Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab

2025-02-17T10:07:46Z

SN2rname:

Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab

2025-02-17T10:05:39Z

SN2rname: use template

{{Hwnic text
|title=E Ri b Cellax
|hwnic=Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
Qs nerl xulmbohertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
rkngesonr ln z delncti
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci²
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
Iza cist ramiv kylnu¹
|en=The chilly wind picks up where it was once paradise
Under the polyurethane sky and replacement sunlight where you had fallen in love (but is no more).
In villages once familiar now unwelcoming,
feeling so small under the dome, where it glows
-- perpetual morphing shapes that trace upwards to the top of the world --
Yes, the sunlit landscape/barrens which you had walked,
it's a beautiful place, but a storm is near.
Nothing grows in the poison-laden soil for twenty years.
The burning passion, formless anger, and inspiration have all dissipated.
But people will not condemn you for your failure, nor dismiss you for your ineptitude.
Go, and live the way you will.
|gloss=wind_blow.3Sg PRES.PFV cold LOC paradise-used_to_be altered
and LOC-and bottom-sky-many-linear_chain-isocyanate-glycol sunlight-artificial love.2Sg PST.UNDONE
LOC village-familiar-used_to_be unwelcoming
LOCV tiny LOC bottom-dome boundless LOC.this glow
eqv. LOCV pattern morphing_spectacle MOT top-world trace.3N PRES.CONT
excl. terrain-sunlit appos. barrens-concrete walk.2Sg PST.PFV
place-beautiful be.3N but storm-to_be [be.3N]
nothing grow.3I LOC soil poison-laden TEM twenty years
and passion-burning anger_formless creative_spark be_absent.3Pl PST.PFV
not ACC.you REL failure condemn.1Sg.NEG nor ACC.you REL ineptitude mock.1Sg.NEG
go.OPT then live.2Sg VOLUN.FUT.IPFV
|notes=¹ A thing written for someone whom I've met in a high school chemistry class but lost contact afterwards, here referred to as "Ri". That evening he poured forth his emotions in the empty hallway. The last two lines are what I should have said to him.
² Refers to the time when Ri will graduate from high school.
}}

== Glossing ==
<pre>
Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
wind_blow.3Sg PRES.PFV cold LOC paradise-used_to_be altered
Qs nerl xulmbo-ertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
and LOC-and bottom-sky-many-linear_chain-isocyanate-glycol sunlight-artificial love.2Sg PST.UNDONE
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
LOC village-familiar-used_to_be unwelcoming
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
LOCV tiny LOC bottom-dome boundless LOC.this glow
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
eqv. LOCV pattern morphing_spectacle MOT top-world trace.3N PRES.CONT
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
excl. terrain-sunlit appos. barrens-concrete walk.2Sg PST.PFV
rkngesonr ln z delncnar
place-beautiful be.3N but storm-to_be [be.3N]
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci
nothing grow.3I LOC soil poison-laden TEM twenty years
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
and passion-burning anger_formless creative_spark be_absent.3Pl PST.PFV
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
not ACC.you REL failure condemn.1Sg.NEG nor ACC.you REL ineptitude mock.1Sg.NEG
Iza cist ramiv kylnu
go.OPT then live.2Sg VOLUN.FUT.IPFV
</pre>

== Notes ==
* Connected speech complicates the pronunciation here: ''defuirn lsvo'' is [dɛ́fʏ̂nˑɺəɫzʋɔ̆], ''cqozeigka'' is [çqó̞zɛɨ̯ʕ̯xâ], ''xornq geq ge'' is [xó̞ɾɤ̃ʔgɤ́ɴqɤ] where standalone ''ge'' is [ŋə̃].

Hwnic

2025-02-17T10:00:50Z

SN2rname:

{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011 non-breaking hyphen <code>‑</code>.''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like. ''Hwnic'' is an exonym and is pronounced like WHUH-nyk.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==
=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due to an indefinite noun phrase and the verb coming together to form a compound. Some words trigger a reordering of the sentence into VSO, like negation of multiple elements, unusual topic or focus, some temporal relationships ("before"), and reduplicated forms of verbs ("undo", "redo").

Ordering of delimiting(?) words is usually NAG, and follow a rule of familiarity. For example, in "expensive family dinner", typically "family dinner" is more common and would be put together as dinner-family-expensive, but if this particular family often have expensive dinners, then dinner-expensive-family is also possible.

These rules may lead to ambiguities. The ultimate disambiguation technique is to include a morpheme in the determiner that comes before a noun phrase to describe its branching structure. This morpheme may be omitted in further mentions of the same noun phrase.

=== Noun phrase ===
Noun phrases are generally right-branching.

The demonstrative system is currently incomplete. This is one of the most important parts of Hwnic and I have been studying other systems to decide what it will look like here.

=== Verb phrase ===
Transitive and intransitive verbs work mostly like in English. But each adjective can have a linking verb and a complementary verb, formed with attaching -''tni'' "to become" and -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective, respectively. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen as (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless the word is used in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==
The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

=== Idioms ===
Hwnic idioms are often long compound words that describe a specific mood or situation; ''el''- can form a multi-morpheme word by joining together items in a list. Often, this word consists of four morphemes, like four-character compounds in Chinese and Japanese. The terms about time are borrowed from English, as Hwnic time is expressed in a different way, but Hwnic is open to incorporating foreign words into its vocabulary and mixing foreign and native words. An example would be ''[[Contionary:elaurminitseknd|elaurminitseknd]]''.

== Example texts ==
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b odqoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arlek''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti odn blboc eoro varozon ni parcembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon stso xersyireis lnu nr meruicdignodqoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnxuigu irn boqro isloxuir in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruicdignodqo uoro blted lsvo cist varocodnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloodqoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruicdignodqoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-initial. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Negation constructs display an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept often corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===
I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life or thoughts that frequently arise, based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.
# [[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]
# [[Hwnic/For the Future]]
# [[Hwnic/For the End of Introspection]]

Hwnic

2025-02-17T09:55:24Z

SN2rname: /* Example texts */spelling updated

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==
=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due to an indefinite noun phrase and the verb coming together to form a compound. Some words trigger a reordering of the sentence into VSO, like negation of multiple elements, unusual topic or focus, some temporal relationships ("before"), and reduplicated forms of verbs ("undo", "redo").

Ordering of delimiting(?) words is usually NAG, and follow a rule of familiarity. For example, in "expensive family dinner", typically "family dinner" is more common and would be put together as dinner-family-expensive, but if this particular family often have expensive dinners, then dinner-expensive-family is also possible.

These rules may lead to ambiguities. The ultimate disambiguation technique is to include a morpheme in the determiner that comes before a noun phrase to describe its branching structure. This morpheme may be omitted in further mentions of the same noun phrase.

=== Noun phrase ===
Noun phrases are generally right-branching.

The demonstrative system is currently incomplete. This is one of the most important parts of Hwnic and I have been studying other systems to decide what it will look like here.

=== Verb phrase ===
Transitive and intransitive verbs work mostly like in English. But each adjective can have a linking verb and a complementary verb, formed with attaching -''tni'' "to become" and -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective, respectively. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen as (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless the word is used in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==
The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

=== Idioms ===
Hwnic idioms are often long compound words that describe a specific mood or situation; ''el''- can form a multi-morpheme word by joining together items in a list. Often, this word consists of four morphemes, like four-character compounds in Chinese and Japanese. The terms about time are borrowed from English, as Hwnic time is expressed in a different way, but Hwnic is open to incorporating foreign words into its vocabulary and mixing foreign and native words. An example would be ''[[Contionary:elaurminitseknd|elaurminitseknd]]''.

== Example texts ==
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b odqoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arlek''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti odn blboc eoro varozon ni parcembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon stso xersyireis lnu nr meruicdignodqoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnxuigu irn boqro isloxuir in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruicdignodqo uoro blted lsvo cist varocodnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloodqoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruicdignodqoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-initial. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Negation constructs display an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept often corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===
I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life or thoughts that frequently arise, based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.
# [[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]
# [[Hwnic/For the Future]]
# [[Hwnic/For the End of Introspection]]

Hwnic

2025-02-16T11:35:14Z

SN2rname: /* Syntax */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==
=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due to an indefinite noun phrase and the verb coming together to form a compound. Some words trigger a reordering of the sentence into VSO, like negation of multiple elements, unusual topic or focus, some temporal relationships ("before"), and reduplicated forms of verbs ("undo", "redo").

Ordering of delimiting(?) words is usually NAG, and follow a rule of familiarity. For example, in "expensive family dinner", typically "family dinner" is more common and would be put together as dinner-family-expensive, but if this particular family often have expensive dinners, then dinner-expensive-family is also possible.

These rules may lead to ambiguities. The ultimate disambiguation technique is to include a morpheme in the determiner that comes before a noun phrase to describe its branching structure. This morpheme may be omitted in further mentions of the same noun phrase.

=== Noun phrase ===
Noun phrases are generally right-branching.

The demonstrative system is currently incomplete. This is one of the most important parts of Hwnic and I have been studying other systems to decide what it will look like here.

=== Verb phrase ===
Transitive and intransitive verbs work mostly like in English. But each adjective can have a linking verb and a complementary verb, formed with attaching -''tni'' "to become" and -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective, respectively. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen as (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless the word is used in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==
The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

=== Idioms ===
Hwnic idioms are often long compound words that describe a specific mood or situation; ''el''- can form a multi-morpheme word by joining together items in a list. Often, this word consists of four morphemes, like four-character compounds in Chinese and Japanese. The terms about time are borrowed from English, as Hwnic time is expressed in a different way, but Hwnic is open to incorporating foreign words into its vocabulary and mixing foreign and native words. An example would be ''[[Contionary:elaurminitseknd|elaurminitseknd]]''.

== Example texts ==
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life or thoughts that frequently arise, based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.
# [[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]
# [[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Hwnic/For the Future

2025-02-16T11:21:04Z

SN2rname:

{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit omi ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
interest-observe.1Sg PRES.PFV this [def.] eye REL ability appos. read.3N text-static LOC top_layer-text-move-PARTI
this-look.2Sg [REL] phone then ACC gloss MOT surroundings scroll.2Sg VOLUN.FUT}}

== Glossing and translation ==
<pre>
[I wrote this text in the interlinear gloss, then mapped it into Hwnic.]

Cmaz u Fractlcilinu v uqcari² ivar lne
ust odn ltnecone e delnucifexuu vcti ltmer
Fdnireq b launt nr xanemedls xoqor
ti Oratnion u cnadil poveil farig lne v geulbiz
alaindup ti pimut afadosebrfn ivndizmuc
Opmbo niva ceimautrlimac sngescuer
trcarn ldud nr jelnrkn gusifdem b icadcti ndogu
Suitti quriscererpe nr ersnt tifevtir
Suitta ti sojitifobaenli micam cl odn xastipn³
Siqlaxhertilcfe ge tini gusxadirmir snter
qasl u eidasene zamaqn mapintokbasne t luem
Desem patnui u eidapotef asined
Mxacolg cist dlxng lsvo v xa vu bim¹

spider ACC fractal-translucent appos. web-infinite spin.3N PRES.CONT
and city late_autumn DAT storm-winter-first appos.-to_be await.3N
cross-section GEN water-opaque LOC suspending-headspace hang.3N
REL wheels-neon ACC trend ride.PRES.IPFV (appos.) downturn economy
gun-electron REL purpose-diffraction-make LOC face-some
LOC front_side-sky LOC.this birds TEM during-flight rot_away.3N
dine.1Pl PST.FREQ LOC boundary district LOC interior rim-outer-glass GEN bladed_weapon-to_be-fused
TEM past-that gate-painted_over LOC homeless_man night-day-night-verb.3Sg
TEM past-that REL memories-childhood business-small this def. city forget.3N PST.PFV
arena plastic MOT point-this cctv_cameras-fervent trace.3N
pain-meaningless ABL the brain
music unsophisticated ACC scream-death drown_out.3N
eyes-shut.1Sg then reflect_mentally.1Sg PRES.IPFV appos. one two three

A spider endlessly spins a fractalic web
in the late-autumn city that awaits the first winter storm.
The cross-section of cloudy water hang above;
here I, with many others, ride on wheels of neon the trend of economic downturn
clutching an electron gun to make a diffraction of someone's face.
Against the sky where birds rot away mid-flight,
we used to dine at the end of the waves, inside walls of fused blades.
Before that it [this place] was a painted-over gate where a homeless man spent his days and nights,
and before that relaxed diners [I remember] from my childhood, but the city has since forgotten them.
Now all the fervent surveillence cameras turn to one point in the plastic arena.
Nobody will answer cries for help; here pain has no significance outside the brain.
As easy music drowns out the dying wailing around me,
I shut my eyes and connect the dots: one, two, three.

¹ I wrote this text to show how a language designed to be precise can be made blurry. I think (and hope) I don't have the ability to predict the future.
² An electron emitter used in diffraction demonstrations
³ When these relaxed diners I mention here still existed, the PST.PFV form of Hwnic verbs was to suffix -''pn'', part of a deprecated system now superseded with auxiliary verbs.
</pre>

== Notes ==
* Pronunciation is an obstacle, as always:
* ''Fractlcilinu v uqcari'' is [fr&ct@lc5IlInu2 7v(j){ELISION}uq(nar)carI], recall that the apposition particle ''v'' is palatalized.
* ''trcarn ldud'' is [t4caa(~)Rl(~)du2D].
* uqcari is ''uq''- "of the mind" and -''cari'' "network", contraction of ''carsapi''.

Hwnic/For the Future

2025-02-16T11:13:13Z

SN2rname: fixes

{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit omi ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
interest-observe.1Sg PRES.PFV this [def.] eye REL ability appos. read.3N text-static LOC top_layer-text-move-PARTI
this-look.2Sg [REL] phone then ACC gloss MOT surroundings scroll.2Sg VOLUN.FUT}}

== Glossing and translation ==
<pre>
[I wrote this text in the interlinear gloss, then mapped it into Hwnic.]

Cmaz u Fractlcilinu v uqcari² ivar lne
ust odn ltnecone e delnucifexuu vcti ltmer
Fdnireq b launt nr xanemedls xoqor
ti Oratnion u cnadil poveil farig lne v geulbiz
alaindup ti pimut afadosebrfn ivndizmuc³
Opmbo niva ceimautrlimac sngescuer
trcarn ldud nr jelnrkn gusifdem b icadcti ndogu
Suitti quriscererpe nr ersnt tifevtir
Suitta ti sojitifobaenli micam cl odn xastipn⁴
Siqlaxhertilcfe ge tini gusxadirmir snter
qasl u eidasene zamaqn mapintokbasne t luem
Desem patnui u eidapotef asined
Mxacolg cist dlxng lsvo v xa vu bim¹

indef. spider ACC fractal-translucent appos. complex_web-infinite spin.3N PRES.CONT
and city late_autumn DAT storm-winter-first appos.-to_be await.3N
cross-section GEN water-opaque LOC suspending-headspace hang.3N
REL wheels-neon ACC trend ride.PRES.IPFV (appos.) downturn economy
gun-electron REL purpose-diffraction-make LOC face-some
LOC front_side-sky LOC.this birds TEM during-flight rot_away.3N
dine.1Pl PST.FREQ LOC boundary district LOC interior rim-outer-glass GEN bladed_weapon-to_be-fused
TEM past-that gate-painted_over LOC homeless_man night-day-night-verb.3Sg
TEM past-that REL memories-childhood business-small this def. city forget.3N PST.PFV
arena plastic MOT point-this cctv_cameras-fervent trace.3N
pain-meaningless ABL the brain
music unsophisticated ACC scream-death drown_out.3N
eyes-shut.1Sg then reflect_mentally.1Sg PRES.IPFV appos. one two three

A spider endlessly spins a fractalic web
in the late-autumn city that awaits the first winter storm.
The cross-section of cloudy water hang above;
here I, with many others, ride on wheels of neon the trend of economic downturn
clutching an electron gun to make a diffraction of someone's face.
Against the sky where birds rot away mid-flight,
we used to dine at the end of the waves, inside walls of fused blades.
Before that it [this place] was a painted-over gate where a homeless man spent his days and nights,
and before that relaxed diners [I remember] from my childhood, but the city has since forgotten them.
Now all the fervent surveillence cameras turn to one point in the plastic arena.
Nobody will answer cries for help; here pain has no significance outside the brain.
As easy music drowns out the dying wailing around me,
I shut my mass-produced eyes and connect the dots: one, two, three.

¹ I wrote this text to show how a language designed to be precise can be made blurry. I think (and hope) I don't have the ability to predict the future.
² For the pronunciation of ''Fractlcilinu v uqcari'', recall that the apposition particle ''v'' is palatalized.
uqcari: uq- "of the mind", -cari "network", contraction of ''carsapi''
³ An electron emitter used in diffraction demonstrations
⁴ When these relaxed diners I mention here still existed, the PST.PFV form of Hwnic verbs was to suffix -''pn'', part of a deprecated system now superseded with auxiliary verbs.
</pre>

Hwnic/For the Future

2025-02-16T11:03:49Z

SN2rname:

{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit omi ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
interest-observe.1Sg PRES.PFV this [def.] eye REL ability appos. read.3N text-static LOC top_layer-text-move-PARTI
this-look.2Sg [REL] phone then ACC gloss MOT surroundings scroll.2Sg VOLUN.FUT}}

== Glossing and translation ==
<pre>
[I wrote this text in the interlinear gloss, then mapped it into Hwnic.]

Cmaz u Fractlcilinu v uqcari² ivar lne
ust odn ltnecone e delnucifexuu vcti ltmer
Fdnireq b launt nr xanemedls xoqor
ti Oratnion u cnadil poveil farig lne v geulbiz
alaindup ti pimut afadosebrfn ivndizmuc³
Opmbo niva ceimautrlimac sngescuer
trcarn ldud nr jelnrkn gusifdem b icadcti ndogu
Suitti quriscererpe nr ersnt tifevtir
Suitta ti sojitifobaenli micam cl odn xastipn⁴
Siqlaxhertilcfe ge tini gusxadirmir snter
qasl u eidasene zamaqn mapintokbasne t luem
Desem patnui u eidapotef asined
Mxacolg cist dlxng lsvo v xa vu bim¹

indef. spider ACC fractal-translucent appos. complex_web-infinite spin.3N PRES.CONT
-
cross-section GEN water-opaque LOC suspending-headspace hang.3N
REL wheels-neon ACC trend ride.PRES.IPFV (appos.) downturn economy
gun-electron REL purpose-diffraction-make LOC face-some
LOC front_side-sky LOC.this birds TEM during-flight rot_away.3N
dine.1Pl PST.FREQ LOC boundary district LOC interior rim-outer-glass GEN bladed_weapon-to_be-fused
TEM past-that gate-painted_over LOC homeless_man night-day-night-verb.3Sg
TEM past-that REL memories-childhood business-small this def. city forget.3N PST.PFV
arena plastic MOT point-this cctv_cameras-fervent trace.3N
pain-meaningless ABL the brain
music unsophisticated ACC scream-death drown_out.3N
eyes-shut.1Sg then reflect_mentally.1Sg PRES.IPFV appos. one two three

A spider endlessly spins a fractalic web
in the ?? late-autumn warmth waiting for the first winter storm.
The cross-section of ?? water hang above;
here I [together with many others], on wheels of neon, ride the trend of economic downturn
clutching an electron gun to make a diffraction of someone's face.
Against the sky where birds rot away mid-flight,
we used to dine at the end of the waves, inside walls of fused blades.
Before that it [this place] was a painted-over gate where a homeless man spent his days and nights,
and before that relaxed diners [I remember] from my childhood, but once they closed the city forgot about them.
All the fervent surveillence cameras turn to one point now in the plastic arena;
under the old sun, pain has no significance outside the brain.
As easy music drowns out the dying wailing around me,
I shut my mass-produced eyes and connect the dots: one, two, three.

¹ I wrote this text to show how a language designed to be precise can be made blurry. I think (and hope) I don't have the ability to predict the future.
² For the pronunciation of ''Fractlcilinu v uqcari'', recall that the apposition particle ''v'' is palatalized.
uqcari: uq- "of the mind", -cari "network", contraction of ''carsapi''
³ An electron emitter used in diffraction demonstrations
⁴ When these relaxed diners I mention here still existed, the PST.PFV form of verbs was a suffix -''pn'', part of a deprecated system now superseded with auxiliary verbs.
</pre>

Hwnic/For the Future

2025-02-15T16:59:51Z

SN2rname:

{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit omi ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
interest-observe.1Sg PRES.PFV this [def.] eye REL ability appos. read.3N text-static LOC top_layer-text-move-PARTI
this-look.2Sg [REL] phone then ACC gloss MOT surroundings scroll.2Sg VOLUN.FUT}}

== Glossing and translation ==
<pre>
[I wrote this text in the interlinear gloss, then mapped it into Hwnic.]

Cmaz u Fractlcilinu v uqcari ivar lne
ust odn ltnecone e delnucifexuu vcti ltmer
Fdnireq b launt nr xanemedls xoqor
ti Oratnion u cnadil poveil farig lne v geulbiz
alaindup ti pimut afadosebrfn ivndizmuc
Opmbo niva ceimautrlimac sngescuer
trcarn ldud nr jelnrkn gusifdem b icadcti ndogu
Suitti quriscererpe nr ersnt tifevtir
Suitta ti sojitifobaenli micam cl odn xastipn[2]
Siqlaxhertilcfe ge tini gusxadirmir snter
qasl u eidasene zamaqn mapintokbasne t luem
Desem patnui u eidapotef asined
Mxacolg cist dlxng lsvo v xa vu bim

indef. spider ACC fractal-translucent appos. complex_web-infinite spin.3N PRES.CONT
-
cross-section GEN water-opaque LOC suspending-headspace hang.3N
REL wheels-neon ACC trend ride.PRES.IPFV (appos.) downturn economy
gun-electron REL purpose-diffraction-make LOC face-some
LOC front_side-sky LOC.this birds TEM during-flight rot_away.3N
dine.1Pl PST.FREQ LOC boundary district LOC interior rim-outer-glass GEN bladed_weapon-to_be-fused
TEM past-that gate-painted_over LOC homeless_man night-day-night-verb.3Sg
TEM past-that REL memories-childhood business-small this def. city forget.3N PST.PFV
arena plastic MOT point-this cctv_cameras-fervent trace.3N
pain-meaningless ABL the brain
music unsophisticated ACC scream-death drown_out.3N
eyes-shut.1Sg then reflect_mentally.1Sg PRES.IPFV appos. one two three

A spider endlessly spins a fractalic web
in the ?? late-autumn warmth waiting for the first winter storm.
The cross-section of ?? water hang above;
here I [together with many others], on wheels of neon, ride the trend of economic downturn
clutching an electron gun to make a diffraction of someone's face.
Against the sky where birds rot away mid-flight,
we used to dine at the end of the waves, inside walls of fused blades.
Before that it [this place] was a painted-over gate where a homeless man spent his days and nights,
and before that relaxed eateries [I remember] from my childhood, but once they closed the city forgot about them.
All the fervent surveillence cameras turn to one point now in the plastic arena;
under the old sun, pain has no significance outside the brain.
As easy music drowns out the dying wailing around me,
I shut my mass-produced eyes and connect the dots: one, two, three.

[1] I wrote this text to show how a language designed to be precise can be made blurry. I think (and hope) I don't have the ability to predict the future.
[2] The electron emitter used in diffraction demonstrations
</pre>

Hwnic

2025-02-15T16:57:25Z

SN2rname: /* Example texts */removed test edit

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==
=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due to an indefinite noun phrase and the verb coming together to form a compound. Some words trigger a reordering of the sentence into VSO, like negation of multiple elements, unusual topic or focus, some temporal relationships ("before"), and reduplicated forms of verbs ("undo", "redo").

=== Noun phrase ===
Noun phrases are generally right-branching.

The demonstrative system is currently incomplete. This is one of the most important parts of Hwnic and I have been studying other systems to decide what it will look like here.

=== Verb phrase ===
Transitive and intransitive verbs work mostly like English. But each adjective can have a linking verb and a complementary verb, formed with attaching -''tni'' "to become" and -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective, respectively. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen as (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless the word is used in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==
The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

=== Idioms ===
Hwnic idioms are often long compound words that describe a specific mood or situation; ''el''- can form a multi-morpheme word by joining together items in a list. Often, this word consists of four morphemes, like four-character compounds in Chinese and Japanese. The terms about time are borrowed from English, as Hwnic time is expressed in a different way, but Hwnic is open to incorporating foreign words into its vocabulary and mixing foreign and native words. An example would be ''[[Contionary:elaurminitseknd|elaurminitseknd]]''.

== Example texts ==
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life or thoughts that frequently arise, based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.
# [[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]
# [[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Hwnic

2025-02-15T16:56:09Z

SN2rname: /* Syntax */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==
=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due to an indefinite noun phrase and the verb coming together to form a compound. Some words trigger a reordering of the sentence into VSO, like negation of multiple elements, unusual topic or focus, some temporal relationships ("before"), and reduplicated forms of verbs ("undo", "redo").

=== Noun phrase ===
Noun phrases are generally right-branching.

The demonstrative system is currently incomplete. This is one of the most important parts of Hwnic and I have been studying other systems to decide what it will look like here.

=== Verb phrase ===
Transitive and intransitive verbs work mostly like English. But each adjective can have a linking verb and a complementary verb, formed with attaching -''tni'' "to become" and -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective, respectively. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen as (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless the word is used in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==
The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

=== Idioms ===
Hwnic idioms are often long compound words that describe a specific mood or situation; ''el''- can form a multi-morpheme word by joining together items in a list. Often, this word consists of four morphemes, like four-character compounds in Chinese and Japanese. The terms about time are borrowed from English, as Hwnic time is expressed in a different way, but Hwnic is open to incorporating foreign words into its vocabulary and mixing foreign and native words. An example would be ''[[Contionary:elaurminitseknd|elaurminitseknd]]''.

== Example texts ==
{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit omi ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
interest-observe.1Sg PRES.PFV this [def.] eye REL ability appos. read.3N text-static LOC top_layer-text-move-PARTI
this-look.2Sg [REL] phone then ACC gloss MOT surroundings scroll.2Sg VOLUN.FUT}}

=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life or thoughts that frequently arise, based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.
# [[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]
# [[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Contionary:elaurminitseknd

2025-02-09T11:56:10Z

SN2rname: example sentence

== Hwnic ==
=== Etymology ===
From ''el''-, combining form of ''[[Contionary:elo|elo]]'' "and", ''aur'' "hour", ''minit'' "minute", ''seknd'' "second", literally, "hours, minutes, and seconds".

=== Noun ===
'''elaurminitseknd'''
# "all the time in this world", a very long wait; slow progress that makes one impatient; development hell.

''Tom ni emketsi⋅boq el⋅aur⋅minit⋅seknd rin ldode''

"It often takes forever for Tom to finish his assignment."

[[Category:Hwnic nouns]] [[Category:Hwnic words]]

Hwnic/For the Future

2025-02-09T11:48:01Z

SN2rname:

{{Hwnic text
|title=Testing
|hwnic=Abnd aboqn asdad amel asdop
bateu borosu u boro biqnfnd
cist cyi carsapi cozod
xubem dnsmib data dinu
|en=The beginning line awards the services flamboyantly.
The ridiculous line segment annoys the prose.
Then the programmed quietude knew:
this is the local data exit.
|gloss=beginning text_line award.3N service conspicuous.Z
line_segment ridiculous ACC prose noise-make.3N
then quietude program know.3N
(quote) exit data local
}}

== Glossing and translation ==
<pre>
[I wrote this text in the interlinear gloss. Hwnic text will be added shortly.]

indef. spider ACC fractal-translucent appos. complex_web-infinite spin.3N PRES.CONT
-
cross-section GEN water-opaque LOC suspending-headspace hang.3N
REL wheels-neon ACC trend ride.PRES.IPFV (appos.) downturn economy
gun-electron REL purpose-diffraction-make LOC face-some
LOC front_side-sky LOC.this birds TEM during-flight rot_away.3N
dine.1Pl PST.FREQ LOC boundary district LOC interior rim-outer-glass GEN bladed_weapon-to_be-fused
TEM past-that gate-painted_over LOC homeless_man night-day-night-verb.3Sg
TEM past-that REL memories-childhood business-small this def. city forget.3N PST.PFV
arena plastic MOT point-this cctv_cameras-fervent trace.3N
pain-meaningless ABL the brain
music unsophisticated ACC scream-death drown_out.3N
eyes-shut.1Sg then reflect_mentally.1Sg PRES.IPFV appos. one two three

A spider endlessly spins a fractalic web
in the ?? late-autumn warmth waiting for the first winter storm.
The cross-section of ?? water hang above;
here I [together with many others], on wheels of neon, ride the trend of economic downturn
clutching an electron gun to make a diffraction of someone's face.
Against the sky where birds rot away mid-flight,
we used to dine at the end of the waves, inside walls of fused blades.
Before that it [this place] was a painted-over gate where a homeless man spent his days and nights,
and before that relaxed eateries [I remember] from my childhood, but once they closed the city forgot about them.
All the fervent surveillence cameras turn to one point now in the plastic arena;
under the old sun, pain has no significance outside the brain.
As easy music drowns out the dying wailing around me,
I shut my mass-produced eyes and connect the dots: one, two, three.

[1] I wrote this text to show how a language designed to be precise can be made blurry. I think (and hope) I don't have the ability to predict the future.
[2] The electron emitter used in diffraction demonstrations
</pre>

Hwnic/For the Future

2025-02-09T11:34:32Z

SN2rname: a language designed to be precise can have blurry sentences

== Glossing and translation ==
<pre>
[I wrote this text in the interlinear gloss. Hwnic text will be added shortly.]

indef. spider ACC fractal-translucent appos. complex_web-infinite spin.3N PRES.CONT
-
cross-section GEN water-opaque LOC suspending-headspace hang.3N
REL wheels-neon ACC trend ride.PRES.IPFV (appos.) downturn economy
gun-electron REL purpose-diffraction-make LOC face-some
LOC front_side-sky LOC.this birds TEM during-flight rot_away.3N
dine.1Pl PST.FREQ LOC boundary district LOC interior rim-outer-glass GEN bladed_weapon-to_be-fused
TEM past-that gate-painted_over LOC homeless_man night-day-night-verb.3Sg
TEM past-that REL memories-childhood business-small this def. city forget.3N PST.PFV
arena plastic MOT point-this cctv_cameras-fervent trace.3N
pain-meaningless ABL the brain
music unsophisticated ACC scream-death drown_out.3N
eyes-shut.1Sg then reflect_mentally.1Sg PRES.IPFV appos. one two three

A spider endlessly spins a fractalic web
in the ?? late-autumn warmth waiting for the first winter storm.
The cross-section of ?? water hang above;
here I [together with many others], on wheels of neon, ride the trend of economic downturn
clutching an electron gun to make a diffraction of someone's face.
Against the sky where birds rot away mid-flight,
we used to dine at the end of the waves, inside walls of fused blades.
Before that it [this place] was a painted-over gate where a homeless man spent his days and nights,
and before that relaxed eateries [I remember] from my childhood, but once they closed the city forgot about them.
All the fervent surveillence cameras turn to one point now in the plastic arena;
under the old sun, pain has no significance outside the brain.
As easy music drowns out the dying wailing around me,
I shut my mass-produced eyes and connect the dots: one, two, three.

[1] I wrote this text to show how a language designed to be precise can be made blurry. I think (and hope) I don't have the ability to predict the future.
[2] The electron emitter used in diffraction demonstrations
</pre>

Contionary:elaurminitseknd

2025-02-08T15:54:35Z

SN2rname: will add examples tomorrow

== Hwnic ==
=== Etymology ===
From ''el''-, combining form of ''[[Contionary:elo|elo]]'' "and", ''aur'' "hour", ''minit'' "minute", ''seknd'' "second", literally, "hours, minutes, and seconds".

=== Noun ===
'''elaurminitseknd'''
# "all the time in this world", a very long wait; slow progress that makes one impatient; development hell.

"It takes forever for Tom to finish his assignment."

"The movie has been in development hell for two years."

Hwnic

2025-02-08T15:51:47Z

SN2rname: /* Syntax */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==
=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due to an indefinite noun phrase and the verb coming together to form a compound. Some words trigger a reordering of the sentence into VSO, like negation of multiple elements, unusual topic or focus, some temporal relationships ("before"), and reduplicated forms of verbs ("undo", "redo").

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===
Transitive and intransitive verbs work mostly like English. But each adjective can have a linking verb and a complementary verb, formed with attaching -''tni'' "to become" and -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective, respectively. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen as (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless the word is used in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==
The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

=== Idioms ===
Hwnic idioms are often long compound words that describe a specific mood or situation; ''el''- can form a multi-morpheme word by joining together items in a list. Often, this word consists of four morphemes, like four-character compounds in Chinese and Japanese. The terms about time are borrowed from English, as Hwnic time is expressed in a different way, but Hwnic is open to incorporating foreign words into its vocabulary and mixing foreign and native words. An example would be ''[[Contionary:elaurminitseknd|elaurminitseknd]]''.

== Example texts ==
{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit omi ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
interest-observe.1Sg PRES.PFV this [def.] eye REL ability appos. read.3N text-static LOC top_layer-text-move-PARTI
this-look.2Sg [REL] phone then ACC gloss MOT surroundings scroll.2Sg VOLUN.FUT}}

=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life or thoughts that frequently arise, based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.
# [[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]
# [[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Hwnic

2025-02-08T15:48:14Z

SN2rname: /* Example texts */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due object that is an indefinite noun phrase and the verb coming together to form a compound. Some words trigger a reordering of the sentence into VSO. Negation of multiple elements is most likely to cause this, followed by topic and focus on the topic, some temporal relationships ("before"), and verbs in reduplicated forms.

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===
There are transitive and intransitive verbs, but linking verbs are formed with attaching either -''tni'' "to become" or -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen aa (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless the word is used in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==
The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

=== Idioms ===
Hwnic idioms are often long compound words that describe a specific mood or situation; ''el''- can form a multi-morpheme word by joining together items in a list. Often, this word consists of four morphemes, like four-character compounds in Chinese and Japanese. The terms about time are borrowed from English, as Hwnic time is expressed in a different way, but Hwnic is open to incorporating foreign words into its vocabulary and mixing foreign and native words. An example would be ''[[Contionary:elaurminitseknd|elaurminitseknd]]''.

== Example texts ==
{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit omi ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
interest-observe.1Sg PRES.PFV this [def.] eye REL ability appos. read.3N text-static LOC top_layer-text-move-PARTI
this-look.2Sg [REL] phone then ACC gloss MOT surroundings scroll.2Sg VOLUN.FUT}}

=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life or thoughts that frequently arise, based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.
# [[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]
# [[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Hwnic

2025-02-08T15:40:59Z

SN2rname: /* Lexicon */idioms

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due object that is an indefinite noun phrase and the verb coming together to form a compound. Some words trigger a reordering of the sentence into VSO. Negation of multiple elements is most likely to cause this, followed by topic and focus on the topic, some temporal relationships ("before"), and verbs in reduplicated forms.

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===
There are transitive and intransitive verbs, but linking verbs are formed with attaching either -''tni'' "to become" or -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen aa (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless the word is used in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==
The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

=== Idioms ===
Hwnic idioms are often long compound words that describe a specific mood or situation; ''el''- can form a multi-morpheme word by joining together items in a list. Often, this word consists of four morphemes, like four-character compounds in Chinese and Japanese. The terms about time are borrowed from English, as Hwnic time is expressed in a different way, but Hwnic is open to incorporating foreign words into its vocabulary and mixing foreign and native words. An example would be ''[[Contionary:elaurminitseknd|elaurminitseknd]]''.

== Example texts ==
{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit opl ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
-
-}}
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

[[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Hugwis mental models

2025-02-07T12:27:50Z

SN2rname: /* "Processing" */replace 'departure' with 'localization' in example

:''This article won't be updated very frequently, but I'm working on it and intend to come back to it later. Hence, it is my wish that this article be kept. Thank you. (2025)''

The '''Hugwis mental models''' (HOOG-wiss) is the underlying conceptual structure uniting all conlangs made by [[User:SN2rname|SN2]]. ''Hugwis'' is an acronym of all the conlangs I have planned.

== Background ==
The underlying assumptions behind Hugwis are (a) an ''a priori'' conlang that is made from scratch reflects how the creator organizes and categorizes concepts mentally, (b) I can gain understanding of my own mental model by using itself to study itself, and (c) this mental model is relatively stable over time.

Since I was a kid, the way I speak has often confused people, even when I was trying to be normal. I have often felt a need to make up new words, to describe things better or just for fun. When I was a teenager I started to make up my own syntax too, like *"the flickering property of the lights" for "the lights keep flickering", or "than better one" for "better than the other". In time, I started to realize I organize concepts in a peculiar fashion, and I spent some time seeking the reason why.

One's way of modeling the world is mostly innate, with in-born constructs like objects, concepts, and actions. This intuitive process is then modified by what one learns later in life, including languages and scientific theories. In my case, the (very introductory) materials on logical fallacies, graph theory, and number theory I read on the Internet has likely influenced Hugwis.

The principles of Hugwis are redundancy, abstraction, systemization, chaos/ambiguity, preservation of detail, and flexibility/extensibility.

== "Structs" ==
=== Basic structure ===
The basic unit of Hugwis is the ''concept''. Information stored in the brain is thought to be encoded in a highly interconnected, mostly directional graph of concepts, and each concept is a node that links to other nodes.
A concept may be simple, like the built-in concrete nouns, counting numbers, or complex, with its own tree structure.
There are several types of attributes a complex concept hold:
* DEFAULT (usually hidden), list of concepts that link to and link from the current one;
* CORE attributes define the concept;
* EVAL attributes are evaluated from other attributes of the same concept;
* An attribute may have the value of (null), or nothing. The (null) indicates information that has been forgotten. The nothing is in predicates like "nothing can go faster than light", and is just an ordinary abstract concept that I intuitively understand, and need not be described with words. Here, the nothing ''does'' noth.

In the earliest iteration, a complex concept was described as a C-style struct. (I once fantasized about simulating my mind on my laptop.) Now, it is described with a formal grammar, and I may make a template to present them here with more ease.

=== Numbers ===
concept int, OR n_components (int), components[ digits[] ], (outgoing links: cultural meanings, error/status codes, and the like)

Consistent with existing research, Hugwis has a distinction between non-symbolic numerals, like "two" in "two apples", and symbolic numerals, like π or -3250. In numerical operations, numbers are seen as purely conceptual tokens that can be manipulated based on conventions/rules, which these rules are designed to describe features of the Universe, and are not arbitrary.

The two forms of certain numerals is linked to the non-symbolic/symbolic distinction. The number 20 is usually considered symbolic, since I can't glance at an unordered collection of 20 objects and derive the numeral immediately, but then an ordered array of 4-by-5 objects is non-symbolic. The first form is ''xoqukul'' "two_digits-two-zero", and the second form is ''cestogis'' "four-times-five".

=== WordAlphabet ===
length_estimate, morpheme_first, morpheme_last, components[], language_origin

In Hugwis, the most prominent feature of a word is its length: 1-2 very short; 3-4 short; 5-8 medium; 9-16 long; 17+ very long (inclusive). This is because when I try to recall an unfamiliar word, the first information I retrieve is often this estimate of its length.

Consistent with existing research, my brain may assign extra importance for the first and last elements in a list. I sometimes misspell words by switching two letters in the middle (metathesis), like *"hazadrous" and *"revelant", and at one time I often forgot trisyllabic laxing, like *"maintainance" and *"exclaimation", although I seldom misremember the start and end, even with silent letters like "ptosis" and "choux". In Hwnic, the existence of circumfixes is based on this focus on start and end.

As a rule, when thinking about a word, I typically do not attempt to split the entire word into individual morphemes: "uninformed" is "un-" + "informed", and "interest" is even encoded as a single component.

=== Action ===
agent, action, patient, properties[], ..., is_reflexive, is_agent_unknown, is_patient_unknown

Isn't "is ... unknown" an anti-pattern? In programming this may be true, but as a rule, boolean values in Hugwis default to false, and the attributes get a negation in the names.

The passive voice in Hugwis is simply an action with is_agent_unknown = true, so my conlangs often lack a separate passive voice.
It's true is_reflexive seems redundant here, because a reflexive action can be represented by setting the agent and patient to the same, but this additional property may be an artifact introduced by language, namely the reflexive prefix like "self-".

== "Processing" ==
=== Visual processing (not mapped) ===
Edge-detect and intersection-detect.

When viewing a flow chart, the nodes (intersections) are most important. With a map, I see intersections rather than roads and alleys. This is useful in many ways, because interesting places are often found at intersections, and I could better memorize roads which do not allow pedestrians to cross. Sometimes this impedes learning, as focusing on nodes can make me lose sight of shapes.

After using Bézier curves for animation and font-making, I even started to see some curved shapes as quadratic Bézier splines, though I can't yet work out waypoints for a random squiggle by a glance yet.

=== Concept-emotion distance ===
Words that are closely linked to certain emotions, like "death", "fight" and "localization", are processed differently. It's hard to determine how exactly so, though these words have a different "feel" to neutral nouns. I believe they are encoded to be both more intuitive and more precise, as opposed to intuitive but fuzzy words like "happy" and "sad", or precise but abstract words like "ontology" or "cyclohexane".

=== Dichotomies ===
All of my conlangs can be said to have two word classes. Even if I know many attributes of things exist on a sliding scale, I still see black and white, artificial and natural, dense and light, hard and soft, and other opposition pairs.

In Hwnic, this system is modernized to contain a "somewhere in between" and a "does not apply".

== Design choices of Hwnic ==
[[Hwnic]] is named after the "window handle" type HWND in WinAPI. (It is not related to HWN Energy acquisitions, printer models, or the surname Hwang.) It is thought to have a precise structure like a programming language, as it arose out of a desire to limit the chaos/ambiguity aspect of my thinking. However, this is not upheld at all times now.

Hugwis mental models

2025-02-07T12:20:10Z

SN2rname:

:''This article won't be updated very frequently, but I'm working on it and intend to come back to it later. Hence, it is my wish that this article be kept. Thank you. (2025)''

The '''Hugwis mental models''' (HOOG-wiss) is the underlying conceptual structure uniting all conlangs made by [[User:SN2rname|SN2]]. ''Hugwis'' is an acronym of all the conlangs I have planned.

== Background ==
The underlying assumptions behind Hugwis are (a) an ''a priori'' conlang that is made from scratch reflects how the creator organizes and categorizes concepts mentally, (b) I can gain understanding of my own mental model by using itself to study itself, and (c) this mental model is relatively stable over time.

Since I was a kid, the way I speak has often confused people, even when I was trying to be normal. I have often felt a need to make up new words, to describe things better or just for fun. When I was a teenager I started to make up my own syntax too, like *"the flickering property of the lights" for "the lights keep flickering", or "than better one" for "better than the other". In time, I started to realize I organize concepts in a peculiar fashion, and I spent some time seeking the reason why.

One's way of modeling the world is mostly innate, with in-born constructs like objects, concepts, and actions. This intuitive process is then modified by what one learns later in life, including languages and scientific theories. In my case, the (very introductory) materials on logical fallacies, graph theory, and number theory I read on the Internet has likely influenced Hugwis.

The principles of Hugwis are redundancy, abstraction, systemization, chaos/ambiguity, preservation of detail, and flexibility/extensibility.

== "Structs" ==
=== Basic structure ===
The basic unit of Hugwis is the ''concept''. Information stored in the brain is thought to be encoded in a highly interconnected, mostly directional graph of concepts, and each concept is a node that links to other nodes.
A concept may be simple, like the built-in concrete nouns, counting numbers, or complex, with its own tree structure.
There are several types of attributes a complex concept hold:
* DEFAULT (usually hidden), list of concepts that link to and link from the current one;
* CORE attributes define the concept;
* EVAL attributes are evaluated from other attributes of the same concept;
* An attribute may have the value of (null), or nothing. The (null) indicates information that has been forgotten. The nothing is in predicates like "nothing can go faster than light", and is just an ordinary abstract concept that I intuitively understand, and need not be described with words. Here, the nothing ''does'' noth.

In the earliest iteration, a complex concept was described as a C-style struct. (I once fantasized about simulating my mind on my laptop.) Now, it is described with a formal grammar, and I may make a template to present them here with more ease.

=== Numbers ===
concept int, OR n_components (int), components[ digits[] ], (outgoing links: cultural meanings, error/status codes, and the like)

Consistent with existing research, Hugwis has a distinction between non-symbolic numerals, like "two" in "two apples", and symbolic numerals, like π or -3250. In numerical operations, numbers are seen as purely conceptual tokens that can be manipulated based on conventions/rules, which these rules are designed to describe features of the Universe, and are not arbitrary.

The two forms of certain numerals is linked to the non-symbolic/symbolic distinction. The number 20 is usually considered symbolic, since I can't glance at an unordered collection of 20 objects and derive the numeral immediately, but then an ordered array of 4-by-5 objects is non-symbolic. The first form is ''xoqukul'' "two_digits-two-zero", and the second form is ''cestogis'' "four-times-five".

=== WordAlphabet ===
length_estimate, morpheme_first, morpheme_last, components[], language_origin

In Hugwis, the most prominent feature of a word is its length: 1-2 very short; 3-4 short; 5-8 medium; 9-16 long; 17+ very long (inclusive). This is because when I try to recall an unfamiliar word, the first information I retrieve is often this estimate of its length.

Consistent with existing research, my brain may assign extra importance for the first and last elements in a list. I sometimes misspell words by switching two letters in the middle (metathesis), like *"hazadrous" and *"revelant", and at one time I often forgot trisyllabic laxing, like *"maintainance" and *"exclaimation", although I seldom misremember the start and end, even with silent letters like "ptosis" and "choux". In Hwnic, the existence of circumfixes is based on this focus on start and end.

As a rule, when thinking about a word, I typically do not attempt to split the entire word into individual morphemes: "uninformed" is "un-" + "informed", and "interest" is even encoded as a single component.

=== Action ===
agent, action, patient, properties[], ..., is_reflexive, is_agent_unknown, is_patient_unknown

Isn't "is ... unknown" an anti-pattern? In programming this may be true, but as a rule, boolean values in Hugwis default to false, and the attributes get a negation in the names.

The passive voice in Hugwis is simply an action with is_agent_unknown = true, so my conlangs often lack a separate passive voice.
It's true is_reflexive seems redundant here, because a reflexive action can be represented by setting the agent and patient to the same, but this additional property may be an artifact introduced by language, namely the reflexive prefix like "self-".

== "Processing" ==
=== Visual processing (not mapped) ===
Edge-detect and intersection-detect.

When viewing a flow chart, the nodes (intersections) are most important. With a map, I see intersections rather than roads and alleys. This is useful in many ways, because interesting places are often found at intersections, and I could better memorize roads which do not allow pedestrians to cross. Sometimes this impedes learning, as focusing on nodes can make me lose sight of shapes.

After using Bézier curves for animation and font-making, I even started to see some curved shapes as quadratic Bézier splines, though I can't yet work out waypoints for a random squiggle by a glance yet.

=== Concept-emotion distance ===
Words that are closely linked to certain emotions, like "death", "fight" and "departure", are processed differently. It's hard to determine how exactly so, though these words have a different "feel" to neutral nouns. I believe they are encoded to be both more intuitive and more precise, as opposed to intuitive but fuzzy words like "happy" and "sad", or precise but abstract words like "ontology" or "cyclohexane".

=== Dichotomies ===
All of my conlangs can be said to have two word classes. Even if I know many attributes of things exist on a sliding scale, I still see black and white, artificial and natural, dense and light, hard and soft, and other opposition pairs.

In Hwnic, this system is modernized to contain a "somewhere in between" and a "does not apply".

== Design choices of Hwnic ==
[[Hwnic]] is named after the "window handle" type HWND in WinAPI. (It is not related to HWN Energy acquisitions, printer models, or the surname Hwang.) It is thought to have a precise structure like a programming language, as it arose out of a desire to limit the chaos/ambiguity aspect of my thinking. However, this is not upheld at all times now.

Hugwis mental models

2025-02-07T12:09:54Z

SN2rname: /* "Processing" */

:''This article won't be updated very frequently, but I'm working on it and intend to come back to it later. Hence, it is my wish that this article be kept. Thank you''

The '''Hugwis mental models''' (HOOG-wiss) is the underlying conceptual structure uniting all conlangs made by [[User:SN2rname|SN2]]. ''Hugwis'' is an acronym of all the conlangs I have planned, none of which is complete yet.

== Background ==
The underlying assumptions behind Hugwis are (a) an ''a priori'' conlang that is made from scratch reflects how the creator organizes and categorizes concepts mentally, (b) I can gain understanding of my own mental model by using itself to study itself, and (c) this mental model is relatively stable over time.

Since I was a kid, the way I speak has often confused people, even when I was trying to be normal. I have often felt a need to make up new words, to describe things better or just for fun. When I was a teenager I started to make up my own syntax too, like *"the flickering property of the lights" for "the lights keep flickering", or "than better one" for "better than the other". In time, I started to realize I organize concepts in a peculiar fashion, and I spent some time seeking the reason why.

One's way of modeling the world is mostly innate, with in-born constructs like objects, concepts, and actions. This intuitive process is then modified by what one learns later in life, including languages and scientific theories. In my case, the (very introductory) materials on logical fallacies, graph theory, and number theory I read on the Internet has likely influenced Hugwis.

The principles of Hugwis are redundancy, abstraction, systemization, chaos/ambiguity, preservation of detail, and flexibility/extensibility.

== "Structs" ==
=== Basic structure ===
The basic unit of Hugwis is the ''concept''. Information stored in the brain is thought to be encoded in a highly interconnected, mostly directional graph of concepts, and each concept is a node that links to other nodes.
A concept may be simple, like the built-in concrete nouns, counting numbers, or complex, with its own tree structure.
There are several types of attributes a complex concept hold:
* DEFAULT (usually hidden), list of concepts that link to and link from the current one;
* CORE attributes define the concept;
* EVAL attributes are evaluated from other attributes of the same concept;
* An attribute may have the value of (null), or nothing. The (null) indicates information that has been forgotten. The nothing is in predicates like "nothing can go faster than light", and is just an ordinary abstract concept that I intuitively understand, and need not be described with words. Here, the nothing ''does'' noth.

In the earliest iteration, a complex concept was described as a C-style struct. (I once fantasized about simulating my mind on my laptop.) Now, it is described with a formal grammar, and I may make a template to present them here with more ease.

=== Numbers ===
concept int, OR n_components (int), components[ digits[] ], (outgoing links: cultural meanings, error/status codes, and the like)

Consistent with existing research, Hugwis has a distinction between non-symbolic numerals, like "two" in "two apples", and symbolic numerals, like π or -3250. In numerical operations, numbers are seen as purely conceptual tokens that can be manipulated based on conventions/rules, which these rules are designed to describe features of the Universe, and are not arbitrary.

The two forms of certain numerals is linked to the non-symbolic/symbolic distinction. The number 20 is usually considered symbolic, since I can't glance at an unordered collection of 20 objects and derive the numeral immediately, but then an ordered array of 4-by-5 objects is non-symbolic. The first form is ''xoqukul'' "two_digits-two-zero", and the second form is ''cestogis'' "four-times-five".

=== WordAlphabet ===
length_estimate, morpheme_first, morpheme_last, components[], language_origin

In Hugwis, the most prominent feature of a word is its length: 1-2 very short; 3-4 short; 5-8 medium; 9-16 long; 17+ very long (inclusive). This is because when I try to recall an unfamiliar word, the first information I retrieve is often this estimate of its length.

Consistent with existing research, my brain may assign extra importance for the first and last elements in a list. I sometimes misspell words by switching two letters in the middle (metathesis), like *"hazadrous" and *"revelant", and at one time I often forgot trisyllabic laxing, like *"maintainance" and *"exclaimation", although I seldom misremember the start and end, even with silent letters like "ptosis" and "choux". In Hwnic, the existence of circumfixes is based on this focus on start and end.

As a rule, when thinking about a word, I typically do not attempt to split the entire word into individual morphemes: "uninformed" is "un-" + "informed", and "interest" is even encoded as a single component.

=== Action ===
agent, action, patient, properties[], ..., is_reflexive, is_agent_unknown, is_patient_unknown

Isn't "is ... unknown" an anti-pattern? In programming this may be true, but as a rule, boolean values in Hugwis default to false, and the attributes get a negation in the names.

The passive voice in Hugwis is simply an action with is_agent_unknown = true, so my conlangs often lack a separate passive voice.
It's true is_reflexive seems redundant here, because a reflexive action can be represented by setting the agent and patient to the same, but this additional property may be an artifact introduced by language, namely the reflexive prefix like "self-".

=== Visual processing (not mapped) ===
Edge-detect and intersection-detect.

When viewing a flow chart, the nodes (intersections) are most important. With a map, I see intersections rather than roads and alleys. This is useful in many ways, because interesting places are often found at intersections, and I could better memorize roads which do not allow pedestrians to cross. Sometimes this impedes learning, as focusing on nodes can make me lose sight of shapes.

After using Bézier curves for animation and font-making, some curved shapes are even represented as quadratic Bézier splines.

== "Processing" ==
=== Concept-emotion distance ===
Words that are closely linked to certain emotions, like "death", "fight" and "departure", are processed differently. It's hard to determine how exactly, although these words have a different "feel" to neutral nouns. I believe they are more intuitive but also more precise, as opposed to "fuzzy" worsd like "happy" and "sad".

=== Dichotomies ===
All of my conlangs can be said to have two word classes. Even if I know many attributes of things exist on a sliding scale, I still see black and white, artificial and natural, dense and light, hard and soft, and other opposition pairs. In Hwnic, this system is modernized to contain a "somewhere in between" and a "does not apply".

== Design choices of Hwnic ==
[[Hwnic]] is named after the "window handle" type HWND in WinAPI. (It is not related to HWN Energy acquisitions, printer models, or the surname Hwang.) It is thought to have a precise structure like a programming language, as it arose out of a desire to limit the chaos/ambiguity aspect of my thinking. However, this is not upheld at all times now.

* agglutinative, but limiting the stacking of affixes
* Capital sigma sum, e.g. value 1, value 2, ..., value n. duplicative, sequential, or recursive
* conjunctions such as ''elo''
* READ DATA formalism (mapping): If it {sunny, rain, snow} tomorrow, I'll {go to the park, go to the seaside, stay at home}
* reduplication, doubling letter to show morpheme boundary, from ubosvi, mernc, rnsoc /z/
* mxa - mxu: see - sleep

Hwnic

2025-02-06T09:43:29Z

SN2rname: /* Syntax */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due object that is an indefinite noun phrase and the verb coming together to form a compound. Some words trigger a reordering of the sentence into VSO. Negation of multiple elements is most likely to cause this, followed by topic and focus on the topic, some temporal relationships ("before"), and verbs in reduplicated forms.

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===
There are transitive and intransitive verbs, but linking verbs are formed with attaching either -''tni'' "to become" or -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen aa (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless the word is used in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==
{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit opl ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
-
-}}
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

[[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Hwnic

2025-02-06T09:29:15Z

SN2rname: /* Syntax */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===
Word order is SOV, although sentences frequently appear as OV due to pro-drop, or SV due the object and verb coming together to form a compound. A few constructs have a VSO form.

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===
There are transitive and intransitive verbs, but linking verbs are formed with attaching either -''tni'' "to become" or -''sdi'' "to remain" to an adjective. Transitive verbs can be used without an object, where the object of that verb is seen aa (null), with a number of possible interpretations. Intransitive verbs usually cannot be used with an object (unless in a different sense with a transitive meaning).

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==
{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit opl ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
-
-}}
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

[[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Template:Hwnic text

2025-02-06T09:16:16Z

SN2rname:

{{Hwnic text header}}

== ''{{{title|Untitled}}}'' ==
<p style="white-space:pre;">{{{hwnic}}}</p>
<p style="white-space:pre;">{{{en}}}</p>{{#if:{{{notes|}}}|
<p style="white-space:pre;">{{{notes}}}</p>}}

== Glossing ==
<div style="display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap;">
<p style="white-space:pre; margin:10px; width:45%;">{{{hwnic}}}</p>
<p style="white-space:pre; margin:10px; width:fit-content; overflow:auto;">{{{gloss}}}</p>
</div><noinclude>

Documentation: Format a Hwnic text, an English translation, and a glossing using flexboxes with white-space:pre. The glossing is usually longer than the text and thus requires overflow:auto. Valid parameters are: title; hwnic; en; notes; gloss.
[[Category:Templates]]
</noinclude>

Hwnic

2025-02-03T11:12:06Z

SN2rname: /* Morphology */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is a distinction among voluntary actions, involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence".

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==
{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit opl ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
-
-}}
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

[[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Hwnic

2025-02-03T10:53:40Z

SN2rname: /* Example texts */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is VOL for voluntary actions, INVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, NONVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and NOWILL for events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence". With people, the last form is preferred because the previous two forms indicate a potential value judgment.

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==
{{Hwnic text
|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu
Casrumtag lsvi rit opl ti mvinos v bdoz xadndu nr xanxadunozor
Gidmxav fone cist u Gloss ge cezin razav kyzon
|en=Detect the long long long long line
I found something interesting: the eye can read static text that overlaps moving text.
Try viewing this page on [your] phone and scrolling the gloss around.
|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long
-
-}}
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

[[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Hwnic

2025-02-03T10:39:11Z

SN2rname: /* Example texts */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is VOL for voluntary actions, INVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, NONVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and NOWILL for events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence". With people, the last form is preferred because the previous two forms indicate a potential value judgment.

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==
{{Hwnic text|hwnic=Mormez lsvo islojunujunujunujunu|en=Detect the long long long long line|gloss=detect.3I PST.PFV line-long-long-long-long}}
=== Babel text ===
''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

[[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Template:Hwnic text

2025-02-03T10:34:01Z

SN2rname:

{{Hwnic text header}}

== ''{{{title|Untitled}}}'' ==
<p style="white-space:pre;">{{{hwnic}}}</p>{{#if:{{{en|}}}|<p style="white-space:pre;">{{{en}}}</p>}}{{#if:{{{notes|}}}|<div style="white-space:pre;">{{{notes}}}</div>}}

== Glossing ==
<div style="display:flex;">
<p style="white-space:pre; margin:10px; width:50%;">{{{hwnic}}}</p>
<p style="white-space:pre; margin:10px; width:fit-content; overflow:auto;">{{{gloss}}}</p>
</div><noinclude>

Documentation: Format a Hwnic text, an English translation, and a glossing using flexboxes with white-space:pre. Valid parameters are: title; hwnic; en; notes; gloss.
[[Category:Templates]]
</noinclude>

Template:Hwnic text

2025-02-03T10:30:10Z

SN2rname: template to auto-format Hwnic text

{{Hwnic text header}}

== ''{{{title|Untitled}}}'' ==
<p style="white-space:pre;">{{{hwnic}}}</p>
{{#if:{{{en|}}}|<p style="white-space:pre;">{{{en}}}</p>}}
{{#if:{{{notes|}}}|<div style="white-space:pre;">{{{notes}}}</div>}}

== Glossing ==
<div style="display:flex;">
<p style="white-space:pre; margin:10px; width:50%;">{{{hwnic}}}</p>
<p style="white-space:pre; margin:10px; width:fit-content; overflow:auto;">{{{gloss}}}</p>
</div><noinclude>

Documentation: Format
[[Category:Templates]]
</noinclude>

Hugwis mental models

2025-01-31T22:46:10Z

SN2rname: /* Background */

:''This article won't be updated very frequently, but I'm working on it and intend to come back to it later. Hence, it is my wish that this article be kept. Thank you''

The '''Hugwis mental models''' (HOOG-wiss) is the underlying conceptual structure uniting all conlangs made by [[User:SN2rname|SN2]]. ''Hugwis'' is an acronym of all the conlangs I have planned, none of which is complete yet.

== Background ==
The underlying assumptions behind Hugwis are (a) an ''a priori'' conlang that is made from scratch reflects how the creator organizes and categorizes concepts mentally, (b) I can gain understanding of my own mental model by using itself to study itself, and (c) this mental model is relatively stable over time.

Since I was a kid, the way I speak has often confused people, even when I was trying to be normal. I have often felt a need to make up new words, to describe things better or just for fun. When I was a teenager I started to make up my own syntax too, like *"the flickering property of the lights" for "the lights keep flickering", or "than better one" for "better than the other". In time, I started to realize I organize concepts in a peculiar fashion, and I spent some time seeking the reason why.

One's way of modeling the world is mostly innate, with in-born constructs like objects, concepts, and actions. This intuitive process is then modified by what one learns later in life, including languages and scientific theories. In my case, the (very introductory) materials on logical fallacies, graph theory, and number theory I read on the Internet has likely influenced Hugwis.

The principles of Hugwis are redundancy, abstraction, systemization, chaos/ambiguity, preservation of detail, and flexibility/extensibility.

== "Structs" ==
=== Basic structure ===
The basic unit of Hugwis is the ''concept''. Information stored in the brain is thought to be encoded in a highly interconnected, mostly directional graph of concepts, and each concept is a node that links to other nodes.
A concept may be simple, like the built-in concrete nouns, counting numbers, or complex, with its own tree structure.
There are several types of attributes a complex concept hold:
* DEFAULT (usually hidden), list of concepts that link to and link from the current one;
* CORE attributes define the concept;
* EVAL attributes are evaluated from other attributes of the same concept;
* An attribute may have the value of (null), or nothing. The (null) indicates information that has been forgotten. The nothing is in predicates like "nothing can go faster than light", and is just an ordinary abstract concept that I intuitively understand, and need not be described with words. Here, the nothing ''does'' noth.

In the earliest iteration, a complex concept was described as a C-style struct. (I once fantasized about simulating my mind on my laptop.) Now, it is described with a formal grammar, and I may make a template to present them here with more ease.

=== Numbers ===
concept int, OR n_components (int), components[ digits[] ], (outgoing links: cultural meanings, error/status codes, and the like)

Consistent with existing research, Hugwis has a distinction between non-symbolic numerals, like "two" in "two apples", and symbolic numerals, like π or -3250. In numerical operations, numbers are seen as purely conceptual tokens that can be manipulated based on conventions/rules, which these rules are designed to describe features of the Universe, and are not arbitrary.

The two forms of certain numerals is linked to the non-symbolic/symbolic distinction. The number 20 is usually considered symbolic, since I can't glance at an unordered collection of 20 objects and derive the numeral immediately, but then an ordered array of 4-by-5 objects is non-symbolic. The first form is ''xoqukul'' "two_digits-two-zero", and the second form is ''cestogis'' "four-times-five".

=== WordAlphabet ===
length_estimate, morpheme_first, morpheme_last, components[], language_origin

In Hugwis, the most prominent feature of a word is its length: 1-2 very short; 3-4 short; 5-8 medium; 9-16 long; 17+ very long (inclusive). This is because when I try to recall an unfamiliar word, the first information I retrieve is often this estimate of its length.

Consistent with existing research, my brain may assign extra importance for the first and last elements in a list. I sometimes misspell words by switching two letters in the middle (metathesis), like *"hazadrous" and *"revelant", and at one time I often forgot trisyllabic laxing, like *"maintainance" and *"exclaimation", although I seldom misremember the start and end, even with silent letters like "ptosis" and "choux". In Hwnic, the existence of circumfixes is based on this focus on start and end.

As a rule, when thinking about a word, I typically do not attempt to split the entire word into individual morphemes: "uninformed" is "un-" + "informed", and "interest" is even encoded as a single component.

=== Action ===
agent, action, patient, properties[], ..., is_reflexive, is_agent_unknown, is_patient_unknown

Isn't "is ... unknown" an anti-pattern? In programming this may be true, but as a rule, boolean values in Hugwis default to false, and the attributes get a negation in the names.

The passive voice in Hugwis is simply an action with is_agent_unknown = true, so my conlangs often lack a separate passive voice.
It's true is_reflexive seems redundant here, because a reflexive action can be represented by setting the agent and patient to the same, but this additional property may be an artifact introduced by language, namely the reflexive prefix like "self-".

=== Visual processing (not mapped) ===
Edge-detect and intersection-detect.

When viewing a flow chart, the nodes (intersections) are most important. With a map, I see intersections rather than roads and alleys. This is useful in many ways, because interesting places are often found at intersections, and I could better memorize roads which do not allow pedestrians to cross. Sometimes this impedes learning, as focusing on nodes can make me lose sight of shapes.

After using Bézier curves for animation and font-making, some curved shapes are even represented as quadratic Bézier splines.

== Design choices of Hwnic ==

[[Hwnic]] is named after the "window handle" type HWND in WinAPI. (It is not related to HWN Energy acquisitions, printer models, or the surname Hwang.) It is thought to have a precise structure like a programming language, as it arose out of a desire to limit the chaos/ambiguity aspect of my thinking. However, this is not upheld at all times now.

* agglutinative, but limiting the stacking of affixes
* Capital sigma sum, e.g. value 1, value 2, ..., value n. duplicative, sequential, or recursive
* conjunctions such as ''elo''
* READ DATA formalism (mapping): If it {sunny, rain, snow} tomorrow, I'll {go to the park, go to the seaside, stay at home}
* reduplication, doubling letter to show morpheme boundary, from ubosvi, mernc, rnsoc /z/
* mxa - mxu: see - sleep

Hugwis mental models

2025-01-31T22:40:22Z

SN2rname: /* Theory and background */

:''This article won't be updated very frequently, but I'm working on it and intend to come back to it later. Hence, it is my wish that this article be kept. Thank you''

The '''Hugwis mental models''' (HOOG-wiss) is the underlying conceptual structure uniting all conlangs made by [[User:SN2rname|SN2]]. ''Hugwis'' is an acronym of all the conlangs I have planned, none of which is complete yet.

== Theory and background ==
The underlying assumptions behind Hugwis are (a) an ''a priori'' conlang that is made from scratch reflects how the creator organizes and categorizes concepts mentally, (b) I can gain understanding of my own mental model by using itself to study itself, and (c) this mental model is relatively stable over time.

Since I was a kid, the way I speak has often confused people, even when I was trying to be normal. I have often felt a need to make up new words, to describe things better or just for fun. When I was a teenager I started to make up my own syntax too, like *"the flickering property of the lights" for "the lights keep flickering", or "than better one" for "better than the other". In time, I started to realize I organize concepts in a peculiar fashion, and I spent some time seeking the reason why.

One's way of modeling the world is mostly innate, with in-born constructs like objects, concepts, and actions. This intuitive process is then modified by what one learns later in life, including languages and scientific theories. In my case, the (very introductory) materials on logical fallacies, graph theory, and number theory I read on the Internet has likely influenced Hugwis.

The principles of Hugwis are redundancy, abstraction, systemization, chaos/ambiguity, preservation of detail, and flexibility/extensibility.

=== Basic structure ===
The basic unit of Hugwis is the ''concept''. Information stored in the brain is thought to be encoded in a highly interconnected, mostly directional graph of concepts, and each concept is a node that links to other nodes.
A concept may be simple, like the built-in concrete nouns, counting numbers, or complex, with its own tree structure.
There are several types of attributes a complex concept hold:
* DEFAULT (usually hidden), list of concepts that link to and link from the current one;
* CORE attributes define the concept;
* EVAL attributes are evaluated from other attributes of the same concept;
* An attribute may have the value of (null), or nothing. The (null) indicates information that has been forgotten. The nothing is in predicates like "nothing can go faster than light", and is just an ordinary abstract concept that I intuitively understand, and need not be described with words. Here, the nothing ''does'' noth.

In the earliest iteration, a complex concept was described as a C-style struct. (I once fantasized about simulating my mind on my laptop.) Now, it is described with a formal grammar, and I may make a template to present them here with more ease.

=== Numbers ===
concept int, OR n_components (int), components[ digits[] ], (outgoing links: cultural meanings, error/status codes, and the like)

Consistent with existing research, Hugwis has a distinction between non-symbolic numerals, like "two" in "two apples", and symbolic numerals, like π or -3250. In numerical operations, numbers are seen as purely conceptual tokens that can be manipulated based on conventions/rules, which these rules are designed to describe features of the Universe, and are not arbitrary.

The two forms of certain numerals is linked to the non-symbolic/symbolic distinction. The number 20 is usually considered symbolic, since I can't glance at an unordered collection of 20 objects and derive the numeral immediately, but then an ordered array of 4-by-5 objects is non-symbolic. The first form is ''xoqukul'' "two_digits-two-zero", and the second form is ''cestogis'' "four-times-five".

=== WordAlphabet ===
length_estimate, morpheme_first, morpheme_last, components[], language_origin

In Hugwis, the most prominent feature of a word is its length: 1-2 very short; 3-4 short; 5-8 medium; 9-16 long; 17+ very long (inclusive). This is because when I try to recall an unfamiliar word, the first information I retrieve is often this estimate of its length.

Consistent with existing research, my brain may assign extra importance for the first and last elements in a list. I sometimes misspell words by switching two letters in the middle (metathesis), like *"hazadrous" and *"revelant", and at one time I often forgot trisyllabic laxing, like *"maintainance" and *"exclaimation", although I seldom misremember the start and end, even with silent letters like "ptosis" and "choux". In Hwnic, the existence of circumfixes is based on this focus on start and end.

As a rule, when thinking about a word, I typically do not attempt to split the entire word into individual morphemes: "uninformed" is "un-" + "informed", and "interest" is even encoded as a single component.

=== Action ===
agent, action, patient, properties[], ..., is_reflexive, is_agent_unknown, is_patient_unknown

The passive voice in Hugwis is simply an action with is_agent_unknown = true, so my conlangs often lack a separate passive voice.
It's true is_reflexive seems redundant here, because a reflexive axction can be represented by setting the agent and patient to the same, but this additional property may be an artifact introduced by language, namely the reflexive prefix like "self-".

=== Visual processing ===
Edge-detect and intersection-detect.

When viewing a flow chart, the nodes (intersections) are most important. With a map, I see intersections rather than roads and alleys. This is useful in many ways, because interesting places are often found at intersections, and I could better memorize roads which do not allow pedestrians to cross. Sometimes this impedes learning, as focusing on nodes can make me lose sight of shapes.

After Bezier curves for animation and font-making, some curved shapes are even represented as quadratic Bezier splines.

== Design choices of Hwnic ==

[[Hwnic]] is named after the "window handle" type HWND in WinAPI. (It is not related to HWN Energy acquisitions, printer models, or the surname Hwang.) It is thought to have a precise structure like a programming language, as it arose out of a desire to limit the chaos/ambiguity aspect of my thinking. However, this is not upheld at all times now.

* agglutinative, but limiting the stacking of affixes
* Capital sigma sum, e.g. value 1, value 2, ..., value n. duplicative, sequential, or recursive
* conjunctions such as ''elo''
* READ DATA formalism (mapping): If it {sunny, rain, snow} tomorrow, I'll {go to the park, go to the seaside, stay at home}
* reduplication, doubling letter to show morpheme boundary, from ubosvi, mernc, rnsoc /z/
* mxa - mxu: see - sleep

Hugwis mental models

2025-01-31T22:35:46Z

SN2rname: note

:''This article won't be updated very frequently, but I'm working on it and intend to come back to it later. Hence, it is my wish that this article be kept. Thank you''

The '''Hugwis mental models''' (HOOG-wiss) is the underlying conceptual structure uniting all conlangs made by [[User:SN2rname|SN2]]. ''Hugwis'' is an acronym of all the conlangs I have planned, none of which is complete yet.

== Theory and background ==
The underlying assumptions behind Hugwis are (a) an ''a priori'' conlang that is made from scratch reflects how the creator organizes and categorizes concepts mentally, (b) I can gain understanding of my own mental model by using itself to study itself, and (c) this mental model is relatively stable over time.

Since I was a kid, the way I speak has often confused people, even when I was trying to be normal. I have often felt a need to make up new words, to describe things better or just for fun. When I was a teenager I started to make up my own syntax too, like *"the flickering property of the lights" for "the lights keep flickering", or "than better one" for "better than the other". In time, I started to realize I organize concepts in a peculiar fashion, and I spent some time seeking the reason why.

One's way of modeling the world is mostly innate, with in-born constructs like objects, concepts, and actions. This intuitive process is then modified by what one learns later in life, including languages and scientific theories. In my case, the (very introductory) materials on logical fallacies, graph theory, and number theory I read on the Internet has likely influenced Hugwis.

The principles of Hugwis are redundancy, abstraction, systemization, chaos/ambiguity, preservation of detail, and flexibility/extensibility.

=== Basic structure ===
The basic unit of Hugwis is the ''concept''. Information stored in the brain is thought to be encoded in a highly interconnected, mostly directional graph of concepts, and each concept is a node that links to other nodes.
A concept may be simple, like the built-in concrete nouns, counting numbers, or complex, with its own tree structure.
There are several types of attributes a complex concept hold:
* DEFAULT (usually hidden), list of concepts that link to and link from the current one;
* CORE attributes define the concept;
* EVAL attributes are evaluated from other attributes of the same concept;
* An attribute may have the value of (null), or nothing. The (null) indicates information that has been forgotten. The nothing is in predicates like "nothing can go faster than light", and is just an ordinary abstract concept that I intuitively understand, and need not be described with words. Here, the nothing ''does'' noth.

In the earliest iteration, a complex concept was described as a C-style struct. (I once fantasized about simulating my mind on my laptop.) Now, it is described with a formal grammar, and I may make a template to present them here with more ease.

=== Numbers ===
concept int, OR n_components (int), components[ digits[] ], (outgoing links: cultural meanings, error/status codes, and the like)

Consistent with existing research, Hugwis has a distinction between non-symbolic numerals, like "two" in "two apples", and symbolic numerals, like π or -3250. In numerical operations, numbers are seen as purely conceptual tokens that can be manipulated based on conventions/rules, which these rules are designed to describe features of the Universe, and are not arbitrary.

The two forms of certain numerals is linked to the non-symbolic/symbolic distinction. The number 20 is usually considered symbolic, since I can't glance at an unordered collection of 20 objects and derive the numeral immediately, but then an ordered array of 4-by-5 objects is non-symbolic. The first form is ''xoqukul'' "two_digits-two-zero", and the second form is ''cestogis'' "four-times-five".

=== WordAlphabet ===
length_estimate, morpheme_first, morpheme_last, components[], language_origin

In Hugwis, the most prominent feature of a word is its length: 1-2 very short; 3-4 short; 5-8 medium; 9-16 long; 17+ very long (inclusive). This is because when I try to recall an unfamiliar word, the first information I retrieve is often this estimate of its length.

As a rule, when thinking about a word, I typically do not attempt to split the entire word into individual morphemes: "uninformed" is "un-" + "informed", and "interest" is even encoded as a single component.

=== Action ===
agent, action, patient, properties[], ..., is_reflexive, is_agent_unknown, is_patient_unknown

The passive voice in Hugwis is simply an action with is_agent_unknown = true, so my conlangs often lack a separate passive voice.
It's true is_reflexive seems redundant here, because a reflexive axction can be represented by setting the agent and patient to the same, but this additional property may be an artifact introduced by language, namely the reflexive prefix like "self-".

== Design choices of Hwnic ==

[[Hwnic]] is named after the "window handle" type HWND in WinAPI. (It is not related to HWN Energy acquisitions, printer models, or the surname Hwang.) It is thought to have a precise structure like a programming language, as it arose out of a desire to limit the chaos/ambiguity aspect of my thinking. However, this is not upheld at all times now.

* agglutinative, but limiting the stacking of affixes
* Capital sigma sum, e.g. value 1, value 2, ..., value n. duplicative, sequential, or recursive
* conjunctions such as ''elo''
* READ DATA formalism (mapping): If it {sunny, rain, snow} tomorrow, I'll {go to the park, go to the seaside, stay at home}
* reduplication, doubling letter to show morpheme boundary, from ubosvi, mernc, rnsoc /z/
* mxa - mxu: see - sleep

Hwnic

2025-01-31T22:34:19Z

SN2rname: /* Example texts */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is VOL for voluntary actions, INVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, NONVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and NOWILL for events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence". With people, the last form is preferred because the previous two forms indicate a potential value judgment.

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==

=== Babel text ===

''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===

* This text has not been fully checked for consistency yet and may contain minor errors.
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

I've been writing original texts in Hwnic, in order to keep note of events in my life based directly on how the memory or thought is structured.

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

[[Hwnic/For the Future]]

Hwnic

2025-01-31T22:27:03Z

SN2rname: /* Morphology */adverbs

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (including uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is VOL for voluntary actions, INVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, NONVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and NOWILL for events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence". With people, the last form is preferred because the previous two forms indicate a potential value judgment.

=== Adverbs ===

There isn't an adverb suffix, unlike in English. An adverb applied to a verb usually takes the form of "particle + noun", sometimes fused into one word like ''nrit'' "here". An adverb applied to an adjective may take the form of a modification on that adjective, like -''[R]ui'' "well" and -''[R]ur'' "badly", where [R] is the final consonant of that word reduplicated, although this is limited to a few words. The common way of having a word act like an adverb is with a determiner that describes the branching structure of the phrase.

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==

=== Babel text ===

''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===

* This text has not been fully checked for consistency yet and may contain minor errors.
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

I've been writing other texts in Hwnic. There is a reason why I'm writing them in a new conlang and I'll explain it somewhere

Hugwis mental models

2025-01-26T09:59:37Z

SN2rname: /* Theory and background */

The '''Hugwis mental models''' (HOOG-wiss) is the underlying conceptual structure uniting all conlangs made by [[User:SN2rname|SN2]]. ''Hugwis'' is an acronym of all the conlangs I have planned, none of which is complete yet.

== Theory and background ==
The underlying assumptions behind Hugwis are (a) an ''a priori'' conlang that is made from scratch reflects how the creator organizes and categorizes concepts mentally, (b) I can gain understanding of my own mental model by using itself to study itself, and (c) this mental model is relatively stable over time.

Since I was a kid, the way I speak has often confused people, even when I was trying to be normal. I have often felt a need to make up new words, to describe things better or just for fun. When I was a teenager I started to make up my own syntax too, like *"the flickering property of the lights" for "the lights keep flickering", or "than better one" for "better than the other". In time, I started to realize I organize concepts in a peculiar fashion, and I spent some time seeking the reason why.

One's way of modeling the world is mostly innate, with in-born constructs like objects, concepts, and actions. This intuitive process is then modified by what one learns later in life, including languages and scientific theories. In my case, the (very introductory) materials on logical fallacies, graph theory, and number theory I read on the Internet has likely influenced Hugwis.

The principles of Hugwis are redundancy, abstraction, systemization, chaos/ambiguity, preservation of detail, and flexibility/extensibility.

=== Basic structure ===
The basic unit of Hugwis is the ''concept''. Information stored in the brain is thought to be encoded in a highly interconnected, mostly directional graph of concepts, and each concept is a node that links to other nodes.
A concept may be simple, like the built-in concrete nouns, counting numbers, or complex, with its own tree structure.
There are several types of attributes a complex concept hold:
* DEFAULT (usually hidden), list of concepts that link to and link from the current one;
* CORE attributes define the concept;
* EVAL attributes are evaluated from other attributes of the same concept;
* An attribute may have the value of (null), or nothing. The (null) indicates information that has been forgotten. The nothing is in predicates like "nothing can go faster than light", and is just an ordinary abstract concept that I intuitively understand, and need not be described with words. Here, the nothing ''does'' noth.

In the earliest iteration, a complex concept was described as a C-style struct. (I once fantasized about simulating my mind on my laptop.) Now, it is described with a formal grammar, and I may make a template to present them here with more ease.

=== Numbers ===
concept int, OR n_components (int), components[ digits[] ], (outgoing links: cultural meanings, error/status codes, and the like)

Consistent with existing research, Hugwis has a distinction between non-symbolic numerals, like "two" in "two apples", and symbolic numerals, like π or -3250. In numerical operations, numbers are seen as purely conceptual tokens that can be manipulated based on conventions/rules, which these rules are designed to describe features of the Universe, and are not arbitrary.

The two forms of certain numerals is linked to the non-symbolic/symbolic distinction. The number 20 is usually considered symbolic, since I can't glance at an unordered collection of 20 objects and derive the numeral immediately, but then an ordered array of 4-by-5 objects is non-symbolic. The first form is ''xoqukul'' "two_digits-two-zero", and the second form is ''cestogis'' "four-times-five".

=== WordAlphabet ===
length_estimate, morpheme_first, morpheme_last, components[], language_origin

In Hugwis, the most prominent feature of a word is its length: 1-2 very short; 3-4 short; 5-8 medium; 9-16 long; 17+ very long (inclusive). This is because when I try to recall an unfamiliar word, the first information I retrieve is often this estimate of its length.

As a rule, when thinking about a word, I typically do not attempt to split the entire word into individual morphemes: "uninformed" is "un-" + "informed", and "interest" is even encoded as a single component.

=== Action ===
agent, action, patient, properties[], ..., is_reflexive, is_agent_unknown, is_patient_unknown

The passive voice in Hugwis is simply an action with is_agent_unknown = true, so my conlangs often lack a separate passive voice.
It's true is_reflexive seems redundant here, because a reflexive axction can be represented by setting the agent and patient to the same, but this additional property may be an artifact introduced by language, namely the reflexive prefix like "self-".

== Design choices of Hwnic ==

[[Hwnic]] is named after the "window handle" type HWND in WinAPI. (It is not related to HWN Energy acquisitions, printer models, or the surname Hwang.) It is thought to have a precise structure like a programming language, as it arose out of a desire to limit the chaos/ambiguity aspect of my thinking. However, this is not upheld at all times now.

* agglutinative, but limiting the stacking of affixes
* Capital sigma sum, e.g. value 1, value 2, ..., value n. duplicative, sequential, or recursive
* conjunctions such as ''elo''
* READ DATA formalism (mapping): If it {sunny, rain, snow} tomorrow, I'll {go to the park, go to the seaside, stay at home}
* reduplication, doubling letter to show morpheme boundary, from ubosvi, mernc, rnsoc /z/
* mxa - mxu: see - sleep

Hugwis mental models

2025-01-26T09:51:02Z

SN2rname: /* Theory and background */design choices for numerals

The '''Hugwis mental models''' (HOOG-wiss) is the underlying conceptual structure uniting all conlangs made by [[User:SN2rname|SN2]]. ''Hugwis'' is an acronym of all the conlangs I have planned, none of which is complete yet.

== Theory and background ==
The underlying assumptions behind Hugwis are (a) an ''a priori'' conlang that is made from scratch reflects how the creator organizes and categorizes concepts mentally, (b) I can gain understanding of my own mental model by using itself to study itself, and (c) this mental model is relatively stable over time.

Since I was a kid, the way I speak has often confused people, even when I was trying to be normal. I have often felt a need to make up new words, to describe things better or just for fun. When I was a teenager I started to make up my own syntax too, like *"the flickering property of the lights" for "the lights keep flickering", or "than better one" for "better than the other". In time, I started to realize I organize concepts in a peculiar fashion, and I spent some time seeking the reason why.

One's way of modeling the world is mostly innate, with in-born constructs like objects, concepts, and actions. This intuitive process is then modified by what one learns later in life, including languages and scientific theories. In my case, the (very introductory) materials on logical fallacies, graph theory, and number theory I read on the Internet has likely influenced Hugwis.

The principles of Hugwis are redundancy, abstraction, systemization, chaos/ambiguity, preservation of detail, and flexibility/extensibility.

=== Basic structure ===
The basic unit of Hugwis is the ''concept''. Information stored in the brain is thought to be encoded in a highly interconnected, mostly directional graph of concepts, and each concept is a node that links to other nodes.
A concept may be simple, like the built-in concrete nouns, counting numbers, or complex, with its own tree structure.
There are several types of attributes a complex concept hold:
* DEFAULT (usually hidden), list of concepts that link to and link from the current one;
* CORE attributes define the concept;
* EVAL attributes are evaluated from other attributes of the same concept;
* An attribute may have the value of (null), or nothing. The (null) indicates information that has been forgotten. The nothing is in predicates like "nothing can go faster than light", and is just an ordinary abstract concept that I intuitively understand, and need not be described with words. Here, the nothing ''does'' noth.

In the earliest iteration, a complex concept was described as a C-style struct. (I once fantasized about simulating my mind on my laptop.) Now, it is described with a formal grammar, and I may make a template to present them here with more ease.

=== Numbers ===
concept int, OR n_components (int), components[ digits[] ], (outgoing links: cultural meanings, error/status codes, and the like)

Consistent with existing research, Hugwis has a distinction between non-symbolic numerals, like "two" in "two apples", and symbolic numerals, like π or -3250. In numerical operations, numbers are seen as purely conceptual tokens that can be manipulated based on conventions/rules, which these rules are designed to describe features of the Universe, and are not arbitrary.

The two forms of certain numerals is linked to the non-symbolic/symbolic distinction. The number 20 is usually considered symbolic, since I can't glance at an unordered collection of 20 objects and derive the numeral immediately, but then an ordered array of 4-by-5 objects is non-symbolic. The first form is ''xoqukul'' "two_digits-two-zero", and the second form is ''cestogis'' "four-times-five".

== Design choices of Hwnic ==

[[Hwnic]] is named after the "window handle" type HWND in WinAPI. (It is not related to HWN Energy acquisitions, printer models, or the surname Hwang.) It is thought to have a precise structure like a programming language, as it arose out of a desire to limit the chaos/ambiguity aspect of my thinking. However, this is not upheld at all times now.

* agglutinative, but limiting the stacking of affixes
* Capital sigma sum, e.g. value 1, value 2, ..., value n. duplicative, sequential, or recursive
* conjunctions such as ''elo''
* READ DATA formalism (mapping): If it {sunny, rain, snow} tomorrow, I'll {go to the park, go to the seaside, stay at home}
* reduplication, doubling letter to show morpheme boundary, from ubosvi, mernc, rnsoc /z/
* mxa - mxu: see - sleep

Hugwis mental models

2025-01-26T09:44:42Z

SN2rname: /* Theory and background */

Hwnic

2025-01-26T09:34:43Z

SN2rname: /* Phonology */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç, x ɣ ||
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. Additionally, ‹j› after a vowel indicates a falling pitch, which may be contrastive with neutral/low pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (such as uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is VOL for voluntary actions, INVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, NONVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and NOWILL for events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence". With people, the last form is preferred because the previous two forms indicate a potential value judgment.

=== Adverbs ===

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==

=== Babel text ===

''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===

* This text has not been fully checked for consistency yet and may contain minor errors.
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

I've been writing other texts in Hwnic. There is a reason why I'm writing them in a new conlang and I'll explain it somewhere

Hugwis mental models

2025-01-24T11:20:08Z

SN2rname: /* Theory and background */

Hugwis mental models

2025-01-24T11:10:42Z

SN2rname: /* Theory and background */

Hugwis mental models

2025-01-24T11:06:33Z

SN2rname: conceptual structure uniting all conlangs made by me

User talk:H. H. P. M. P. Cole

2025-01-23T11:11:01Z

SN2rname: reply

{| id="triangleintro" style="width:100%; background-size: 18%; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:0% 50%;" class="toccolours; width: 66%" align="center"
| style="text-align:center;" |<big><big>'''Welcome to Linguifex!'''</big>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |If you have any questions, feel free to drop me a message on my [[User talk:Sware|Talk page]] or Discord;<br/>you can join the [https://discord.gg/Q425AeNxtj Linguifex's Discord server] as many fellow conlangers or via private message (<code>@sware</code>).<br/>Really looking forward to seeing your contributions.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |<big>From all of us here on Linguifex:<br/>'''The best of luck with your language(s)!'''</big>
|} — [[User:Sware|'''swar'''<span style="border-radius:4px;padding:0 3px;background:#fc3;color:#03192d">'''e'''</span>]] • [[User talk:Sware#top|🗣]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sware|🏲]] 19:33, 2 December 2024 (UTC)

== On a priori ==

Regarding [[User:H._H._P._M._P._Cole/Sketchbook#Why_I_am_uninterested_in_creating_a_priori_languages_(in_general)]],

To say a passage written in an a priori conlang is gibberish would be a misunderstanding of its (the passage's) purpose, which is not to communicate what it supposedly says, but rather to showcase the abstract rules of that conlang in action. When I do an a priori conlang, it isn't meant for communication: it is to illustrate a previously unreported way of organizing sound and meaning. Making up a priori words offers greater freedon for this end.

Anyway, happy holidays and greetings from an a priori conlang guy. [[User:SN2rname|SN2rname]] ([[User talk:SN2rname|talk]]) 10:54, 27 December 2024 (UTC)

* You have a point there - however, I have a question. How could average people, with little to no linguistics knowledge, be able to discern the abstract rules of (any) conlang? [[User:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|H. H. P. M. P. Cole]] ([[User talk:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|talk]]) 11:36, 27 December 2024 (UTC)

::Usually, an example text written in an a priori conlang would be accompanied by a word-by-word gloss (the go.3SG.PRES sort of thing). The gloss would describe the semantic or syntactic role of each word in the text so the grammatical rules are exemplified. [[User:SN2rname|SN2rname]] ([[User talk:SN2rname|talk]]) 10:50, 29 December 2024 (UTC)

:::You're right, I didn't think about glosses... Anyway, you raised some important points, which I will keep in mind. [[User:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|H. H. P. M. P. Cole]] ([[User talk:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|talk]]) 11:56, 29 December 2024 (UTC)

== Riemannic and The Colepypasta ==

I recently read the [[Riemannic]] page. I think it did a good job mixing different languages and concepts while maintaining a coherent theme.

So now I'm curious what the main arguments of "The Colepypasta" are. I'm lost;

not ( ( your thought of_the your manait out_of your ?flicker? ) is a ?slander? of_the operation with nēm "I think with this þīsætērvug" ) ɣrum? two lemen.

A translation or a summary would help. If you think it'd be controversial, you can email it to me. [[User:SN2rname|SN2rname]] ([[User talk:SN2rname|talk]]) 11:14, 22 January 2025 (UTC)

* The lexicon is linked in the official Google sheet, which is a link in the article. [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/3/d/1ybdgx-O-_yUfFk_-AXVMaQLDsUX5psWG/edit?usp=sharing&rtpof=true&sd=true&pli=1&authuser=3 I am linking it again here.] That sentence will be glossed as follows:

nekt la la din denk þes din manait øt din flikσtāt al iσt ēn parjām þes operat mit nēm "ih denkəþ mit desēr þīsætērvug" al. ɣrum? zven lemen.
not ( ( your thought of_the your humanhood out_of your fly_city ) is a parameter of_the operation with name "I think with this set_of-things" ). why? two statement_plural.

Fun fact: the original was written in English and it had caused me to be banned in a couple of Discord servers before (and my actual beliefs are encoded within: this is why I quit Discord) so I would be happy to email the full "overly literal translation" to you through email. If I have time, I may provide a gloss. May I know what is your email? [[User:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|H. H. P. M. P. Cole]] ([[User talk:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|talk]]) 11:25, 22 January 2025 (UTC)

::I see, there's more in the google doc. My email is clyde12550821[æt]outlook[dɒt]com. I see gender noncomforming people as normal human beings, but there's too much narative-pushing and silencing on this topic now, and I'd like to hear opinions from the other side of the debate. [[User:SN2rname|SN2rname]] ([[User talk:SN2rname|talk]]) 11:11, 23 January 2025 (UTC)

Hwnic

2025-01-23T10:44:41Z

SN2rname:

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

''This article uses U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen "‑".''

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç || x ɣ
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (such as uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is VOL for voluntary actions, INVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, NONVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and NOWILL for events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence". With people, the last form is preferred because the previous two forms indicate a potential value judgment.

=== Adverbs ===

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==

=== Babel text ===

''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===

* This text has not been fully checked for consistency yet and may contain minor errors.
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

I've been writing other texts in Hwnic. There is a reason why I'm writing them in a new conlang and I'll explain it somewhere

Hwnic

2025-01-23T10:41:55Z

SN2rname: /* Morphology */

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name=Hwnic
| nativename=isloxvn
| familycolor=Language isolate
| image=
| pronunciation=ɨ́sɫø̠xʋń̩
| creator=User:SN2rname
| created=2024
}}

'''Hwnic''' is an ''a priori'' semi-naturalistic agglutinative language. It attempts to broadly delineate what a future natural language might look like.

Hwnic is a pitch-accent language. Connected speech is subject to a set of more complex rules involving use of non-modal phonation.

Hwnic is written in the Latin alphabet. It can be written with no punctuations other than spaces, where particles and capitalization are employed to denote quotation, change of topic, intonation, and so on; however, an English-like pattern of punctuation is also possible.

The grammar of Hwnic is quite complex. Nouns are not declined, but may take affixes that denote number, negation, state, or property. Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood; an auxiliary verb can show tense, aspect, and animacy/volition.

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Labial !! Coronal !! Dorsal !! Gutteral
|-
| Nasal || m || n || (ɲ) ||
|-
| Plosive || p b || t d || k g || q
|-
| Fricative || f v || s z || ç || x ɣ
|-
| Affricate ||   || t͡s ||   ||  
|-
| Liquid || (v) || ɾ || (j) ||  
|-
| Lateral ||   || l ||   ||  
|}

* Among the continuants, /n/, /r/, and /l/ are sometimes syllabic. /m/ and /z/ are syllabic in a handful of words and affixes.

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Front !! Center !! Back
|-
| Close || i || ʉ || ɯ
|-
| Close-mid ||   || o ||  
|-
| Open-mid ||   || ə ||  
|-
| Low ||   || a ||  
|}

* Vowels often lack front-back contrast, and vowels tend to assimilate to consonants and not the other way around.

The orthography is based on the IPA. However, a key point is usually vowels assimilate to consonants and not the other way around: ''pe te ke qe'' would be [pɛ tɛ kə qɤ]. The most common value for ‹i› is [ɯ] which is often realized as [ɨ̞], whereas the less common value [i] appears in some particles and palatalizes the preceding consonant. The values for y and u are the same in native words, although y can be [ai] in loanwords. Syllabic l has a schwa-onglide to distinguish it from /o/.

=== Stress and prosody ===

Most words have initial stress. A syllable containing a syllabic /l/, most commonly ''bl'', ''ml'', and ''dl'', is stressed. For words that start with a syllabic /m/, /n/, or /r/, the stress may be on the second syllable. Particles have low pitch, and as such a few pairs of words are distinguished by pitch alone. Compound words retain the stress of their constituents, although consecutive stress causes pitch sandhi and the second stress takes on a low or falling pitch. In the future, Hwnic might become a tonal language.

Hwnic is stress-timed. Stressed syllables are longer, unstressed a may become voiceless, but other vowels aren't usually reduced.

=== Phonotactics ===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), with most word roots taking the form of C(C)V.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are not declined based on grammatical roles. Nouns may be split into two categories, namely those singular by default, often solitary, unique, or abstract, and those plural by default, often gregarious or measured by amount (such as uncountable nouns in English). When the usage indicates a different number than the default or when specification is desired, a ''suffix of number'' may be attached to the noun to express a wide range of meanings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Suffix of number || -il || -ix || -ij || -is || -ik || -ies
|-
| Meaning 1 || linear arrangement of || spatial arrangement of || unordered grouping of || member of || diminutive || augmentative
|-
| Meaning 2 || linear continuity of || structure made of || irregular continuity of || unit of || small amount of || large amount of
|}

A noun may be preceded by a particle that may express determinate/indeterminate, figurative/literal, and general/specific. Although the particle corresponds to the determiner in English, in Hwnic it is frequently seen as part of the noun, where certain combinations may have idiomatic meanings in certain contexts, such as ''ci ceqn'' "a specific pattern of excessive buying for the purpose of obtaining collectibles".

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are conjugated to person, number, and sometimes mood. A suffix for person-number is glossed as 1Sg, 1Pl, 2Sg, 2Pl, 3Sg, 3Pl, 3N, or "3I". With a non-person subject, the singular and plural forms are the same. "3I" is only used in agreement when the subject is "nothing", "one" (as in an if-clause), or another hypothetical concept, and has no corresponding pronoun.

An auxiliary verb added after the main verb can show tense, aspect, and volition, glossed as PST.PFV, VOL.PRES.IPFV, or similar. For volition, there is VOL for voluntary actions, INVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is conscious of but cannot control, NONVOL for involuntary actions which the agent is not conscious of, and NOWILL for events involving no willful agents.

=== Adjectives and determiners ===

Adjectives are categorized as ''inherent'', ''attributive'', and ''stative''. An ''inherent adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'' or ‑''r'', describes inherent properties of an object that cannot be separated from it. Such an adjective may be used by itself, where it can be a noun of degree like English ‑ness, or it fuses with a noun and serve to narrow down a category, creating a noun-adjective compound with a definitive meaning, like ''oqulqomu'' "the blue apple". In this case the definite determiner is omitted. An ''attributive adjective'', often ending in ‑''ui'' and palatalizes the preceding consonant, describes an attribute of an object that is considered relatively stable but can be altered. Such an adjective usually fuses with a noun, like ''edrpatlui'' "busy person, person who is always busy". A ''stative adjective'', often ending in ‑''u'', describes a state that is usually temporary and can be changed. Such an adjective may or may not fuse with a noun, like ''edrpatlu'' "busy person, person who is busy in the context of that sentence". With people, the last form is preferred because the previous two forms indicate a potential value judgment.

=== Adverbs ===

=== Numerals ===

Hwnic uses Arabic numerals. Previously the numbers 5, 6, 7 and 9 were made up by other numbers, but their names were shortened as inspired by East Asian counting systems.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Pronunciation || kul || xa || vu || bim || ces || gis || os || it || cu || den
|}

Numerals above 10 are formed with a special affix at the beginning, followed by an enumeration of the digits. Which prefix to use depends on how many digits the number has. Additionally, ''lei'' is inserted every three digits as the digit separator, written as a space. The numerical dot is ''rap''.

{| class="wikitable"
| Number of digits || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
| Prefix || xoq || xem || rea || ran || osugo || itugo || cuugo || denugo
|}

Large numerals can have a scientific-notation-like system. The affix is added at the end instead, and digits are enumerated from least significant to most significant. Unspecified digits are zeros, but note that trailing zeros can be significant.

577 014, osugogisititleikulxaces

3.141 59, binrapxacesxaleigisden

6.02×10^23, oskuvuugoxoqubim

Fractions have the numerator before the denominator, like 3/7 binlecit, "three out of four parts", and thus both are cardinals. Some fractions have common names: 1/2 leci; 1/4 lagi; 1/12 loi.

Hwnic has a unusual way to express grouping with ''to'' "multiplied by": ''xoqavu'' means 12 in no particular arrangement, ''bintoces'' means 3×4 arrangement, ''vutoos'' means 2×6 arrangement. The smaller number goes first. However, to say 1×12 or 12 objects filed in one row, it would not be *''xatoxoqavu'', but rather with a collective suffix. A row of 12 apples (''oqul'') would be ''xoqavu oqulil''.

== Syntax ==

=== Constituent order ===

=== Noun phrase ===

=== Verb phrase ===

=== Dependent clause ===

== Lexicon ==

The lexicon is built around nouns. Generally, a nominal concept is expressed with a single word. Many scientific words are borrowings or calques from English, but also combined into one word and reordered, as in ''Axtosugul'' "covert aggression".

The lexicon has a wealth of words related to geometry, set theory, graph theory, and other concepts from mathematics and computer science. In fact, the terms for some everyday items are formed with a geometry term denoting its shape and a part denoting its function.

On the other hand, the lexicon lacks specific words (other than calqued scientific names) for many plants and animals. In Hwnic, "daffodil", "chrysanthemum", and "osmanthus" are all ''isalbunr'' "conspicuous flower". Some recognizable species may have unique names, such as ''isalibordal'' "rose; poet's flower". This is because flowers have become rare as a result of ecological events, and any allegorical or cultural meanings have been taken up by other terms.

== Example texts ==

=== Babel text ===

''Qs niciq b orkoasu velo isloxait bizitsnsui arleg''

and LOCV-context GEN world-whole ACC-and language-single speak-nominalizer-common be.3Pl.PST.GNO

''Qs toi rt todosrilovarn qoro u Miufshinar qozorn ust nct onspern''

and happen-3N TEM from_west-move.3Pl they ACC plain-Shinar find.3Pl then this-LOC settle.3Pl

''Qs e ptopo bizirn xopinc yza nozn u qiq myzon ust uoro saqezon xasrfn''

and DAT each_other say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC brick make.HORT then they-ACC bake.HORT thoroughly

''Qs u qiq e gida u Bitumen e cesble fozorn''

and ACC brick DAT stone ACC tar DAT mortar use.3Pl

''Qs bizirn xopinc yza nozn velocti udn blboc eoro varozon ni parxembo jesctiboqro''

and say.3Pl quote go EXCLM ACC-and-to_be city tower we-DAT build.HORT LOCV arriving-heaven top-to_be-this-GEN

''Qs labasyizon xne xersyireis lnu nr meruictignorkoasu''

and be_famous.HORT lest be_scattered.3Pl.SUBJ FUT.STATE LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

''Qs Fnri rumxud ti mxazitblboc cit ci qmocqoxn varorn lsvo''

and the_Lord come_down.3N REL sight-tower this the children-of-man build.3Pl PST.PFV

''Fnri bizid xopinc mxazon ci qoxnzngu irn boqro isloxait in ust uctsmy lectn''

the_Lord say.3N quote look.HORT the people-united be_property.3Pl they-GEN language-singular be_property.3N and this-ACC-do.3Pl PRES.INCHO

''Cit rt zand pndirka lqn cit srdri boqro''

now TEM nothing restrained-NEG be_property.3I this imagined_thing-instance they-GEN

''Yza zinbn yzmxuzon ust u isloboqro ubocnezon ti pimuk u bizit ptopo rotarnq''

go EXCLM go_down.HORT then ACC language-they-GEN confound.HORT REL purpose ACC speech each_other understand.3Pl.NEG

''Zal Fnri t cirgn nr meruictignorko uoro blted lsvo cist sagrudnka ectnrn''

hence the_Lord ABL there LOC spreading-surface-earth they-ACC scatter.3N PST.PFV then construction-city.NEG stop.3Pl

''Zal alorboq Babel klr bimuk ubocnx b Fnri u isloorkoasu''

hence name it-GEN Babel be_eqivalent.3N because_of confounding ABL the_Lord ACC language-earth-all

''Cirgn b blted Fnri uoro nr meruictignorkoasu''

There ABL scatter.3N the_Lord they-ACC LOC spreading-surface-earth-whole

=== Notes for Babel text ===

* This text has not been fully checked for consistency yet and may contain minor errors.
* ''rumxud'' is ''ru·mxu·d'', "come-down.3N" ...
* ''Fnri'' is from ''fntu'' + ''-ri'', meaning "before the beginning"; ''nokr'' "chief, lord" is the name of a megacorporation and has negative connotations, and the native word ''cirom'' "gods" indicates polytheism.
* LOC, ACC, DAT all refer to particles.
* Hwnic is head-final. The broadest category comes first and the most specific comes last. This order applies to qualifier sequences, compound words, and more.
* Nouns are not declined, but a particle may fuse with certain pronouns and other particles.
* Most nouns are by default plural, and the suffix -''is'' makes a noun singular.
* There is only one locative particle, ''nr''. To express "near somewhere", for instance, it would be ''nr cnos''[somewhere], where ''cnos'' means "vicinity" by itself. Similarly, there is only one temporal particle, ''rt''.
** Justification for this design choice (and others below) will be presented later.
* ''Qs'' is a particle that only indicates the start of a sentence where the subject pronoun is dropped.
* The two exclamation particles, ''nozn'' and ''zinbn'', come from two speech registers.
* LOCV or "virtual locative" is a concept I made up for the preposition ''ni'', meaning "in a specified context/situation/state".
* Hwnic has an unusual form of negative concord. For example, "The house is not here" requires a negative marker on "is" and a suffix meaning "in this context does not exist" on "the house", whereas "I'm not going to build the house" requires a negative marker on "build" and a suffix meaning "will not exist in the future" on "the house".
* The "and ACC-and": the former is a conjunction that forms the parallel structure; the latter marks a list of items, in the form of "and X Y Z ..." until the next verb or particle.
** The latter "and", ''elo'', is further fused with the accusative particle ''u'', and here it means the accusative particle applies to each item in the list.
* The tense-aspect auxiliary verb is flexible: it can govern a full sentence, as shown here, or apply only to the one verb before it.
* A single concept corresponds to a single word, which is common in agglutinative languages.

=== Digression ===

[[Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab]]

I've been writing other texts in Hwnic. There is a reason why I'm writing them in a new conlang and I'll explain it somewhere

User talk:H. H. P. M. P. Cole

2025-01-22T11:14:13Z

SN2rname: Riemannic and The Colepypasta

Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab

2025-01-21T11:37:54Z

SN2rname:

{{Hwnic text header}}

I don't really know how to write; one thing I do with Hwnic is to describe how unique emotions are stored/processed in my mind.

== ''E Ri b Cellax'' ==
<div style="display:flex;">
<pre style="flex-basis:50%;">
Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
Qs nerl xulmbo-ertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
rkngesonr ln z delncnar
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci²
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
Iza cist ramiv kylnu¹
</pre>
<pre style="flex-basis:50%;">
The chilly wind picks up where it was once paradise
Under the polyurethane sky and replacement sunlight where you had fallen in love (but is no more).
In villages once familiar now unwelcoming,
feeling so small under the dome, where it glows
-- perpetual morphing shapes that trace upwards to the top of the world --
Yes, the sunlit landscape/barrens which you had walked,
it's a beautiful place, but a storm is near.
Nothing grows in the poison-laden soil for twenty years.
The burning passion, formless anger, and inspiration have all dissipated.
But people will not condemn you for your failure, nor dismiss you for your ineptitude.
Go, and live the way you will.
</pre>
</div>
* [¹] A thing written for someone whom I've met in a high school chemistry class but lost contact afterwards, here referred to as "Ri". That evening he poured forth his emotions in the empty hallway. The last two lines are what I should have said to him.
* [²] Refers to the time when Ri will graduate from high school.

== Glossing ==
<pre>
Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
wind_blow.3Sg PRES.PFV cold LOC paradise-used_to_be altered
Qs nerl xulmbo-ertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
and LOC-and bottom-sky-many-linear_chain-isocyanate-glycol sunlight-artificial love.2Sg PST.UNDONE
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
LOC village-familiar-used_to_be unwelcoming
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
LOCV tiny LOC bottom-dome boundless LOC.this glow
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
eqv. LOCV pattern morphing_spectacle MOT top-world trace.3N PRES.CONT
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
excl. terrain-sunlit appos. barrens-concrete walk.2Sg PST.PFV
rkngesonr ln z delncnar
place-beautiful be.3N but storm-to_be [be.3N]
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci
nothing grow.3I LOC soil poison-laden TEM twenty years
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
and passion-burning anger_formless creative_spark be_absent.3Pl PST.PFV
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
not ACC.you REL failure condemn.1Sg.NEG nor ACC.you REL ineptitude mock.1Sg.NEG
Iza cist ramiv kylnu
go.OPT then live.2Sg VOLUN.FUT.IPFV
</pre>

== Notes ==
* Connected speech complicates the pronunciation here: ''defuirn lsvo'' is [dɛ́fʏ̂nˑɺəɫzʋɔ̆], ''cqozeigka'' is [çqó̞zɛɨ̯ʕ̯xâ], ''xornq geq ge'' is [xó̞ɾɤ̃ʔgɤ́ɴqɤ] where standalone ''ge'' is [ŋə̃].

Template:Hwnic text header

2025-01-21T11:37:04Z

SN2rname: Notes for original Hwnic texts.

Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab

2025-01-21T11:31:59Z

SN2rname:

{{Ambox
|text=This is a segment of my reflections mapped onto the conlang; ''e'' "for" is used in titles of non-essays, as opposed to ''ti'' "on" which is used in titles of essays, and both mean "about".
Numbered superscripts are not part of the orthography but mark notes relevant to the intended meaning of the text.
|type=notice
|image=[[File:Hwnic text icon.png]]
}}

I don't really know how to write; one thing I do with Hwnic is to describe how unique emotions are stored/processed in my mind.

== ''E Ri b Cellax'' ==
<div style="display:flex;">
<pre style="flex-basis:50%;">
Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
Qs nerl xulmbo-ertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
rkngesonr ln z delncnar
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci²
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
Iza cist ramiv kylnu¹
</pre>
<pre style="flex-basis:50%;">
The chilly wind picks up where it was once paradise
Under the polyurethane sky and replacement sunlight where you had fallen in love (but is no more).
In villages once familiar now unwelcoming,
feeling so small under the dome, where it glows
-- perpetual morphing shapes that trace upwards to the top of the world --
Yes, the sunlit landscape/barrens which you had walked,
it's a beautiful place, but a storm is near.
Nothing grows in the poison-laden soil for twenty years.
The burning passion, formless anger, and inspiration have all dissipated.
But people will not condemn you for your failure, nor dismiss you for your ineptitude.
Go, and live the way you will.
</pre>
</div>
* [¹] A thing written for someone whom I've met in a high school chemistry class but lost contact afterwards, here referred to as "Ri". That evening he poured forth his emotions in the empty hallway. The last two lines are what I should have said to him.
* [²] Refers to the time when Ri will graduate from high school.

== Glossing ==
<pre>
Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
wind_blow.3Sg PRES.PFV cold LOC paradise-used_to_be altered
Qs nerl xulmbo-ertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
and LOC-and bottom-sky-many-linear_chain-isocyanate-glycol sunlight-artificial love.2Sg PST.UNDONE
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
LOC village-familiar-used_to_be unwelcoming
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
LOCV tiny LOC bottom-dome boundless LOC.this glow
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
eqv. LOCV pattern morphing_spectacle MOT top-world trace.3N PRES.CONT
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
excl. terrain-sunlit appos. barrens-concrete walk.2Sg PST.PFV
rkngesonr ln z delncnar
place-beautiful be.3N but storm-to_be [be.3N]
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci
nothing grow.3I LOC soil poison-laden TEM twenty years
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
and passion-burning anger_formless creative_spark be_absent.3Pl PST.PFV
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
not ACC.you REL failure condemn.1Sg.NEG nor ACC.you REL ineptitude mock.1Sg.NEG
Iza cist ramiv kylnu
go.OPT then live.2Sg VOLUN.FUT.IPFV
</pre>

== Notes ==
* Connected speech complicates the pronunciation here: ''defuirn lsvo'' is [dɛ́fʏ̂nˑɺəɫzʋɔ̆], ''cqozeigka'' is [çqó̞zɛɨ̯ʕ̯xâ], ''xornq geq ge'' is [xó̞ɾɤ̃ʔgɤ́ɴqɤ] where standalone ''ge'' is [ŋə̃].

Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab

2025-01-21T11:22:03Z

SN2rname:

{{Ambox
|text=This is a segment of my reflections mapped onto the conlang; ''e'' "for" is used in titles of non-essays, as opposed to ''ti'' "on" which is used in titles of essays, and both mean "about".
Numbered superscripts are relevant to the intended meaning of the text and notes in the notes section are relevant to grammar.
|type=notice
|image=[[File:Hwnic text icon.png]]
}}

A thing written for someone whom I've met in a high school chemistry class but lost contact afterwards, here referred to as "Ri". That evening he poured forth his emotions in the empty hallway. The last two lines are what I should have said to him. I don't really know how to write; with Hwnic I describe how these unique emotions are stored/processed in my mind.

== ''E Ri b Cellax'' ==
<div style="display:flex;">
<pre style="flex-basis:50%;">
Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
Qs nerl xulmbo-ertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
rkngesonr ln z delncnar
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
Iza cist ramiv kylnu
</pre>
<pre style="flex-basis:50%;">
The chilly wind picks up where it was once paradise
Under the polyurethane sky and replacement sunlight where you had fallen in love (but is no more).
In villages once familiar now unwelcoming,
feeling so small under the dome, where it glows
-- perpetual morphing shapes that trace upwards to the top of the world --
Yes, the sunlit landscape/barrens which you had walked,
it's a beautiful place, but a storm is near.
Nothing grows in the poison-laden soil for twenty years.
The burning passion, formless anger, and inspiration have all dissipated.
But people will not condemn you for your failure, nor dismiss you for your ineptitude.
Go, and live the way you will.
</pre>
</div>
== Glossing ==
<pre>
Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
wind_blow.3Sg PRES.PFV cold LOC paradise-used_to_be altered
Qs nerl xulmbo-ertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
and LOC-and bottom-sky-many-linear_chain-isocyanate-glycol sunlight-artificial love.2Sg PST.UNDONE
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
LOC village-familiar-used_to_be unwelcoming
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
LOCV tiny LOC bottom-dome boundless LOC.this glow
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
eqv. LOCV pattern morphing_spectacle MOT top-world trace.3N PRES.CONT
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
excl. terrain-sunlit appos. barrens-concrete walk.2Sg PST.PFV
rkngesonr ln z delncnar
place-beautiful be.3N but storm-to_be [be.3N]
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci
nothing grow.3I LOC soil poison-laden TEM twenty years
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
and passion-burning anger_formless creative_spark be_absent.3Pl PST.PFV
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
not ACC.you REL failure condemn.1Sg.NEG nor ACC.you REL ineptitude mock.1Sg.NEG
Iza cist ramiv kylnu
go.OPT then live.2Sg VOLUN.FUT.IPFV
</pre>

== Notes ==
* Connected speech complicates the pronunciation here: ''defuirn lsvo'' is [dɛ́fʏ̂nˑɺəɫzʋɔ̆], ''cqozeigka'' is [çqó̞zɛɨ̯ʕ̯xâ], ''xornq geq ge'' is [xó̞ɾɤ̃ʔgɤ́ɴqɤ] where standalone ''ge'' is [ŋə̃].

Hwnic/For Ri of the Lab

2025-01-19T16:09:18Z

SN2rname:

{{Ambox
|text=This is a segment of my reflections mapped onto the conlang; ''e'' "for" is used in titles of non-essays, as opposed to ''ti'' "on" which is used in titles of essays, and both mean "about".
Numbered superscripts are relevant to the intended meaning of the text and notes in the notes section are relevant to grammar.
|type=notice
|image=[[File:Hwnic text icon.png]]
}}

A thing written for someone whom I've met in a high school chemistry class but lost contact afterwards, here referred to as "Ri". That evening he poured forth his emotions in the empty hallway. The last two lines are what I should have said to him. I don't really know how to write; with Hwnic I describe how these unique emotions are stored/processed in my mind.

== ''E Ri b Cellax'' ==
<div style="display:flex;">
<pre style="flex-basis:50%;">
Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
Qs nerl xulmbo-ertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
rkngesonr ln z delncnar
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
Iza cist ramiv kylnu
</pre>
<pre style="flex-basis:50%;">
The chilly wind picks up where it was once paradise
Under the polyurethane sky and replacement sunlight where you had fallen in love (but is no more).
In villages once familiar now unwelcoming,
feeling so small under the dome, where it glows
-- perpetual morphing shapes that trace upwards to the top of the world --
Yes, the sunlit landscape/barrens which you had walked,
it's a beautiful place, but a storm is near.
Nothing grows in the poison-laden soil for twenty years.
The burning passion, formless anger, and inspiration have all dissipated.
But people will not condemn you for your failure, nor dismiss you for your ineptitude.
Go, and live the way you will.
</pre>
</div>
== Glossing ==
<pre>
Cqor lsva doebu nr mlcotcne zutqor
wind_blow.3Sg PRES.PFV cold LOC paradise-used_to_be altered
Qs nerl xulmbo-ertilncoglycol genxymul rnliv lnkei
and LOC-and bottom-sky-many-linear_chain-isocyanate-glycol sunlight-artificial love.2Sg PST.UNDONE
nr jemuqrotacne zifqor
LOC village-familiar-used_to_be unwelcoming
ni ril nr xulcib blqu nrir getec
LOCV tiny LOC bottom-dome boundless LOC.this glow
so ni xornq geq ge xulnorko fnind lobatr
eqv. LOCV pattern morphing_spectacle MOT top-world trace.3N PRES.CONT
Mise ntapvemjnr v iufunir sntev lsvo
excl. terrain-sunlit appos. barrens-concrete walk.2Sg PST.PFV
rkngesonr ln z delncnar
place-beautiful be.3N but storm-to_be [be.3N]
Zand mactaqn nr nru mlsncis rt xoqukul doeci
nothing grow.3I LOC soil poison-laden TEM twenty years
elo nlbsaqer dizvirur xegn defuirn lsvo
and passion-burning anger_formless creative_spark be_absent.3Pl PST.PFV
Zo vu ti izosbru cqozeigka zazo vu ti rxeju myzygka
not ACC.you REL failure condemn.1Sg.NEG nor ACC.you REL ineptitude mock.1Sg.NEG
Iza cist ramiv kylnu
go.OPT then live.2Sg VOLUN.FUT.IPFV
</pre>