvo parolata en la lando de Harkeno, supoze kreita je la aŭroro de la Lasta Epoko per Clyde P. Riddlesbrood. Scott L. Hamilton kreis la brudingan por la ''Riddlesbrood Touring Theater Company'', bazita sur elementoj disvolvitaj per Ryan Long, la reĝisoro de la teatro. Dum la aŭtono de 2014, krei kaj mastrumi la lingvon fariĝis la respondecoj de [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]].<br />
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La standarda vortordo estas subjekto–verbo–objekto (SVO), ie en la mezo de la sinteza-izola skalo, kun deviga V2-a vortordo. La brudinga silabo estas maksimume CCVCC kaj minimume V.<br />
[[File:Brooding-gate1.jpg|thumbnail|Ŝvebantaj kapoj: ''gedreen e doon/wis'']]<br />
[[File:Brooding-gate2.jpg|thumbnail|Maskoj: ''gedreen e doon/wis'']]<br />
Krome latinigo, la brudinga ankaŭ uzas skribsistemon, kiu enhavas du arojn de karaktroj: vidajn karaktrojn kaj blindajn karaktrojn. La vidaj karaktroj formas alfabeton kaj ĉiu reprezentas apartan brudingan sonon. La blindaj karaktroj estas logogramoj uzataj en diversaj manieroj.<br />
Ĉi tiuj "vizaĝoj" (kiu nomiĝas ''gawbren'') povas uziĝi sur diversaj iloj kaj ilustroj aŭ eĉ kopiiĝi per aktoroj por rakonti "historion ene de historio". La angulo de la kapo ankaŭ povas manipuliĝi por krei duoblaj signifoj. Estas maldekstre du ekzemploj de indiko, kiu povus signifi "Pordego de Vizaĝoj" (''gedreen e doon'') aŭ "Pordego de Revoj" (''gedreen e wis'').<br />
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<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/picture/Esperanto&diff=54346Template:Front/picture/Esperanto2016-07-16T12:29:26Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>[[File:ZM-cuneiform_name-2.png|thumb|right|La nomo "Zi-Mēχθilim" skribita en adaptita kojnoskrio (horizontala).]]<br />
<br />
La Zi-Mēχθilim estas konlingvo kreanta kaj evoluiganta per Nicolás Straccia. Ĝi estas parto de la Yrḳuti-a konmonda projekto.<br />
<br />
''Vidu pli:'' '''[[User:Nicolasstraccia]]'''<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/featured/Esperanto&diff=54345Template:Front/featured/Esperanto2016-07-16T12:29:20Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>La '''[[Fjämsk|fjema]]''' (koniĝas kiel ''fjämsk'' [fjɛmʃ] aŭ ''deð fjämsk språgið'' [dɪθ fjɛmʃ ’spʁɔ:xɪθ] en la lingvo ĝi mem) estas nordĝermana lingvo parolata per la 550,700 loĝantoj de la insula nacio de Femlando. Ĝi apartenas al la nordĝermana (aŭ skandinavia) lingvaro kaj estas plejparte reciproke komprenada kun la norvega, la dana kaj la sveda. La fjema estas posteulo de la malnovnordlanda, la komuna lingvo de la ĝermanaj popoloj, kiu loĝis en Skandinavio dum la vikinga epoko. La fjema ankaŭ sorbis vortojn de la nederlanda, kun kiu la insulo estis negoca asociano dum la Mezepoko.<br />
<br />
La standarda vortordo estas subjekto–verbo–objekto (SVO), kvankam ofte ĉi tio povas ŝanĝiĝi por akcenti certajn vortojn aŭ vortgrupojn kaj ĝi ankaŭ ŝanĝiĝas kun certaj adverbaj frazoj. La fjema morfologio estas simila al la angla; tio estas, vortoj havas kompare malmultajn fleksiojn. Estas du genrojn, la komuna kaj la neŭtra; ĉi tiuj ofte koniĝas kiel neŭtra kaj neneŭtra aŭ kiel ð-vortoj kaj n-vortoj. Estas du gramatikaj kazoj, kaj distingo inter singularo kaj pluralo. Oni komparas adjektivojn kiel en la angla kaj ankaŭ flksiiĝas laŭ genro, nombro kaj definiteco. La definiteco de substantivoj markiĝas unuavice pere de sufiksoj, kiuj kompletiĝas kun apartaj definitaj kaj nedefinitaj artikoloj.<br />
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<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User_talk:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=54293User talk:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2016-07-15T19:26:06Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>{{archive}}<br />
== A question ==<br />
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can i nominate a language for featured or honoured? When i clicked on "nominate a featured language", i get a message "http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=45" which says the requested url could not be found <br />
[[User:SostiMatiko|SostiMatiko]] ([[User talk:SostiMatiko|talk]]) 20:28, 7 March 2015 (CET)<br />
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:Sorry, the link is old. Because of how featured languages now work, you will get an infobox at the top of Linguifex when you log-on, with a link to an active nomination thread when these are running. These are usually called near the end of a month. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 02:48, 9 March 2015 (CET)<br />
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:i followed the link to the currently featured language, but could not find any link or place to nominate a language. Can you please just paste that link here? Or, as an administrator you are, i invite you to select http://linguifex.com/wiki/Dama_Diwan as the most honoured language. thanks!<br />
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== Really sorry for the late reply! ==<br />
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Hi Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán,<br />
<br />
I had not realized that you posted a question about Minhast on my Discussion page this past August 2014. I didn't get any notification, but now that I know you posted, I posted my answer to your question on my Discussion page. I didn't want you to think I was ignoring you. Anyway, thanks for your interest.<br />
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Anyar<br />
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== Generic greeting ==<br />
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My my, what a surprise. Welcome back, how are things? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 20:46, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
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Hej! It's been a while; I had gone quite a long time without any conlangery of any kind. Life sort of gets in the way at times. But in general everything's fine! And yourself? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 22:42, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
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Oh, I'm just fine. I just got back here a few weeks ago, myself. Uni made me suffer from withdrawal, so I gathered I should get back to conlanging in the summer; and here I am! And oh, how was Siberia? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 11:21, 27 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
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I got back into it after binging on the backlog of Conlangary episodes. Though now I've started preferring Word for conlanging to the wiki format (probably because its more conducive to my serial sketch-langer nature). What are you doing at uni? I'm just coming to the end of a master's in linguistics myself. Siberia was excellent! And I do miss it at times. [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 14:13, 28 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
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Ah, yeah, I've been LaTeX-ing a lot of my languages as well. Yes, your sketchlanging is indeed legendary by now. Oh, right, don't know if I should congratulate you yet, but that's great! Did you learn anything worthy of note in Siberia and France (?, was it)?<br />
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I study physics. Not very linguistic, I'm afraid. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 19:24, 28 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
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I tried to get in LaTex but never quite got the hang of it for some reason. Maybe it's the instant gratification of WYSIWYG. Well, congratulations are not quite yet in order; I'm still in the middle of writing my dissertation. Nothing particular springs to mind from Russia and France, but it was certainly a formative experience. Be not afraid! Physics is great :) How do you do go about your LaTexing? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 17:31, 29 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
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Interesting, what is your subject? Well, LaTeX isn't exactly known for being very WYSIWYG, and normally you have to work through a terminal or the like. Eventually you grow lazy, however, since compiling takes ages. So I mostly use ShareLaTeX [https://www.sharelatex.com], which is free and allows instant compilation. It's especially useful for dissertations ^^. I think my whole department at uni uses this website. And yeah, physics is marvellous! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 20:29, 29 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
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I'm researching phonology in the Trans-New Guinea languages. I'd like to get into LaTex mainly to keep track of in-text references to table and example numbers. I don't much care for the default font used in LaTex (though I suspect that is easily change). What's your area in physics? Or are you not far enough in to have specialised yet? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 10:31, 30 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
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== Boo ==<br />
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Hiii booooo!!!!! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|<span style="color:#800080;">Emperor Zelos</span>]]''' 15:20, 29 June 2016 (CEST)<br />
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Hejjjjj!!!!!!! [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 21:25, 15 July 2016 (CEST)</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/featured/Esperanto&diff=54292Template:Front/featured/Esperanto2016-07-15T19:23:48Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>La '''[[Fjämsk|fjemma]]''' (koniĝas kiel ''fjämsk'' [fjɛmʃ] aŭ ''deð fjämsk språgið'' [dɪθ fjɛmʃ ’spʁɔ:xɪθ] en la lingvo ĝi mem) estas nordĝermana lingvo parolata per la 550,700 loĝantoj de la insula nacio de Femlando. Ĝi apartenas al la nordĝermana (aŭ skandinavia) lingvaro kaj estas plejparte reciproke komprenado kun la norvega, la dana kaj la sveda. La fjema estas posteulo de la malnovnordlanda, la komuna lingvo de la ĝermanaj popoloj, kiu loĝis en Skandinavio dum la vikinga epoko. La fjema ankaŭ sorbis vortojn de la nederlanda, kun kiu la insulo estis negoca asociano dum la Mezepoko.<br />
<br />
La standarda vortordo estas subjekto–verbo–objekto (SVO), kvankam ofte ĉi tio povas ŝanĝiĝi por akcenti certajn vortojn aŭ vortgrupojn aŭ kun certaj adverbaj frazoj. La fjema morfologio estas simila al la angla; tio estas, vortoj havas kompare malmultajn fleksiojn. Estas du genrojn, la komuna kaj la neŭtra; ĉi tiuj ofte koniĝas kiel neŭtra kaj neneŭtra aŭ kiel ð-vortoj kaj n-vortoj. Estas du gramatikaj kazoj, kaj distingo inter singularo kaj pluralo. Oni komparas adjektivojn kiel en la angla kaj ankaŭ flksiiĝas laŭ genro, nombro kaj definiteco. La definiteco de substantivoj markiĝas unuavice pere de sufiksoj, kiuj kompletiĝas kun apartaj definitaj kaj nedefinitaj artikoloj.<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/aid/Esperanto&diff=54291Template:Front/aid/Esperanto2016-07-15T19:23:38Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>; Ne certas kie komenci?<br />
* Se vi nenion scias pri vikioj, eble vi volus legi la '''[[Help:Contents|Helppaĝojn]]'''.<br />
* Novaj redaktistoj, bonvolu legi nian [[Linguifex:Style policy|stilogvidon]], [[Guide:Introduction|enkondukogvidon]] kaj [[Linguifex:Policy|politikojn]], antaŭe krei novan paĝon.<br />
<br />
; Aldono de enhavo<br />
* Se vi volus helpi, sed vi ne certas kie komenci, tiuokaze provu plibonigi la diversajn '''[[:Category:Stubs|stumpartikolojn]]''' per ilin ekspansii.<br />
* Aldonu novajn kaj bezonajn '''[[Special:Wantedcategories|kategoriojn]].<br />
* Plia helpema agado estus rigardi la liston de '''[[Special:Wantedpages|dezirataj paĝoj]]''' por sciiĝi kiuj oftaj alligataj artikoloj ankoraŭ ne ekzistas.<br />
* Provizo de [[:Category:Linguistics| lingvosciencaj]] kaj [[:Category:Phonetics|fonetikaj]] informoj.<br />
* Vi povas [[Special:Wantedtemplates|ĉi tie]] trovi liston de bezonaj ŝablono.<br />
<br />
; Konservo de la vikio<br />
* Helpu nian per engaĝi sin en unu de niaj '''[[Linguifex:Current events|nuntempaj projektoj]]'''.<br />
* Iĝu vian voĉon rekonatan je nia '''[[Linguifex talk:Policy|diskuto de politikoj]]'''.<br />
* '''[[:Category:Improvement|Purigu]]''' artikolojn, kiuj ĝin bezonas.<br />
* Riparu '''[[Special:BrokenRedirects|difekataj]]''' aŭ '''[[Special:DoubleRedirects|duoblaj]]''' alidirekto.<br />
* Helpu korekti ortografion aŭ gramatikon - ĉi tio estas ĉiam dankinda. <br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/picture/Esperanto&diff=54289Template:Front/picture/Esperanto2016-07-15T19:23:34Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>[[File:ZM-cuneiform_name-2.png|thumb|right|La nomo "Zi-Mēχθilim" skribita en adaptita kojnoskriba skriboformo (horizontala).]]<br />
<br />
La Zi-Mēχθilim estas konlingvo kreanta kaj evoluiganta per Nicolás Straccia. Ĝi estas parto de la Yrḳuti-a konmomonda projekto.<br />
<br />
''Vidu pli:'' '''[[User:Nicolasstraccia]]'''<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/welcome/Esperanto&diff=54288Template:Front/welcome/Esperanto2016-07-15T19:23:27Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>''Je ĉi tiu vikio ni volas faciligi la kreadon kaj la evoluon de konstruitaj lingvoj, aŭ '''konlingvoj'''. Konstruitaj lingvoj estas kreataj por plenumi multajn malsamajn celojn: eksperimentado, internaciigo, ĝuado kaj multe da aliaj motivoj. Ili estas ofte ligitaj al konstruitaj kulturoj kaj aliaj specoj de inspiritaj kadroj. Konstruitaj linvoj havas preskaŭ senlimajn eblecojn, do provu inventi novan lingvon!''<br />
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<br/><big>Bonvenon al Linguifex!</big><br />
<br />
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<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/newword/Esperanto&diff=54287Template:Front/newword/Esperanto2016-07-15T19:23:24Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>'''Linguifex''' ne storas nur vian lingvon, sed ankaŭ vortaron, kiu estas simila al [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Main Page|Vikivortaro]], nome [[Portal:Contionary|Konvortaro]]. Tie vi povas krei kaj dividi la vortprovizon kaj detalojn de via konstruita lingvo! Skribu vian vorton (sen ĉefliteroj) kaj ekverku!<br />
<inputbox><br />
type=create<br />
break=no<br />
preload=Template:Newword<br />
buttonlabel=Kreu Vorton Nun!<br />
prefix=Contionary:<br />
</inputbox><br />
Por pli da informoj pri la Konvortaro, vidu niajn [[:Category:Contionary|vortojn]] kaj [[Portal:Contionary|enkondukon]]!<br />
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<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/newlang/Esperanto&diff=54286Template:Front/newlang/Esperanto2016-07-15T19:23:19Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>Ĉu vi volas krei lingvon? Ĝi povas estas multe da laboro por ĝin fari prezenteblan, sed la finrezultoj ofte estas mirindaj! Por krei vian propran lingvon, vi devas decidi je:<br />
*La '''fonologio''' - la sonoj de la lingvo.<br />
*La '''gramatiko''' - la kadro de la lingvo.<br />
*La '''vortprovizo''' - la vortoj kaj vortaro de la lingvo.<br />
Enenklavu titolon je la skatolon por komenci krei vian lingvon.<br />
<inputbox><br />
type=create<br />
break=no<br />
preload=Template:New/Language<br />
buttonlabel=Kreu Lingvon Nun!<br />
</inputbox><br />
Por pli da informoj pri la lingvistiko, vidu nian [[Linguifex:Getting started|gvidon]] kaj la [[:Category:Linguistics|lingvistikan]] sekcion.<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/banner/Esperanto&diff=54285Template:Front/banner/Esperanto2016-07-15T19:23:14Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:200%; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 27px; margin-left:;">Bonvenon al Linguifex,</div><br />
:<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:120%; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left:;">la [[wikipedia:Free content|libera]] [[wikipedia:Wiki|vikio]] pro '''konlingvoj''' [[Guide:Introduction|redaktebla de ĉiuj]]!</div><br />
<div id="articlecount" style="font-size:80%; margin-bottom:27px;">Ni nuntempe havas [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] artikolojn kaj lingvojn, {{#expr:({{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}/3000*100) round1}}% de nia celo. <br />
<br/> Estas nuntempe [[:Category:Stubs|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Stubs}}]] stumpoj kaj [[:Category:Improvement|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wiki work}}]] artikoloj, kiuj bezonas ekspansion.</div><br />
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* [[Portal:Library|Biblioteko]]<br />
* [[Portal:Relays|Relajsoj]]<br />
| style="width:10%; font-size:95%;" |<br />
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| style="width:10%; font-size:95%;" |<br />
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|}</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/banner/Esperanto&diff=54284Template:Front/banner/Esperanto2016-07-15T19:21:43Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:200%; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 27px; margin-left:;">Bonvenon al Linguifex,</div><br />
:<div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:120%; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left:;">la [[wikipedia:Free content|libera]] [[wikipedia:Wiki|vikio]] pro '''konlingvoj''' [[Guide:Introduction|redaktebla de ĉiuj]]!</div><br />
<div id="articlecount" style="font-size:80%; margin-bottom:27px;">Ni nuntempe havas [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] artikoloj kaj lingvoj: {{#expr:({{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}/3000*100) round1}}% de nia celo. <br />
<br/> Estas nuntempe [[:Category:Stubs|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Stubs}}]] stumpoj kaj [[:Category:Improvement|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wiki work}}]] artikoloj, kiuj bezonas ekspansion.</div><br />
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|}</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Main_Page/Esperanto&diff=54283Main Page/Esperanto2016-07-15T19:21:22Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div><!---------------------- Ĉefpaĝo ----------------------><br />
{{Front/banner/Esperanto}}__NOTOC__<br />
{| class="mp_content"<br />
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|style="text-align:center;"|'''Ĉi tiu paĝo:''' {{Bar languages/Esperanto}}<br />
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{| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;"<br />
| style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Elektata lingvo</h2><br />
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| style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{Front/featured/Esperanto}}<br/><center>'''[[:Category:Featured|Antaŭe elektataj lingvoj]]''' • '''[http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=45 Kandidatigu elektatan lingvon]'''</center></div><br />
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| style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><!--Did you know...-->ISO-kodoj je KreativeKorp</h2><br />
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| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk"><!--{{Front/did you know/Esperanto}}-->La Linguifex-vikio subteni KreativeKorp-iniciaton pri la asigno de ISO-kodoj al konlingvoj, la KonLingva Koda Registro! Aldonu [http://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/index.php ĉi tie] vian lingvon al la listo. Se via lingvo estas je Linguifex, [[Linguifex:Administrators|nin]] sciigu!</div><br />
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{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;"<br />
| style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Linguifex</h2><br />
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| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{Front/picture/Esperanto}}</div><br />
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| style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Kreu lingvon!</h2><br />
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| style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Kreu vorton!</h2><br />
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| style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{Front/newword/Esperanto}}</div><br />
|}<br />
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<!-- FEATURED AUDIO --><br />
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<td class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #f2cedd; background:#fff5fa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"><br />
<table id="mp-center" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#fff5fa; color:#000;"><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="padding:2px;"><h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#f2cedd; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #bfa3af; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">Elektata video</h2></td><br />
</tr><tr><br />
<td style="color:#000;"><div id="mp-tfl" style="padding:2px 5px;">{{Front/audio/Esperanto}}</div></td><br />
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{{Front/resources/Esperanto}}</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/featured&diff=54281Template:Front/featured2016-07-15T19:21:18Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[Fjämsk|Femmish]]''' (known as ''fjämsk'' [fjɛmʃ] or ''deð fjämsk språgið'' [dɪθ fjɛmʃ ’spʁɔ:xɪθ] in the language itself) is a North Germanic language, spoken by the 550,700 inhabitants of the island nation of Femland. It is a member of the Northern Germanic (Scandinavian) family of languages and is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian, Danish and Swedish. Femmish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking era. Femmish has also absorbed vocabulary from Dutch with whom the island was a trading partner during the Middle Ages.<br />
<br />
The standard word order is subject–verb–object (SVO), though this can often be changed to stress certain words or phrases or in certain adverbial sentences. Femmish morphology is similar to English; that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, the so-called common and neuter; often known as neuter and non-neuter or ð-words and n-words. There are two grammatical cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are also inflected according to gender, number and definiteness. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes (endings), complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles.<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/aid/Esperanto&diff=44401Template:Front/aid/Esperanto2016-01-02T10:00:12Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>Por skribi novan artikolon, simple entajpi la titolon de la artikolo je la malsupran skatolon.<br />
<br />
<br />
<createbox><br />
width=24<br />
break=no<br />
buttonlabel=Kreu Artikolo Nu!<br />
</createbox><br />
<br />
; Ne certas kie komenci?<br />
* Se vi nenion scias pri vikioj, eble vi volus legi la '''[[Help:Contents|Helppaĝojn]]'''.<br />
* Novaj redaktistoj, bonvolu legi nian [[Linguifex:Style policy|stilogvidon]], [[Guide:Introduction|enkondukogvidon]] kaj [[Linguifex:Policy|politikojn]], antaŭe krei novan paĝon.<br />
<br />
; Aldono de enhavo<br />
* Se vi volus helpi, sed vi ne certas kie komenci, tiuokaze provu plibonigi la diversajn '''[[:Category:Stubs|stumpartikolojn]]''' per ilin ekspansii.<br />
* Aldonu novajn kaj bezonajn '''[[Special:Wantedcategories|kategoriojn]].<br />
* Plia helpema agado estus rigardi la liston de '''[[Special:Wantedpages|dezirataj paĝoj]]''' por sciiĝi kiuj oftaj alligataj artikoloj ankoraŭ ne ekzistas.<br />
* Provizo de [[:Category:Linguistics| lingvosciencaj]] kaj [[:Category:Phonetics|fonetikaj]] informoj.<br />
* Vi povas [[Special:Wantedtemplates|ĉi tie]] trovi liston de bezonaj ŝablono.<br />
<br />
; Konservo de la vikio<br />
* Helpu nian per engaĝi sin en unu de niaj '''[[Linguifex:Current events|nuntempaj projektoj]]'''.<br />
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* '''[[:Category:Improvement|Purigu]]''' artikolojn, kiuj ĝin bezonas.<br />
* Riparu '''[[Special:BrokenRedirects|difekataj]]''' aŭ '''[[Special:DoubleRedirects|duoblaj]]''' alidirekto.<br />
* Helpu korekti ortografion aŭ gramatikon - ĉi tio estas ĉiam dankinda. <br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/featured/Esperanto&diff=44350Template:Front/featured/Esperanto2016-01-01T12:12:27Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>La '''[[Minhast|minhasta]]''' (''Minhast min kirim'', laŭvorte "Minhasta parolo") estas la parolata lingvo de la Respubliko de Minhajo kun forta parolkomunumo de preskaŭ 26 milionoj homoj, proksimume unu miliono loĝas en elmigranta komunumoj kaj la plej grandaj koncentriĝoj rezidas en la Usono, Ĥaydio, Meksiko, la Meza Oriento, Kailukuanpurio kaj Kanado. Signifoplenaj nombroj ankaŭ ekzistas en Sudorienta Azio kaj Norda Eŭropo. Ĝi estas apartigata en du grandaj dialektoj, la supra minhasta kaj la suba minhasta, ĉiu estas aparitigata en kelkaj pli malgrandaj subdialektoj, ekzemple la salmoparolanta varianto de la supra minhasta dialekto kaj la pandionoparolanta varianto de la suba minhasta dialekto. Ĝi estas ''a priori'' lingvo kreata por [[User:Anyar|Anjaro]].<br />
<br />
<center>'''Sapim kirimaran išpidustittuytammēru.'''<br/>''Ĉi tiu lingvo estis elktata.''</center> <br />
<br/><center>'''Wahēk, kirim waheprahan, kantašmahan, markakramaku, wahēk ezzakennemaru wammīn.'''<br/>''Dank' al ĝia nivelo de boneco, kredebleco kaj kapabloj de uzado, la komunumo elektis ĝin esti elektata.''</center><br />
<br />
Tipologie, la minhasta estas ergativa polisinteza lingvo. La morfologio de verboj estas tre aglutina kaj inkluzivas la aliĝon de substantivoj kaj aliajn kompleksajn valencaj operacioj. La markita vortordo estas SOV. Oni trovas ergativecon sur kaj la morfologia kaj la sintaksa niveloj.<br />
<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/featured/Esperanto&diff=44334Template:Front/featured/Esperanto2016-01-01T01:44:54Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>La '''[[Minhast|minhasta]]''' (''Minhast min kirim'', laŭvorte "Minhasta parolo") estas la parolata lingvo de la Respubliko de Minhajo kun forta parolkomunumo de preskaŭ 26 milionoj homoj, proksimume unu miliono loĝas en elmigranta komunumoj kaj la plej grandaj koncentriĝoj rezidas en la Usono, Ĥaydio, Meksiko, la Meza Oriento, Kailukuanpuro kaj Kanado. Signifoplenaj numbroj ankaŭ ekzistas en Sudorienta Azio kaj Norda Eŭropo. Ĝi estas apartigata en du grandaj dialektoj, la supra minhasta kaj suba minhasta, ĉiu estas aparitigata en kelkaj pli malgrandaj subdialektoj, ekzemple la salmoparolanta varianto de la supra minhasta dialekto kaj la pandionoparolanta varianto de la suba minhasta dialekto. Ĝi estas ''a priori'' lingvo kreata por [[User:Anyar|Anjaro]].<br />
<br />
<center>'''Sapim kirimaran išpidustittuytammēru.'''<br/>''Ĉi tiu lingvo estis elktata.''</center> <br />
<br/><center>'''Wahēk, kirim waheprahan, kantašmahan, markakramaku, wahēk ezzakennemaru wammīn.'''<br/>''Dank' al ĝia nivelo de boneco, kredebleco kaj kapabloj de uzado, komunumo elektis ĝin esti elektata.''</center><br />
<br />
Tipologie, la minhasta estas ergativa polisinteza lingvo. La morfologio de verboj estas tre aglutina kaj inkluzivas la aliĝon de substantivoj kaj aliajn kompleksajn valencaj operacioj. La markita vortordo estas SOV. Oni trovas ergativecon sur kaj la morfologia kaj la sintaksa niveloj.<br />
<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/featured/Esperanto&diff=44325Template:Front/featured/Esperanto2015-12-31T17:59:39Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>La '''[[Minhast|minhasta]]''' '' (Minhast min kirim'', laŭvorte "Minhasta parolo")'' estas la parolata lingvo de la Respubliko de Minhajo kun forta parolkomunumo de preskaŭ 26 milionoj homoj, proksimume unu miliono de ili loĝas en elmigranta komunumoj kaj la plej grandaj koncentriĝoj rezidas en la Usono, Ĥaydio, Meksiko, la Meza Oriento, Kailukuanpuro kaj Kanado. Signifoplenaj numbroj ankaŭ ekzistas en Sudorienta Azio kaj Norda Eŭropo. Ĝi estas apartigata en du grandaj dialektoj, la supra kaj suba minhasta, ĉiu estas aparitigata en kelkaj pli malgrandaj subdialektoj, ekzemple la salmoparolanta varianto de la supra minhasta dialekto kaj la pandionoparolanta varianto de la subminhasta dialekto. Ĝi estas a priori lingvo kreato por [[User:Anyar|Anjaro]].<br />
<br />
<center>'''Sapim kirimaran išpidustittuytammēru.'''<br/>''Ĉi tiu lingvo estis elktata.''</center> <br />
<br/><center>'''Wahēk, kirim waheprahan, kantašmahan, markakramaku, wahēk ezzakennemaru wammīn.'''<br/>''Dank' al ĝia nivelo de boneco, kredebleco kaj kapabloj de uzado, komunumo elektis ĝin esti elektata.''</center><br />
<br />
Tipologie, la minhasta estas ergativa, polisinteza lingvo. Verba morfologio estas tre aglutina kaj inkluzivas la aliĝon de substantivoj kaj aliajn kompleksajn valencaj operacioj. La markitaj vortorder estas SOV. Oni trovas ergativecon ambaŭ sur la morfologia kaj sintaksa niveloj.<br />
<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/featured/Esperanto&diff=44324Template:Front/featured/Esperanto2015-12-31T17:57:37Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>La '''[[Minhast|minhasta]]''' '' (Minhast min kirim'', laŭvorte "Minhasta parolo")'' estas la parolata lingvo de la Respubliko de Minhajo kun forta parolkomunumo de preskaŭ 26 milionoj homoj, proksimume unu miliono de ili loĝas en elmigranta komunumoj kaj la plej grandaj koncentriĝoj rezidas en la Usono, Xaydio, Meksiko, la Meza Oriento, Kailukuanpuro kaj Kanado. Signifoplenaj numbroj ankaŭ ekzistas en Sudorienta Azio kaj Norda Eŭropo. Ĝi estas apartigata en du grandaj dialektoj, la supra kaj suba minhasta, ĉiu estas aparitigata en kelkaj pli malgrandaj subdialektoj, ekzemple la salmoparolanta varianto de la supra minhasta dialekto kaj la pandionoparolanta varianto de la subminhasta dialekto. Ĝi estas a priori lingvo kreato por [[User:Anyar|Anyar]].<br />
<br />
<center>'''Sapim kirimaran išpidustittuytammēru.'''<br/>''Ĉi tiu lingvo estis elktata.''</center> <br />
<br/><center>'''Wahēk, kirim waheprahan, kantašmahan, markakramaku, wahēk ezzakennemaru wammīn.'''<br/>''Dank' al ĝia nivelo de boneco, kredebleco kaj kapabloj de uzado, komunumo elektis ĝin esti elektata.''</center><br />
<br />
Tipologie, la minhasta estas ergativa, polisinteza lingvo. Verba morfologio estas tre aglutina kaj inkluzivas la aliĝon de substantivoj kaj aliajn kompleksajn valencaj operacioj. La markitaj vortorder estas SOV. Oni trovas ergativecon ambaŭ sur la morfologia kaj sintaksa niveloj.<br />
<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Front/featured/Esperanto&diff=44323Template:Front/featured/Esperanto2015-12-31T17:55:59Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>La '''[[minhasta]]''' '' (Minhast min kirim'', laŭvorte "Minhasta parolo")'' estas la parolata lingvo de la Respubliko de Minhajo kun forta parolkomunumo de preskaŭ 26 milionoj homoj, proksimume unu miliono de ili loĝas en elmigranta komunumoj kaj la plej grandaj koncentriĝoj rezidas en la Usono, Xaydio, Meksiko, la Meza Oriento, Kailukuanpuro kaj Kanado. Signifoplenaj numbroj ankaŭ ekzistas en Sudorienta Azio kaj Norda Eŭropo. Ĝi estas apartigata en du grandaj dialektoj, la supra kaj suba minhasta, ĉiu estas aparitigata en kelkaj pli malgrandaj subdialektoj, ekzemple la salmoparolanta varianto de la supra minhasta dialekto kaj la pandionoparolanta varianto de la subminhasta dialekto. Ĝi estas a priori lingvo kreato por [User:Anyar|Anyar]].<br />
<br />
<center>'''Sapim kirimaran išpidustittuytammēru.'''<br/>''Ĉi tiu lingvo estis elktata.''</center> <br />
<br/><center>'''Wahēk, kirim waheprahan, kantašmahan, markakramaku, wahēk ezzakennemaru wammīn.'''<br/>''Dank' al ĝia nivelo de boneco, kredebleco kaj kapabloj de uzado, komunumo elektis ĝin esti elektata.''</center><br />
<br />
Tipologie, la minhasta estas ergativa, polisinteza lingvo. Verba morfologio estas tre aglutina kaj inkluzivas la aliĝon de substantivoj kaj aliajn kompleksajn valencaj operacioj. La markitaj vortorder estas SOV. Oni trovas ergativecon ambaŭ sur la morfologia kaj sintaksa niveloj.<br />
<br />
<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude></div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User_talk:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=37641User talk:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-07-30T08:31:11Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* Generic greeting */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{archive}}<br />
== A question ==<br />
<br />
can i nominate a language for featured or honoured? When i clicked on "nominate a featured language", i get a message "http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=45" which says the requested url could not be found <br />
[[User:SostiMatiko|SostiMatiko]] ([[User talk:SostiMatiko|talk]]) 20:28, 7 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:Sorry, the link is old. Because of how featured languages now work, you will get an infobox at the top of Linguifex when you log-on, with a link to an active nomination thread when these are running. These are usually called near the end of a month. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 02:48, 9 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:i followed the link to the currently featured language, but could not find any link or place to nominate a language. Can you please just paste that link here? Or, as an administrator you are, i invite you to select http://linguifex.com/wiki/Dama_Diwan as the most honoured language. thanks!<br />
<br />
== Really sorry for the late reply! ==<br />
<br />
Hi Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán,<br />
<br />
I had not realized that you posted a question about Minhast on my Discussion page this past August 2014. I didn't get any notification, but now that I know you posted, I posted my answer to your question on my Discussion page. I didn't want you to think I was ignoring you. Anyway, thanks for your interest.<br />
<br />
Anyar<br />
<br />
== Generic greeting ==<br />
<br />
My my, what a surprise. Welcome back, how are things? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 20:46, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Hej! It's been a while; I had gone quite a long time without any conlangery of any kind. Life sort of gets in the way at times. But in general everything's fine! And yourself? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 22:42, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Oh, I'm just fine. I just got back here a few weeks ago, myself. Uni made me suffer from withdrawal, so I gathered I should get back to conlanging in the summer; and here I am! And oh, how was Siberia? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 11:21, 27 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
I got back into it after binging on the backlog of Conlangary episodes. Though now I've started preferring Word for conlanging to the wiki format (probably because its more conducive to my serial sketch-langer nature). What are you doing at uni? I'm just coming to the end of a master's in linguistics myself. Siberia was excellent! And I do miss it at times. [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 14:13, 28 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Ah, yeah, I've been LaTeX-ing a lot of my languages as well. Yes, your sketchlanging is indeed legendary by now. Oh, right, don't know if I should congratulate you yet, but that's great! Did you learn anything worthy of note in Siberia and France (?, was it)?<br />
<br />
I study physics. Not very linguistic, I'm afraid. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 19:24, 28 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
I tried to get in LaTex but never quite got the hang of it for some reason. Maybe it's the instant gratification of WYSIWYG. Well, congratulations are not quite yet in order; I'm still in the middle of writing my dissertation. Nothing particular springs to mind from Russia and France, but it was certainly a formative experience. Be not afraid! Physics is great :) How do you do go about your LaTexing? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 17:31, 29 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Interesting, what is your subject? Well, LaTeX isn't exactly known for being very WYSIWYG, and normally you have to work through a terminal or the like. Eventually you grow lazy, however, since compiling takes ages. So I mostly use ShareLaTeX [https://www.sharelatex.com], which is free and allows instant compilation. It's especially useful for dissertations ^^. I think my whole department at uni uses this website. And yeah, physics is marvellous! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 20:29, 29 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
I'm researching phonology in the Trans-New Guinea languages. I'd like to get into LaTex mainly to keep track of in-text references to table and example numbers. I don't much care for the default font used in LaTex (though I suspect that is easily change). What's your area in physics? Or are you not far enough in to have specialised yet? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 10:31, 30 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User_talk:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=37619User talk:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-07-29T15:31:01Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* Generic greeting */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{archive}}<br />
== A question ==<br />
<br />
can i nominate a language for featured or honoured? When i clicked on "nominate a featured language", i get a message "http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=45" which says the requested url could not be found <br />
[[User:SostiMatiko|SostiMatiko]] ([[User talk:SostiMatiko|talk]]) 20:28, 7 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:Sorry, the link is old. Because of how featured languages now work, you will get an infobox at the top of Linguifex when you log-on, with a link to an active nomination thread when these are running. These are usually called near the end of a month. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 02:48, 9 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:i followed the link to the currently featured language, but could not find any link or place to nominate a language. Can you please just paste that link here? Or, as an administrator you are, i invite you to select http://linguifex.com/wiki/Dama_Diwan as the most honoured language. thanks!<br />
<br />
== Really sorry for the late reply! ==<br />
<br />
Hi Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán,<br />
<br />
I had not realized that you posted a question about Minhast on my Discussion page this past August 2014. I didn't get any notification, but now that I know you posted, I posted my answer to your question on my Discussion page. I didn't want you to think I was ignoring you. Anyway, thanks for your interest.<br />
<br />
Anyar<br />
<br />
== Generic greeting ==<br />
<br />
My my, what a surprise. Welcome back, how are things? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 20:46, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Hej! It's been a while; I had gone quite a long time without any conlangery of any kind. Life sort of gets in the way at times. But in general everything's fine! And yourself? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 22:42, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Oh, I'm just fine. I just got back here a few weeks ago, myself. Uni made me suffer from withdrawal, so I gathered I should get back to conlanging in the summer; and here I am! And oh, how was Siberia? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 11:21, 27 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
I got back into it after binging on the backlog of Conlangary episodes. Though now I've started preferring Word for conlanging to the wiki format (probably because its more conducive to my serial sketch-langer nature). What are you doing at uni? I'm just coming to the end of a master's in linguistics myself. Siberia was excellent! And I do miss it at times. [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 14:13, 28 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Ah, yeah, I've been LaTeX-ing a lot of my languages as well. Yes, your sketchlanging is indeed legendary by now. Oh, right, don't know if I should congratulate you yet, but that's great! Did you learn anything worthy of note in Siberia and France (?, was it)?<br />
<br />
I study physics. Not very linguistic, I'm afraid. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 19:24, 28 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
I tried to get in LaTex but never quite got the hang of it for some reason. Maybe it's the instant gratification of WYSIWYG. Well, congratulations are not quite yet in order; I'm still in the middle of writing my dissertation. Nothing particular springs to mind from Russia and France, but it was certainly a formative experience. Be not afraid! Physics is great :) How do you do go about your LaTexing? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 17:31, 29 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=37609User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-07-28T12:23:01Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>I like to learning foreign languages and conlanging. I don't seem to have the time for conlanging nowadays. That said, I still pop in fairly often, even if I don't make a contribution on each visit since I have started to prefer using Word to document my languages.<br />
<br />
If you want to leave me a message about any thing at all, please do! You're welcome to do so in any language you think I'll have a chance of understanding, be it nat or con. Languages I'm happy to be contacted in are English, French, Russian, Czech, Portuguese, Esperanto, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, Dutch, Afrikaans and Swahili (disclaimer: I'm not fluent in all of these but practice is always nice!).<br />
<br />
By the way, I have an infrequently-updated page on [https://sites.google.com/site/conlangpmob/home Google Sites].<br />
<br />
Conlangs et cetera:<br />
*[[/IPA for my English|IPA for my English]] (needs correcting/revising)<br />
*[[/Describing Morphosyntax|Describing Morphosyntax]] (lent the book to someone and they have yet to return it)<br />
*[[Awe]]<br />
*[[/თქარინ|თქარინ]]<br />
*[[Hantza]]<br />
*Ng'ano<br />
*Liaou<br />
*Romanic<br />
*Nowy slovieński język<br />
*[[/Sandbox|Sandbox]]<br />
**[[/Sandbox/Kertha|Kertha]]<br />
***[[Old Kvalian]]<br />
*Zamoran<br />
*Bamenese<br />
*[[Cuoxeh]]<br />
*[[Kunarek]]<br />
*Ostunese<br />
*[[Qafesona]]<br />
*[[Jukpë]]<br />
*[[Biscayan]]<br />
*[[Panlaffic languages]]<br />
**[[Kihā́mmic]]<br />
**[[Lôppic]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=37608User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-07-28T12:22:09Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>I like to learning foreign languages and conlanging. I don't seem to have the time for conlanging nowadays. That said, I still pop in fairly often, even if I don't make a contribution on each visit since I have started to prefer using Word to document my languages.<br />
<br />
If you want to leave me a message about any thing at all, please do! You're welcome to do so in any language you think I'll have a chance of understanding, be it nat or con. Languages I'm happy to be contacted in are English, French, Russian, Czech, Portuguese, Esperanto, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, Dutch, Afrikaans and Swahili (disclaimer: I'm not fluent in all of these but practice is always nice!).<br />
<br />
By the way, I have an infrequently-updated page on [https://sites.google.com/site/conlangpmob/home Google Sites].<br />
<br />
Conlangs et cetera:<br />
*[[/IPA for my English|IPA for my English]] (needs correcting/revising)<br />
*[[/Describing Morphosyntax|Describing Morphosyntax]]<br />
*[[Awe]]<br />
*[[/თქარინ|თქარინ]]<br />
*[[Hantza]]<br />
*Ng'ano<br />
*Liaou<br />
*Romanic<br />
*Nowy slovieński język<br />
*[[/Sandbox|Sandbox]]<br />
**[[/Sandbox/Kertha|Kertha]]<br />
***[[Old Kvalian]]<br />
*Zamoran<br />
*Bamenese<br />
*[[Cuoxeh]]<br />
*[[Kunarek]]<br />
*Ostunese<br />
*[[Qafesona]]<br />
*[[Jukpë]]<br />
*[[Biscayan]]<br />
*[[Panlaffic languages]]<br />
**[[Kihā́mmic]]<br />
**[[Lôppic]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User_talk:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=37607User talk:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-07-28T12:17:05Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{archive}}<br />
== A question ==<br />
<br />
can i nominate a language for featured or honoured? When i clicked on "nominate a featured language", i get a message "http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=45" which says the requested url could not be found <br />
[[User:SostiMatiko|SostiMatiko]] ([[User talk:SostiMatiko|talk]]) 20:28, 7 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:Sorry, the link is old. Because of how featured languages now work, you will get an infobox at the top of Linguifex when you log-on, with a link to an active nomination thread when these are running. These are usually called near the end of a month. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 02:48, 9 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:i followed the link to the currently featured language, but could not find any link or place to nominate a language. Can you please just paste that link here? Or, as an administrator you are, i invite you to select http://linguifex.com/wiki/Dama_Diwan as the most honoured language. thanks!<br />
<br />
== Really sorry for the late reply! ==<br />
<br />
Hi Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán,<br />
<br />
I had not realized that you posted a question about Minhast on my Discussion page this past August 2014. I didn't get any notification, but now that I know you posted, I posted my answer to your question on my Discussion page. I didn't want you to think I was ignoring you. Anyway, thanks for your interest.<br />
<br />
Anyar<br />
<br />
== Generic greeting ==<br />
<br />
My my, what a surprise. Welcome back, how are things? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 20:46, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Hej! It's been a while; I had gone quite a long time without any conlangery of any kind. Life sort of gets in the way at times. But in general everything's fine! And yourself? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 22:42, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Oh, I'm just fine. I just got back here a few weeks ago, myself. Uni made me suffer from withdrawal, so I gathered I should get back to conlanging in the summer; and here I am! And oh, how was Siberia? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 11:21, 27 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
I got back into it after binging on the backlog of Conlangary episodes. Though now I've started preferring Word for conlanging to the wiki format (probably because its more conducive to my serial sketch-langer nature). What are you doing at uni? I'm just coming to the end of a master's in linguistics myself. Siberia was excellent! And I do miss it at times. [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 14:13, 28 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User_talk:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=37606User talk:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-07-28T12:16:37Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{archive}}<br />
<br />
== A question ==<br />
can i nominate a language for featured or honoured? When i clicked on "nominate a featured language", i get a message "http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=45" which says the requested url could not be found <br />
[[User:SostiMatiko|SostiMatiko]] ([[User talk:SostiMatiko|talk]]) 20:28, 7 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:Sorry, the link is old. Because of how featured languages now work, you will get an infobox at the top of Linguifex when you log-on, with a link to an active nomination thread when these are running. These are usually called near the end of a month. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 02:48, 9 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:i followed the link to the currently featured language, but could not find any link or place to nominate a language. Can you please just paste that link here? Or, as an administrator you are, i invite you to select http://linguifex.com/wiki/Dama_Diwan as the most honoured language. thanks!<br />
<br />
== Really sorry for the late reply! ==<br />
<br />
Hi Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán,<br />
<br />
I had not realized that you posted a question about Minhast on my Discussion page this past August 2014. I didn't get any notification, but now that I know you posted, I posted my answer to your question on my Discussion page. I didn't want you to think I was ignoring you. Anyway, thanks for your interest.<br />
<br />
Anyar<br />
<br />
== Generic greeting ==<br />
<br />
My my, what a surprise. Welcome back, how are things? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 20:46, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
<br />
Hej! It's been a while; I had gone quite a long time without any conlangery of any kind. Life sort of gets in the way at times. But in general everything's fine! And yourself? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 22:42, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
<br />
Oh, I'm just fine. I just got back here a few weeks ago, myself. Uni made me suffer from withdrawal, so I gathered I should get back to conlanging in the summer; and here I am! And oh, how was Siberia? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 11:21, 27 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
I got back into it after binging on the backlog of Conlangary episodes. Though now I've started preferring Word for conlanging to the wiki format (probably because its more conducive to my serial sketch-langer nature). What are you doing at uni? I'm just coming to the end of a master's in linguistics myself. Siberia was excellent! And I do miss it at times. [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 14:13, 28 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User_talk:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n/2&diff=37605User talk:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán/22015-07-28T12:15:54Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: Created page with "{{archive}} ==Welcome back!== Welcome back! No need to explain yourself, activity has been rather low around here lately due to the holidays, finals, and lots of other reason..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{archive}}<br />
<br />
==Welcome back!==<br />
Welcome back! No need to explain yourself, activity has been rather low around here lately due to the holidays, finals, and lots of other reasons I have no idea about. Hope all is well with you!<br />
<br />
So, make yourself at home, create a Russian conlang and feel free to do whatcha want! Or well, not completely free, Chrys is watching us. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 16:08, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
<br />
<br />
Everything's fine thanks! I hope you're well too. How have your conlanging exploits been going?<br />
[[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 16:21, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
P.S. God jul! D.S.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oh, I'm quite fine! And joyeux noël and something Russian to you too! My exploits have been quite scattered; I seem to have been bitten by the sketchlang bug, but then thanks to that I'm progressing towards a language family and proto-language for my Ris. I'm writing a grammar on it right now, in fact.<br />
<br />
<br />
I did move your languages here, and it seems Jukpë's a favourite no matter if you're around or not! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 16:40, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
<br />
<br />
Well I suppose you needed a resident sketchlanger while I was away! I'll take a look at Ris.<br />
Oh, thanks! That's good to know about Jukpë (even if I did leave it in a sort of limbo if I remember correctly). [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 16:46, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
<br />
== Thanks! ==<br />
<br />
I appreciate your time with my article Aoma and the edits for achieving better English! ^^ I'm ashamed to admit that I haven't really gone through the article...<br />
[[User:Juhhmi|Juhhmi]] ([[User talk:Juhhmi|talk]]) 16:27, 7 January 2014 (CET)<br />
<br />
Not a problem, it made interesting reading! Don't worry about that, I was reading one of my articles on the old wiki the other day and the writing was god-awful :P<br />
[[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 11:45, 8 January 2014 (CET)<br />
<br />
== Input on proposal ==<br />
<br />
First, welcome back! Good to have you back. Life sometimes gets in the way of our conlanging and Interneting, it's nothing to apologize for. <br />
Second, I have taken a look at the plugin you linked. It seems pretty handy and I'll see to adding it over the weekend if it works out fine on the test installation. Thanks for the tip! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 15:09, 9 January 2014 (CET)<br />
<br />
== Dobby has a sock ==<br />
<br />
Welcome back! Have some [[wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]]! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 03:00, 13 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Why thank you, I will gladly partake :) [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 13:12, 13 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Soggy has a dog ==<br />
<br />
Hi!<br />
<br />
I just got back as well. Welcome back! As well.<br />
<br />
[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 21:30, 13 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Welcome back back :) [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 18:10, 15 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Hai Guise, I found a two year old post of yours on [http://conlangery.com/2011/05/31/conlangery-01-why-conlang/ conlangery.com]. So I decided to Czech back here and what do ye know! I've probably been forgotten haha. --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 09:18, 16 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Why, hello again! How are you faring? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 12:30, 17 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
haha, oh pretty good thanks :) --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 20:19, 19 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== De Subpaginis ==<br />
<br />
Please give your thoughts on this forum [http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=22 thread] --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 07:46, 12 July 2014 (CEST)</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User_talk:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=37604User talk:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-07-28T12:13:25Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* Generic greeting */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{archive}}<br />
==Welcome back!==<br />
Welcome back! No need to explain yourself, activity has been rather low around here lately due to the holidays, finals, and lots of other reasons I have no idea about. Hope all is well with you!<br />
<br />
So, make yourself at home, create a Russian conlang and feel free to do whatcha want! Or well, not completely free, Chrys is watching us. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 16:08, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
<br />
<br />
Everything's fine thanks! I hope you're well too. How have your conlanging exploits been going?<br />
[[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 16:21, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
P.S. God jul! D.S.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oh, I'm quite fine! And joyeux noël and something Russian to you too! My exploits have been quite scattered; I seem to have been bitten by the sketchlang bug, but then thanks to that I'm progressing towards a language family and proto-language for my Ris. I'm writing a grammar on it right now, in fact.<br />
<br />
<br />
I did move your languages here, and it seems Jukpë's a favourite no matter if you're around or not! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 16:40, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
<br />
<br />
Well I suppose you needed a resident sketchlanger while I was away! I'll take a look at Ris.<br />
Oh, thanks! That's good to know about Jukpë (even if I did leave it in a sort of limbo if I remember correctly). [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 16:46, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
<br />
== Thanks! ==<br />
<br />
I appreciate your time with my article Aoma and the edits for achieving better English! ^^ I'm ashamed to admit that I haven't really gone through the article...<br />
[[User:Juhhmi|Juhhmi]] ([[User talk:Juhhmi|talk]]) 16:27, 7 January 2014 (CET)<br />
<br />
Not a problem, it made interesting reading! Don't worry about that, I was reading one of my articles on the old wiki the other day and the writing was god-awful :P<br />
[[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 11:45, 8 January 2014 (CET)<br />
<br />
== Input on proposal ==<br />
<br />
First, welcome back! Good to have you back. Life sometimes gets in the way of our conlanging and Interneting, it's nothing to apologize for. <br />
Second, I have taken a look at the plugin you linked. It seems pretty handy and I'll see to adding it over the weekend if it works out fine on the test installation. Thanks for the tip! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 15:09, 9 January 2014 (CET)<br />
<br />
== Dobby has a sock ==<br />
<br />
Welcome back! Have some [[wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]]! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 03:00, 13 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Why thank you, I will gladly partake :) [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 13:12, 13 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Soggy has a dog ==<br />
<br />
Hi!<br />
<br />
I just got back as well. Welcome back! As well.<br />
<br />
[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 21:30, 13 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Welcome back back :) [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 18:10, 15 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Hai Guise, I found a two year old post of yours on [http://conlangery.com/2011/05/31/conlangery-01-why-conlang/ conlangery.com]. So I decided to Czech back here and what do ye know! I've probably been forgotten haha. --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 09:18, 16 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Why, hello again! How are you faring? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 12:30, 17 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
haha, oh pretty good thanks :) --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 20:19, 19 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== De Subpaginis ==<br />
<br />
Please give your thoughts on this forum [http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=22 thread] --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 07:46, 12 July 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== a question ==<br />
can i nominate a language for featured or honoured? When i clicked on "nominate a featured language", i get a message "http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=45" which says the requested url could not be found <br />
[[User:SostiMatiko|SostiMatiko]] ([[User talk:SostiMatiko|talk]]) 20:28, 7 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:Sorry, the link is old. Because of how featured languages now work, you will get an infobox at the top of Linguifex when you log-on, with a link to an active nomination thread when these are running. These are usually called near the end of a month. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 02:48, 9 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:i followed the link to the currently featured language, but could not find any link or place to nominate a language. Can you please just paste that link here? Or, as an administrator you are, i invite you to select http://linguifex.com/wiki/Dama_Diwan as the most honoured language. thanks!<br />
<br />
== Really sorry for the late reply! ==<br />
<br />
Hi Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán,<br />
<br />
I had not realized that you posted a question about Minhast on my Discussion page this past August 2014. I didn't get any notification, but now that I know you posted, I posted my answer to your question on my Discussion page. I didn't want you to think I was ignoring you. Anyway, thanks for your interest.<br />
<br />
Anyar<br />
<br />
== Generic greeting ==<br />
<br />
My my, what a surprise. Welcome back, how are things? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 20:46, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
<br />
Hej! It's been a while; I had gone quite a long time without any conlangery of any kind. Life sort of gets in the way at times. But in general everything's fine! And yourself? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 22:42, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
<br />
Oh, I'm just fine. I just got back here a few weeks ago, myself. Uni made me suffer from withdrawal, so I gathered I should get back to conlanging in the summer; and here I am! And oh, how was Siberia? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 11:21, 27 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
I got back into it after binging on the backlog of Conlangary episodes. Though now I've started preferring Word for conlanging to the wiki format (probably because its more conducive to my serial sketch-langer nature). What are you doing at uni? I'm just coming to the end of a master's in linguistics myself. Siberia was excellent! And I do miss it at times. [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 14:13, 28 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User_talk:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=37587User talk:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-07-26T20:42:11Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* Generic greeting */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{archive}}<br />
==Welcome back!==<br />
Welcome back! No need to explain yourself, activity has been rather low around here lately due to the holidays, finals, and lots of other reasons I have no idea about. Hope all is well with you!<br />
<br />
So, make yourself at home, create a Russian conlang and feel free to do whatcha want! Or well, not completely free, Chrys is watching us. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 16:08, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
<br />
<br />
Everything's fine thanks! I hope you're well too. How have your conlanging exploits been going?<br />
[[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 16:21, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
P.S. God jul! D.S.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oh, I'm quite fine! And joyeux noël and something Russian to you too! My exploits have been quite scattered; I seem to have been bitten by the sketchlang bug, but then thanks to that I'm progressing towards a language family and proto-language for my Ris. I'm writing a grammar on it right now, in fact.<br />
<br />
<br />
I did move your languages here, and it seems Jukpë's a favourite no matter if you're around or not! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 16:40, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
<br />
<br />
Well I suppose you needed a resident sketchlanger while I was away! I'll take a look at Ris.<br />
Oh, thanks! That's good to know about Jukpë (even if I did leave it in a sort of limbo if I remember correctly). [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 16:46, 30 December 2013 (CET)<br />
<br />
== Thanks! ==<br />
<br />
I appreciate your time with my article Aoma and the edits for achieving better English! ^^ I'm ashamed to admit that I haven't really gone through the article...<br />
[[User:Juhhmi|Juhhmi]] ([[User talk:Juhhmi|talk]]) 16:27, 7 January 2014 (CET)<br />
<br />
Not a problem, it made interesting reading! Don't worry about that, I was reading one of my articles on the old wiki the other day and the writing was god-awful :P<br />
[[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 11:45, 8 January 2014 (CET)<br />
<br />
== Input on proposal ==<br />
<br />
First, welcome back! Good to have you back. Life sometimes gets in the way of our conlanging and Interneting, it's nothing to apologize for. <br />
Second, I have taken a look at the plugin you linked. It seems pretty handy and I'll see to adding it over the weekend if it works out fine on the test installation. Thanks for the tip! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 15:09, 9 January 2014 (CET)<br />
<br />
== Dobby has a sock ==<br />
<br />
Welcome back! Have some [[wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]]! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 03:00, 13 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Why thank you, I will gladly partake :) [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 13:12, 13 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Soggy has a dog ==<br />
<br />
Hi!<br />
<br />
I just got back as well. Welcome back! As well.<br />
<br />
[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 21:30, 13 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Welcome back back :) [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 18:10, 15 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Hai Guise, I found a two year old post of yours on [http://conlangery.com/2011/05/31/conlangery-01-why-conlang/ conlangery.com]. So I decided to Czech back here and what do ye know! I've probably been forgotten haha. --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 09:18, 16 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
Why, hello again! How are you faring? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 12:30, 17 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
haha, oh pretty good thanks :) --[[User:OlySlayer|OlySlayer]] ([[User talk:OlySlayer|talk]]) 20:19, 19 June 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== De Subpaginis ==<br />
<br />
Please give your thoughts on this forum [http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=22 thread] --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 07:46, 12 July 2014 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== a question ==<br />
can i nominate a language for featured or honoured? When i clicked on "nominate a featured language", i get a message "http://linguifex.com/index.php?title=Special:WikiForum&thread=45" which says the requested url could not be found <br />
[[User:SostiMatiko|SostiMatiko]] ([[User talk:SostiMatiko|talk]]) 20:28, 7 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:Sorry, the link is old. Because of how featured languages now work, you will get an infobox at the top of Linguifex when you log-on, with a link to an active nomination thread when these are running. These are usually called near the end of a month. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|<span style="color: #3366BB ;">Χρυσοφύλαξ</span>]]''' 02:48, 9 March 2015 (CET)<br />
<br />
:i followed the link to the currently featured language, but could not find any link or place to nominate a language. Can you please just paste that link here? Or, as an administrator you are, i invite you to select http://linguifex.com/wiki/Dama_Diwan as the most honoured language. thanks!<br />
<br />
== Really sorry for the late reply! ==<br />
<br />
Hi Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán,<br />
<br />
I had not realized that you posted a question about Minhast on my Discussion page this past August 2014. I didn't get any notification, but now that I know you posted, I posted my answer to your question on my Discussion page. I didn't want you to think I was ignoring you. Anyway, thanks for your interest.<br />
<br />
Anyar<br />
<br />
== Generic greeting ==<br />
<br />
My my, what a surprise. Welcome back, how are things? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|<span style="color: Orange;">Waahlis</span>]]''' 20:46, 26 July 2015 (CEST)<br />
<br />
<br />
Hej! It's been a while; I had gone quite a long time without any conlangery of any kind. Life sort of gets in the way at times. But in general everything's fine! And yourself? [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User:PMOB|<span style="color:red;">Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán</span>]]''' 22:42, 26 July 2015 (CEST)</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Verse_talk:Danterlokhan/Even_when_issues_arise&diff=37581Verse talk:Danterlokhan/Even when issues arise2015-07-26T17:56:48Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div><!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
The National Simphonian is the official language of Stellean Republic of Simphonia. It is based on Northern Shifer Language, but for centuries has evolved to not resemble its original language. It is given the status of sole official language of High Commission of Simphonia, and is included as subject in schools up to secondary education, alongside a native language. <br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
==Consonant charts==<br />
===Pulmonic consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Labio-dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Dental<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Post-alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Alveolo-palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Uvular<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Pharyngeal<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Epiglottal<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|Glottal<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| ɱ<br />
| <br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| ɲ<br />
| ŋ<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive<br />
| p b<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| t d<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| k g<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| t͡ʃ d͡ʒ<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative<br />
| <br />
| f v<br />
| θ<br />
| s z<br><br />
| ʃ ʒ<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| h <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| j<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Trill<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| r<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| ɾ<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral fric.<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral app.<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| l<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral flap<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vowel chart==<br />
<br />
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"<br />
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"<br />
||<br />
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''<br />
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''<br />
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''<br />
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''<br />
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''<br />
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;"><br />
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"<br />
|-<br />
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |<br />
<br />
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS --><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
i</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:43.5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
ɨ</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
u</div><br />
<br />
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:29%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:47.5%; width:2.66em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
</div><br />
<div style="position: absolute; left: 69%; width: 1.5em; top: 16%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: white;"></div><br />
<br />
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
e</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:47.5%; width:2.8em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
o</div><br />
<br />
<!-- MID VOWELS --><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:57.5%; width:1em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
ə</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:29.5%; width:2.66em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
ɛ</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:57.6%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:84.5%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
ɔ</div><br />
<br />
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:38%; width:1.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
æ</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:64.2%; width:1em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- OPEN VOWELS --><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
a</div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:66.9%; width:1em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
/div><br />
<div style="position:absolute; left:83.8%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"><br />
</div><br />
|}<br />
</div></div><br />
|-<br />
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --><br />
While the original vocabulary of National Simphonian comes from Shifer, centuries of use allowed it to borrow words from other languages, thereby ensuring diverse forms of syllables.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. --><br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
| Аа || Бб || Вв || Гг || Dd || Ее || Ĕĕ || Жж || Ӡӡ || Θθ || Qq || Ии || Йй || DZʤ || Кк || Лл <br />
|-<br />
| a || b || v || g || d || e || yo || zh || z || th || h || i || y || j || k || l <br />
|-<br />
| Мм || Нн || Оо || Пп || Рр || Сс || Тт || Уу || Хх || Фф || Чч || Шʃ || Ыы || Яя || Ээ || Юю<br />
|-<br />
| m || n || o || p || r || s || t || u || kh || ph || ch || sh || y || ya || ye || yu<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The table above shows the National Simphonian Alphabet together with the transliteration scheme commonly used. Up until now, there is no official romanization scheme set by the Simphonian Language Body. <br />
The letter /y/ is used to stand for both [ɨ] and [j]. In general, which is represented can easily be determined:<br />
1. /y/ represents [ɨ] if it is between two consonants. If [ɨ] is preceded or followed by a vowel, a hyphen is used to separate it from the vowel.<br />
2. /y/ represents [j] if it precedes or follows a vowel.<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Nouns are generally not declined, except for marking possession, which varies among dialects of National Simphonian. <br />
====Possession====<br />
Possession is indicated by the particle /du/, which is used to connect the possessor to the possessum. The possessum precedes /du/ and the possessor follows /du/.<br />
====Articles and Numbers====<br />
Nouns are not declined for number, so the noun forms are the same for both singular and plural number. However, there is a set of articles which are used to indicate number. These articles precede the noun.<br />
National Simphonian has a definite article /zom/. This does not only indicate definiteness but also the topic of the sentence. /zom/ has only standard form, but it is also common to see it declined according to number for certain dialects, so it is also used to indicate the number of the noun.<br />
====Case====<br />
Nouns are not declined by case. A set of particles is used instead to indicate case. See the syntax for more details.<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
====Personal Pronouns====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Long form !! Short form !! Value<br />
|-<br />
| gome гоме || me ме || 1st person singular<br />
|-<br />
| baten батен || ba ба || 2nd person singular<br />
|-<br />
| neiru неиру || ne не || 3rd person general, inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| shashin ʃаʃин || she ʃе || 3rd person animate<br />
|-<br />
| souka соука || ska ска || 1st person singular and 2nd person singular<br />
|-<br />
| sono соно || no но || 1st person plural inclusive<br />
|-<br />
| soltha соλθа || the θе || 1st person plural exclusive<br />
|-<br />
| rove рове || ve ве || 2nd person plural <br />
|-<br />
| ronche ронче || che че || 3rd person plural<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The short form is used as subject of intransitive verb and object of transitive verb. The particle /e/ is added to follow the short form to indicate the actor of transitive verb. It is also common to use the long form form as actor of transitive verb, but this is confined to dialects. The long form takes special uses, which shall be discussed in the sections below.<br />
<br />
====Demonstrative Pronouns====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Long form !! Short form !! Value<br />
|-<br />
| kohyra коqыра || hra qра || proximal<br />
|-<br />
| musyra мусыра || sra сра || medial<br />
|-<br />
| dashyta dаʃыта || sta ста || distal<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Demonstrative pronouns are also used to indicate 3rd, 4th, and 5th person in the discourse, thus replacing the 3rd person singular inanimate pronoun /ne/ in several cases.<br />
<br />
====Possessive Pronouns====<br />
<br />
====Personal Pronouns====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Long form !! Short form !! Value<br />
|-<br />
| miyan миян || myan мян || 1st person singular<br />
|-<br />
| bayey баэй || bay бай || 2nd person singular<br />
|-<br />
| neyey неэй || ney ней || 3rd person general, inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| sheyey ʃеэй || shey ʃей || 3rd person animate<br />
|-<br />
| skayey скаэй || skey скей || 1st person singular and 2nd person singular<br />
|-<br />
| noyey ноэй || noy ной || 1st person plural inclusive<br />
|-<br />
| theyey θеэй || they θей || 1st person plural exclusive<br />
|-<br />
| veyey веэй || vey вей || 2nd person plural <br />
|-<br />
| cheyey чеэй || chey чей || 3rd person plural<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Unlike in personal pronouns, the difference in usage of long and short forms are purely stylistic in nature; the standard use in literature is the long form; in poetry and music, it is common to repeatedly switch between long and short forms.<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
Adjectives are either in native form or derived. In the case of latter, the suffix /-la/ is used to derive an adjective from a noun.<br />
Adjectives either precede or follow the noun. If the adjective has /-la/ suffix, it must precede the noun; otherwise it must follow the noun. <br />
===Numerals===<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
The verb generally takes this form:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| root || /ra/ || tense || transitivity<br />
|}<br />
Verbs are either transitive (marked by /-o/)or intransitive (marked by /-a/). <br />
The tenses are perfect, aorist, present, future I and future II. Future I marks a future action that will happen regardless of the situation. Future II is used to mark a future action that the actor decided to do because of current situation.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Tense !! English !! National Simphonian<br />
|-<br />
| Perfect || I ate. || Yearada.<br />
|-<br />
| Aorist || I was eating. || Yearaga.<br />
|-<br />
| Present || I am eating. || Yearasa.<br />
|-<br />
| Future I || I will eat. || Yearala.<br />
|-<br />
| Future II || I will eat. || Yearaya.<br />
|}<br />
===Adverbs===<br />
Adverbs follow the verb and use the suffix /-lne/. The same marker is used in describing other aspect of verbs.<br />
===Particles===<br />
Affirmation and Negation: Yes is /jana/ while no is /nega/. They immediately follow the word they describe. In certain situations, they are used to replace other words that would usually be used instead.<br />
===Derivational morphology===<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
National Simphonian is an ergative-absolutive language.<br />
===Particles, Transitivity, Intransitivity===<br />
Intransitive verbs are marked with /a/ suffix. These verbs take only one subject, and there is no particle needed to mark the subject.<br />
<br />
'''Эараса.'''<br />
'''Yearasa.'''<br />
''I am eating.''<br />
<br />
Transitive verbs are marked with /o/. These verbs take an actor and object. The object is unmarked while the subject is followed by the particle /da/.<br />
<br />
'''Кара dа эанqа эарасо.'''<br />
'''Kara da yeanha yearaso.'''<br />
'Kara is eating food.''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Guide:Gender&diff=37579Guide:Gender2015-07-26T17:44:03Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán moved page Guide: Gender to Guide:Gender</p>
<hr />
<div>Many languages in the world have gender or noun class system, typically the distinction is 3 or less are genders while more are classes but it's nothing solid. Some conlangers do not wish to add it but this is a guide for those who do.<br />
<br />
==Why do languages have gender?==<br />
There are many hypotheses and explanations on why languages have gender. One such explanation is that it gives an easy method to make new words from existing ones, example includes Spanish "médico" for doctor, with the familiar -o at the end it's masculine, we can exchange it to form''médica'' to refer to a female doctor. The more probable reason for this assignment is to induce redundancy into the language. In normal speech redundancy is something to be avoided but in communication and information redundancy is a necessary component to secure the transfer of information. Even computer information, such as QR-code and programming, includes redundancy, a good example of what happens is the [http://www.videogameconsolelibrary.com/pg90-jaguar_cd.htm#page=reviews Atari Jaguar CD] when the redundancy is not enough.<br />
<br />
We humans live in a very noisy environment so there is a need to secure that information gets across properly and gender is one of many methods to do this by adding this redundancy. For example "''The red boy and girl''", is the boy the only one who is red or are both red? In English it is ambiguous but with gender assignment it can be done so it only applies to one of them. Other more complicated examples include north american languages where the verb tells you everything about who is doing what and nouns able to float around and shift places but has no marking on their semantic roles in the sentence, the verb encodes all information of their gender or more animacy but gender works well here. So it can be used to free up word order.<br />
<br />
==What genders to have?==<br />
About 50% of all languages don't have genders so it's certainly an option to skip it, the remaining 50% do and within these, 50% have a simple animated vs inanimated distinction, that is 25% of all languages. The remaining 25% have all the crazy fun. A key note is that while animated and inanimated are often very semantic it doesn't need to be as things can get promoted or demoted by analogy. Indo-European languages have the masculine, neuter and feminine distinction where it has fused in various ways over time in various parts of the world. Other languages have many more of all kinds, you are quite free to have any gender system you feel like.<br />
<br />
==How do I assign the gender?==<br />
This depends somewhat on your gender system to begin with. No gender system is entirely arbitrary but no system is neither entirely semantic but they can lean one way or another. If the assignment is semantic it will depend on what the noun is and how, from the point of view of a speaker, it relates to the noun classes that do exist and what is considered the prototypical element of that class. If it's arbitrary it goes really in any of the classes. Abstractions are a category that tend to be entirely arbitrary but they can become semantic by analogy.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Guides]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Guide:Conlanging_tools&diff=31294Guide:Conlanging tools2015-02-27T19:57:21Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page collects a number of entrusted, and foremost - free, sources of linguistic and specialised information by the conlanging community, and the users of the Linguifex Wiki.<br />
==General==<br />
===Conlangery===<br />
*[http://conlangery.com/ The Conlangery podcast] <br />
'''The Conlangery Podcast''' is a weekly podcast created by conlangers, for conlangers. Every week, the hosts George Corley, Bianca Richards (née Mangum), William S. Annis, [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]] and Mike Lentine, as well as the occasional guest talk about a conlanging- or linguistics-related topic one week and feature a conlang or natlang the next. The episode are full of interesting and knowledgeable discussions which last around the hour. It is also available on iTunes and you can now support them on [https://www.patreon.com/conlangery Patreon].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit]<br />
'''The Language Construction Kit''' on [http://www.zompist.com/ Zompist.com], is a relatively famous conlanging tutorial created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. It is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages—for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage. It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages—which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages. It suggests further reading for those who want to know more and shortcuts for those who want to know less. <br />
<br />
*[http://www.conlang.org/ Language Creation Society] <br />
'''Conlang.org''', '''LCS''', is a site for conlangers, would-be conlangers, those interested in or curious about conlangs and anything else to do with conlanging. The Language Creation Society is a prestigious body of professional conlangers and resources. The members offer conlinguistic services and organises Language Creation Conferences for the conlanging community. Notable members of the LCS are [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], the creator of [[w:Dothraki|Dothraki]], and [[w:John Quijada|John Quijada]], who created [[w:Ithkuil|Ithkuil]].<br />
<br />
*[http://fiatlingua.org/ ''Fiat Lingua'']<br />
'''''Fiat Lingua''''' is a journal run by the LCS; all articles therein are produced by real-life conlangers and available online in .pdf format. A new article is published on the first of every month.<br />
<br />
*[http://cals.conlang.org/ Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''Conlang Atlas of Language Structures''', '''CALS''', is a conlanging analogy to the World Atlas of Language Structures, which is an editable atlas over linguistic features in conlangs, for statistics, linking to the corresponding articles at WALS.<br />
<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Constructed_languages Conlangs on Wikipedia]<br />
A WikiProject that aims to create and improve articles about conlangs.<br />
<br />
===Glossary===<br />
*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/ SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms]<br />
'''SIL International''' (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a US-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages and aid minority language development. SIL provides a database, Ethnologue, of its research into the world's languages. It also host an interactive glossary on linguistic features and terms.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp Ethnologue]<br />
'''Ethnologue''' is SIL International's online compendium of statistics for over 7,000 languages and dialects.<br />
<br />
*[http://glottolog.org/ Glottolog]<br />
'''Glottolog''' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. <br />
<br />
===Linguistics===<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistics Linguistics on Wikipedia]<br />
Wikipedia has a good reputation of having technical and well-sourced articles covering a wide span of both natural and constructed languages, as well as linguistic topics.<br />
<br />
*[http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/ Universals Archive]<br />
The '''Universals Archive''' is a searchable encyclopaedia with logical examples and occurrences of most linguistic features in the world, the '''universal''' ones and use statistics and correlation to determine the naturalistic contexts of the features. It is available in the form of a searchable archive, enabling its online users to retrieve universals in terms of any of the individual words or combinations of words that occur in their formulation or in their documentation. It is also possible just to browse through the Universals Archive. <br />
<br />
*[http://wals.info/ World Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''World Atlas of Language Structures''', '''WALS''', is a database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials. The information is well-sourced and edited by knowledgeable linguist from all over the world. The atlas provides information on the location, linguistic affiliation and basic typological features of a great number of the world's languages. It interacts with Google Maps to show geographical diffusion and concrete examples. The information of the atlas is published under a Creative Commons license by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and by the Max Planck Digital Library.<br />
<br />
*[http://apics-online.info/ Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures]<br />
The '''Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures''', '''APiCS''', is similar to WALS but is just for pidgins and creoles.<br />
<br />
*[http://wikitongues.org/ Wikitongues]<br />
'''Wikitongues''' is a collection of videos of spoken natural languages, both well- and not-so-well-known languages.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.thelingspace.com/ The Ling Space]<br />
'''The Ling Space''' is an education project whose mission is to help make linguistics more accessible and fun, by making videos and blog posts and so on.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
===AutoCorrect in Microsoft Word===<br />
:''Taken from http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipafonts.html''<br />
<br />
"Eureka!" by Dermod Quirke and Brian Holser describes how best to keyboard characters that are not on the keyboard, using a poorly documented feature of Word. With the permission of the authors, an unzipped version of the article can be downloaded from the UCL server [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/Eureka.doc here].<br />
<br />
To apply these ideas to the question of keyboarding IPA characters, see the article by John Wells [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/eureka-ipa.doc here].<br />
<br />
===Keyboard layout editors===<br />
'''Keyboard layout editors''' allow the users to create their customised keyboards, which enable them to write the full Unicode, and a large portion of the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as a veriety of international writing systems.<br />
*[http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (''for Windows'')<br />
*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele Ukelele] (''for Mac'')<br />
===International Phonetic Alphabet===<br />
*[http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ IPA on TypeIt]<br />
'''TypeIt''' is a free web-based keyboard which enable the full International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA, and some extensions to it, to be simply copy-pasted. Some web browsers have a couple of problems with the shortcuts when writing online, but mouse-clicking always works. TypeIt also features 20 Latin alphabets and their extensions as well as matematical, currency and miscellaneous Unicode symbols.<br />
*[http://westonruter.github.com/ipa-chart/keyboard/ Weston Ruter's International Phonetic Alphabet chart]<br />
An IPA chart by the devoted web-developer '''Weston Ruter'''. Allows a quick access to all symbols and diacritics of the Phonetic Alphabet as of 2005.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Word generators===<br />
'''Word generators''' allow conlangers to quickly create a lexicon from a simple phonology and a defined syllabic structure. This may be used to create a full lexicon or to simply pick the genereated words that appeal to you.<br />
*[http://bprhad.wz.cz/awkwords/index.php Awkords]<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/gen Zompist word generator] by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]].<br />
<br />
===Sound change appliers===<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html Zompist sound change applier] and a [http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/SoundChangerSumerian.htm version]<br />
:The '''Sound Change Applier''', '''SCA''', is a program created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. This page describes a simple program which can apply a set of sound changes to a lexicon. You can use sounds to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang, or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. <br />
<br />
*[https://github.com/sfmorrigan/toolbox-sca/releases Haedus Toolbox Sound Change Applier] and forum post [http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=42368 here].<br />
:The '''Haedus Toolbox SCA''' is a very nice, phonetic segment-operating sound change applier created by Fiona Morrigan, a computational linguist and conlanger. Runs from the command line using Java and is easily configured with text files.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Social media==<br />
*[http://facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed languages @ Facebook] <br />
:A friendly group of Facebook-present conlangers.<br />
*[https://listserv.brown.edu/conlang.html Conlang-L]<br />
:The amazing one and only Conlang Mailing List. The oldest (est. 1991) and most active mailing list for conlangs. A small FAQ can be found on FrathWiki [http://www.frathwiki.com/Conlang-L_FAQ here].<br />
'''If you have other suggestions for the page, please discuss it on the page's [[Talk:Guide:Conlanging tools|talk page]] before editing.'''<br />
[[Category:Guides]][[Category:Conlanging tools]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=30883User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-02-23T13:09:03Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: Link to translations in PDF format (hosted on Google Sites)</p>
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<div>I like to learning foreign languages and conlanging. I'm currently doing a master's in linguistics, as part of which I'm having Turkish lessons! Unfortunately, I don't seem to have the time for conlanging nowadays. That said, I still pop in fairly often, even if I don't make a contribution on each visit since I have started to prefer using Word to document my languages.<br />
<br />
If you want to leave me a message about any thing at all, please do! You're welcome to do so in any language you think I'll have a chance of understanding, be it nat or con. Languages I'm happy to be contacted in are English, French, Russian, Czech, Portuguese, Esperanto, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, Dutch, Afrikaans and Swahili (disclaimer: I'm not fluent in all of these but practice is always nice!).<br />
<br />
<u>'''Current project'''</u>: a language with the working name '''Yanga''' /jaŋa/, the grammar is coming along quite nicely and I have about 500 words. I also have a couple translations, just follow the link below:<br />
*[https://sites.google.com/site/conlangpmob/yanga Yanga on Google Sites]<br />
<br />
Conlangs et cetera:<br />
*[[/IPA for my English|IPA for my English]] (needs correcting/revising)<br />
*[[/Describing Morphosyntax|Describing Morphosyntax]]<br />
*[[Awe]]<br />
*[[/თქარინ|თქარინ]]<br />
*[[Hantza]]<br />
*Ng'ano<br />
*Liaou<br />
*Romanic<br />
*Nowy slovieński język<br />
*[[/Sandbox|Sandbox]]<br />
**[[/Sandbox/Kertha|Kertha]]<br />
***[[Old Kvalian]]<br />
*Zamoran<br />
*Bamenese<br />
*[[Cuoxeh]]<br />
*[[Kunarek]]<br />
*Ostunese<br />
*[[Qafesona]]<br />
*[[Jukpë]]<br />
*[[Biscayan]]<br />
*[[Panlaffic languages]]<br />
**[[Kihā́mmic]]<br />
**[[Lôppic]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=30862User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-02-22T21:27:26Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>I like to learning foreign languages and conlanging. I'm currently doing a master's in linguistics, as part of which I'm having Turkish lessons! Unfortunately, I don't seem to have the time for conlanging nowadays. That said, I still pop in fairly often, even if I don't make a contribution on each visit since I have started to prefer using Word to document my languages.<br />
<br />
If you want to leave me a message about any thing at all, please do! You're welcome to do so in any language you think I'll have a chance of understanding, be it nat or con. Languages I'm happy to be contacted in are English, French, Russian, Czech, Portuguese, Esperanto, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, Dutch, Afrikaans and Swahili (disclaimer: I'm not fluent in all of these but practice is always nice!).<br />
<br />
<u>'''Current project'''</u>: a language with the working name '''Yanga''' /jaŋa/, the grammar is coming along quite nicely and I have about 500 words; I also have a translation of Schleicher's Fable, complete with interlinear glosses: http:// bit. ly/1Ek8F2L (just take the spaces out of the URL).<br />
<br />
Conlangs et cetera:<br />
*[[/IPA for my English|IPA for my English]] (needs correcting/revising)<br />
*[[/Describing Morphosyntax|Describing Morphosyntax]]<br />
*[[Awe]]<br />
*[[/თქარინ|თქარინ]]<br />
*[[Hantza]]<br />
*Ng'ano<br />
*Liaou<br />
*Romanic<br />
*Nowy slovieński język<br />
*[[/Sandbox|Sandbox]]<br />
**[[/Sandbox/Kertha|Kertha]]<br />
***[[Old Kvalian]]<br />
*Zamoran<br />
*Bamenese<br />
*[[Cuoxeh]]<br />
*[[Kunarek]]<br />
*Ostunese<br />
*[[Qafesona]]<br />
*[[Jukpë]]<br />
*[[Biscayan]]<br />
*[[Panlaffic languages]]<br />
**[[Kihā́mmic]]<br />
**[[Lôppic]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Tonuao&diff=30825Tonuao2015-02-22T10:23:10Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
<br />
[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]<br />
<br />
{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere|East Asian cultural sphere]]. It uses Chinese characters for much of its writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai|shinjitai (新字体)]] standards of Japan. The Japanese syllabary [[w:Katakana|katakana]] is used for all other sounds. It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|image = Chopstick Flag.jpg<br />
|imagesize = 250px<br />
|name = East Asian Language<br />
|nativename = {{PAGENAME}}<br />
|pronunciation = /tonu.a.o/<br />
|region = [[w:East Asia|East Asia]]<br />
|states = [[w:China|China]], [[w:Japan|Japan]], [[w:North_Korea|North Korea]], [[w:South_Korea|South Korea]], [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]<br />
|speakers = 3<br />
|date = 2014<br />
|familycolor = conlang<br />
|iso1 = tao<br />
|iso2 = tao<br />
|iso3 = tao<br />
|script = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and [[w:Katakana|Katakana]]<br />
|notice = IPA<br />
|creator = *[[User:aquatiki|武明帥]]<br />
*[[User:deslee|済百長本]]<br />
*[[User:miyuruasuka|沢渡けんじ]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 11 consonants.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"<br />
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7"|Consonants<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Alveolar<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Glottal<br />
|- align="center"<br />
!Nasals<br />
|'''m''' <small>/m/</small><br />
|<br />
|'''n ''' <small>/n/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Plosives<br />
|'''p''' <small>/p/</small><br />
|'''t''' <small>/t/</small><br />
| colspan="2" | '''j''' <small>/ts ~ tɕ ~ c/</small><br />
|'''k''' <small>/k/</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Fricatives<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" | '''s''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small><br />
| colspan="3" |'''h''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Liquids<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|'''l''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Approximants<br />
| '''w''' <small>/w/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
| '''y''' <small>/j/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"<br />
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Vowels'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"|Vowels<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Front<br />
! Central<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| '''i''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small><br />
|<br />
| '''u''' <small>/u ~ ɯ/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| '''e''' <small>/e ~ e̞/</small><br />
|<br />
| '''o''' <small>/o ~ o̞/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| colspan="3" | '''a''' <small>/a ~ ä/</small><br />
|}<br />
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!<br />
<br />
un<br />
pun<br />
tun<br />
jun<br />
kun<br />
mun<br />
nun<br />
sun<br />
hun<br />
lun<br />
yun<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn. There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Simple Syllables<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| ア <br /> '''a''' <br /> <small>/a/</small><br />
| エ <br /> '''e''' <br /> <small>/e ~ je ~ ə/</small><br />
| イ <br /> '''i''' <br /> <small>/i ~ ji/</small><br />
| オ <br /> '''o''' <br /> <small>/o ~ wo/</small><br />
| ウ <br /> '''u''' <br /> <small>/u ~ wu/</small><br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| パ <br /> '''pa''' || ペ <br /> '''pe''' || ピ <br /> '''pi''' || ポ <br /> '''po''' || プ <br /> '''pu'''<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| タ <br /> '''ta''' || テ <br /> '''te''' || チ <br /> '''ti''' || ト <br /> '''to''' || ツ <br /> '''tu''' <br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| チャ <br /> '''ja''' || チェ <br /> '''je''' || チィ <br /> '''ji''' || チョ <br /> '''jo''' || チュ <br /> '''ju'''<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| カ <br /> '''ka''' || ケ <br /> '''ke''' || キ <br /> '''ki''' || コ <br /> '''ko''' || ク <br /> '''ku'''<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| マ <br /> '''ma''' || メ <br /> '''me''' || ミ <br /> '''mi''' || モ <br /> '''mo''' || ム <br /> '''mu'''<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| ナ <br /> '''na''' || ネ <br /> '''ne''' || ニ <br /> '''ni''' || ノ <br /> '''no''' || ヌ <br /> '''nu'''<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| サ <br /> '''sa''' || セ <br /> '''se''' || シ <br /> '''si''' <br /> <small>/si ~ ɕi/</small> || ソ <br /> '''so''' || ス <br /> '''su'''<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| ハ <br /> '''ha''' || ヘ <br /> '''he''' || ヒ <br /> '''hi''' || ホ <br /> '''ho''' || フ <br /> '''hu'''<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| ラ <br /> '''la''' || レ <br /> '''le''' || リ <br /> '''li''' || ロ <br /> '''lo''' || ル <br /> '''lu'''<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| ワ <br /> '''wa''' <br /> <small>/wa ~ ʋa ~ va/</small><br />
| ヱ <br /> '''we''' <br /> <small>/we ~ wej/</small><br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| ヤ <br /> '''ya'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| ヨ <br /> '''yo''' <br /> <small>/jo ~ joʊ̯/</small><br />
| ユ <br /> '''yu'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 210px; text-align: center; float:left; "<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! a<br />
! e<br />
! i<br />
! o<br />
! u<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| 아<br />
| 에<br />
| 이<br />
| 오<br />
| 우<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| 바 || 베 || 비 || 보 || 부<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| 다 || 데 || 디 || 도 || 두<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| 자 || 제 || 지 || 조 || 주<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| 가 || 게 || 기|| 고|| 구<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| 마 || 메 || 미 || 모 || 무<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| 나 || 네 || 니 || 노 || 누<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| 사 || 세 || 시 || 소 || 수<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| 하 || 헤|| 히 || 호 || 후<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| 라 || 레 || 리 || 로 || 루<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| 와<br />
| 웨<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| 야<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| 요<br />
| 유<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Complex Syllables<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! an<br />
! en<br />
! in<br />
! un<br />
! ya<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| アン <br /> '''an'''<br />
| エン <br /> '''en'''<br />
| イン <br /> '''in'''<br />
| ウン <br /> '''un'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| パン <br /> '''pan'''<br />
| ペン <br /> '''pen'''<br />
| ピン <br /> '''pin'''<br />
| プン <br /> '''pun'''<br />
| ピャ <br /> '''pya'''<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| タン <br /> '''tan'''<br />
| テン <br /> '''ten'''<br />
| チン <br /> '''tin'''<br />
| ツン <br /> '''tun'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| チャン <br /> '''jan'''<br />
| チェン <br /> '''jen'''<br />
| チィン <br /> '''jin'''<br />
| チュン <br /> '''jun'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| カン <br /> '''kan'''<br />
| ケン <br /> '''ken'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| クン <br /> '''kun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| マン <br /> '''man'''<br />
| メン <br /> '''men'''<br />
| ミン <br /> '''min'''<br />
| ムン <br /> '''mun'''<br />
| ミャ <br /> '''mya'''<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| ナン <br /> '''nan'''<br />
| ネン <br /> '''nen'''<br />
| ニン <br /> '''nin'''<br />
| ヌン <br /> '''nun'''<br />
| ニャ <br /> '''nya'''<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| サン <br /> '''san'''<br />
| セン <br /> '''sen''' <br /> <small>/sen ~ ɕen/</small><br />
| シン <br /> '''sin'''<br />
| スン <br /> '''sun'''<br />
| シャ <br /> '''sya''' <br /> <small>/sja ~ ɕa/</small><br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| ハン <br /> '''han'''<br />
| ヘン <br /> '''hen'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| フン <br /> '''hun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| ラン <br /> '''lan'''<br />
| レン <br /> '''len'''<br />
| リン <br /> '''lin'''<br />
| ルン <br /> '''lun'''<br />
| リャ <br /> '''lya'''<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| ワン <br /> '''wan'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| ヤン <br /> '''yan'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| ユン <br /> '''yun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|} <br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 168px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! an<br />
! en<br />
! in<br />
! un<br />
! ya<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| 안<br />
| 엔<br />
| 인<br />
| 운<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| 반<br />
| 벤<br />
| 빈<br />
| 분<br />
| 뱌<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| 단<br />
| 덴<br />
| 딘<br />
| 둔<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| 잔<br />
| 젠<br />
| 진<br />
| 준<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| 간<br />
| 겐<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| 군<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| 만<br />
| 멘<br />
| 민<br />
| 문<br />
| 먀<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| 난<br />
| 넨<br />
| 닌<br />
| 눈<br />
| 냐<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| 산<br />
| 센<br />
| 신<br />
| 순<br />
| 샤<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| 한<br />
| 헨<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| 훈<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| 란<br />
| 렌<br />
| 린<br />
| 룬<br />
| 랴<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| 완<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| 얀<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| 윤<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|} <br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
The complex syllables of {{PAGENAME}} are clearly much more limited.<br />
<br />
=== Derivation ===<br />
Middle Chinese (MC) had much more complex syllables than were possible in any of the language influenced by it. {{PAGENAME}} tries to be equal to CJKV languages by taking an average derivational position. First, it considers the initial consonant in MC<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
|+ Correspondences of initial consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Middle Chinese <br />
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Vietnamese <br />
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean<br />
! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mandarin<br />
! rowspan="2" | Cantonese<br />
! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}}<br />
|-<br />
! Go-on !! Kan-on !! Tōsō-on<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Labials<br />
| 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/pʰ || rowspan="2" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h<br />
| p/f || p/f<br />
! rowspan="3" | p<br />
|-<br />
| 滂 pʰ || pʰ<br />
| pʰ/f || pʰ/f<br />
|-<br />
| 並 b || b<br />
| b > b/ph/v<br />
| pʰ/p/f || pʰ/p/f<br />
|-<br />
| 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m<br />
| m/w || m<br />
! m<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" | Dentals<br />
| 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/tʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="3" | t<br />
| t || t<br />
! rowspan="3" | t<br />
|-<br />
| 透 tʰ || tʰ > th<br />
| tʰ || tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 定 d || d > đ || d<br />
| tʰ/d || tʰ/d<br />
|-<br />
| 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n<br />
| n || n~l<br />
! n<br />
|-<br />
| 來 l || l || l || r || r || r<br />
| l || l<br />
! l<br />
|-<br />
! Retroflex nasal<br />
| 娘 ɳ<br />
| n || n~ø || n || d ||<br />
| n || n~l<br />
! ny<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops<br />
| 知 ʈ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="6" | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="17" | s<br />
| tʂ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | t<br />
|-<br />
| 徹 ʈʰ || ʂ > s<br />
| tʂʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 澄 ɖ || ɖ > tr || d<br />
| tʂʰ, tʂ || tsʰ, ts<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants<br />
| 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s<br />
| ts, tɕ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 清 tsʰ || ɕ > th<br />
| tsʰ, tɕʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z<br />
| tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ || tsʰ, ts<br />
|-<br />
| 心 s || rowspan="3" | s || s<br />
| s || s<br />
! rowspan="2" | s<br />
|-<br />
| 邪 z || z<br />
| tsʰ, ts || z, ʑ<br />
|-<br />
| 俟 ʐ <br />
| s || z<br />
| tʂʰ, s || tsʰ, ts<br />
! sy<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants<br />
| 莊 tʂ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="3" | tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | s<br />
| tʂ, ts || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 初 tʂʰ || rowspan="3" | ʂ > s<br />
| tʂʰ, tsʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 崇 dʐ || z<br />
| tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s<br />
|-<br />
| 生 ʂ || s || rowspan="3" | s<br />
| ʂ, s || s<br />
! sy<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Palatals<br />
| 章 tɕ || c > ch || rowspan="2" | tɕ/tɕʰ<br />
| tʂ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 昌 tɕʰ || tʃ > x<br />
| tʂʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 禪 dʑ || rowspan="3" | ɕ > th || rowspan="3" | s || z<br />
| tʂʰ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s<br />
|-<br />
| 書 ɕ || s || ʂ || s<br />
! rowspan="2" | sy<br />
|-<br />
| 船 ʑ || z || s || <br />
| tʂʰ, ʂ || s<br />
|-<br />
| 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z || ɻ, ʔ || j<br />
! ny<br />
|-<br />
| 以 j<br />
| d || ø || j || j ||<br />
| j, w~ʋ || j, w<br />
! y<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Velars<br />
| 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k<br />
| k, tɕ || k, kʷ<br />
! rowspan="3" | k<br />
|-<br />
| 溪 kʰ || kʰ > kh<br />
| kʰ, tɕʰ || h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ<br />
|-<br />
| 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g<br />
| kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ || kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ<br />
|-<br />
| 疑 ŋ || ŋ > ng || h || g || g<br />
| ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n || ŋ, ʔ, j<br />
! rowspan="2" | ø<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Laryngeals<br />
| 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅<br />
| ʔ, j, w~ʋ || ʔ, j, w<br />
|-<br />
| 曉 h || rowspan="2" | h || rowspan="2" | h || k || rowspan="2" | k<br />
| x, ɕ || h, f, j<br />
! rowspan="2" | h<br />
|-<br />
| 匣 ɦ || ɣ > g/w<br />
| x, ɕ || h, w<br />
|-<br />
| 云 ɦj<br />
| v, h || ø || j || j ||<br />
| j, w~ʋ || j, w<br />
! ø<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order|V2 word order]]. Like most Asian languages, {{PAGENAME}} has several verbs corresponding to European "is": 乃 ''nai'' is 'to be equal', 有 ''yu'' means 'to have', and 在 ''jai'' means 'to exist' or 'to be at'. Only 乃 ''nai'' may be dropped, and it usually is.<br />
<br />
In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent. The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ ''he'', derived from 兮 ''hei''. Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence. The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ウ ''u'', derived from 于 ''yu''. A genitive relationship is 之 ''ji'' which is not written in katakana most of the time.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Relationship<br />
! Particle<br />
! Etymology<br />
! English<br />
! Mandarin<br />
! Cantonese<br />
! Japanese<br />
! Korean<br />
! Vietnamese<br />
|-<br />
! Topic<br />
| ヘ ''he''<br />
| 兮 ''hei''<br />
| as for<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| は wa<br />
| 은/는 (n)ǔn<br />
| cái<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|<br />
| 哉 ''jai''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| ウ ''u''<br />
| 于 ''yu''<br />
| to<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| に ni<br />
| 에게 ege<br />
| đến<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| <br />
| 之 ''ji''<br />
| of<br />
| 的 de<br />
| 嘅 ge<br />
| の no<br />
| 의 ǔi<br />
| của<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| イ ''i''<br />
| 以 ''i''<br />
| by<br />
| 用 yòng<br />
| 用 yung<sup>6</sup><br />
| で de<br />
| 로/으로 ro/ǔro<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| オ ''o''<br />
| 於 ''o''<br />
| in, on, at<br />
| 在 zài<br />
| 喺 hai<sup>2</sup><br />
| に ni<br />
| 에 e<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Comitative<br />
| コ ''ko''<br />
| 共 ''konu''<br />
| together with<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Assoc. Pl.<br />
| ト ''to''<br />
| 等 ''tonu''<br />
| et. al.<br />
| 們 men<br />
| 哋 dei<sup>6</sup><br />
| たち tachi<br />
| 들 tǔl<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! Perfective <br />
| リ ''li''<br />
| 已 ''i''<br />
| -ed<br />
| 了 le<br />
| 咗 jo<sup>2</sup><br />
| た/だ ta/da<br />
| 았/었 att/ǒtt<br />
| đã<br />
|-<br />
! Progressive<br />
| ツ ''tu''<br />
| 中 ''tunu''<br />
| -ing<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 아/어 a/ǒ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! Nominalizer<br />
| シ ''si''<br />
| 事 ''ji''<br />
| -ing<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Adnominalizer<br />
| チ ''ti''<br />
| 之 ''ji''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Adverbializer<br />
| ヤ ''ya''<br />
| 様 ''yanu''<br />
| -ly<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! NP And<br />
| ヨ ''yo''<br />
| 与 ''o''<br />
| and<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! VP And<br />
| ニ ''ni''<br />
| 而 ''ni''<br />
| and<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sentence Final Particles===<br />
<br />
* フ ''hu'', derived from 乎 ''huo'', forms polar questions at the end of an utterance.<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; "<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Casual<br />
! First<br />
| 我 ''a''<br />
| 我ト ''ato''<br />
|-<br />
! Second<br />
| 汝 ''no''<br />
| 汝ト ''noto''<br />
|-<br />
! Third<br />
| 彼人 ''pinin''<br />
| 彼人ト ''pininto''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="margin-left:20px; text-align: left; float:left; "<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Polite<br />
! First<br />
| One's given name<br />
| One's given name-ト ''-to''<br />
|-<br />
! Second<br />
| 君 ''kun''<br />
| 君ト ''kunto''<br />
|-<br />
! Third<br />
| One's surname<br />
| One's surname-ト ''-to''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
=== Classifiers ===<br />
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives ''before'' the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals ''after'' the noun phrase, as ''adverbs''.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Classifier<br />
! Use<br />
|-<br />
| 人 ''nin''<br />
| people (general)<br />
|-<br />
| 名 ''menu''<br />
| people (polite)<br />
|-<br />
| 台 ''tai''<br />
| machines (computers, cars, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 匹 ''pitu''<br />
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 冊 ''jaku''<br />
| books, magazines, etc<br />
|-<br />
| 杯 ''pei''<br />
| cups of some drink<br />
|-<br />
| 枚 ''mei''<br />
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 条 ''teu''<br />
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 間 ''kan''<br />
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 個 ''ka''<br />
| anything else<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Determiner<br />
! Use<br />
! Example<br />
|-<br />
| 蛙 ''wa''<br />
| amphibians<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 鳥 ''teu''<br />
| birds<br />
| Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 ''usura-teu''<br />
|-<br />
| 魚 ''o''<br />
| fish<br />
| nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 ''nekokiki-o''<br />
|-<br />
| 虫 ''tunu''<br />
| invertebrates<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 獣 ''siu''<br />
| mammals<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 龍 ''lonu''<br />
| reptiles<br />
| tyrannosaurus チラン龍 ''tiran-lonu''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| 花 ''hua''<br />
| flowers<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 草 ''jau''<br />
| grass<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 木 ''moku''<br />
| trees, bushes<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| 服 ''puku''<br />
| clothes<br />
| kimono キモノ服 ''kimono-puku''<br />
|-<br />
| 飯 ''puen''<br />
| meals<br />
| bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 ''pipimupapu-puen''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Demonstratives and indefinite===<br />
Demonstratives occur in the 此 ''ji-'', 其 ''ki-'', and 彼 ''pi-'' series. The 此 ''ji-'' (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ''ki-'' (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 ''pi-'' (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ''ha-'', demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"<br />
! width="10%"|<br />
! width="11%"|Proximal<br>(此 ''ji-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Mesial<br>(其 ''ki-'')<br />
! width="13%"|Distal<br>(彼 ''pi-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Interrogative<br>(何 ''ha-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Negative<br>(無 ''miu-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Universal<br>(毎 ''mei-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Assertive<br>existential<br>(某 ''mou'')<br />
! width="11%"|Elective<br>existential<br>(? ''?'')<br />
|-<br />
!Adjective<br />
|此 ''ji'' <br>this<br />
|其 ''ki'' <br>that<br />
|彼 ''pi'' <br>that over there<br />
|何 ''ha'' <br>what<br />
|無 ''miu'' <br>no<br />
|毎 ''mei'' <br>every<br />
|某 ''mou'' <br>some<br />
|<br>any<br />
|-<br />
!Thing (物 ''-mutu'')<br />
|此物 ''jimutu'' <br>this one<br />
|其物 ''kimutu'' <br>that one<br />
|彼物 ''pimutu'' <br>that one over there<br />
|何物 ''hamutu'' <br>which one<br />
|無物 ''miumutu'' <br>nothing<br />
|毎物 ''meimutu'' <br>everything<br />
|某物 ''moumutu'' <br>something<br />
|<br>anything<br />
|-<br />
!Person (人 ''-nin'')<br />
|此人 ''jinin'' <br>this person<br />
|其人 ''kinin'' <br>that person<br />
|彼人 ''pinin'' <br>that person over there<br />
|何人 ''hanin'' <br>who<br />
|無人 ''miunin'' <br>nobody<br />
|毎人 ''meinin'' <br>everybody<br />
|某人 ''mounin'' <br>somebody<br />
|<br>anybody<br />
|-<br />
!Place (処 ''-jo'')<br />
|此処 ''jijo'' <br>here<br />
|其処 ''kijo'' <br>there<br />
|彼処 ''pijo'' <br>over there<br />
|何処 ''hajo'' <br>where<br />
|無処 ''miujo'' <br>nowhere<br />
|毎処 ''meijo'' <br>everywhere<br />
|某処 ''moujo'' <br>somewhere<br />
|<br>anywhere<br />
|-<br />
!Time (時 ''-'')<br />
|此時 ''jisi'' <br>now<br />
|其時 ''kisi'' <br>then<br />
|彼時 ''pisi'' <br>at that other time<br />
|何時 ''hasi'' <br>when<br />
|無時 ''miusi'' <br>never<br />
|毎時 ''meisi'' <br>always<br />
|某時 ''mousi'' <br>sometime<br />
|<br>anytime<br />
|-<br />
!Manner (様 ''-yanu'')<br />
|此様 ''jiyanu'' <br>in this manner<br />
|其様 ''kiyanu'' <br>in that manner<br />
|彼様 ''piyanu'' <br>in that other manner<br />
|何様 ''hayanu'' <br>how<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|某様 ''mouyanu'' <br>somehow<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Quantity (多 ''-ta'')<br />
|此多 ''jita'' <br>this many / much<br />
|其多 ''kita'' <br>that many / much<br />
|彼多 ''pita'' <br>in that other quantity<br />
|何多 ''hata'' <br>how many / much<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Kind (''-chi'')<br />
|<br>like this<br />
|<br>like that<br />
|<br>like that other kind <br />
|<br>what kind of<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Reason (因 ''-in'')<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|何因 ''hain'' <br>why<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Lexica ==<br />
* [[Tonuao/Hanji]] - Character list based on the 1800 list of hanja for Koreans and 2136 list of kanji for Japanese<br />
<br />
== Sample ==<br />
* [[Tonuao/Sample/218_sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]<br />
#[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1QRHi-4zBveAK6BDwhit5mMEcPUdvAKMj8NvwOJzNDJw/edit?usp=sharing CJKV Auxlang Google sheets]<br />
#[http://danayo.referata.com/wiki/Main_Page Sister language 単亜語]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:A posteriori]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Tonuao&diff=30824Tonuao2015-02-22T10:22:34Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
<br />
[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]<br />
<br />
{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere|East Asian cultural sphere]]. It uses Chinese characters for much of its writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai|shinjitai (新字体)]] standards of Japan. The Japanese syllabary [[w:Katakana|katakana]] is used for all other sounds. It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|image = Chopstick Flag.jpg<br />
|imagesize = 250px<br />
|name = East Asian Language<br />
|nativename = {{PAGENAME}}<br />
|pronunciation = /tonu.a.o/<br />
|region = [[w:East Asia|East Asia]]<br />
|states = [[w:China|China]], [[w:Japan|Japan]], [[w:North_Korea|North Korea]], [[w:South_Korea|South Korea]], [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]<br />
|speakers = 3<br />
|date = 2014<br />
|familycolor = conlang<br />
|iso1 = tao<br />
|iso2 = tao<br />
|iso3 = tao<br />
|script = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and [[w:Katakana|Katakana]]<br />
|notice = IPA<br />
|creator = *[[User:aquatiki|武明帥]]<br />
*[[User:deslee|済百長本]]<br />
*[[User:miyuruasuka|沢渡けんじ]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 11 consonants.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"<br />
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7"|Consonants<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Alveolar<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Glottal<br />
|- align="center"<br />
!Nasals<br />
|'''m''' <small>/m/</small><br />
|<br />
|'''n ''' <small>/n/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Plosives<br />
|'''p''' <small>/p/</small><br />
|'''t''' <small>/t/</small><br />
| colspan="2" | '''j''' <small>/ts ~ tɕ ~ c/</small><br />
|'''k''' <small>/k/</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Fricatives<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" | '''s''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small><br />
| colspan="3" |'''h''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Liquids<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|'''l''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Approximants<br />
| '''w''' <small>/w/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
| '''y''' <small>/j/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"<br />
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Vowels'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"|Vowels<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Front<br />
! Central<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| '''i''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small><br />
|<br />
| '''u''' <small>/u ~ ɯ/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| '''e''' <small>/e ~ e̞/</small><br />
|<br />
| '''o''' <small>/o ~ o̞/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| colspan="3" | '''a''' <small>/a ~ ä/</small><br />
|}<br />
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!<br />
<br />
un<br />
pun<br />
tun<br />
jun<br />
kun<br />
mun<br />
nun<br />
sun<br />
hun<br />
lun<br />
yun<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn. There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Simple Syllables<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| ア <br /> '''a''' <br /> <small>/a/</small><br />
| エ <br /> '''e''' <br /> <small>/e ~ je ~ ə/</small><br />
| イ <br /> '''i''' <br /> <small>/i ~ ji/</small><br />
| オ <br /> '''o''' <br /> <small>/o ~ wo/</small><br />
| ウ <br /> '''u''' <br /> <small>/u ~ wu/</small><br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| パ <br /> '''pa''' || ペ <br /> '''pe''' || ピ <br /> '''pi''' || ポ <br /> '''po''' || プ <br /> '''pu'''<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| タ <br /> '''ta''' || テ <br /> '''te''' || チ <br /> '''ti''' || ト <br /> '''to''' || ツ <br /> '''tu''' <br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| チャ <br /> '''ja''' || チェ <br /> '''je''' || チィ <br /> '''ji''' || チョ <br /> '''jo''' || チュ <br /> '''ju'''<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| カ <br /> '''ka''' || ケ <br /> '''ke''' || キ <br /> '''ki''' || コ <br /> '''ko''' || ク <br /> '''ku'''<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| マ <br /> '''ma''' || メ <br /> '''me''' || ミ <br /> '''mi''' || モ <br /> '''mo''' || ム <br /> '''mu'''<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| ナ <br /> '''na''' || ネ <br /> '''ne''' || ニ <br /> '''ni''' || ノ <br /> '''no''' || ヌ <br /> '''nu'''<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| サ <br /> '''sa''' || セ <br /> '''se''' || シ <br /> '''si''' <br /> <small>/si ~ ɕi/</small> || ソ <br /> '''so''' || ス <br /> '''su'''<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| ハ <br /> '''ha''' || ヘ <br /> '''he''' || ヒ <br /> '''hi''' || ホ <br /> '''ho''' || フ <br /> '''hu'''<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| ラ <br /> '''la''' || レ <br /> '''le''' || リ <br /> '''li''' || ロ <br /> '''lo''' || ル <br /> '''lu'''<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| ワ <br /> '''wa''' <br /> <small>/wa ~ ʋa ~ va/</small><br />
| ヱ <br /> '''we''' <br /> <small>/we ~ wej/</small><br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| ヤ <br /> '''ya'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| ヨ <br /> '''yo''' <br /> <small>/jo ~ joʊ̯/</small><br />
| ユ <br /> '''yu'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 210px; text-align: center; float:left; "<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! a<br />
! e<br />
! i<br />
! o<br />
! u<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| 아<br />
| 에<br />
| 이<br />
| 오<br />
| 우<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| 바 || 베 || 비 || 보 || 부<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| 다 || 데 || 디 || 도 || 두<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| 자 || 제 || 지 || 조 || 주<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| 가 || 게 || 기|| 고|| 구<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| 마 || 메 || 미 || 모 || 무<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| 나 || 네 || 니 || 노 || 누<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| 사 || 세 || 시 || 소 || 수<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| 하 || 헤|| 히 || 호 || 후<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| 라 || 레 || 리 || 로 || 루<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| 와<br />
| 웨<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| 야<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| 요<br />
| 유<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Complex Syllables<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! an<br />
! en<br />
! in<br />
! un<br />
! ya<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| アン <br /> '''an'''<br />
| エン <br /> '''en'''<br />
| イン <br /> '''in'''<br />
| ウン <br /> '''un'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| パン <br /> '''pan'''<br />
| ペン <br /> '''pen'''<br />
| ピン <br /> '''pin'''<br />
| プン <br /> '''pun'''<br />
| ピャ <br /> '''pya'''<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| タン <br /> '''tan'''<br />
| テン <br /> '''ten'''<br />
| チン <br /> '''tin'''<br />
| ツン <br /> '''tun'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| チャン <br /> '''jan'''<br />
| チェン <br /> '''jen'''<br />
| チィン <br /> '''jin'''<br />
| チュン <br /> '''jun'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| カン <br /> '''kan'''<br />
| ケン <br /> '''ken'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| クン <br /> '''kun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| マン <br /> '''man'''<br />
| メン <br /> '''men'''<br />
| ミン <br /> '''min'''<br />
| ムン <br /> '''mun'''<br />
| ミャ <br /> '''mya'''<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| ナン <br /> '''nan'''<br />
| ネン <br /> '''nen'''<br />
| ニン <br /> '''nin'''<br />
| ヌン <br /> '''nun'''<br />
| ニャ <br /> '''nya'''<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| サン <br /> '''san'''<br />
| セン <br /> '''sen''' <br /> <small>/sen ~ ɕen/</small><br />
| シン <br /> '''sin'''<br />
| スン <br /> '''sun'''<br />
| シャ <br /> '''sya''' <br /> <small>/sja ~ ɕa/</small><br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| ハン <br /> '''han'''<br />
| ヘン <br /> '''hen'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| フン <br /> '''hun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| ラン <br /> '''lan'''<br />
| レン <br /> '''len'''<br />
| リン <br /> '''lin'''<br />
| ルン <br /> '''lun'''<br />
| リャ <br /> '''lya'''<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| ワン <br /> '''wan'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| ヤン <br /> '''yan'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| ユン <br /> '''yun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|} <br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 168px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! an<br />
! en<br />
! in<br />
! un<br />
! ya<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| 안<br />
| 엔<br />
| 인<br />
| 운<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| 반<br />
| 벤<br />
| 빈<br />
| 분<br />
| 뱌<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| 단<br />
| 덴<br />
| 딘<br />
| 둔<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| 잔<br />
| 젠<br />
| 진<br />
| 준<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| 간<br />
| 겐<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| 군<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| 만<br />
| 멘<br />
| 민<br />
| 문<br />
| 먀<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| 난<br />
| 넨<br />
| 닌<br />
| 눈<br />
| 냐<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| 산<br />
| 센<br />
| 신<br />
| 순<br />
| 샤<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| 한<br />
| 헨<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| 훈<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| 란<br />
| 렌<br />
| 린<br />
| 룬<br />
| 랴<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| 완<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| 얀<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| 윤<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|} <br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
The complex syllables of {{PAGENAME}} are clearly much more limited.<br />
<br />
=== Derivation ===<br />
Middle Chinese (MC) had much more complex syllables than were possible in any of the language influenced by it. {{PAGENAME}} tries to be equal to CJKV languages by taking an average derivational position. First, it considers the initial consonant in MC<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
|+ Correspondences of initial consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Middle Chinese <br />
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Vietnamese <br />
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean<br />
! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mandarin<br />
! rowspan="2" | Cantonese<br />
! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}}<br />
|-<br />
! Go-on !! Kan-on !! Tōsō-on<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Labials<br />
| 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/pʰ || rowspan="2" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h<br />
| p/f || p/f<br />
! rowspan="3" | p<br />
|-<br />
| 滂 pʰ || pʰ<br />
| pʰ/f || pʰ/f<br />
|-<br />
| 並 b || b<br />
| b > b/ph/v<br />
| pʰ/p/f || pʰ/p/f<br />
|-<br />
| 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m<br />
| m/w || m<br />
! m<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" | Dentals<br />
| 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/tʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="3" | t<br />
| t || t<br />
! rowspan="3" | t<br />
|-<br />
| 透 tʰ || tʰ > th<br />
| tʰ || tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 定 d || d > đ || d<br />
| tʰ/d || tʰ/d<br />
|-<br />
| 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n<br />
| n || n~l<br />
! n<br />
|-<br />
| 來 l || l || l || r || r || r<br />
| l || l<br />
! l<br />
|-<br />
! Retroflex nasal<br />
| 娘 ɳ<br />
| n || n~ø || n || d ||<br />
| n || n~l<br />
! ny<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops<br />
| 知 ʈ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="6" | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="17" | s<br />
| tʂ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | t<br />
|-<br />
| 徹 ʈʰ || ʂ > s<br />
| tʂʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 澄 ɖ || ɖ > tr || d<br />
| tʂʰ, tʂ || tsʰ, ts<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants<br />
| 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s<br />
| ts, tɕ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 清 tsʰ || ɕ > th<br />
| tsʰ, tɕʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z<br />
| tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ || tsʰ, ts<br />
|-<br />
| 心 s || rowspan="3" | s || s<br />
| s || s<br />
! rowspan="2" | s<br />
|-<br />
| 邪 z || z<br />
| tsʰ, ts || z, ʑ<br />
|-<br />
| 俟 ʐ <br />
| s || z<br />
| tʂʰ, s || tsʰ, ts<br />
! sy<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants<br />
| 莊 tʂ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="3" | tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | s<br />
| tʂ, ts || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 初 tʂʰ || rowspan="3" | ʂ > s<br />
| tʂʰ, tsʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 崇 dʐ || z<br />
| tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s<br />
|-<br />
| 生 ʂ || s || rowspan="3" | s<br />
| ʂ, s || s<br />
! sy<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Palatals<br />
| 章 tɕ || c > ch || rowspan="2" | tɕ/tɕʰ<br />
| tʂ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 昌 tɕʰ || tʃ > x<br />
| tʂʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 禪 dʑ || rowspan="3" | ɕ > th || rowspan="3" | s || z<br />
| tʂʰ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s<br />
|-<br />
| 書 ɕ || s || ʂ || s<br />
! rowspan="2" | sy<br />
|-<br />
| 船 ʑ || z || s || <br />
| tʂʰ, ʂ || s<br />
|-<br />
| 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z || ɻ, ʔ || j<br />
! ny<br />
|-<br />
| 以 j<br />
| d || ø || j || j ||<br />
| j, w~ʋ || j, w<br />
! y<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Velars<br />
| 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k<br />
| k, tɕ || k, kʷ<br />
! rowspan="3" | k<br />
|-<br />
| 溪 kʰ || kʰ > kh<br />
| kʰ, tɕʰ || h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ<br />
|-<br />
| 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g<br />
| kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ || kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ<br />
|-<br />
| 疑 ŋ || ŋ > ng || h || g || g<br />
| ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n || ŋ, ʔ, j<br />
! rowspan="2" | ø<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Laryngeals<br />
| 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅<br />
| ʔ, j, w~ʋ || ʔ, j, w<br />
|-<br />
| 曉 h || rowspan="2" | h || rowspan="2" | h || k || rowspan="2" | k<br />
| x, ɕ || h, f, j<br />
! rowspan="2" | h<br />
|-<br />
| 匣 ɦ || ɣ > g/w<br />
| x, ɕ || h, w<br />
|-<br />
| 云 ɦj<br />
| v, h || ø || j || j ||<br />
| j, w~ʋ || j, w<br />
! ø<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order]]. Like most Asian languages, {{PAGENAME}} has several verbs corresponding to European "is": 乃 ''nai'' is 'to be equal', 有 ''yu'' means 'to have', and 在 ''jai'' means 'to exist' or 'to be at'. Only 乃 ''nai'' may be dropped, and it usually is.<br />
<br />
In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent. The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ ''he'', derived from 兮 ''hei''. Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence. The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ウ ''u'', derived from 于 ''yu''. A genitive relationship is 之 ''ji'' which is not written in katakana most of the time.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Relationship<br />
! Particle<br />
! Etymology<br />
! English<br />
! Mandarin<br />
! Cantonese<br />
! Japanese<br />
! Korean<br />
! Vietnamese<br />
|-<br />
! Topic<br />
| ヘ ''he''<br />
| 兮 ''hei''<br />
| as for<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| は wa<br />
| 은/는 (n)ǔn<br />
| cái<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|<br />
| 哉 ''jai''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| ウ ''u''<br />
| 于 ''yu''<br />
| to<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| に ni<br />
| 에게 ege<br />
| đến<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| <br />
| 之 ''ji''<br />
| of<br />
| 的 de<br />
| 嘅 ge<br />
| の no<br />
| 의 ǔi<br />
| của<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| イ ''i''<br />
| 以 ''i''<br />
| by<br />
| 用 yòng<br />
| 用 yung<sup>6</sup><br />
| で de<br />
| 로/으로 ro/ǔro<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| オ ''o''<br />
| 於 ''o''<br />
| in, on, at<br />
| 在 zài<br />
| 喺 hai<sup>2</sup><br />
| に ni<br />
| 에 e<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Comitative<br />
| コ ''ko''<br />
| 共 ''konu''<br />
| together with<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Assoc. Pl.<br />
| ト ''to''<br />
| 等 ''tonu''<br />
| et. al.<br />
| 們 men<br />
| 哋 dei<sup>6</sup><br />
| たち tachi<br />
| 들 tǔl<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! Perfective <br />
| リ ''li''<br />
| 已 ''i''<br />
| -ed<br />
| 了 le<br />
| 咗 jo<sup>2</sup><br />
| た/だ ta/da<br />
| 았/었 att/ǒtt<br />
| đã<br />
|-<br />
! Progressive<br />
| ツ ''tu''<br />
| 中 ''tunu''<br />
| -ing<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 아/어 a/ǒ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! Nominalizer<br />
| シ ''si''<br />
| 事 ''ji''<br />
| -ing<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Adnominalizer<br />
| チ ''ti''<br />
| 之 ''ji''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Adverbializer<br />
| ヤ ''ya''<br />
| 様 ''yanu''<br />
| -ly<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! NP And<br />
| ヨ ''yo''<br />
| 与 ''o''<br />
| and<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! VP And<br />
| ニ ''ni''<br />
| 而 ''ni''<br />
| and<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sentence Final Particles===<br />
<br />
* フ ''hu'', derived from 乎 ''huo'', forms polar questions at the end of an utterance.<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; "<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Casual<br />
! First<br />
| 我 ''a''<br />
| 我ト ''ato''<br />
|-<br />
! Second<br />
| 汝 ''no''<br />
| 汝ト ''noto''<br />
|-<br />
! Third<br />
| 彼人 ''pinin''<br />
| 彼人ト ''pininto''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="margin-left:20px; text-align: left; float:left; "<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Polite<br />
! First<br />
| One's given name<br />
| One's given name-ト ''-to''<br />
|-<br />
! Second<br />
| 君 ''kun''<br />
| 君ト ''kunto''<br />
|-<br />
! Third<br />
| One's surname<br />
| One's surname-ト ''-to''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
=== Classifiers ===<br />
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives ''before'' the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals ''after'' the noun phrase, as ''adverbs''.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Classifier<br />
! Use<br />
|-<br />
| 人 ''nin''<br />
| people (general)<br />
|-<br />
| 名 ''menu''<br />
| people (polite)<br />
|-<br />
| 台 ''tai''<br />
| machines (computers, cars, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 匹 ''pitu''<br />
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 冊 ''jaku''<br />
| books, magazines, etc<br />
|-<br />
| 杯 ''pei''<br />
| cups of some drink<br />
|-<br />
| 枚 ''mei''<br />
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 条 ''teu''<br />
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 間 ''kan''<br />
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 個 ''ka''<br />
| anything else<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Determiner<br />
! Use<br />
! Example<br />
|-<br />
| 蛙 ''wa''<br />
| amphibians<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 鳥 ''teu''<br />
| birds<br />
| Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 ''usura-teu''<br />
|-<br />
| 魚 ''o''<br />
| fish<br />
| nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 ''nekokiki-o''<br />
|-<br />
| 虫 ''tunu''<br />
| invertebrates<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 獣 ''siu''<br />
| mammals<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 龍 ''lonu''<br />
| reptiles<br />
| tyrannosaurus チラン龍 ''tiran-lonu''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| 花 ''hua''<br />
| flowers<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 草 ''jau''<br />
| grass<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 木 ''moku''<br />
| trees, bushes<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| 服 ''puku''<br />
| clothes<br />
| kimono キモノ服 ''kimono-puku''<br />
|-<br />
| 飯 ''puen''<br />
| meals<br />
| bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 ''pipimupapu-puen''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Demonstratives and indefinite===<br />
Demonstratives occur in the 此 ''ji-'', 其 ''ki-'', and 彼 ''pi-'' series. The 此 ''ji-'' (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ''ki-'' (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 ''pi-'' (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ''ha-'', demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"<br />
! width="10%"|<br />
! width="11%"|Proximal<br>(此 ''ji-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Mesial<br>(其 ''ki-'')<br />
! width="13%"|Distal<br>(彼 ''pi-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Interrogative<br>(何 ''ha-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Negative<br>(無 ''miu-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Universal<br>(毎 ''mei-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Assertive<br>existential<br>(某 ''mou'')<br />
! width="11%"|Elective<br>existential<br>(? ''?'')<br />
|-<br />
!Adjective<br />
|此 ''ji'' <br>this<br />
|其 ''ki'' <br>that<br />
|彼 ''pi'' <br>that over there<br />
|何 ''ha'' <br>what<br />
|無 ''miu'' <br>no<br />
|毎 ''mei'' <br>every<br />
|某 ''mou'' <br>some<br />
|<br>any<br />
|-<br />
!Thing (物 ''-mutu'')<br />
|此物 ''jimutu'' <br>this one<br />
|其物 ''kimutu'' <br>that one<br />
|彼物 ''pimutu'' <br>that one over there<br />
|何物 ''hamutu'' <br>which one<br />
|無物 ''miumutu'' <br>nothing<br />
|毎物 ''meimutu'' <br>everything<br />
|某物 ''moumutu'' <br>something<br />
|<br>anything<br />
|-<br />
!Person (人 ''-nin'')<br />
|此人 ''jinin'' <br>this person<br />
|其人 ''kinin'' <br>that person<br />
|彼人 ''pinin'' <br>that person over there<br />
|何人 ''hanin'' <br>who<br />
|無人 ''miunin'' <br>nobody<br />
|毎人 ''meinin'' <br>everybody<br />
|某人 ''mounin'' <br>somebody<br />
|<br>anybody<br />
|-<br />
!Place (処 ''-jo'')<br />
|此処 ''jijo'' <br>here<br />
|其処 ''kijo'' <br>there<br />
|彼処 ''pijo'' <br>over there<br />
|何処 ''hajo'' <br>where<br />
|無処 ''miujo'' <br>nowhere<br />
|毎処 ''meijo'' <br>everywhere<br />
|某処 ''moujo'' <br>somewhere<br />
|<br>anywhere<br />
|-<br />
!Time (時 ''-'')<br />
|此時 ''jisi'' <br>now<br />
|其時 ''kisi'' <br>then<br />
|彼時 ''pisi'' <br>at that other time<br />
|何時 ''hasi'' <br>when<br />
|無時 ''miusi'' <br>never<br />
|毎時 ''meisi'' <br>always<br />
|某時 ''mousi'' <br>sometime<br />
|<br>anytime<br />
|-<br />
!Manner (様 ''-yanu'')<br />
|此様 ''jiyanu'' <br>in this manner<br />
|其様 ''kiyanu'' <br>in that manner<br />
|彼様 ''piyanu'' <br>in that other manner<br />
|何様 ''hayanu'' <br>how<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|某様 ''mouyanu'' <br>somehow<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Quantity (多 ''-ta'')<br />
|此多 ''jita'' <br>this many / much<br />
|其多 ''kita'' <br>that many / much<br />
|彼多 ''pita'' <br>in that other quantity<br />
|何多 ''hata'' <br>how many / much<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Kind (''-chi'')<br />
|<br>like this<br />
|<br>like that<br />
|<br>like that other kind <br />
|<br>what kind of<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Reason (因 ''-in'')<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|何因 ''hain'' <br>why<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Lexica ==<br />
* [[Tonuao/Hanji]] - Character list based on the 1800 list of hanja for Koreans and 2136 list of kanji for Japanese<br />
<br />
== Sample ==<br />
* [[Tonuao/Sample/218_sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]<br />
#[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1QRHi-4zBveAK6BDwhit5mMEcPUdvAKMj8NvwOJzNDJw/edit?usp=sharing CJKV Auxlang Google sheets]<br />
#[http://danayo.referata.com/wiki/Main_Page Sister language 単亜語]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:A posteriori]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Tonuao&diff=30823Tonuao2015-02-22T10:22:04Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
<br />
[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]<br />
<br />
{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]]. It uses Chinese characters for much of its writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai|shinjitai (新字体)]] standards of Japan. The Japanese syllabary [[w:Katakana|katakana]] is used for all other sounds. It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|image = Chopstick Flag.jpg<br />
|imagesize = 250px<br />
|name = East Asian Language<br />
|nativename = {{PAGENAME}}<br />
|pronunciation = /tonu.a.o/<br />
|region = [[w:East Asia|East Asia]]<br />
|states = [[w:China|China]], [[w:Japan|Japan]], [[w:North_Korea|North Korea]], [[w:South_Korea|South Korea]], [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]<br />
|speakers = 3<br />
|date = 2014<br />
|familycolor = conlang<br />
|iso1 = tao<br />
|iso2 = tao<br />
|iso3 = tao<br />
|script = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and [[w:Katakana|Katakana]]<br />
|notice = IPA<br />
|creator = *[[User:aquatiki|武明帥]]<br />
*[[User:deslee|済百長本]]<br />
*[[User:miyuruasuka|沢渡けんじ]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 11 consonants.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"<br />
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7"|Consonants<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Alveolar<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Glottal<br />
|- align="center"<br />
!Nasals<br />
|'''m''' <small>/m/</small><br />
|<br />
|'''n ''' <small>/n/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Plosives<br />
|'''p''' <small>/p/</small><br />
|'''t''' <small>/t/</small><br />
| colspan="2" | '''j''' <small>/ts ~ tɕ ~ c/</small><br />
|'''k''' <small>/k/</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Fricatives<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" | '''s''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small><br />
| colspan="3" |'''h''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Liquids<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|'''l''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Approximants<br />
| '''w''' <small>/w/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
| '''y''' <small>/j/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"<br />
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Vowels'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"|Vowels<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Front<br />
! Central<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| '''i''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small><br />
|<br />
| '''u''' <small>/u ~ ɯ/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| '''e''' <small>/e ~ e̞/</small><br />
|<br />
| '''o''' <small>/o ~ o̞/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| colspan="3" | '''a''' <small>/a ~ ä/</small><br />
|}<br />
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!<br />
<br />
un<br />
pun<br />
tun<br />
jun<br />
kun<br />
mun<br />
nun<br />
sun<br />
hun<br />
lun<br />
yun<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn. There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Simple Syllables<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| ア <br /> '''a''' <br /> <small>/a/</small><br />
| エ <br /> '''e''' <br /> <small>/e ~ je ~ ə/</small><br />
| イ <br /> '''i''' <br /> <small>/i ~ ji/</small><br />
| オ <br /> '''o''' <br /> <small>/o ~ wo/</small><br />
| ウ <br /> '''u''' <br /> <small>/u ~ wu/</small><br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| パ <br /> '''pa''' || ペ <br /> '''pe''' || ピ <br /> '''pi''' || ポ <br /> '''po''' || プ <br /> '''pu'''<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| タ <br /> '''ta''' || テ <br /> '''te''' || チ <br /> '''ti''' || ト <br /> '''to''' || ツ <br /> '''tu''' <br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| チャ <br /> '''ja''' || チェ <br /> '''je''' || チィ <br /> '''ji''' || チョ <br /> '''jo''' || チュ <br /> '''ju'''<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| カ <br /> '''ka''' || ケ <br /> '''ke''' || キ <br /> '''ki''' || コ <br /> '''ko''' || ク <br /> '''ku'''<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| マ <br /> '''ma''' || メ <br /> '''me''' || ミ <br /> '''mi''' || モ <br /> '''mo''' || ム <br /> '''mu'''<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| ナ <br /> '''na''' || ネ <br /> '''ne''' || ニ <br /> '''ni''' || ノ <br /> '''no''' || ヌ <br /> '''nu'''<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| サ <br /> '''sa''' || セ <br /> '''se''' || シ <br /> '''si''' <br /> <small>/si ~ ɕi/</small> || ソ <br /> '''so''' || ス <br /> '''su'''<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| ハ <br /> '''ha''' || ヘ <br /> '''he''' || ヒ <br /> '''hi''' || ホ <br /> '''ho''' || フ <br /> '''hu'''<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| ラ <br /> '''la''' || レ <br /> '''le''' || リ <br /> '''li''' || ロ <br /> '''lo''' || ル <br /> '''lu'''<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| ワ <br /> '''wa''' <br /> <small>/wa ~ ʋa ~ va/</small><br />
| ヱ <br /> '''we''' <br /> <small>/we ~ wej/</small><br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| ヤ <br /> '''ya'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| ヨ <br /> '''yo''' <br /> <small>/jo ~ joʊ̯/</small><br />
| ユ <br /> '''yu'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 210px; text-align: center; float:left; "<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! a<br />
! e<br />
! i<br />
! o<br />
! u<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| 아<br />
| 에<br />
| 이<br />
| 오<br />
| 우<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| 바 || 베 || 비 || 보 || 부<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| 다 || 데 || 디 || 도 || 두<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| 자 || 제 || 지 || 조 || 주<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| 가 || 게 || 기|| 고|| 구<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| 마 || 메 || 미 || 모 || 무<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| 나 || 네 || 니 || 노 || 누<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| 사 || 세 || 시 || 소 || 수<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| 하 || 헤|| 히 || 호 || 후<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| 라 || 레 || 리 || 로 || 루<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| 와<br />
| 웨<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| 야<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| 요<br />
| 유<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Complex Syllables<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! an<br />
! en<br />
! in<br />
! un<br />
! ya<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| アン <br /> '''an'''<br />
| エン <br /> '''en'''<br />
| イン <br /> '''in'''<br />
| ウン <br /> '''un'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| パン <br /> '''pan'''<br />
| ペン <br /> '''pen'''<br />
| ピン <br /> '''pin'''<br />
| プン <br /> '''pun'''<br />
| ピャ <br /> '''pya'''<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| タン <br /> '''tan'''<br />
| テン <br /> '''ten'''<br />
| チン <br /> '''tin'''<br />
| ツン <br /> '''tun'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| チャン <br /> '''jan'''<br />
| チェン <br /> '''jen'''<br />
| チィン <br /> '''jin'''<br />
| チュン <br /> '''jun'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| カン <br /> '''kan'''<br />
| ケン <br /> '''ken'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| クン <br /> '''kun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| マン <br /> '''man'''<br />
| メン <br /> '''men'''<br />
| ミン <br /> '''min'''<br />
| ムン <br /> '''mun'''<br />
| ミャ <br /> '''mya'''<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| ナン <br /> '''nan'''<br />
| ネン <br /> '''nen'''<br />
| ニン <br /> '''nin'''<br />
| ヌン <br /> '''nun'''<br />
| ニャ <br /> '''nya'''<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| サン <br /> '''san'''<br />
| セン <br /> '''sen''' <br /> <small>/sen ~ ɕen/</small><br />
| シン <br /> '''sin'''<br />
| スン <br /> '''sun'''<br />
| シャ <br /> '''sya''' <br /> <small>/sja ~ ɕa/</small><br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| ハン <br /> '''han'''<br />
| ヘン <br /> '''hen'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| フン <br /> '''hun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| ラン <br /> '''lan'''<br />
| レン <br /> '''len'''<br />
| リン <br /> '''lin'''<br />
| ルン <br /> '''lun'''<br />
| リャ <br /> '''lya'''<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| ワン <br /> '''wan'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| ヤン <br /> '''yan'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| ユン <br /> '''yun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|} <br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 168px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! an<br />
! en<br />
! in<br />
! un<br />
! ya<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| 안<br />
| 엔<br />
| 인<br />
| 운<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| 반<br />
| 벤<br />
| 빈<br />
| 분<br />
| 뱌<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| 단<br />
| 덴<br />
| 딘<br />
| 둔<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| 잔<br />
| 젠<br />
| 진<br />
| 준<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| 간<br />
| 겐<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| 군<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| 만<br />
| 멘<br />
| 민<br />
| 문<br />
| 먀<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| 난<br />
| 넨<br />
| 닌<br />
| 눈<br />
| 냐<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| 산<br />
| 센<br />
| 신<br />
| 순<br />
| 샤<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| 한<br />
| 헨<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| 훈<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| 란<br />
| 렌<br />
| 린<br />
| 룬<br />
| 랴<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| 완<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| 얀<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| 윤<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|} <br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
The complex syllables of {{PAGENAME}} are clearly much more limited.<br />
<br />
=== Derivation ===<br />
Middle Chinese (MC) had much more complex syllables than were possible in any of the language influenced by it. {{PAGENAME}} tries to be equal to CJKV languages by taking an average derivational position. First, it considers the initial consonant in MC<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
|+ Correspondences of initial consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Middle Chinese <br />
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Vietnamese <br />
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean<br />
! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mandarin<br />
! rowspan="2" | Cantonese<br />
! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}}<br />
|-<br />
! Go-on !! Kan-on !! Tōsō-on<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Labials<br />
| 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/pʰ || rowspan="2" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h<br />
| p/f || p/f<br />
! rowspan="3" | p<br />
|-<br />
| 滂 pʰ || pʰ<br />
| pʰ/f || pʰ/f<br />
|-<br />
| 並 b || b<br />
| b > b/ph/v<br />
| pʰ/p/f || pʰ/p/f<br />
|-<br />
| 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m<br />
| m/w || m<br />
! m<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" | Dentals<br />
| 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/tʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="3" | t<br />
| t || t<br />
! rowspan="3" | t<br />
|-<br />
| 透 tʰ || tʰ > th<br />
| tʰ || tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 定 d || d > đ || d<br />
| tʰ/d || tʰ/d<br />
|-<br />
| 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n<br />
| n || n~l<br />
! n<br />
|-<br />
| 來 l || l || l || r || r || r<br />
| l || l<br />
! l<br />
|-<br />
! Retroflex nasal<br />
| 娘 ɳ<br />
| n || n~ø || n || d ||<br />
| n || n~l<br />
! ny<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops<br />
| 知 ʈ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="6" | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="17" | s<br />
| tʂ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | t<br />
|-<br />
| 徹 ʈʰ || ʂ > s<br />
| tʂʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 澄 ɖ || ɖ > tr || d<br />
| tʂʰ, tʂ || tsʰ, ts<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants<br />
| 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s<br />
| ts, tɕ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 清 tsʰ || ɕ > th<br />
| tsʰ, tɕʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z<br />
| tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ || tsʰ, ts<br />
|-<br />
| 心 s || rowspan="3" | s || s<br />
| s || s<br />
! rowspan="2" | s<br />
|-<br />
| 邪 z || z<br />
| tsʰ, ts || z, ʑ<br />
|-<br />
| 俟 ʐ <br />
| s || z<br />
| tʂʰ, s || tsʰ, ts<br />
! sy<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants<br />
| 莊 tʂ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="3" | tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | s<br />
| tʂ, ts || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 初 tʂʰ || rowspan="3" | ʂ > s<br />
| tʂʰ, tsʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 崇 dʐ || z<br />
| tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s<br />
|-<br />
| 生 ʂ || s || rowspan="3" | s<br />
| ʂ, s || s<br />
! sy<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Palatals<br />
| 章 tɕ || c > ch || rowspan="2" | tɕ/tɕʰ<br />
| tʂ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 昌 tɕʰ || tʃ > x<br />
| tʂʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 禪 dʑ || rowspan="3" | ɕ > th || rowspan="3" | s || z<br />
| tʂʰ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s<br />
|-<br />
| 書 ɕ || s || ʂ || s<br />
! rowspan="2" | sy<br />
|-<br />
| 船 ʑ || z || s || <br />
| tʂʰ, ʂ || s<br />
|-<br />
| 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z || ɻ, ʔ || j<br />
! ny<br />
|-<br />
| 以 j<br />
| d || ø || j || j ||<br />
| j, w~ʋ || j, w<br />
! y<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Velars<br />
| 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k<br />
| k, tɕ || k, kʷ<br />
! rowspan="3" | k<br />
|-<br />
| 溪 kʰ || kʰ > kh<br />
| kʰ, tɕʰ || h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ<br />
|-<br />
| 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g<br />
| kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ || kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ<br />
|-<br />
| 疑 ŋ || ŋ > ng || h || g || g<br />
| ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n || ŋ, ʔ, j<br />
! rowspan="2" | ø<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Laryngeals<br />
| 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅<br />
| ʔ, j, w~ʋ || ʔ, j, w<br />
|-<br />
| 曉 h || rowspan="2" | h || rowspan="2" | h || k || rowspan="2" | k<br />
| x, ɕ || h, f, j<br />
! rowspan="2" | h<br />
|-<br />
| 匣 ɦ || ɣ > g/w<br />
| x, ɕ || h, w<br />
|-<br />
| 云 ɦj<br />
| v, h || ø || j || j ||<br />
| j, w~ʋ || j, w<br />
! ø<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order]]. Like most Asian languages, {{PAGENAME}} has several verbs corresponding to European "is": 乃 ''nai'' is 'to be equal', 有 ''yu'' means 'to have', and 在 ''jai'' means 'to exist' or 'to be at'. Only 乃 ''nai'' may be dropped, and it usually is.<br />
<br />
In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent. The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ ''he'', derived from 兮 ''hei''. Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence. The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ウ ''u'', derived from 于 ''yu''. A genitive relationship is 之 ''ji'' which is not written in katakana most of the time.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Relationship<br />
! Particle<br />
! Etymology<br />
! English<br />
! Mandarin<br />
! Cantonese<br />
! Japanese<br />
! Korean<br />
! Vietnamese<br />
|-<br />
! Topic<br />
| ヘ ''he''<br />
| 兮 ''hei''<br />
| as for<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| は wa<br />
| 은/는 (n)ǔn<br />
| cái<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|<br />
| 哉 ''jai''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| ウ ''u''<br />
| 于 ''yu''<br />
| to<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| に ni<br />
| 에게 ege<br />
| đến<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| <br />
| 之 ''ji''<br />
| of<br />
| 的 de<br />
| 嘅 ge<br />
| の no<br />
| 의 ǔi<br />
| của<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| イ ''i''<br />
| 以 ''i''<br />
| by<br />
| 用 yòng<br />
| 用 yung<sup>6</sup><br />
| で de<br />
| 로/으로 ro/ǔro<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| オ ''o''<br />
| 於 ''o''<br />
| in, on, at<br />
| 在 zài<br />
| 喺 hai<sup>2</sup><br />
| に ni<br />
| 에 e<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Comitative<br />
| コ ''ko''<br />
| 共 ''konu''<br />
| together with<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Assoc. Pl.<br />
| ト ''to''<br />
| 等 ''tonu''<br />
| et. al.<br />
| 們 men<br />
| 哋 dei<sup>6</sup><br />
| たち tachi<br />
| 들 tǔl<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! Perfective <br />
| リ ''li''<br />
| 已 ''i''<br />
| -ed<br />
| 了 le<br />
| 咗 jo<sup>2</sup><br />
| た/だ ta/da<br />
| 았/었 att/ǒtt<br />
| đã<br />
|-<br />
! Progressive<br />
| ツ ''tu''<br />
| 中 ''tunu''<br />
| -ing<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 아/어 a/ǒ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! Nominalizer<br />
| シ ''si''<br />
| 事 ''ji''<br />
| -ing<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Adnominalizer<br />
| チ ''ti''<br />
| 之 ''ji''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Adverbializer<br />
| ヤ ''ya''<br />
| 様 ''yanu''<br />
| -ly<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! NP And<br />
| ヨ ''yo''<br />
| 与 ''o''<br />
| and<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! VP And<br />
| ニ ''ni''<br />
| 而 ''ni''<br />
| and<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sentence Final Particles===<br />
<br />
* フ ''hu'', derived from 乎 ''huo'', forms polar questions at the end of an utterance.<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; "<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Casual<br />
! First<br />
| 我 ''a''<br />
| 我ト ''ato''<br />
|-<br />
! Second<br />
| 汝 ''no''<br />
| 汝ト ''noto''<br />
|-<br />
! Third<br />
| 彼人 ''pinin''<br />
| 彼人ト ''pininto''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="margin-left:20px; text-align: left; float:left; "<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Polite<br />
! First<br />
| One's given name<br />
| One's given name-ト ''-to''<br />
|-<br />
! Second<br />
| 君 ''kun''<br />
| 君ト ''kunto''<br />
|-<br />
! Third<br />
| One's surname<br />
| One's surname-ト ''-to''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
=== Classifiers ===<br />
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives ''before'' the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals ''after'' the noun phrase, as ''adverbs''.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Classifier<br />
! Use<br />
|-<br />
| 人 ''nin''<br />
| people (general)<br />
|-<br />
| 名 ''menu''<br />
| people (polite)<br />
|-<br />
| 台 ''tai''<br />
| machines (computers, cars, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 匹 ''pitu''<br />
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 冊 ''jaku''<br />
| books, magazines, etc<br />
|-<br />
| 杯 ''pei''<br />
| cups of some drink<br />
|-<br />
| 枚 ''mei''<br />
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 条 ''teu''<br />
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 間 ''kan''<br />
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 個 ''ka''<br />
| anything else<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Determiner<br />
! Use<br />
! Example<br />
|-<br />
| 蛙 ''wa''<br />
| amphibians<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 鳥 ''teu''<br />
| birds<br />
| Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 ''usura-teu''<br />
|-<br />
| 魚 ''o''<br />
| fish<br />
| nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 ''nekokiki-o''<br />
|-<br />
| 虫 ''tunu''<br />
| invertebrates<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 獣 ''siu''<br />
| mammals<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 龍 ''lonu''<br />
| reptiles<br />
| tyrannosaurus チラン龍 ''tiran-lonu''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| 花 ''hua''<br />
| flowers<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 草 ''jau''<br />
| grass<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 木 ''moku''<br />
| trees, bushes<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| 服 ''puku''<br />
| clothes<br />
| kimono キモノ服 ''kimono-puku''<br />
|-<br />
| 飯 ''puen''<br />
| meals<br />
| bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 ''pipimupapu-puen''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Demonstratives and indefinite===<br />
Demonstratives occur in the 此 ''ji-'', 其 ''ki-'', and 彼 ''pi-'' series. The 此 ''ji-'' (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ''ki-'' (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 ''pi-'' (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ''ha-'', demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"<br />
! width="10%"|<br />
! width="11%"|Proximal<br>(此 ''ji-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Mesial<br>(其 ''ki-'')<br />
! width="13%"|Distal<br>(彼 ''pi-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Interrogative<br>(何 ''ha-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Negative<br>(無 ''miu-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Universal<br>(毎 ''mei-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Assertive<br>existential<br>(某 ''mou'')<br />
! width="11%"|Elective<br>existential<br>(? ''?'')<br />
|-<br />
!Adjective<br />
|此 ''ji'' <br>this<br />
|其 ''ki'' <br>that<br />
|彼 ''pi'' <br>that over there<br />
|何 ''ha'' <br>what<br />
|無 ''miu'' <br>no<br />
|毎 ''mei'' <br>every<br />
|某 ''mou'' <br>some<br />
|<br>any<br />
|-<br />
!Thing (物 ''-mutu'')<br />
|此物 ''jimutu'' <br>this one<br />
|其物 ''kimutu'' <br>that one<br />
|彼物 ''pimutu'' <br>that one over there<br />
|何物 ''hamutu'' <br>which one<br />
|無物 ''miumutu'' <br>nothing<br />
|毎物 ''meimutu'' <br>everything<br />
|某物 ''moumutu'' <br>something<br />
|<br>anything<br />
|-<br />
!Person (人 ''-nin'')<br />
|此人 ''jinin'' <br>this person<br />
|其人 ''kinin'' <br>that person<br />
|彼人 ''pinin'' <br>that person over there<br />
|何人 ''hanin'' <br>who<br />
|無人 ''miunin'' <br>nobody<br />
|毎人 ''meinin'' <br>everybody<br />
|某人 ''mounin'' <br>somebody<br />
|<br>anybody<br />
|-<br />
!Place (処 ''-jo'')<br />
|此処 ''jijo'' <br>here<br />
|其処 ''kijo'' <br>there<br />
|彼処 ''pijo'' <br>over there<br />
|何処 ''hajo'' <br>where<br />
|無処 ''miujo'' <br>nowhere<br />
|毎処 ''meijo'' <br>everywhere<br />
|某処 ''moujo'' <br>somewhere<br />
|<br>anywhere<br />
|-<br />
!Time (時 ''-'')<br />
|此時 ''jisi'' <br>now<br />
|其時 ''kisi'' <br>then<br />
|彼時 ''pisi'' <br>at that other time<br />
|何時 ''hasi'' <br>when<br />
|無時 ''miusi'' <br>never<br />
|毎時 ''meisi'' <br>always<br />
|某時 ''mousi'' <br>sometime<br />
|<br>anytime<br />
|-<br />
!Manner (様 ''-yanu'')<br />
|此様 ''jiyanu'' <br>in this manner<br />
|其様 ''kiyanu'' <br>in that manner<br />
|彼様 ''piyanu'' <br>in that other manner<br />
|何様 ''hayanu'' <br>how<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|某様 ''mouyanu'' <br>somehow<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Quantity (多 ''-ta'')<br />
|此多 ''jita'' <br>this many / much<br />
|其多 ''kita'' <br>that many / much<br />
|彼多 ''pita'' <br>in that other quantity<br />
|何多 ''hata'' <br>how many / much<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Kind (''-chi'')<br />
|<br>like this<br />
|<br>like that<br />
|<br>like that other kind <br />
|<br>what kind of<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Reason (因 ''-in'')<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|何因 ''hain'' <br>why<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Lexica ==<br />
* [[Tonuao/Hanji]] - Character list based on the 1800 list of hanja for Koreans and 2136 list of kanji for Japanese<br />
<br />
== Sample ==<br />
* [[Tonuao/Sample/218_sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]<br />
#[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1QRHi-4zBveAK6BDwhit5mMEcPUdvAKMj8NvwOJzNDJw/edit?usp=sharing CJKV Auxlang Google sheets]<br />
#[http://danayo.referata.com/wiki/Main_Page Sister language 単亜語]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:A posteriori]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Tonuao&diff=30822Tonuao2015-02-22T10:21:28Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
<br />
[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]<br />
<br />
{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]]. It uses Chinese characters for much of its writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai]]/新字体 standards of Japan. The Japanese syllabary [[w:Katakana|katakana]] is used for all other sounds. It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|image = Chopstick Flag.jpg<br />
|imagesize = 250px<br />
|name = East Asian Language<br />
|nativename = {{PAGENAME}}<br />
|pronunciation = /tonu.a.o/<br />
|region = [[w:East Asia|East Asia]]<br />
|states = [[w:China|China]], [[w:Japan|Japan]], [[w:North_Korea|North Korea]], [[w:South_Korea|South Korea]], [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]<br />
|speakers = 3<br />
|date = 2014<br />
|familycolor = conlang<br />
|iso1 = tao<br />
|iso2 = tao<br />
|iso3 = tao<br />
|script = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and [[w:Katakana|Katakana]]<br />
|notice = IPA<br />
|creator = *[[User:aquatiki|武明帥]]<br />
*[[User:deslee|済百長本]]<br />
*[[User:miyuruasuka|沢渡けんじ]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 11 consonants.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"<br />
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7"|Consonants<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Labial<br />
! Dental<br />
! Alveolar<br />
! Palatal<br />
! Velar<br />
! Glottal<br />
|- align="center"<br />
!Nasals<br />
|'''m''' <small>/m/</small><br />
|<br />
|'''n ''' <small>/n/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Plosives<br />
|'''p''' <small>/p/</small><br />
|'''t''' <small>/t/</small><br />
| colspan="2" | '''j''' <small>/ts ~ tɕ ~ c/</small><br />
|'''k''' <small>/k/</small><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Fricatives<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" | '''s''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small><br />
| colspan="3" |'''h''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Liquids<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|'''l''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Approximants<br />
| '''w''' <small>/w/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
| '''y''' <small>/j/</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"<br />
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Vowels'''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"|Vowels<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Front<br />
! Central<br />
! Back<br />
|-<br />
! High<br />
| '''i''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small><br />
|<br />
| '''u''' <small>/u ~ ɯ/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Mid<br />
| '''e''' <small>/e ~ e̞/</small><br />
|<br />
| '''o''' <small>/o ~ o̞/</small><br />
|-<br />
! Low<br />
| colspan="3" | '''a''' <small>/a ~ ä/</small><br />
|}<br />
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!<br />
<br />
un<br />
pun<br />
tun<br />
jun<br />
kun<br />
mun<br />
nun<br />
sun<br />
hun<br />
lun<br />
yun<br />
<br />
=== Phonotactics ===<br />
The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn. There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Simple Syllables<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| ア <br /> '''a''' <br /> <small>/a/</small><br />
| エ <br /> '''e''' <br /> <small>/e ~ je ~ ə/</small><br />
| イ <br /> '''i''' <br /> <small>/i ~ ji/</small><br />
| オ <br /> '''o''' <br /> <small>/o ~ wo/</small><br />
| ウ <br /> '''u''' <br /> <small>/u ~ wu/</small><br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| パ <br /> '''pa''' || ペ <br /> '''pe''' || ピ <br /> '''pi''' || ポ <br /> '''po''' || プ <br /> '''pu'''<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| タ <br /> '''ta''' || テ <br /> '''te''' || チ <br /> '''ti''' || ト <br /> '''to''' || ツ <br /> '''tu''' <br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| チャ <br /> '''ja''' || チェ <br /> '''je''' || チィ <br /> '''ji''' || チョ <br /> '''jo''' || チュ <br /> '''ju'''<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| カ <br /> '''ka''' || ケ <br /> '''ke''' || キ <br /> '''ki''' || コ <br /> '''ko''' || ク <br /> '''ku'''<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| マ <br /> '''ma''' || メ <br /> '''me''' || ミ <br /> '''mi''' || モ <br /> '''mo''' || ム <br /> '''mu'''<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| ナ <br /> '''na''' || ネ <br /> '''ne''' || ニ <br /> '''ni''' || ノ <br /> '''no''' || ヌ <br /> '''nu'''<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| サ <br /> '''sa''' || セ <br /> '''se''' || シ <br /> '''si''' <br /> <small>/si ~ ɕi/</small> || ソ <br /> '''so''' || ス <br /> '''su'''<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| ハ <br /> '''ha''' || ヘ <br /> '''he''' || ヒ <br /> '''hi''' || ホ <br /> '''ho''' || フ <br /> '''hu'''<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| ラ <br /> '''la''' || レ <br /> '''le''' || リ <br /> '''li''' || ロ <br /> '''lo''' || ル <br /> '''lu'''<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| ワ <br /> '''wa''' <br /> <small>/wa ~ ʋa ~ va/</small><br />
| ヱ <br /> '''we''' <br /> <small>/we ~ wej/</small><br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| ヤ <br /> '''ya'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| ヨ <br /> '''yo''' <br /> <small>/jo ~ joʊ̯/</small><br />
| ユ <br /> '''yu'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 210px; text-align: center; float:left; "<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! a<br />
! e<br />
! i<br />
! o<br />
! u<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| 아<br />
| 에<br />
| 이<br />
| 오<br />
| 우<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| 바 || 베 || 비 || 보 || 부<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| 다 || 데 || 디 || 도 || 두<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| 자 || 제 || 지 || 조 || 주<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| 가 || 게 || 기|| 고|| 구<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| 마 || 메 || 미 || 모 || 무<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| 나 || 네 || 니 || 노 || 누<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| 사 || 세 || 시 || 소 || 수<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| 하 || 헤|| 히 || 호 || 후<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| 라 || 레 || 리 || 로 || 루<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| 와<br />
| 웨<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| 야<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| 요<br />
| 유<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Complex Syllables<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! an<br />
! en<br />
! in<br />
! un<br />
! ya<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| アン <br /> '''an'''<br />
| エン <br /> '''en'''<br />
| イン <br /> '''in'''<br />
| ウン <br /> '''un'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| パン <br /> '''pan'''<br />
| ペン <br /> '''pen'''<br />
| ピン <br /> '''pin'''<br />
| プン <br /> '''pun'''<br />
| ピャ <br /> '''pya'''<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| タン <br /> '''tan'''<br />
| テン <br /> '''ten'''<br />
| チン <br /> '''tin'''<br />
| ツン <br /> '''tun'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| チャン <br /> '''jan'''<br />
| チェン <br /> '''jen'''<br />
| チィン <br /> '''jin'''<br />
| チュン <br /> '''jun'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| カン <br /> '''kan'''<br />
| ケン <br /> '''ken'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| クン <br /> '''kun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| マン <br /> '''man'''<br />
| メン <br /> '''men'''<br />
| ミン <br /> '''min'''<br />
| ムン <br /> '''mun'''<br />
| ミャ <br /> '''mya'''<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| ナン <br /> '''nan'''<br />
| ネン <br /> '''nen'''<br />
| ニン <br /> '''nin'''<br />
| ヌン <br /> '''nun'''<br />
| ニャ <br /> '''nya'''<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| サン <br /> '''san'''<br />
| セン <br /> '''sen''' <br /> <small>/sen ~ ɕen/</small><br />
| シン <br /> '''sin'''<br />
| スン <br /> '''sun'''<br />
| シャ <br /> '''sya''' <br /> <small>/sja ~ ɕa/</small><br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| ハン <br /> '''han'''<br />
| ヘン <br /> '''hen'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| フン <br /> '''hun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| ラン <br /> '''lan'''<br />
| レン <br /> '''len'''<br />
| リン <br /> '''lin'''<br />
| ルン <br /> '''lun'''<br />
| リャ <br /> '''lya'''<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| ワン <br /> '''wan'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| ヤン <br /> '''yan'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| ユン <br /> '''yun'''<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|} <br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 168px; text-align: center; float: left"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! an<br />
! en<br />
! in<br />
! un<br />
! ya<br />
|-<br />
! ø<br />
| 안<br />
| 엔<br />
| 인<br />
| 운<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! p<br />
| 반<br />
| 벤<br />
| 빈<br />
| 분<br />
| 뱌<br />
|-<br />
! t<br />
| 단<br />
| 덴<br />
| 딘<br />
| 둔<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! j<br />
| 잔<br />
| 젠<br />
| 진<br />
| 준<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! k<br />
| 간<br />
| 겐<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
| 군<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" | <br />
|-<br />
! m<br />
| 만<br />
| 멘<br />
| 민<br />
| 문<br />
| 먀<br />
|-<br />
! n<br />
| 난<br />
| 넨<br />
| 닌<br />
| 눈<br />
| 냐<br />
|-<br />
! s<br />
| 산<br />
| 센<br />
| 신<br />
| 순<br />
| 샤<br />
|-<br />
! h<br />
| 한<br />
| 헨<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| 훈<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! l<br />
| 란<br />
| 렌<br />
| 린<br />
| 룬<br />
| 랴<br />
|-<br />
! w<br />
| 완<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! y<br />
| 얀<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
| 윤<br />
| style="background:lightgray;" |<br />
|} <br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
The complex syllables of {{PAGENAME}} are clearly much more limited.<br />
<br />
=== Derivation ===<br />
Middle Chinese (MC) had much more complex syllables than were possible in any of the language influenced by it. {{PAGENAME}} tries to be equal to CJKV languages by taking an average derivational position. First, it considers the initial consonant in MC<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"<br />
|+ Correspondences of initial consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Middle Chinese <br />
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Vietnamese <br />
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean<br />
! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese<br />
! rowspan="2" | Mandarin<br />
! rowspan="2" | Cantonese<br />
! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}}<br />
|-<br />
! Go-on !! Kan-on !! Tōsō-on<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Labials<br />
| 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/pʰ || rowspan="2" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h<br />
| p/f || p/f<br />
! rowspan="3" | p<br />
|-<br />
| 滂 pʰ || pʰ<br />
| pʰ/f || pʰ/f<br />
|-<br />
| 並 b || b<br />
| b > b/ph/v<br />
| pʰ/p/f || pʰ/p/f<br />
|-<br />
| 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m<br />
| m/w || m<br />
! m<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" | Dentals<br />
| 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/tʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="3" | t<br />
| t || t<br />
! rowspan="3" | t<br />
|-<br />
| 透 tʰ || tʰ > th<br />
| tʰ || tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 定 d || d > đ || d<br />
| tʰ/d || tʰ/d<br />
|-<br />
| 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n<br />
| n || n~l<br />
! n<br />
|-<br />
| 來 l || l || l || r || r || r<br />
| l || l<br />
! l<br />
|-<br />
! Retroflex nasal<br />
| 娘 ɳ<br />
| n || n~ø || n || d ||<br />
| n || n~l<br />
! ny<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops<br />
| 知 ʈ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="6" | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="17" | s<br />
| tʂ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | t<br />
|-<br />
| 徹 ʈʰ || ʂ > s<br />
| tʂʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 澄 ɖ || ɖ > tr || d<br />
| tʂʰ, tʂ || tsʰ, ts<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants<br />
| 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s<br />
| ts, tɕ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 清 tsʰ || ɕ > th<br />
| tsʰ, tɕʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z<br />
| tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ || tsʰ, ts<br />
|-<br />
| 心 s || rowspan="3" | s || s<br />
| s || s<br />
! rowspan="2" | s<br />
|-<br />
| 邪 z || z<br />
| tsʰ, ts || z, ʑ<br />
|-<br />
| 俟 ʐ <br />
| s || z<br />
| tʂʰ, s || tsʰ, ts<br />
! sy<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants<br />
| 莊 tʂ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="3" | tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | s<br />
| tʂ, ts || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 初 tʂʰ || rowspan="3" | ʂ > s<br />
| tʂʰ, tsʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 崇 dʐ || z<br />
| tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s<br />
|-<br />
| 生 ʂ || s || rowspan="3" | s<br />
| ʂ, s || s<br />
! sy<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="7" | Palatals<br />
| 章 tɕ || c > ch || rowspan="2" | tɕ/tɕʰ<br />
| tʂ || ts<br />
! rowspan="3" | j<br />
|-<br />
| 昌 tɕʰ || tʃ > x<br />
| tʂʰ || tsʰ<br />
|-<br />
| 禪 dʑ || rowspan="3" | ɕ > th || rowspan="3" | s || z<br />
| tʂʰ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s<br />
|-<br />
| 書 ɕ || s || ʂ || s<br />
! rowspan="2" | sy<br />
|-<br />
| 船 ʑ || z || s || <br />
| tʂʰ, ʂ || s<br />
|-<br />
| 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z || ɻ, ʔ || j<br />
! ny<br />
|-<br />
| 以 j<br />
| d || ø || j || j ||<br />
| j, w~ʋ || j, w<br />
! y<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Velars<br />
| 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k<br />
| k, tɕ || k, kʷ<br />
! rowspan="3" | k<br />
|-<br />
| 溪 kʰ || kʰ > kh<br />
| kʰ, tɕʰ || h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ<br />
|-<br />
| 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g<br />
| kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ || kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ<br />
|-<br />
| 疑 ŋ || ŋ > ng || h || g || g<br />
| ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n || ŋ, ʔ, j<br />
! rowspan="2" | ø<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | Laryngeals<br />
| 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅<br />
| ʔ, j, w~ʋ || ʔ, j, w<br />
|-<br />
| 曉 h || rowspan="2" | h || rowspan="2" | h || k || rowspan="2" | k<br />
| x, ɕ || h, f, j<br />
! rowspan="2" | h<br />
|-<br />
| 匣 ɦ || ɣ > g/w<br />
| x, ɕ || h, w<br />
|-<br />
| 云 ɦj<br />
| v, h || ø || j || j ||<br />
| j, w~ʋ || j, w<br />
! ø<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Syntax ==<br />
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order]]. Like most Asian languages, {{PAGENAME}} has several verbs corresponding to European "is": 乃 ''nai'' is 'to be equal', 有 ''yu'' means 'to have', and 在 ''jai'' means 'to exist' or 'to be at'. Only 乃 ''nai'' may be dropped, and it usually is.<br />
<br />
In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent. The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ ''he'', derived from 兮 ''hei''. Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence. The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ウ ''u'', derived from 于 ''yu''. A genitive relationship is 之 ''ji'' which is not written in katakana most of the time.<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Relationship<br />
! Particle<br />
! Etymology<br />
! English<br />
! Mandarin<br />
! Cantonese<br />
! Japanese<br />
! Korean<br />
! Vietnamese<br />
|-<br />
! Topic<br />
| ヘ ''he''<br />
| 兮 ''hei''<br />
| as for<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| は wa<br />
| 은/는 (n)ǔn<br />
| cái<br />
|-<br />
! Vocative<br />
|<br />
| 哉 ''jai''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Dative<br />
| ウ ''u''<br />
| 于 ''yu''<br />
| to<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| に ni<br />
| 에게 ege<br />
| đến<br />
|-<br />
! Genitive<br />
| <br />
| 之 ''ji''<br />
| of<br />
| 的 de<br />
| 嘅 ge<br />
| の no<br />
| 의 ǔi<br />
| của<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental<br />
| イ ''i''<br />
| 以 ''i''<br />
| by<br />
| 用 yòng<br />
| 用 yung<sup>6</sup><br />
| で de<br />
| 로/으로 ro/ǔro<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Locative<br />
| オ ''o''<br />
| 於 ''o''<br />
| in, on, at<br />
| 在 zài<br />
| 喺 hai<sup>2</sup><br />
| に ni<br />
| 에 e<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! Comitative<br />
| コ ''ko''<br />
| 共 ''konu''<br />
| together with<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Assoc. Pl.<br />
| ト ''to''<br />
| 等 ''tonu''<br />
| et. al.<br />
| 們 men<br />
| 哋 dei<sup>6</sup><br />
| たち tachi<br />
| 들 tǔl<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! Perfective <br />
| リ ''li''<br />
| 已 ''i''<br />
| -ed<br />
| 了 le<br />
| 咗 jo<sup>2</sup><br />
| た/だ ta/da<br />
| 았/었 att/ǒtt<br />
| đã<br />
|-<br />
! Progressive<br />
| ツ ''tu''<br />
| 中 ''tunu''<br />
| -ing<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 아/어 a/ǒ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! Nominalizer<br />
| シ ''si''<br />
| 事 ''ji''<br />
| -ing<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Adnominalizer<br />
| チ ''ti''<br />
| 之 ''ji''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! Adverbializer<br />
| ヤ ''ya''<br />
| 様 ''yanu''<br />
| -ly<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9"|<br />
|-<br />
! NP And<br />
| ヨ ''yo''<br />
| 与 ''o''<br />
| and<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! VP And<br />
| ニ ''ni''<br />
| 而 ''ni''<br />
| and<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sentence Final Particles===<br />
<br />
* フ ''hu'', derived from 乎 ''huo'', forms polar questions at the end of an utterance.<br />
<br />
=== Pronouns ===<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; "<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Casual<br />
! First<br />
| 我 ''a''<br />
| 我ト ''ato''<br />
|-<br />
! Second<br />
| 汝 ''no''<br />
| 汝ト ''noto''<br />
|-<br />
! Third<br />
| 彼人 ''pinin''<br />
| 彼人ト ''pininto''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="margin-left:20px; text-align: left; float:left; "<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Polite<br />
! First<br />
| One's given name<br />
| One's given name-ト ''-to''<br />
|-<br />
! Second<br />
| 君 ''kun''<br />
| 君ト ''kunto''<br />
|-<br />
! Third<br />
| One's surname<br />
| One's surname-ト ''-to''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br clear="both" /><br />
<br />
=== Classifiers ===<br />
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives ''before'' the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals ''after'' the noun phrase, as ''adverbs''.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Classifier<br />
! Use<br />
|-<br />
| 人 ''nin''<br />
| people (general)<br />
|-<br />
| 名 ''menu''<br />
| people (polite)<br />
|-<br />
| 台 ''tai''<br />
| machines (computers, cars, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 匹 ''pitu''<br />
| animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 冊 ''jaku''<br />
| books, magazines, etc<br />
|-<br />
| 杯 ''pei''<br />
| cups of some drink<br />
|-<br />
| 枚 ''mei''<br />
| flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 条 ''teu''<br />
| long objects (pencils, noodles, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 間 ''kan''<br />
| periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc)<br />
|-<br />
| 個 ''ka''<br />
| anything else<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.<br />
{| class="bluetable"<br />
! Determiner<br />
! Use<br />
! Example<br />
|-<br />
| 蛙 ''wa''<br />
| amphibians<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 鳥 ''teu''<br />
| birds<br />
| Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 ''usura-teu''<br />
|-<br />
| 魚 ''o''<br />
| fish<br />
| nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 ''nekokiki-o''<br />
|-<br />
| 虫 ''tunu''<br />
| invertebrates<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 獣 ''siu''<br />
| mammals<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 龍 ''lonu''<br />
| reptiles<br />
| tyrannosaurus チラン龍 ''tiran-lonu''<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| 花 ''hua''<br />
| flowers<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 草 ''jau''<br />
| grass<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 木 ''moku''<br />
| trees, bushes<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| 服 ''puku''<br />
| clothes<br />
| kimono キモノ服 ''kimono-puku''<br />
|-<br />
| 飯 ''puen''<br />
| meals<br />
| bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 ''pipimupapu-puen''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Demonstratives and indefinite===<br />
Demonstratives occur in the 此 ''ji-'', 其 ''ki-'', and 彼 ''pi-'' series. The 此 ''ji-'' (proximal) series refers to things closer to the speaker than the hearer, the 其 ''ki-'' (mesial) series for things closer to the hearer, and the 彼 ''pi-'' (distal) series for things distant to both the speaker and the hearer. With 何 ''ha-'', demonstratives turn into the corresponding interrogative form.<br />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"<br />
! width="10%"|<br />
! width="11%"|Proximal<br>(此 ''ji-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Mesial<br>(其 ''ki-'')<br />
! width="13%"|Distal<br>(彼 ''pi-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Interrogative<br>(何 ''ha-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Negative<br>(無 ''miu-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Universal<br>(毎 ''mei-'')<br />
! width="11%"|Assertive<br>existential<br>(某 ''mou'')<br />
! width="11%"|Elective<br>existential<br>(? ''?'')<br />
|-<br />
!Adjective<br />
|此 ''ji'' <br>this<br />
|其 ''ki'' <br>that<br />
|彼 ''pi'' <br>that over there<br />
|何 ''ha'' <br>what<br />
|無 ''miu'' <br>no<br />
|毎 ''mei'' <br>every<br />
|某 ''mou'' <br>some<br />
|<br>any<br />
|-<br />
!Thing (物 ''-mutu'')<br />
|此物 ''jimutu'' <br>this one<br />
|其物 ''kimutu'' <br>that one<br />
|彼物 ''pimutu'' <br>that one over there<br />
|何物 ''hamutu'' <br>which one<br />
|無物 ''miumutu'' <br>nothing<br />
|毎物 ''meimutu'' <br>everything<br />
|某物 ''moumutu'' <br>something<br />
|<br>anything<br />
|-<br />
!Person (人 ''-nin'')<br />
|此人 ''jinin'' <br>this person<br />
|其人 ''kinin'' <br>that person<br />
|彼人 ''pinin'' <br>that person over there<br />
|何人 ''hanin'' <br>who<br />
|無人 ''miunin'' <br>nobody<br />
|毎人 ''meinin'' <br>everybody<br />
|某人 ''mounin'' <br>somebody<br />
|<br>anybody<br />
|-<br />
!Place (処 ''-jo'')<br />
|此処 ''jijo'' <br>here<br />
|其処 ''kijo'' <br>there<br />
|彼処 ''pijo'' <br>over there<br />
|何処 ''hajo'' <br>where<br />
|無処 ''miujo'' <br>nowhere<br />
|毎処 ''meijo'' <br>everywhere<br />
|某処 ''moujo'' <br>somewhere<br />
|<br>anywhere<br />
|-<br />
!Time (時 ''-'')<br />
|此時 ''jisi'' <br>now<br />
|其時 ''kisi'' <br>then<br />
|彼時 ''pisi'' <br>at that other time<br />
|何時 ''hasi'' <br>when<br />
|無時 ''miusi'' <br>never<br />
|毎時 ''meisi'' <br>always<br />
|某時 ''mousi'' <br>sometime<br />
|<br>anytime<br />
|-<br />
!Manner (様 ''-yanu'')<br />
|此様 ''jiyanu'' <br>in this manner<br />
|其様 ''kiyanu'' <br>in that manner<br />
|彼様 ''piyanu'' <br>in that other manner<br />
|何様 ''hayanu'' <br>how<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|某様 ''mouyanu'' <br>somehow<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Quantity (多 ''-ta'')<br />
|此多 ''jita'' <br>this many / much<br />
|其多 ''kita'' <br>that many / much<br />
|彼多 ''pita'' <br>in that other quantity<br />
|何多 ''hata'' <br>how many / much<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Kind (''-chi'')<br />
|<br>like this<br />
|<br>like that<br />
|<br>like that other kind <br />
|<br>what kind of<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Reason (因 ''-in'')<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|何因 ''hain'' <br>why<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Lexica ==<br />
* [[Tonuao/Hanji]] - Character list based on the 1800 list of hanja for Koreans and 2136 list of kanji for Japanese<br />
<br />
== Sample ==<br />
* [[Tonuao/Sample/218_sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]<br />
#[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1QRHi-4zBveAK6BDwhit5mMEcPUdvAKMj8NvwOJzNDJw/edit?usp=sharing CJKV Auxlang Google sheets]<br />
#[http://danayo.referata.com/wiki/Main_Page Sister language 単亜語]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:A posteriori]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=30771User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-02-21T18:52:32Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm PMOB. I like to learn foreign languages and conlang. I'm currently doing a master's in linguistics, as part of which I'm having Turkish lessons! Unfortunately, I don't seem to have the time for conlanging nowadays. That said, I still pop in fairly often, even if I don't make a contribution on each visit since I have started to prefer using Word to document my languages.<br />
<br />
If you want to leave me a message to ask about conlanging, languages, linguistics or any thing else, please do! Such messages are welcome in any language you think I'll have a chance of understanding, be it nat or con. Languages I'm happy to be contacted in are English, French, Russian, Czech, Portuguese, Esperanto, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Turkish and Afrikaans (disclaimer: I'm not fluent in all of these but practice is always nice!).<br />
<br />
<u>'''Current project'''</u>: a language with the working name '''Yanga''' /jaŋa/, the grammar is coming along quite nicely and I have about 450 words; I also have a translation of Schleicher's Fable below, complete with interlinear glosses: http:// bit. ly/1Ek8F2L (just take the spaces out of the URL).<br />
<br />
Conlangs et cetera:<br />
*[[/IPA for my English|IPA for my English]] (needs correcting/revising)<br />
*[[/Describing Morphosyntax|Describing Morphosyntax]]<br />
*[[Awe]]<br />
*[[/თქარინ|თქარინ]]<br />
*[[Hantza]]<br />
*Ng'ano<br />
*Liaou<br />
*Romanic<br />
*Nowy slovieński język<br />
*[[/Sandbox|Sandbox]]<br />
**[[/Sandbox/Kertha|Kertha]]<br />
***[[Old Kvalian]]<br />
*Zamoran<br />
*Bamenese<br />
*[[Cuoxeh]]<br />
*[[Kunarek]]<br />
*Ostunese<br />
*[[Qafesona]]<br />
*[[Jukpë]]<br />
*[[Biscayan]]<br />
*[[Panlaffic languages]]<br />
**[[Kihā́mmic]]<br />
**[[Lôppic]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=30770User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-02-21T18:52:00Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm PMOB. I like to learn foreign languages and conlang. I'm currently doing a master's in linguistics, as part of which I'm having Turkish lessons! Unfortunately, I don't seem to have the time for conlanging nowadays. That said, I still pop in fairly often, even if I don't make a contribution on each visit since I have started to prefer using Word to document my languages.<br />
<br />
If you want to leave me a message to ask about conlanging, languages, linguistics or any thing else, please do! Such messages are welcome in any language you think I'll have a chance of understanding, be it nat or con. Languages I'm happy to be contacted in are English, French, Russian, Czech, Portuguese, Esperanto, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Turkish and Afrikaans (disclaimer: I'm not fluent in all of these but practice is always nice!).<br />
<br />
<u>'''Current project'''</u>: a language with the working name '''Yanga''' /jaŋa/, the grammar is coming along quite nicely and I have about 450 words; but I do have a translation of Schleicher's Fable below, complete with interlinear glosses: http:// bit. ly/1Ek8F2L (just take the spaces out of the URL).<br />
<br />
Conlangs et cetera:<br />
*[[/IPA for my English|IPA for my English]] (needs correcting/revising)<br />
*[[/Describing Morphosyntax|Describing Morphosyntax]]<br />
*[[Awe]]<br />
*[[/თქარინ|თქარინ]]<br />
*[[Hantza]]<br />
*Ng'ano<br />
*Liaou<br />
*Romanic<br />
*Nowy slovieński język<br />
*[[/Sandbox|Sandbox]]<br />
**[[/Sandbox/Kertha|Kertha]]<br />
***[[Old Kvalian]]<br />
*Zamoran<br />
*Bamenese<br />
*[[Cuoxeh]]<br />
*[[Kunarek]]<br />
*Ostunese<br />
*[[Qafesona]]<br />
*[[Jukpë]]<br />
*[[Biscayan]]<br />
*[[Panlaffic languages]]<br />
**[[Kihā́mmic]]<br />
**[[Lôppic]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Guide:Conlanging_tools&diff=30756Guide:Conlanging tools2015-02-21T11:17:05Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* General */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page collects a number of entrusted, and foremost - free, sources of linguistic and specialised information by the conlanging community, and the users of the Linguifex Wiki.<br />
==General==<br />
===Conlangery===<br />
*[http://conlangery.com/ The Conlangery podcast] <br />
'''The Conlangery Podcast''' is a weekly podcast created by conlangers, for conlangers. Every week, the hosts George Corley, Bianca Richards (née Mangum), William S. Annis, [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]] and Mike Lentine, as well as the occasional guest talk about a conlanging- or linguistics-related topic one week and feature a conlang or natlang the next. The episode are full of interesting and knowledgeable discussions which last around the hour. It is also available on iTunes and you can now support them on [https://www.patreon.com/conlangery Patreon].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit]<br />
'''The Language Construction Kit''' on [http://www.zompist.com/ Zompist.com], is a relatively famous conlanging tutorial created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. It is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages—for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage. It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages—which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages. It suggests further reading for those who want to know more and shortcuts for those who want to know less. <br />
<br />
*[http://www.conlang.org/ Language Creation Society] <br />
'''Conlang.org''', '''LCS''', is a site for conlangers, would-be conlangers, those interested in or curious about conlangs and anything else to do with conlanging. The Language Creation Society is a prestigious body of professional conlangers and resources. The members offer conlinguistic services and organises Language Creation Conferences for the conlanging community. Notable members of the LCS are [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], the creator of [[w:Dothraki|Dothraki]], and [[w:John Quijada|John Quijada]], who created [[w:Ithkuil|Ithkuil]].<br />
<br />
*[http://fiatlingua.org/ ''Fiat Lingua'']<br />
'''''Fiat Lingua''''' is a journal run by the LCS; all articles therein are produced by real-life conlangers and available online in .pdf format. A new article is published on the first of every month.<br />
<br />
*[http://cals.conlang.org/ Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''Conlang Atlas of Language Structures''', '''CALS''', is a conlanging analogy to the World Atlas of Language Structures, which is an editable atlas over linguistic features in conlangs, for statistics, linking to the corresponding articles at WALS.<br />
<br />
===Glossary===<br />
*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/ SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms]<br />
'''SIL International''' (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a US-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages and aid minority language development. SIL provides a database, Ethnologue, of its research into the world's languages. It also host an interactive glossary on linguistic features and terms.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp Ethnologue]<br />
'''Ethnologue''' is SIL International's online compendium of statistics for over 7,000 languages and dialects.<br />
<br />
*[http://glottolog.org/ Glottolog]<br />
'''Glottolog''' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. <br />
<br />
===Linguistics===<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistics Linguistics on Wikipedia]<br />
Wikipedia has a good reputation of having technical and well-sourced articles covering a wide span of both natural and constructed languages, as well as linguistic topics.<br />
<br />
*[http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/ Universals Archive]<br />
The '''Universals Archive''' is a searchable encyclopaedia with logical examples and occurrences of most linguistic features in the world, the '''universal''' ones and use statistics and correlation to determine the naturalistic contexts of the features. It is available in the form of a searchable archive, enabling its online users to retrieve universals in terms of any of the individual words or combinations of words that occur in their formulation or in their documentation. It is also possible just to browse through the Universals Archive. <br />
<br />
*[http://wals.info/ World Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''World Atlas of Language Structures''', '''WALS''', is a database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials. The information is well-sourced and edited by knowledgeable linguist from all over the world. The atlas provides information on the location, linguistic affiliation and basic typological features of a great number of the world's languages. It interacts with Google Maps to show geographical diffusion and concrete examples. The information of the atlas is published under a Creative Commons license by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and by the Max Planck Digital Library.<br />
<br />
*[http://apics-online.info/ Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures]<br />
The '''Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures''', '''APiCS''', is similar to WALS but is just for pidgins and creoles.<br />
<br />
*[http://wikitongues.org/ Wikitongues]<br />
'''Wikitongues''' is a collection of videos of spoken natural languages, both well- and not-so-well-known languages.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.thelingspace.com/ The Ling Space]<br />
'''The Ling Space''' is an education project whose mission is to help make linguistics more accessible and fun, by making videos and blog posts and so on.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
===AutoCorrect in Microsoft Word===<br />
:''Taken from http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipafonts.html''<br />
<br />
"Eureka!" by Dermod Quirke and Brian Holser describes how best to keyboard characters that are not on the keyboard, using a poorly documented feature of Word. With the permission of the authors, an unzipped version of the article can be downloaded from the UCL server [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/Eureka.doc here].<br />
<br />
To apply these ideas to the question of keyboarding IPA characters, see the article by John Wells [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/eureka-ipa.doc here].<br />
<br />
===Keyboard layout editors===<br />
'''Keyboard layout editors''' allow the users to create their customised keyboards, which enable them to write the full Unicode, and a large portion of the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as a veriety of international writing systems.<br />
*[http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (''for Windows'')<br />
*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele Ukelele] (''for Mac'')<br />
===International Phonetic Alphabet===<br />
*[http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ IPA on TypeIt]<br />
'''TypeIt''' is a free web-based keyboard which enable the full International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA, and some extensions to it, to be simply copy-pasted. Some web browsers have a couple of problems with the shortcuts when writing online, but mouse-clicking always works. TypeIt also features 20 Latin alphabets and their extensions as well as matematical, currency and miscellaneous Unicode symbols.<br />
*[http://westonruter.github.com/ipa-chart/keyboard/ Weston Ruter's International Phonetic Alphabet chart]<br />
An IPA chart by the devoted web-developer '''Weston Ruter'''. Allows a quick access to all symbols and diacritics of the Phonetic Alphabet as of 2005.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Word generators===<br />
'''Word generators''' allow conlangers to quickly create a lexicon from a simple phonology and a defined syllabic structure. This may be used to create a full lexicon or to simply pick the genereated words that appeal to you.<br />
*[http://bprhad.wz.cz/awkwords/index.php Awkords]<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/gen Zompist word generator] by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]].<br />
<br />
===Sound change appliers===<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html Zompist sound change applier] and a [http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/SoundChangerSumerian.htm version]<br />
:The '''Sound Change Applier''', '''SCA''', is a program created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. This page describes a simple program which can apply a set of sound changes to a lexicon. You can use sounds to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang, or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. <br />
<br />
*[https://github.com/sfmorrigan/toolbox-sca/releases Haedus Toolbox Sound Change Applier] and forum post [http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=42368 here].<br />
:The '''Haedus Toolbox SCA''' is a very nice, phonetic segment-operating sound change applier created by Fiona Morrigan, a computational linguist and conlanger. Runs from the command line using Java and is easily configured with text files.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Social media==<br />
*[http://facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed languages @ Facebook] <br />
:A friendly group of Facebook-present conlangers.<br />
*[https://listserv.brown.edu/conlang.html Conlang-L]<br />
:The amazing one and only Conlang Mailing List. The oldest (est. 1991) and most active mailing list for conlangs. A small FAQ can be found on FrathWiki [http://www.frathwiki.com/Conlang-L_FAQ here].<br />
'''If you have other suggestions for the page, please discuss it on the page's [[Talk:Guide:Conlanging tools|talk page]] before editing.'''<br />
[[Category:Guides]][[Category:Conlanging tools]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Guide:Conlanging_tools&diff=30755Guide:Conlanging tools2015-02-21T11:15:11Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* General */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page collects a number of entrusted, and foremost - free, sources of linguistic and specialised information by the conlanging community, and the users of the Linguifex Wiki.<br />
==General==<br />
===Conlangery===<br />
*[http://conlangery.com/ The Conlangery podcast] <br />
'''The Conlangery Podcast''' is a weekly podcast created by conlangers, for conlangers. Every week, the hosts George Corley, Bianca Richards (née Mangum), William S. Annis, [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]] and Mike Lentine, as well as the occasional guest talk about a conlanging - or linguistics-related topic - one week and feature a conlang or natlang the next. The episode are full of interesting and knowledgeable discussions which last around the hour. It is also available on iTunes and you can now support them on [https://www.patreon.com/conlangery Patreon].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit]<br />
'''The Language Construction Kit''' on [http://www.zompist.com/ Zompist.com], is a relatively famous conlanging tutorial created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. It is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages—for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage. It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages—which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages. It suggests further reading for those who want to know more, and shortcuts for those who want to know less. <br />
<br />
*[http://www.conlang.org/ Language Creation Society] <br />
'''Conlang.org''', '''LCS''', is a site for conlangers, would-be conlangers, those interested in or curious about conlangs, and anything else to do with conlanging. The Language Creation Society is a prestigious body of professional conlangers and resources. The members offer conlinguistic services and organises Language Creation Conferences for the conlanging community. Notable members of the LCS are [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], the creator of [[w:Dothraki|Dothraki]], and [[w:John Quijada|John Quijada]], who created [[w:Ithkuil|Ithkuil]].<br />
<br />
*[http://fiatlingua.org/ ''Fiat Lingua'']<br />
'''''Fiat Lingua''''' is a journal run by the LCS; all articles therein are produced by real-life conlangers and available online in .pdf format. A new article is published on the first of every month.<br />
<br />
*[http://cals.conlang.org/ Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''Conlang Atlas of Language Structures''', '''CALS''', is a conlanging analogy to the World Atlas of Language Structures, which is an editable atlas over linguistic features in conlangs, for statistics, linking to the corresponding articles at WALS.<br />
<br />
===Glossary===<br />
*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/ SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms]<br />
'''SIL International''' (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a US-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development. SIL provides a database, Ethnologue, of its research into the world's languages. It also host an interactive glossary on linguistic features and terms.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp Ethnologue]<br />
'''Ethnologue''' is SIL International's online compendium of statistics for over 7,000 languages and dialects.<br />
<br />
*[http://glottolog.org/ Glottolog]<br />
'''Glottolog''' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. <br />
<br />
===Linguistics===<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistics Linguistics on Wikipedia]<br />
Wikipedia has a good reputation of having technical and well-sourced articles covering a wide span of both natural and constructed languages, as well as linguistic topics.<br />
<br />
*[http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/ Universals Archive]<br />
The '''Universals Archive''' is a searchable encyclopaedia with logical examples and occurrences of most linguistic features in the world, the '''universal''' ones, and use statistics and correlation to determine the naturalistic contexts of the features. It is available in the form of a searchable archive, enabling its online users to retrieve universals in terms of any of the individual words or combinations of words that occur in their formulation or in their documentation. It is also possible just to browse through the Universals Archive. <br />
<br />
*[http://wals.info/ World Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''World Atlas of Language Structures''', '''WALS''', is a database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials. The information is well-sourced and edited by knowledgeable linguist from all over the world. The atlas provides information on the location, linguistic affiliation and basic typological features of a great number of the world's languages. It interacts with Google Maps to show geographical diffusion and concrete examples. The information of the atlas is published under a Creative Commons license by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and by the Max Planck Digital Library.<br />
<br />
*[http://apics-online.info/ Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures]<br />
The '''Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures''', '''APiCS''', is similar to WALS but is just for pidgins and creoles.<br />
<br />
*[http://wikitongues.org/ Wikitongues]<br />
'''Wikitongues''' is a collection of videos of spoken natural languages, both well- and not-so-well-known languages.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.thelingspace.com/ The Ling Space]<br />
'''The Ling Space''' is an education project whose mission is to help make linguistics more accessible and fun, by making videos and blog posts and so on.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
===AutoCorrect in Microsoft Word===<br />
:''Taken from http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipafonts.html''<br />
<br />
"Eureka!" by Dermod Quirke and Brian Holser describes how best to keyboard characters that are not on the keyboard, using a poorly documented feature of Word. With the permission of the authors, an unzipped version of the article can be downloaded from the UCL server [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/Eureka.doc here].<br />
<br />
To apply these ideas to the question of keyboarding IPA characters, see the article by John Wells [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/eureka-ipa.doc here].<br />
<br />
===Keyboard layout editors===<br />
'''Keyboard layout editors''' allow the users to create their customised keyboards, which enable them to write the full Unicode, and a large portion of the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as a veriety of international writing systems.<br />
*[http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (''for Windows'')<br />
*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele Ukelele] (''for Mac'')<br />
===International Phonetic Alphabet===<br />
*[http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ IPA on TypeIt]<br />
'''TypeIt''' is a free web-based keyboard which enable the full International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA, and some extensions to it, to be simply copy-pasted. Some web browsers have a couple of problems with the shortcuts when writing online, but mouse-clicking always works. TypeIt also features 20 Latin alphabets and their extensions as well as matematical, currency and miscellaneous Unicode symbols.<br />
*[http://westonruter.github.com/ipa-chart/keyboard/ Weston Ruter's International Phonetic Alphabet chart]<br />
An IPA chart by the devoted web-developer '''Weston Ruter'''. Allows a quick access to all symbols and diacritics of the Phonetic Alphabet as of 2005.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Word generators===<br />
'''Word generators''' allow conlangers to quickly create a lexicon from a simple phonology and a defined syllabic structure. This may be used to create a full lexicon or to simply pick the genereated words that appeal to you.<br />
*[http://bprhad.wz.cz/awkwords/index.php Awkords]<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/gen Zompist word generator] by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]].<br />
<br />
===Sound change appliers===<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html Zompist sound change applier] and a [http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/SoundChangerSumerian.htm version]<br />
:The '''Sound Change Applier''', '''SCA''', is a program created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. This page describes a simple program which can apply a set of sound changes to a lexicon. You can use sounds to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang, or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. <br />
<br />
*[https://github.com/sfmorrigan/toolbox-sca/releases Haedus Toolbox Sound Change Applier] and forum post [http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=42368 here].<br />
:The '''Haedus Toolbox SCA''' is a very nice, phonetic segment-operating sound change applier created by Fiona Morrigan, a computational linguist and conlanger. Runs from the command line using Java and is easily configured with text files.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Social media==<br />
*[http://facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed languages @ Facebook] <br />
:A friendly group of Facebook-present conlangers.<br />
*[https://listserv.brown.edu/conlang.html Conlang-L]<br />
:The amazing one and only Conlang Mailing List. The oldest (est. 1991) and most active mailing list for conlangs. A small FAQ can be found on FrathWiki [http://www.frathwiki.com/Conlang-L_FAQ here].<br />
'''If you have other suggestions for the page, please discuss it on the page's [[Talk:Guide:Conlanging tools|talk page]] before editing.'''<br />
[[Category:Guides]][[Category:Conlanging tools]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Guide:Conlanging_tools&diff=30754Guide:Conlanging tools2015-02-21T11:14:02Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* Conlangery */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page collects a number of entrusted, and foremost - free, sources of linguistic and specialised information by the conlanging community, and the users of the Linguifex Wiki.<br />
==General==<br />
===Conlangery===<br />
*[http://conlangery.com/ The Conlangery podcast] <br />
'''The Conlangery Podcast''' is a weekly podcast created by conlangers, for conlangers. Every week, the hosts George Corley, Bianca Richards (née Mangum), William S. Annis, [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]] and Mike Lentine, as well as the occasional guest talk about a conlanging - or linguistics-related topic - one week and feature a conlang or natlang the next. The episode are full of interesting and knowledgeable discussions which last around the hour. It is also available on iTunes and you can now support them on [https://www.patreon.com/conlangery Patreon].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit]<br />
'''The Language Construction Kit''' on [http://www.zompist.com/ Zompist.com], is a relatively famous conlanging tutorial created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. It is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages—for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage. It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages—which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages. It suggests further reading for those who want to know more, and shortcuts for those who want to know less. <br />
<br />
*[http://www.conlang.org/ Language Creation Society] <br />
'''Conlang.org''', '''LCS''', is a site for conlangers, would-be conlangers, those interested in or curious about conlangs, and anything else to do with conlanging. The Language Creation Society is a prestigious body of professional conlangers and resources. The members offer conlinguistic services and organises Language Creation Conferences for the conlanging community. Notable members of the LCS are [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], the creator of [[w:Dothraki|Dothraki]], and [[w:John Quijada|John Quijada]], who created [[w:Ithkuil|Ithkuil]].<br />
<br />
*[http://fiatlingua.org/ ''Fiat Lingua'']<br />
'''''Fiat Lingua''''' is a journal run by the LCS; all articles therein are produced by real-life conlangers and available online in .pdf format. A new article is published on the first of every month.<br />
<br />
*[http://cals.conlang.org/ Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''Conlang Atlas of Language Structures''', '''CALS''', is a conlanging analogy to the World Atlas of Language Structures, which is an editable atlas over linguistic features in conlangs, for statistics, linking to the corresponding articles at WALS.<br />
<br />
===Glossary===<br />
*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/ SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms]<br />
'''SIL International''' (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a US-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development. SIL provides a database, Ethnologue, of its research into the world's languages. It also host an interactive glossary on linguistic features and terms.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp Ethnologue]<br />
'''Ethnologue''' is SIL International's online compendium of statistics for over 7,000 languages and dialects.<br />
<br />
*[http://glottolog.org/ Glottolog]<br />
'''Glottolog''' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. <br />
<br />
===Linguistics===<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistics Linguistics on Wikipedia]<br />
Wikipedia has a good reputation of having technical and well-sourced articles covering a wide span of both natural and constructed languages, as well as linguistic topics.<br />
<br />
*[http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/ Universals Archive]<br />
The '''Universals Archive''' is a searchable encyclopaedia with logical examples and occurrences of most linguistic features in the world, the '''universal''' ones, and use statistics and correlation to determine the naturalistic contexts of the features. It is available in the form of a searchable archive, enabling its online users to retrieve universals in terms of any of the individual words or combinations of words that occur in their formulation or in their documentation. It is also possible just to browse through the Universals Archive. <br />
<br />
*[http://wals.info/ World Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''World Atlas of Language Structures''', '''WALS''', is a database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials. The information is well-sourced and edited by knowledgeable linguist from all over the world. The atlas provides information on the location, linguistic affiliation and basic typological features of a great number of the world's languages. It interacts with Google Maps to show geographical diffusion and concrete examples. The information of the atlas is published under a Creative Commons license by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and by the Max Planck Digital Library.<br />
<br />
*[http://apics-online.info/ Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures]<br />
The '''Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures''', '''APiCS''', is similar to WALS but is for just pidgins and creoles.<br />
<br />
*[http://wikitongues.org/ Wikitongues]<br />
'''Wikitongues''' is a collection of videos of spoken natural languages, both well- and not-so-well-known languages.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.thelingspace.com/ The Ling Space]<br />
'''The Ling Space''' is an education project whose mission is to help make linguistics more accessible and fun, by making videos and blog posts and so on.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
===AutoCorrect in Microsoft Word===<br />
:''Taken from http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipafonts.html''<br />
<br />
"Eureka!" by Dermod Quirke and Brian Holser describes how best to keyboard characters that are not on the keyboard, using a poorly documented feature of Word. With the permission of the authors, an unzipped version of the article can be downloaded from the UCL server [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/Eureka.doc here].<br />
<br />
To apply these ideas to the question of keyboarding IPA characters, see the article by John Wells [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/eureka-ipa.doc here].<br />
<br />
===Keyboard layout editors===<br />
'''Keyboard layout editors''' allow the users to create their customised keyboards, which enable them to write the full Unicode, and a large portion of the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as a veriety of international writing systems.<br />
*[http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (''for Windows'')<br />
*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele Ukelele] (''for Mac'')<br />
===International Phonetic Alphabet===<br />
*[http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ IPA on TypeIt]<br />
'''TypeIt''' is a free web-based keyboard which enable the full International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA, and some extensions to it, to be simply copy-pasted. Some web browsers have a couple of problems with the shortcuts when writing online, but mouse-clicking always works. TypeIt also features 20 Latin alphabets and their extensions as well as matematical, currency and miscellaneous Unicode symbols.<br />
*[http://westonruter.github.com/ipa-chart/keyboard/ Weston Ruter's International Phonetic Alphabet chart]<br />
An IPA chart by the devoted web-developer '''Weston Ruter'''. Allows a quick access to all symbols and diacritics of the Phonetic Alphabet as of 2005.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Word generators===<br />
'''Word generators''' allow conlangers to quickly create a lexicon from a simple phonology and a defined syllabic structure. This may be used to create a full lexicon or to simply pick the genereated words that appeal to you.<br />
*[http://bprhad.wz.cz/awkwords/index.php Awkords]<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/gen Zompist word generator] by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]].<br />
<br />
===Sound change appliers===<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html Zompist sound change applier] and a [http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/SoundChangerSumerian.htm version]<br />
:The '''Sound Change Applier''', '''SCA''', is a program created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. This page describes a simple program which can apply a set of sound changes to a lexicon. You can use sounds to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang, or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. <br />
<br />
*[https://github.com/sfmorrigan/toolbox-sca/releases Haedus Toolbox Sound Change Applier] and forum post [http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=42368 here].<br />
:The '''Haedus Toolbox SCA''' is a very nice, phonetic segment-operating sound change applier created by Fiona Morrigan, a computational linguist and conlanger. Runs from the command line using Java and is easily configured with text files.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Social media==<br />
*[http://facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed languages @ Facebook] <br />
:A friendly group of Facebook-present conlangers.<br />
*[https://listserv.brown.edu/conlang.html Conlang-L]<br />
:The amazing one and only Conlang Mailing List. The oldest (est. 1991) and most active mailing list for conlangs. A small FAQ can be found on FrathWiki [http://www.frathwiki.com/Conlang-L_FAQ here].<br />
'''If you have other suggestions for the page, please discuss it on the page's [[Talk:Guide:Conlanging tools|talk page]] before editing.'''<br />
[[Category:Guides]][[Category:Conlanging tools]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Guide:Conlanging_tools&diff=30753Guide:Conlanging tools2015-02-21T11:12:03Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* Conlangery */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page collects a number of entrusted, and foremost - free, sources of linguistic and specialised information by the conlanging community, and the users of the Linguifex Wiki.<br />
==General==<br />
===Conlangery===<br />
*[http://conlangery.com/ The Conlangery podcast] <br />
'''The Conlangery Podcast''' is a weekly podcast created by conlangers, for conlangers. Every week, the hosts George Corley, Bianca Richards (née Mangum), William S. Annis, [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]] and Mike Lentine, as well as the occasional guest talk about a conlanging - or linguistics-related topic - one week and feature a conlang or natlang the next. The episode are full of interesting and knowledgeable discussions which last around the hour. It is also available on iTunes and you can now support them on [https://www.patreon.com/conlangery Patreon].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit]<br />
'''The Language Construction Kit''' on [http://www.zompist.com/ Zompist.com], is a relatively famous conlanging tutorial created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. It is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages—for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage. It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages—which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages. It suggests further reading for those who want to know more, and shortcuts for those who want to know less. <br />
<br />
*[http://www.conlang.org/ Language Creation Society] <br />
'''Conlang.org''', '''LCS''', is a site for conlangers, would-be conlangers, those interested in or curious about conlangs, and anything else to do with conlanging. The Language Creation Society is a prestigious body of professional conlangers and resources, with its own journal, '''[http://fiatlingua.org/ Fiat Lingua]''', and podcast. The members offer conlinguistic services and organises Language Creation Conferences for the conlanging community. Notable members of the LCS are [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], the creator of [[w:Dothraki|Dothraki]], and [[w:John Quijada|John Quijada]], who created [[w:Ithkuil|Ithkuil]].<br />
<br />
*[http://fiatlingua.org/ ''Fiat Lingua'']<br />
'''''Fiat Lingua''''' is an online archive of conlang articles produced by real-life conlangers. All articles are available in .pdf format. A new article is published on the first of every month.<br />
<br />
*[http://cals.conlang.org/ Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''Conlang Atlas of Language Structures''', '''CALS''', is a conlanging analogy to the World Atlas of Language Structures, which is an editable atlas over linguistic features in conlangs, for statistics, linking to the corresponding articles at WALS.<br />
<br />
===Glossary===<br />
*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/ SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms]<br />
'''SIL International''' (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a US-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development. SIL provides a database, Ethnologue, of its research into the world's languages. It also host an interactive glossary on linguistic features and terms.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp Ethnologue]<br />
'''Ethnologue''' is SIL International's online compendium of statistics for over 7,000 languages and dialects.<br />
<br />
*[http://glottolog.org/ Glottolog]<br />
'''Glottolog''' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. <br />
<br />
===Linguistics===<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistics Linguistics on Wikipedia]<br />
Wikipedia has a good reputation of having technical and well-sourced articles covering a wide span of both natural and constructed languages, as well as linguistic topics.<br />
<br />
*[http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/ Universals Archive]<br />
The '''Universals Archive''' is a searchable encyclopaedia with logical examples and occurrences of most linguistic features in the world, the '''universal''' ones, and use statistics and correlation to determine the naturalistic contexts of the features. It is available in the form of a searchable archive, enabling its online users to retrieve universals in terms of any of the individual words or combinations of words that occur in their formulation or in their documentation. It is also possible just to browse through the Universals Archive. <br />
<br />
*[http://wals.info/ World Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''World Atlas of Language Structures''', '''WALS''', is a database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials. The information is well-sourced and edited by knowledgeable linguist from all over the world. The atlas provides information on the location, linguistic affiliation and basic typological features of a great number of the world's languages. It interacts with Google Maps to show geographical diffusion and concrete examples. The information of the atlas is published under a Creative Commons license by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and by the Max Planck Digital Library.<br />
<br />
*[http://apics-online.info/ Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures]<br />
The '''Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures''', '''APiCS''', is similar to WALS but is for just pidgins and creoles.<br />
<br />
*[http://wikitongues.org/ Wikitongues]<br />
'''Wikitongues''' is a collection of videos of spoken natural languages, both well- and not-so-well-known languages.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.thelingspace.com/ The Ling Space]<br />
'''The Ling Space''' is an education project whose mission is to help make linguistics more accessible and fun, by making videos and blog posts and so on.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
===AutoCorrect in Microsoft Word===<br />
:''Taken from http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipafonts.html''<br />
<br />
"Eureka!" by Dermod Quirke and Brian Holser describes how best to keyboard characters that are not on the keyboard, using a poorly documented feature of Word. With the permission of the authors, an unzipped version of the article can be downloaded from the UCL server [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/Eureka.doc here].<br />
<br />
To apply these ideas to the question of keyboarding IPA characters, see the article by John Wells [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/eureka-ipa.doc here].<br />
<br />
===Keyboard layout editors===<br />
'''Keyboard layout editors''' allow the users to create their customised keyboards, which enable them to write the full Unicode, and a large portion of the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as a veriety of international writing systems.<br />
*[http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (''for Windows'')<br />
*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele Ukelele] (''for Mac'')<br />
===International Phonetic Alphabet===<br />
*[http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ IPA on TypeIt]<br />
'''TypeIt''' is a free web-based keyboard which enable the full International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA, and some extensions to it, to be simply copy-pasted. Some web browsers have a couple of problems with the shortcuts when writing online, but mouse-clicking always works. TypeIt also features 20 Latin alphabets and their extensions as well as matematical, currency and miscellaneous Unicode symbols.<br />
*[http://westonruter.github.com/ipa-chart/keyboard/ Weston Ruter's International Phonetic Alphabet chart]<br />
An IPA chart by the devoted web-developer '''Weston Ruter'''. Allows a quick access to all symbols and diacritics of the Phonetic Alphabet as of 2005.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Word generators===<br />
'''Word generators''' allow conlangers to quickly create a lexicon from a simple phonology and a defined syllabic structure. This may be used to create a full lexicon or to simply pick the genereated words that appeal to you.<br />
*[http://bprhad.wz.cz/awkwords/index.php Awkords]<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/gen Zompist word generator] by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]].<br />
<br />
===Sound change appliers===<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html Zompist sound change applier] and a [http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/SoundChangerSumerian.htm version]<br />
:The '''Sound Change Applier''', '''SCA''', is a program created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. This page describes a simple program which can apply a set of sound changes to a lexicon. You can use sounds to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang, or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. <br />
<br />
*[https://github.com/sfmorrigan/toolbox-sca/releases Haedus Toolbox Sound Change Applier] and forum post [http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=42368 here].<br />
:The '''Haedus Toolbox SCA''' is a very nice, phonetic segment-operating sound change applier created by Fiona Morrigan, a computational linguist and conlanger. Runs from the command line using Java and is easily configured with text files.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Social media==<br />
*[http://facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed languages @ Facebook] <br />
:A friendly group of Facebook-present conlangers.<br />
*[https://listserv.brown.edu/conlang.html Conlang-L]<br />
:The amazing one and only Conlang Mailing List. The oldest (est. 1991) and most active mailing list for conlangs. A small FAQ can be found on FrathWiki [http://www.frathwiki.com/Conlang-L_FAQ here].<br />
'''If you have other suggestions for the page, please discuss it on the page's [[Talk:Guide:Conlanging tools|talk page]] before editing.'''<br />
[[Category:Guides]][[Category:Conlanging tools]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Guide:Conlanging_tools&diff=30694Guide:Conlanging tools2015-02-20T15:26:27Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* General */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page collects a number of entrusted, and foremost - free, sources of linguistic and specialised information by the conlanging community, and the users of the Linguifex Wiki.<br />
==General==<br />
===Conlangery===<br />
*[http://conlangery.com/ The Conlangery podcast] <br />
'''The Conlangery Podcast''' is a weekly podcast created by conlangers, for conlangers. Every week, the hosts George Corley, Bianca Richards (née Mangum), William S. Annis, [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]] and Mike Lentine, as well as the occasional guest talk about a conlanging - or linguistics-related topic - one week and feature a conlang or natlang the next. The episode are full of interesting and knowledgeable discussions which last around the hour. It is also available on iTunes.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit]<br />
'''The Language Construction Kit''' on [http://www.zompist.com/ Zompist.com], is a relatively famous conlanging tutorial created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. It is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages—for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage. It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages—which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages. It suggests further reading for those who want to know more, and shortcuts for those who want to know less. <br />
<br />
*[http://www.conlang.org/ Language Creation Society] <br />
'''Conlang.org''', '''LCS''', is a site for conlangers, would-be conlangers, those interested in or curious about conlangs, and anything else to do with conlanging. The Language Creation Society is a prestigious body of professional conlangers and resources, with its own journal, '''[http://fiatlingua.org/ Fiat Lingua]''', and podcast. The members offer conlinguistic services and organises Language Creation Conferences for the conlanging community. Notable members of the LCS are [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], the creator of [[w:Dothraki|Dothraki]], and [[w:John Quijada|John Quijada]], who created [[w:Ithkuil|Ithkuil]].<br />
<br />
*[http://fiatlingua.org/ ''Fiat Lingua'']<br />
'''''Fiat Lingua''''' is an online archive of conlang articles produced by real-life conlangers. All articles are available in .pdf format. A new article is published on the first of every month.<br />
<br />
*[http://cals.conlang.org/ Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''Conlang Atlas of Language Structures''', '''CALS''', is a conlanging analogy to the World Atlas of Language Structures, which is an editable atlas over linguistic features in conlangs, for statistics, linking to the corresponding articles at WALS.<br />
<br />
===Glossary===<br />
*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/ SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms]<br />
'''SIL International''' (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a US-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development. SIL provides a database, Ethnologue, of its research into the world's languages. It also host an interactive glossary on linguistic features and terms.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp Ethnologue]<br />
'''Ethnologue''' is SIL International's online compendium of statistics for over 7,000 languages and dialects.<br />
<br />
*[http://glottolog.org/ Glottolog]<br />
'''Glottolog''' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. <br />
<br />
===Linguistics===<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistics Linguistics on Wikipedia]<br />
Wikipedia has a good reputation of having technical and well-sourced articles covering a wide span of both natural and constructed languages, as well as linguistic topics.<br />
<br />
*[http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/ Universals Archive]<br />
The '''Universals Archive''' is a searchable encyclopaedia with logical examples and occurrences of most linguistic features in the world, the '''universal''' ones, and use statistics and correlation to determine the naturalistic contexts of the features. It is available in the form of a searchable archive, enabling its online users to retrieve universals in terms of any of the individual words or combinations of words that occur in their formulation or in their documentation. It is also possible just to browse through the Universals Archive. <br />
<br />
*[http://wals.info/ World Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''World Atlas of Language Structures''', '''WALS''', is a database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials. The information is well-sourced and edited by knowledgeable linguist from all over the world. The atlas provides information on the location, linguistic affiliation and basic typological features of a great number of the world's languages. It interacts with Google Maps to show geographical diffusion and concrete examples. The information of the atlas is published under a Creative Commons license by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and by the Max Planck Digital Library.<br />
<br />
*[http://apics-online.info/ Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures]<br />
The '''Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures''', '''APiCS''', is similar to WALS but is for just pidgins and creoles.<br />
<br />
*[http://wikitongues.org/ Wikitongues]<br />
'''Wikitongues''' is a collection of videos of spoken natural languages, both well- and not-so-well-known languages.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.thelingspace.com/ The Ling Space]<br />
'''The Ling Space''' is an education project whose mission is to help make linguistics more accessible and fun, by making videos and blog posts and so on.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
===AutoCorrect in Microsoft Word===<br />
:''Taken from http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipafonts.html''<br />
<br />
"Eureka!" by Dermod Quirke and Brian Holser describes how best to keyboard characters that are not on the keyboard, using a poorly documented feature of Word. With the permission of the authors, an unzipped version of the article can be downloaded from the UCL server [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/Eureka.doc here].<br />
<br />
To apply these ideas to the question of keyboarding IPA characters, see the article by John Wells [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/eureka-ipa.doc here].<br />
<br />
===Keyboard layout editors===<br />
'''Keyboard layout editors''' allow the users to create their customised keyboards, which enable them to write the full Unicode, and a large portion of the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as a veriety of international writing systems.<br />
*[http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (''for Windows'')<br />
*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele Ukelele] (''for Mac'')<br />
===International Phonetic Alphabet===<br />
*[http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ IPA on TypeIt]<br />
'''TypeIt''' is a free web-based keyboard which enable the full International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA, and some extensions to it, to be simply copy-pasted. Some web browsers have a couple of problems with the shortcuts when writing online, but mouse-clicking always works. TypeIt also features 20 Latin alphabets and their extensions as well as matematical, currency and miscellaneous Unicode symbols.<br />
*[http://westonruter.github.com/ipa-chart/keyboard/ Weston Ruter's International Phonetic Alphabet chart]<br />
An IPA chart by the devoted web-developer '''Weston Ruter'''. Allows a quick access to all symbols and diacritics of the Phonetic Alphabet as of 2005.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Word generators===<br />
'''Word generators''' allow conlangers to quickly create a lexicon from a simple phonology and a defined syllabic structure. This may be used to create a full lexicon or to simply pick the genereated words that appeal to you.<br />
*[http://bprhad.wz.cz/awkwords/index.php Awkords]<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/gen Zompist word generator] by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]].<br />
<br />
===Sound change appliers===<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html Zompist sound change applier] and a [http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/SoundChangerSumerian.htm version]<br />
:The '''Sound Change Applier''', '''SCA''', is a program created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. This page describes a simple program which can apply a set of sound changes to a lexicon. You can use sounds to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang, or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. <br />
<br />
*[https://github.com/sfmorrigan/toolbox-sca/releases Haedus Toolbox Sound Change Applier] and forum post [http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=42368 here].<br />
:The '''Haedus Toolbox SCA''' is a very nice, phonetic segment-operating sound change applier created by Fiona Morrigan, a computational linguist and conlanger. Runs from the command line using Java and is easily configured with text files.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Social media==<br />
*[http://facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed languages @ Facebook] <br />
:A friendly group of Facebook-present conlangers.<br />
*[https://listserv.brown.edu/conlang.html Conlang-L]<br />
:The amazing one and only Conlang Mailing List. The oldest (est. 1991) and most active mailing list for conlangs. A small FAQ can be found on FrathWiki [http://www.frathwiki.com/Conlang-L_FAQ here].<br />
'''If you have other suggestions for the page, please discuss it on the page's [[Talk:Guide:Conlanging tools|talk page]] before editing.'''<br />
[[Category:Guides]][[Category:Conlanging tools]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Guide:Conlanging_tools&diff=30693Guide:Conlanging tools2015-02-20T15:23:23Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* General */</p>
<hr />
<div>This page collects a number of entrusted, and foremost - free, sources of linguistic and specialised information by the conlanging community, and the users of the Linguifex Wiki.<br />
==General==<br />
===Conlangery===<br />
*[http://conlangery.com/ The Conlangery podcast] <br />
'''The Conlangery Podcast''' is a weekly podcast created by conlangers, for conlangers. Every week, the hosts George Corley, Bianca Richards (née Mangum), William S. Annis, [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]] and Mike Lentine, as well as the occasional guest talk about a conlanging - or linguistics-related topic - one week and feature a conlang or natlang the next. The episode are full of interesting and knowledgeable discussions which last around the hour. It is also available on iTunes.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit]<br />
'''The Language Construction Kit''' on [http://www.zompist.com/ Zompist.com], is a relatively famous conlanging tutorial created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. It is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages— for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage. It presents linguistically sound methods for creating naturalistic languages— which can be reversed to create non-naturalistic languages. It suggests further reading for those who want to know more, and shortcuts for those who want to know less. <br />
<br />
*[http://www.conlang.org/ Language Creation Society] <br />
'''Conlang.org''', '''LCS''', is a site for conlangers, would-be conlangers, those interested in or curious about conlangs, and anything else to do with conlanging. The Language Creation Society is a prestigious body of professional conlangers and resources, with its own journal, '''[http://fiatlingua.org/ Fiat Lingua]''', and podcast. The members offer conlinguistic services and organises Language Cration Conferences for the conlanging community. Notable members of the LCS are [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], the creator of [[w:Dothraki|Dothraki]], and [[w:John Quijada|John Quijada]], who created [[w:Ithkuil|Ithkuil]].<br />
<br />
*[http://fiatlingua.org/ ''Fiat Lingua'']<br />
'''''Fiat Lingua''''' is an online archive of conlang articles produced by real-life conlangers. All articles are available in .pdf format. A new article is published on the first of every month.<br />
<br />
*[http://cals.conlang.org/ Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''Conlang Atlas of Language Structures''', '''CALS''' is a conlanging analogy to the World Atlas of Language Structures, which is an editable atlas over linguistic features in conlangs, for statistics, linking to the corresponding articles at WALS.<br />
<br />
===Glossary===<br />
*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/ SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms]<br />
'''SIL International''' (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a U.S.-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development. SIL provides a database, Ethnologue, of its research into the world's languages. It also host an interactive glossary on linguistic features and terms.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp Ethnologue]<br />
'''Ethnologue''' is SIL International's online compendiun of statistics for over 7,000 languages and dialects.<br />
<br />
*[http://glottolog.org/ Glottolog]<br />
'''Glottolog''' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. <br />
<br />
===Linguistics===<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistics Linguistics on Wikipedia]<br />
Wikipedia has a good reputation of having technical and well-sourced articles covering a wide span of both natural and constructed languages, as well as linguistic topics.<br />
<br />
*[http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/ Universals Archive]<br />
The '''Universals Archive''' is a searchable encyclopedia with logical examples and ocurrences of most linguistic features in the world, the '''universal''' ones, and use statistics and correlation to determine the naturalistic constexts of the features. It is available in the form of a searchable archive, enabling its online users to retrieve universals in terms of any of the individual words or combinations of words that occur in their formulation or in their documentation. It is also possible just to browse through the Universals Archive. <br />
<br />
*[http://wals.info/ World Atlas of Language Structures]<br />
The '''World Atlas of Language Structures''', '''WALS''', is a database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials. The information is well-sourced and edited by knowledgeable linguist from all over the world. The atlas provides information on the location, linguistic affiliation and basic typological features of a great number of the world's languages. It interacts with Google Maps to show geographical diffusion and concrete examples. The information of the atlas is published under a Creative Commons license by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and by the Max Planck Digital Library.<br />
<br />
*[http://apics-online.info/ Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures]<br />
The '''Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures''', '''APiCS''', is similar to WALS but is for just pidgins and creoles.<br />
<br />
*[http://wikitongues.org/ Wikitongues]<br />
'''Wikitongues''' is a collection of videos of spoken natural languages, both well- and not-so-well-known languages.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.thelingspace.com/ The Ling Space]<br />
'''The Ling Space''' is an education project whose mission is to help make linguistics more accessible and fun, by making videos and blog posts and so on.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
===AutoCorrect in Microsoft Word===<br />
:''Taken from http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipafonts.html''<br />
<br />
"Eureka!" by Dermod Quirke and Brian Holser describes how best to keyboard characters that are not on the keyboard, using a poorly documented feature of Word. With the permission of the authors, an unzipped version of the article can be downloaded from the UCL server [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/Eureka.doc here].<br />
<br />
To apply these ideas to the question of keyboarding IPA characters, see the article by John Wells [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/eureka-ipa.doc here].<br />
<br />
===Keyboard layout editors===<br />
'''Keyboard layout editors''' allow the users to create their customised keyboards, which enable them to write the full Unicode, and a large portion of the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as a veriety of international writing systems.<br />
*[http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (''for Windows'')<br />
*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele Ukelele] (''for Mac'')<br />
===International Phonetic Alphabet===<br />
*[http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ IPA on TypeIt]<br />
'''TypeIt''' is a free web-based keyboard which enable the full International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA, and some extensions to it, to be simply copy-pasted. Some web browsers have a couple of problems with the shortcuts when writing online, but mouse-clicking always works. TypeIt also features 20 Latin alphabets and their extensions as well as matematical, currency and miscellaneous Unicode symbols.<br />
*[http://westonruter.github.com/ipa-chart/keyboard/ Weston Ruter's International Phonetic Alphabet chart]<br />
An IPA chart by the devoted web-developer '''Weston Ruter'''. Allows a quick access to all symbols and diacritics of the Phonetic Alphabet as of 2005.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
===Word generators===<br />
'''Word generators''' allow conlangers to quickly create a lexicon from a simple phonology and a defined syllabic structure. This may be used to create a full lexicon or to simply pick the genereated words that appeal to you.<br />
*[http://bprhad.wz.cz/awkwords/index.php Awkords]<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/gen Zompist word generator] by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]].<br />
<br />
===Sound change appliers===<br />
*[http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html Zompist sound change applier] and a [http://users.cwnet.com/millenia/SoundChangerSumerian.htm version]<br />
:The '''Sound Change Applier''', '''SCA''', is a program created by [[w:Mark Rosenfelder|Mark Rosenfelder]]. This page describes a simple program which can apply a set of sound changes to a lexicon. You can use sounds to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang, or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. <br />
<br />
*[https://github.com/sfmorrigan/toolbox-sca/releases Haedus Toolbox Sound Change Applier] and forum post [http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=42368 here].<br />
:The '''Haedus Toolbox SCA''' is a very nice, phonetic segment-operating sound change applier created by Fiona Morrigan, a computational linguist and conlanger. Runs from the command line using Java and is easily configured with text files.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Social media==<br />
*[http://facebook.com/groups/constructedlanguages/ Constructed languages @ Facebook] <br />
:A friendly group of Facebook-present conlangers.<br />
*[https://listserv.brown.edu/conlang.html Conlang-L]<br />
:The amazing one and only Conlang Mailing List. The oldest (est. 1991) and most active mailing list for conlangs. A small FAQ can be found on FrathWiki [http://www.frathwiki.com/Conlang-L_FAQ here].<br />
'''If you have other suggestions for the page, please discuss it on the page's [[Talk:Guide:Conlanging tools|talk page]] before editing.'''<br />
[[Category:Guides]][[Category:Conlanging tools]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=30688User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-02-20T10:20:54Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm PMOB. I like to learn foreign languages and conlang. I'm currently doing a master's in linguistics, as part of which I'm having Turkish lessons! Unfortunately, I don't seem to have the time for conlanging nowadays. That said, I still pop in fairly often, even if I don't make a contribution on each visit since I have started to prefer using Word to document my languages.<br />
<br />
If you want to leave me a message to ask about conlanging, languages, linguistics or any thing else, please do! Such messages are welcome in any language you think I'll have a chance of understanding, be it nat or con. Languages I'm happy to be contacted in are English, French, Russian, Czech, Portuguese, Esperanto, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Turkish and Afrikaans (disclaimer: I'm not fluent in all of these but practice is always nice!).<br />
<br />
<u>'''Current project'''</u>: a language with the working name '''Yanga''' /jaŋa/, the grammar is coming along quite nicely, though I only have about 300 roots; but I do have a translation of Schleicher's Fable below, complete with interlinear glosses: http:// bit. ly/1Ek8F2L (just take the spaces out of the URL).<br />
<br />
Conlangs et cetera:<br />
*[[/IPA for my English|IPA for my English]] (needs correcting/revising)<br />
*[[/Describing Morphosyntax|Describing Morphosyntax]]<br />
*[[Awe]]<br />
*[[/თქარინ|თქარინ]]<br />
*[[Hantza]]<br />
*Ng'ano<br />
*Liaou<br />
*Romanic<br />
*Nowy slovieński język<br />
*[[/Sandbox|Sandbox]]<br />
**[[/Sandbox/Kertha|Kertha]]<br />
***[[Old Kvalian]]<br />
*Zamoran<br />
*Bamenese<br />
*[[Cuoxeh]]<br />
*[[Kunarek]]<br />
*Ostunese<br />
*[[Qafesona]]<br />
*[[Jukpë]]<br />
*[[Biscayan]]<br />
*[[Panlaffic languages]]<br />
**[[Kihā́mmic]]<br />
**[[Lôppic]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=30478User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-02-17T11:24:13Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm PMOB. I like to learn foreign languages and conlang. I'm currently doing a master's in linguistics, as part of which I'm having Turkish lessons! Unfortunately, I don't seem to have the time for conlanging nowadays. That said, I still pop in fairly often, even if I don't make a contribution on each visit since I have started to prefer using Word to document my languages.<br />
<br />
If you want to leave me a message to ask about conlanging, languages, linguistics or any thing else, please do! Such messages are welcome in any language you think I'll have a chance of understanding, be it nat or con. Languages I'm happy to be contacted in are English, French, Russian, Czech, Portuguese, Esperanto, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Turkish and Afrikaans (disclaimer: I'm not fluent in all of these but practice is always nice!).<br />
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<u>'''Current project'''</u>: a language with the working name '''Yanga''' /jaŋa/, the grammar is coming along quite nicely, though I only have about 200 roots; but I do have a translation of Schleicher's Fable below, complete with interlinear glosses: http:// bit. ly/1Ek8F2L (just take the spaces out of the URL).<br />
<br />
Conlangs et cetera:<br />
*[[/IPA for my English|IPA for my English]] (needs correcting/revising)<br />
*[[/Describing Morphosyntax|Describing Morphosyntax]]<br />
*[[Awe]]<br />
*[[/თქარინ|თქარინ]]<br />
*[[Hantza]]<br />
*Ng'ano<br />
*Liaou<br />
*Romanic<br />
*Nowy slovieński język<br />
*[[/Sandbox|Sandbox]]<br />
**[[/Sandbox/Kertha|Kertha]]<br />
***[[Old Kvalian]]<br />
*Zamoran<br />
*Bamenese<br />
*[[Cuoxeh]]<br />
*[[Kunarek]]<br />
*Ostunese<br />
*[[Qafesona]]<br />
*[[Jukpë]]<br />
*[[Biscayan]]<br />
*[[Panlaffic languages]]<br />
**[[Kihā́mmic]]<br />
**[[Lôppic]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bánhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:P%C3%A1_mam%C5%ABn%C3%A1m_ont%C4%81%CC%81_b%C3%A1n&diff=30477User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán2015-02-17T11:23:46Z<p>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: </p>
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<div>I'm PMOB. I like to learn foreign languages and conlang. I'm currently doing a master's in linguistics, as part of which I'm having Turkish lessons! Unfortunately, I don't seem to have the time for conlanging nowadays. That said, I still pop in fairly often, even if I don't make a contribution on each visit since I have started to prefer using Word to document my languages.<br />
<br />
If you want to leave me a message to ask about conlanging, languages, linguistics or any thing else, please do! Such messages are welcome in any language you think I'll have a chance of understanding, be it nat or con. Languages I'm happy to be contacted in are English, French, Russian, Czech, Portuguese, Esperanto, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Turkish and Afrikaans (disclaimer: I'm not fluent in all of these but practice is always nice!).<br />
<br />
<u>'''Current project'''</u>: a language with the working name '''Yanga''' /jaŋa/, the grammar is coming along quite nicely, though I only have about 200 roots; but I do have a translation of Schleicher's Fable below, complete with interlinear glosses: http://bit. ly/1Ek8F2L (just take the space out of the URL).<br />
<br />
Conlangs et cetera:<br />
*[[/IPA for my English|IPA for my English]] (needs correcting/revising)<br />
*[[/Describing Morphosyntax|Describing Morphosyntax]]<br />
*[[Awe]]<br />
*[[/თქარინ|თქარინ]]<br />
*[[Hantza]]<br />
*Ng'ano<br />
*Liaou<br />
*Romanic<br />
*Nowy slovieński język<br />
*[[/Sandbox|Sandbox]]<br />
**[[/Sandbox/Kertha|Kertha]]<br />
***[[Old Kvalian]]<br />
*Zamoran<br />
*Bamenese<br />
*[[Cuoxeh]]<br />
*[[Kunarek]]<br />
*Ostunese<br />
*[[Qafesona]]<br />
*[[Jukpë]]<br />
*[[Biscayan]]<br />
*[[Panlaffic languages]]<br />
**[[Kihā́mmic]]<br />
**[[Lôppic]]</div>Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán