Linguifex - User contributions [en]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-24T21:02:30Z

Ponzai: /* Verbs */ did some basic shit

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Digraphic
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

''Note: the genders need reworking. There are still going to be 4, but I will probably change inanimate to neuter or something like that''

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case. 
Note that there is no genetive form, but rather a genitive particle. This is covered in the ''adverbials'' section.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Nominative
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Accusative
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===
Verbs in Sast have 5 tenses and 3 aspects, as well as 4 moods that do not inflect further.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="4"| Verb tenses
|-
! Tenses || style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Simple || style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Progressive || style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Habitual
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Past || || ||
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Pre-hodiernal || || ||
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Present || || ||
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Post-hodiernal || || ||
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Future || || ||
|-
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="4"| Other moods
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Imperative || -aki- || style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Negative || -ego-
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Interogative || -ili- || style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Subjunctive || -atz
|}

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun phrases=====

==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are done using either suffixes or infixes before the last syllable.
===Nouns===
*''Verb-to-noun'' is done by infixing "asj" before the last syllable.
*''Adjective-to-noun'' is done by suffixing "ash".
*''Maker'', implying the doer of an action or the maker of an object is done by infixing "ttip".
*''Recipient'', implying the object of a specific action is marked by infixing "dab".

===Verbs===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===



[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-23T09:35:06Z

Ponzai: Added tense table

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Digraphic
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

''Note: the genders need reworking. There are still going to be 4, but I will probably change inanimate to neuter or something like that''

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case. 
Note that there is no genetive form, but rather a genitive particle. This is covered in the ''adverbials'' section.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Nominative
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Accusative
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="4"| Verb tenses
|-
! || style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Simple || style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Continous || style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Recurring
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Past ||
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Pre-hodiernal ||
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Present ||
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Post-hodiernal ||
|-
| style="background:#e0e0ff;" | Future ||
|-
|}
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun phrases=====

==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are done using either suffixes or infixes before the last syllable.
===Nouns===
*''Verb-to-noun'' is done by infixing "asj" before the last syllable.
*''Adjective-to-noun'' is done by suffixing "ash".
*''Maker'', implying the doer of an action or the maker of an object is done by infixing "ttip".
*''Recipient'', implying the object of a specific action is marked by infixing "dab".

===Verbs===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===



[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-22T08:38:33Z

Ponzai: /* Nouns */

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Digraphic
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

''Note: the genders need reworking. There are still going to be 4, but I will probably change inanimate to neuter or something like that''

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case. 
Note that there is no genetive form, but rather a genitive particle. This is covered in the ''adverbials'' section.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Nominative
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Accusative
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun phrases=====

==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are done using either suffixes or infixes before the last syllable.
===Nouns===
*''Verb-to-noun'' is done by infixing "asj" before the last syllable.
*''Adjective-to-noun'' is done by suffixing "ash".
*''Maker'', implying the doer of an action or the maker of an object is done by infixing "ttip".
*''Recipient'', implying the object of a specific action is marked by infixing "dab".

===Verbs===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===



[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-21T10:11:54Z

Ponzai: /* Orthography */ changed "Romanized" to "Digraphic".

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Digraphic
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

''Note: the genders need reworking. There are still going to be 4, but I will probably change inanimate to neuter or something like that''

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case. 
Note that there is no genetive form, but rather a genitive particle. This is covered in the ''adverbials'' section.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Nominative
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Accusative
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun phrases=====

==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are done using either suffixes or infixes before the last syllable.
===Nouns===
*''Verb-to-noun'' is done by infixing "asj" before the last syllable.
*''Adjective-to-noun'' is done by suffixing "ash".
*''Maker'', implying the doer of an action or the maker of an object is done by infixing "ttip".
===Verbs===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===



[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-20T13:22:33Z

Ponzai: /* Personal pronouns */ corrected subject and object to nominative and accusative

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

''Note: the genders need reworking. There are still going to be 4, but I will probably change inanimate to neuter or something like that''

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case. 
Note that there is no genetive form, but rather a genitive particle. This is covered in the ''adverbials'' section.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Nominative
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Accusative
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun phrases=====

==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are done using either suffixes or infixes before the last syllable.
===Nouns===
*''Verb-to-noun'' is done by infixing "asj" before the last syllable.
*''Adjective-to-noun'' is done by suffixing "ash".
*''Maker'', implying the doer of an action or the maker of an object is done by infixing "ttip".
===Verbs===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===



[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-20T13:19:08Z

Ponzai: /* Noun clauses */ changed noun clauses to noun phrases

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

''Note: the genders need reworking. There are still going to be 4, but I will probably change inanimate to neuter or something like that''

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case. 
Note that there is no genetive form, but rather a genitive particle. This is covered in the ''adverbials'' section.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun phrases=====

==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are done using either suffixes or infixes before the last syllable.
===Nouns===
*''Verb-to-noun'' is done by infixing "asj" before the last syllable.
*''Adjective-to-noun'' is done by suffixing "ash".
*''Maker'', implying the doer of an action or the maker of an object is done by infixing "ttip".
===Verbs===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===



[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-20T13:06:04Z

Ponzai: /* Gender */ added note on the flaws in gender

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

''Note: the genders need reworking. There are still going to be 4, but I will probably change inanimate to neuter or something like that''

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case. 
Note that there is no genetive form, but rather a genitive particle. This is covered in the ''adverbials'' section.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun clauses=====
==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are done using either suffixes or infixes before the last syllable.
===Nouns===
*''Verb-to-noun'' is done by infixing "asj" before the last syllable.
*''Adjective-to-noun'' is done by suffixing "ash".
*''Maker'', implying the doer of an action or the maker of an object is done by infixing "ttip".
===Verbs===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===



[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-20T13:03:20Z

Ponzai: /* Case */ wrote about genitive and ownership

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case. 
Note that there is no genetive form, but rather a genitive particle. This is covered in the ''adverbials'' section.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun clauses=====
==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are done using either suffixes or infixes before the last syllable.
===Nouns===
*''Verb-to-noun'' is done by infixing "asj" before the last syllable.
*''Adjective-to-noun'' is done by suffixing "ash".
*''Maker'', implying the doer of an action or the maker of an object is done by infixing "ttip".
===Verbs===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===



[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-19T20:01:41Z

Ponzai: Added the first derivational morphology

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun clauses=====
==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are done using either suffixes or infixes before the last syllable.
===Nouns===
*''Verb-to-noun'' is done by infixing "asj" before the last syllable.
*''Adjective-to-noun'' is done by suffixing "ash".
*''Maker'', implying the doer of an action or the maker of an object is done by infixing "ttip".
===Verbs===
===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===



[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-12T08:14:27Z

Ponzai: /* Particles */ changed introduction to passive voice.

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational they will not displayed in a table, but rather be listed and explained.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-08T21:24:55Z

Ponzai: /* Consonant clusters */ changed asterisk to red background, started on dental t row, changed error in b row

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç ||style="background:mistyrose"| pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bd̪ || - || - || - || - || - || style="background:mistyrose"| bf || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - ||style="background:mistyrose"| bɬ || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || t̪f || t̪v || t̪θ || t̪ð || style="background:mistyrose"| t̪s || t̪ç || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational I will not display them in a table, but rather list and explain them.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-07T08:39:18Z

Ponzai: /* The relative particle */ Fixed subheadings

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || pk* || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç || pʝ* || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| || - || - || - || bd̪* || - || - || - || - || bf* || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - || bɬ* || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational I will not display them in a table, but rather list and explain them.
====The relative particle====
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-06T14:27:48Z

Ponzai: /* Adjectives */ Changed some stuff regarding headings and added the relative particle.

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || pk* || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç || pʝ* || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| || - || - || - || bd̪* || - || - || - || - || bf* || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - || bɬ* || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
As particles are much more situational I will not display them in a table, but rather list and explain them.
=The relative particle=
To mark the beginning of of a noun clause

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-06T13:22:28Z

Ponzai: /* Syntax */ Changed "Sentiental arguments" and "relative clauses" to "noun clauses". Added explanation to noun clauses. Introduced particles "la" and "tza"

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || pk* || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç || pʝ* || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| || - || - || - || bd̪* || - || - || - || - || bf* || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - || bɬ* || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Noun clauses''' are formed using the relative particle "la" to mark the start of a noun clause and the end particle "tza" to end it.
*Example: I think that following people is wrong -> I "la" people following "tza" wrong is.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Noun clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-10-01T09:16:28Z

Ponzai: /* Consonant clusters */ Added b-row

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || pk* || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç || pʝ* || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| || - || - || - || bd̪* || - || - || - || - || bf* || bv || bθ || bð || bs || bç || bʝ || bɧ || - || bɬ* || - || bɾ
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Sentential arguments''' are formed using a relative suffix on the verb of the primary clause.
*Example: I thought-that

'''Relative clauses''' are formed using a relative suffix on the subject of the clause.
*Example: I am following him with courage in my heart -> I him following with courage-which is in my heart.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Sentential arguments=====
=====Relative clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-09-11T12:59:32Z

Ponzai: Replaces all SS ortography with SH

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç || pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Sh sh
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usht
| -ushd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Sha
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzshi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Sentential arguments''' are formed using a relative suffix on the verb of the primary clause.
*Example: I thought-that

'''Relative clauses''' are formed using a relative suffix on the subject of the clause.
*Example: I am following him with courage in my heart -> I him following with courage-which is in my heart.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Sentential arguments=====
=====Relative clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-09-11T08:34:18Z

Ponzai: Changed details regarding purpose

A language created for personal practice and fun!

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç || pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Ss ss
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usst
| -ussd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Ssa
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzssi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Sentential arguments''' are formed using a relative suffix on the verb of the primary clause.
*Example: I thought-that

'''Relative clauses''' are formed using a relative suffix on the subject of the clause.
*Example: I am following him with courage in my heart -> I him following with courage-which is in my heart.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Sentential arguments=====
=====Relative clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-05-10T14:15:59Z

Ponzai: /* Number */

A language created for personal practice and potential inclusion in the Conglomera project.

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç || pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Ss ss
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case & Number
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usst
| -ussd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Ssa
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzssi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Sentential arguments''' are formed using a relative suffix on the verb of the primary clause.
*Example: I thought-that

'''Relative clauses''' are formed using a relative suffix on the subject of the clause.
*Example: I am following him with courage in my heart -> I him following with courage-which is in my heart.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Sentential arguments=====
=====Relative clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-03-13T10:29:32Z

Ponzai: /* Consonant clusters */ added clusters starting with p

A language created for personal practice and potential inclusion in the Conglomera project.

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| - || - || - || - || - || - || pk || - || - || pf || pv || pθ || pð || ps || pç || pʝ || pɧ || - || pɬ || - || pɾ
|-
! b
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Ss ss
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usst
| -ussd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Ssa
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzssi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Sentential arguments''' are formed using a relative suffix on the verb of the primary clause.
*Example: I thought-that

'''Relative clauses''' are formed using a relative suffix on the subject of the clause.
*Example: I am following him with courage in my heart -> I him following with courage-which is in my heart.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Sentential arguments=====
=====Relative clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-03-07T20:34:05Z

Ponzai: /* Syllabic Structure */

A language created for personal practice and potential inclusion in the Conglomera project.

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. The hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! b
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Ss ss
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usst
| -ussd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Ssa
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzssi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Sentential arguments''' are formed using a relative suffix on the verb of the primary clause.
*Example: I thought-that

'''Relative clauses''' are formed using a relative suffix on the subject of the clause.
*Example: I am following him with courage in my heart -> I him following with courage-which is in my heart.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Sentential arguments=====
=====Relative clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-03-07T20:33:37Z

Ponzai: /* Syllabic Structure */

A language created for personal practice and potential inclusion in the Conglomera project.

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair. Note that the hyphen in the subsequent syllable represents a glottal stop, as all subsequent syllables start with one.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''

====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! b
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Ss ss
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usst
| -ussd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Ssa
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzssi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Sentential arguments''' are formed using a relative suffix on the verb of the primary clause.
*Example: I thought-that

'''Relative clauses''' are formed using a relative suffix on the subject of the clause.
*Example: I am following him with courage in my heart -> I him following with courage-which is in my heart.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Sentential arguments=====
=====Relative clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-03-07T20:16:53Z

Ponzai: worked on consonant cluster table

A language created for personal practice and potential inclusion in the Conglomera project.

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''
====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
!
! p !! b !! t̪ !! d̪ !! t !! d !! k !! g !! ʔ !! f !! v !! θ !! ð !! s !! ç !! ʝ !! ɧ !! h !! ɬ !! ⱱ !! ɾ
|-
! p
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! b
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d̪
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! d
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! k
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! g
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʔ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! f
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! v
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! θ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ð
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! s
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ç
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ʝ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɧ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! h
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɬ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ⱱ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! ɾ
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Ss ss
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usst
| -ussd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Ssa
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzssi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Sentential arguments''' are formed using a relative suffix on the verb of the primary clause.
*Example: I thought-that

'''Relative clauses''' are formed using a relative suffix on the subject of the clause.
*Example: I am following him with courage in my heart -> I him following with courage-which is in my heart.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Sentential arguments=====
=====Relative clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-03-07T10:24:04Z

Ponzai: started on table of consonant clusters

A language created for personal practice and potential inclusion in the Conglomera project.

==Background==








==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 544px;" colspan="8"| Consonants
|-
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
| k g
| ʔ
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ð
| s
| ç1 ʝ
| ɧ2
| h
|-
! style="" |Lateral fri.
|
|
|
| ɬ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
|
| ⱱ
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

1. Is in some dialects replaced with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant /ʃ/ 
2. Is in some dialects replaced with the normal velar fricative /x/. 

===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 360px;" colspan="8"| Vowels
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i
| ɤ
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
| ɔ
|-
! style="" |Near-open
| e̞
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| a
|
|
|}
The proto-language contains no diphthongs, though several derived languages do.
===Phonotactics===

====Syllabic Structure====
''C=Consonant'' 
''V=Vowel'' 
''F=Fricative'' 
''P=Plosive'' 

There are three types of syllables in Sast: precursory, subsequent and amalgam. Generally speaking, precursory and subsequent syllables come in pairs, whereas amalgam syllables come on their own. Note how the amalgam syllable is very similar to a precursory-subsequent syllable pair.
*Precursory: '''(F)CV'''
*Subsequent: '''-V((F)P)'''
*Amalgam: '''(F)CV((F)P)'''
====Consonant clusters====
Certain consonant clusters never occur, due to their difficulty in pronounciation. Others are rare, but still do occur.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=22 | Consonant clusters
|-
! Consonants
| p || b || tt || dd || t || d || k || g || - || f || v || tz || th || s || ss || z || sj || h || l || w || r

|}

===Orthography===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 50px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 50px;" colspan="2"| Orthography
|-
! IPA !! Romanized
|-
| p || P p
|-
| b || B b
|-
| t̪ || Tt tt
|-
| d̪ || Dd dd
|-
| t || T t
|-
| d || D d
|-
| k || K k
|-
| g || G g
|-
| ʔ || - (Hyphen)
|-
| f || F f
|-
| v || V v
|-
| θ || Tz tz
|-
| ð || Th th
|-
| s || S s
|-
| ç || Ss ss
|-
| ʝ || Z z
|-
| ɧ || Sj sj
|-
| h || H h
|-
| ɬ || L l
|-
| ⱱ || W w
|-
| ɾ || R r
|-
| i || I i
|-
| ɤ || U u
|-
| ɔ || O o
|-
| e̞ || E e
|-
| a || A a
|-
|}



==Parts of speech==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Sast nouns belong to one of four genders:
* Inanimate - Objects that seem to contain no form of life, like stone.
* Feminine - Animate objects that seem feminine in nature, such as women, or doors.
* Masculine - Animate objects that seem masculine in nature, such as men, or lighthouses.
* Spiritual - Both objects that seem to be supernatural in nature and abstract nouns belong to this gender. Examples being love, fire, or deities.

Nouns inflect differently based on gender, and verbs inflect for the gender of the subject.

====Case====
Sast nouns are written differently in two cases.
* Nominative
* Accusative
Subjects are written in nominative form, whereas both accusative and dative objects are written in accusative form.
The case of a noun affects its suffix in most cases. 
Generally, the accusative contains fricatives, while the nominative does not. This is however not always the case.

====Number====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 510px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="7" | Noun suffixes
|-
! rowspan="3" | Gender↓
! style="480" colspan="6" | Case
|-
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Nominative
! style="width: 240px" colspan="3" | Accusative
|-
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
! style="width: 60px" | Singular
! style="width: 60px" | Dual
! style="width: 60px" | Plural
|-
! Inanimate
| -
| -ad
| -at
| -a
| -ab
| -ap
|-
! Feminine
| -u
| -udd
| rowspan="2" | -usjk
| -usst
| -ussd
| rowspan="2" | -ilk
|-
! Masculine
| -usk
| -usg
| -isk
| -isg
|-
! Spiritual
| -e
| colspan="2" | -eg
| -ef
| colspan="2" | -efg
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan ="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Gender
! style="" colspan="3" | 1st person
! style="" colspan="3" | 2nd person
! style="" colspan="3" | 3rd person
|-
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
! style="" | Singular
! style="" | Dual
! style="" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px" rowspan="4" | Subject
! style="width: 70px" | Inanimate
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Tte
| Di
| Ddi
|-
! style="" | Feminine
| Ssa
| style="" rowspan="2"| Zki
| style="" rowspan="2"| Sku
| Za-a
| style="" rowspan="2"| Du-i
| style="" rowspan="2"| Di-i
| Vzo-i
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tzssi
| style="" rowspan="2"|Tatt
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
! style="" rowspan="4" | Object
! style="" | Inanimate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Feminine
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
| style="" rowspan="2"|
|-
! style="" | Masculine
|
|
|
|-
! style="" | Spiritual
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|
| style="" colspan="2" |
|-
|}

====Interogative and relative pronouns====
====Indefinite pronouns====

===Verbs===

===Adjectives===

Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

==Syntax==
Sast is an '''SOV''' language, meaning the subject is followed by the object, and last comes the verb.
*Example: I am following him -> I him following

'''Adverbials''' are always added after the word that they are modifying.
*Example: I am following him with courage -> I him following with courage.

'''Sentential arguments''' are formed using a relative suffix on the verb of the primary clause.
*Example: I thought-that

'''Relative clauses''' are formed using a relative suffix on the subject of the clause.
*Example: I am following him with courage in my heart -> I him following with courage-which is in my heart.

====Subordinate clauses====
=====Adverbials=====
=====Sentential arguments=====
=====Relative clauses=====


[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-03-07T09:56:28Z

Ponzai: /* Personal pronouns */ added some stuff

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-03-06T18:27:38Z

Ponzai: /* Orthography */ added glottal stop

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-03-06T18:26:09Z

Ponzai: /* Consonants */ added glottal stop

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-03-06T09:01:45Z

Ponzai: /* Case */ fixed typo

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-28T22:34:20Z

Ponzai: /* Personal pronouns */

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-28T22:02:20Z

Ponzai: /* Personal pronouns */ fused box thingies

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-28T21:35:47Z

Ponzai: Created table for personal pronouns

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-28T17:04:51Z

Ponzai: /* Grammar */

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-28T16:54:28Z

Ponzai: changed vowel sounds

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-22T12:05:36Z

Ponzai: fixed typo

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-22T11:56:25Z

Ponzai: changed the headings around

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-22T11:54:09Z

Ponzai: Started on syntax

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T20:16:52Z

Ponzai: /* Number */

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T20:15:01Z

Ponzai:

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T20:05:03Z

Ponzai: /* Case */

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T19:53:48Z

Ponzai: /* Number */

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T19:53:22Z

Ponzai: Completed noun suffix table

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T17:37:54Z

Ponzai: Created the "Noun suffixes" table

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T15:25:14Z

Ponzai: Added ortography for vowels

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T15:24:41Z

Ponzai: Added ortography for d

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T15:07:55Z

Ponzai: adjusted vowel table

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T15:03:15Z

Ponzai: Added vowels to vowel chart

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T14:11:36Z

Ponzai: Added "Indefinite pronouns" header

User:Ponzai

2015-02-21T12:45:59Z

Ponzai:

I am a little person called Ponzai, and I want to make languages. Simple.

==== Sketches ====
Herein lies things that are in their very early stages

*[[User:Ponzai/Sast|Sast]]

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T12:44:00Z

Ponzai: Created headings for parts of speech

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T12:34:47Z

Ponzai: Fininshed ortography for consonants

User:Ponzai/Sast

2015-02-21T11:49:54Z

Ponzai: