Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Fourth Linguifex Relay

2016-02-09T05:43:03Z

Serafín: /* Alaia */

{{Relay_navigation_sidebar}}

The '''Fourth Linguifex Relay''' was a conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. The relay text was written in [[Wiobian]] by the relaymaster [[User:IlL|IlL]]. The text passed through eight translations before being retranslated into Wiobian.

==Texts==
The original text was provided by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in his conlang the [[Wiobian]] language. The text is a religious poem, written after a devastating tsunami, describing the impermanence of worldly matters and exhorting the audience to be charitable.

:'''''ei! jån' kähne Jündemruoger''''' - O how quickly the sculpture of life
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Wiobian|Wiobian]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Sceptrian|Sceptrian]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Van|Van]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Kandi|Kandi]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Alaia|Alaia]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Dyrel|Dyrel]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Minhast|Minhast]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|I Kronurum]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Rennic|Rennic]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Wiobian retranslated|Wiobian retranslated]]''

The relay ran from July 8th until July 24th, and included 9 languages on the wiki (''[[Wiobian]]'', ''[[Sceptrian]]'', ''[[Van]]'', ''[[Kandi]]'', ''[[Alaia]]'', ''[[Dyrel]]'', ''[[Minhast]]'', ''[[I Kronurum]]'' and ''[[Rennic]]'').

==Original text==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! Original [[Wiobian]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''ei! jån' kähne Jündemruoger''
''snirre ure nungnung Troh;''
''Sioner röbes ƕieme Puoger',''
''ind' enwülze Þafte quoh'.''
''ei! lind mause bückne mungel,''
''Wiote-Wuzes duoɟ niens Kliten',''
''ionem' ƕind Benußes zungel;''
''Kuobs mes pepen, Ƕeiges miten.''
</poem>
| <poem>
/ʔei jɔn ˈkɛːnə ˈjyndəmˌruogər/
/ˈçnirːə ˈuːrə ˈnuŋnuŋ troːh/
/çionərːrøːbəç xʷiemə ˈpuogər/
/ʔind ʔənˈwylcə ˈsaftə kʷoːh/
/ʔei lind mauʝə ˈbyknə ˈmuŋːəl/
/ˈwiotə ˈwuːcəç duoɟ nienç ˈkliːtən/
/ˈʔionəm xʷind bəˈnusːəç ˈcuŋːəl/
/kuobç meç ˈpeːpən ˈxʷeigəç ˈmiːtən/
</poem>
| <poem>
O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shatters into tiny little fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who have come hither stationed here,
By Heaven's grace ye are guests,
Just like us, ye act in order to be judged;
Therefore let us be generous to the pauper, and give to our neighbor.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Sceptrian==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Sceptrian]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Léhkodé pai ko qhóqhøkos,
''keewesht mjulan oil qotitlóo;
''darema soi slopapu'os,
''jak rajidhé mitupurpóo.
''Péma saitush_q'papa sekhe,
''jevaa hifthilan gat'tishh'i,
''moŕ ól dorahpipi qóphe;
''mutshos tslarmak jódish b'shiit'sji.
</poem>
| <poem>
/ˈlɛxkədɛ päɪ̯ kə χɔχœkəs/
/keːweʃt mjulän œi̯l qətitˡɔː/
/daremä sœi̯ ɬəpäpuʔəs/
/jäk räjidʱɛ mitupurpɔː/
/pɛmä säɪ̯tuʃ qpäpä sekʰe/
/jeväː hiftʰilän gättiʃhi/
/mər̥ ɔl dərähpipi qɔpʰe/
/mut͡ʃəs t͡ɬärmäk jɔdiʃ bʃiːtsji/
</poem>
| <poem>

</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Van==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Van]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''varaske ha-vavaralas halov ha-sotsorite
''ha-lisat, nome ras, sere ha-seralas ras
''veńavaj mir valo ta
''tavańa mir ha-livav nomete
''vańa vańa sataka mir jan vańa tan
''ha-koralas, mare mir, nivańa nonete mir ras, netesi rase
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Kandi==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Kandi]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Išayyi yūngikīrra ya kūsikka ařīr kraš''
''wa yānayyantšiy''
''wākka kayūlunnayi ǧāmmam.''
''Kin ixaye omōkkiřeh yiřam,''
''kin hamūrreh wīnni yiřam,''
''kin tatšūyyim assanūyunga wušuyyima tārrim.''
</poem>
| <poem>
The web of life is quickly torn into pieces,
When you the magnificent king
Come from the far-away sea.
You will make the skies' bidding,
You will make laws for us,
You are the saviour who will bring prosperity to the poor.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Alaia==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Alaia]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''girna xaltei iarsu accatulaxar prinas kreuis''
''adduki oua kivure janagirnai''
''gadeikandena luidremme zëittes''

''sursudeigirnu fuinu adrasaulis''
''nirpattart deilu glerbrunis''
''mustasanshille aierumeimrattu deinulet ittes''
</poem>
| <poem>
The great garden of life swiftly broke harmony
when you, O great king,
did not come to our distant sea.

Of course, then you made a wish to the Goddess,
and imposed [new] laws for us,
and so with prosperity you came as a savior to the poor.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Dyrel==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Dyrel]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
'''Osorvel resverí, resver uveson nadeí ysdarel aldoasmasar''
''paly suŕy adyr mased molinud iveí alsuredmarpan.''

''Allamanaren, niumenŕy resver uledenśa almavelor''
''lav adalŕy dasver iveśa aldoalanasar''
''dem ysaradalynduŕy erosnepanśa erosńe almaredmar.''
</poem>
| <poem>
O Monarch of Greatness, the great garden of life has broken the harmony
when you had not come to our faraway ocean.

As expected, the spirit has requested of the great deity
and the hand has placed the law upon us
therefore the savior has come with silver to the silverless.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Minhast==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Minhast]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,''
''Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,''
''Hakkumman.''

''Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā''
''Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,''
''Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.''

''Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu''
''Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.''
</poem>
| <poem>
You are the supreme and most powerful chieftain,
You came to me, across my seas which are distant.

You are the one whom the spirit was looking for, and he made a request,
He made a request to the Great Spirit of the Heavens,
And then he gave me (this) **custom;

But take heed, the one who pays with silver shall not be protected from death.
All of this has happened because that tree had toppled everything around it there.

(**Note: there is no differentiation from "custom" and "law" in tribal Minhast society)
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==I Kronurum==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[I Kronurum]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini.''
''Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan''

''Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur.''
''Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini,''
''won tró esta angris hajana-ini.''

''Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere.''
''Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.''
</poem>
|<poem>
/ˈdɑf.rei̯.ɾɐ ʔi.ˈbu̜.ðɾ̩ ʔi.ˈkne̞.gu̹ɾ ˈno̞n.tɛ.ˌθi.ni/
/ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ su̜ɾ.af.ˈtu̹ jɑ.raf.ˈtu̹ ju̜.he̞.ˈɾjo̞.nɛ.ˌθɐn/

/ˈtɾu̹ ˈjɑ.lei̯.ŕi.hi.ɾum ˈʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn ʔɑ.ˈlas.tuɾ/
/huɾ.ˈmɑn ˈʔɑi̯.nɐ ˈpu̜ɾ.ha.rɐ ˈtɾu̹ ˈpu̜.ɾjɐ ˈʔo̞.ru̹.ˌjuβs.ke̞.nis ˈʔɑn.kju.ɾi.ni/
/ˈwo̞n ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis ˈhɑ.ja.nɐ ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃe̞.tr̩ ˈʔu̹.ɾus.maɾ.ke̞n ˈʔe.hɑ.ju.ɾi ˈtɾu̹ ʔi.ˈsto̞j.ti ˈfin.tɐ ˈre̞n ˈgo.dɑ.ne.ɾɘ/
/ˈno̞x ˈtɾu̹ ˈʃei̯.ðɾu̹ ˈfɑ.gɐ ˈde̞t.ru̹ ˈθɑɾ ju̜.jɑ.ˈgɾɛi̯n.tu.ɾɐn/
</poem>
| <poem>
Lord, high and strong,
you who came to me in the far sea

I heed to your desire
So, to the sky-spirit I asked him for
And he gave me

you know a silver offering
against death won’t protect him.
That’s why yonder tree was thoroughly destroyed
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Rennic==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Rennic]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Adwa, to'ambara brannan ath alda
''To'vyendadran amo tothelan
''To'vyendadran amo an fo'maram
''Yav'praxumo nokwelam fan tolo
''Fardhan, dhran wi kavanno dhanas an nothdhos dwi so
''Dho dimath amo
''An tolo, ari kurudran dw'arjanto
''Navko some protegasa dru' moro
''Dho tutumu mbala fo'arbo hi.
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>
==Retranslated text==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Wiobian]] retranslated !! IPA !! English (literal) </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''ei Wiot', I ƕiens Beskäme guole''
''je Hüzze bückne gu mekern!''
''ƕind Ie bemizzem hel besruole.''
''gan ube, Swip, ƕind Ies deßɟer'm:''
''ƕiens Fröck' & Feil' mit''
''bar Hon-Snieks gnit''
''ƕind teipem spang ahn Pörzembern.''
</poem>
| <poem>
/ʔei ˈwiot ʔiː xʷienç bəˈçkɛːmə ˈguolə/
/jə ˈhycːə ˈbykːnə guː məˈkern/
/xʷind ʔie bəˈmicːəm heːl bəˈʝruolə/
/gan ˈʔuːbə çwiːp xʷind ʔieç dəsˈɟeːrm/
/xʷienç ˈfrøkːˌfeil miːt/
/baːr ˈhoːnˌçniekç gniːt/
/xʷind ˈteipəm çpaŋ ʔaːn ˈpørcəmˌbeːrn/
</poem>
| <poem>
O Heaven, Who grantest us strength
and ordainest triumph from far above,
We wait upon Thee urgently.
Thus now, O Lord, we entreat Thee:
Give us the means
So that we death unfearing
May break asunder those wooden idols.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>
[[Category:Relays]][[Category:Linguifex relays]]
{{archive}}

User:Serafín

2016-02-09T05:38:58Z

Serafín:

Alaia

2015-10-16T04:55:50Z

Serafín: Blanked the page

Fourth Linguifex Relay

2015-07-25T19:11:57Z

Serafín: /* Alaia */

{{Relay_navigation_sidebar}}

The '''Fourth Linguifex Relay''' was a conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. The relay text was written in [[Wiobian]] by the relaymaster [[User:IlL|IlL]]. The text passed through eight translations before being retranslated into Wiobian.

==Texts==
The original text was provided by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in his conlang the [[Wiobian]] language. The text is a religious poem, written after a devastating tsunami, describing the impermanence of worldly matters and exhorting the audience to be charitable.

:'''''ei! jån' kähne Jündemruoger''''' - O how quickly the sculpture of life
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Wiobian|Wiobian]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Sceptrian|Sceptrian]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Van|Van]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Kandi|Kandi]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Alaia|Alaia]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Dyrel|Dyrel]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Minhast|Minhast]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|I Kronurum]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Rennic|Rennic]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Wiobian retranslated|Wiobian retranslated]]''

The relay ran from July 8th until July 24th, and included 9 languages on the wiki (''[[Wiobian]]'', ''[[Sceptrian]]'', ''[[Van]]'', ''[[Kandi]]'', ''[[Alaia]]'', ''[[Dyrel]]'', ''[[Minhast]]'', ''[[I Kronurum]]'' and ''[[Rennic]]'').

==Original text==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! Original [[Wiobian]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''ei! jån' kähne Jündemruoger''
''snirre ure nungnung Troh;''
''Sioner röbes ƕieme Puoger',''
''ind' enwülze Þafte quoh'.''
''ei! lind mause bückne mungel,''
''Wiote-Wuzes duoɟ niens Kliten',''
''ionem' ƕind Benußes zungel;''
''Kuobs mes pepen, Ƕeiges miten.''
</poem>
| <poem>
/ʔei jɔn ˈkɛːnə ˈjyndəmˌruogər/
/ˈçnirːə ˈuːrə ˈnuŋnuŋ troːx/
/çionərːrøːbəç xʷiemə ˈpuogər/
/ʔind ʔənˈwylcə ˈsaftə kʷoːx/
/ʔei lind mauʝə ˈbyknə ˈmuŋːəl/
/ˈwiotə ˈwuːcəç duoɟ nienç ˈkliːtən/
/ˈʔionəm xʷind bəˈnusːəç ˈcuŋːəl/
/kuobç meç ˈpeːpən ˈxʷeigəç ˈmiːtən/
</poem>
| <poem>
O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shatters into tiny little fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who have come hither stationed here,
By Heaven's grace ye are guests,
Just like us, ye act in order to be judged;
Therefore let us be generous to the pauper, and give to our neighbor.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Sceptrian==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Sceptrian]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Léhkodé pai ko qhóqhøkos,
''keewesht mjulan oil qotitlóo;
''darema soi slopapu'os,
''jak rajidhé mitupurpóo.
''Péma saitush_q'papa sekhe,
''jevaa hifthilan gat'tishh'i,
''moŕ ól dorahpipi qóphe;
''mutshos tslarmak jódish b'shiit'sji.
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Van==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Van]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''varaske ha-vavaralas halov ha-sotsorite
''ha-lisat, nome ras, sere ha-seralas ras
''veńavaj mir valo ta
''tavańa mir ha-livav nomete
''vańa vańa sataka mir jan vańa tan
''ha-koralas, mare mir, nivańa nonete mir ras, netesi rase
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Kandi==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Kandi]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Išayyi yūngikīrra ya kūsikka ařīr kraš''
''wa yānayyantšiy''
''wākka kayūlunnayi ǧāmmam.''
''Kin ixaye omōkkiřeh yiřam,''
''kin hamūrreh wīnni yiřam,''
''kin tatšūyyim assanūyunga wušuyyima tārrim.''
</poem>
| <poem>
The web of life is quickly torn into pieces,
When you the magnificent king
Come from the far-away sea.
You will make the skies' bidding,
You will make laws for us,
You are the saviour who will bring prosperity to the poor.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Alaia==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Alaia]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''girna xaltei iarsu accatulaxar prinas kreuis''
''adduki oua kivure janagirnai''
''gadeikandena luidremme zëittes''

''sursudeigirnu fuinu adrasaulis''
''nirpattart deilu glerbrunis'''
''mustasanshille aierumeimrattu deinulet ittes''
</poem>
| <poem>
The great garden of life swiftly broke harmony
when you, O great king,
did not come to our distant sea.

Of course, then you made a wish to the Goddess,
and imposed [new] laws for us,
and so with prosperity you came as a savior to the poor.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Dyrel==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Dyrel]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
'''Osorvel resverí, resver uveson nadeí ysdarel aldoasmasar''
''paly suŕy adyr mased molinud iveí alsuredmarpan.''

''Allamanaren, niumenŕy resver uledenśa almavelor''
''lav adalŕy dasver iveśa aldoalansar''
''dem ysaradalynduŕy erosnepanśa erosńe almaredmar.''
</poem>
| <poem>
O Monarch of Greatness, the great garden of life has broken the harmony
when you had not come to our faraway ocean.

As expected, the spirit has requested of the great deity
and the hand has placed the law upon me
therefore the savior has come with silver to the silverless.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Minhast==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Minhast]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,''
''Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,''
''Hakkumman.''

''Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā''
''Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,''
''Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.''

''Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu''
''Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.''
</poem>
| <poem>
You are the supreme and most powerful chieftain,
You came to me, across my seas which are distant.

You are the one whom the spirit was looking for, and he made a request,
He made a request to the Great Spirit of the Heavens,
And then he gave me (this) **custom;

But take heed, the one who pays with silver shall not be protected from death.
All of this has happened because that tree had toppled everything around it.

(**Note: there is no differentiation from "custom" and "law" in tribal Minhast society)
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==I Kronurum==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[I Kronurum]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini.''
''Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan''

''Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur.''
''Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini,''
''won tró esta angris hajana-ini.''

''Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere.''
''Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.''
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Rennic==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Rennic]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Adwa, to'ambara brannan ath alda
''To'vyendadran amo tothelan
''To'vyendadran amo an fo'maram
''Yav'praxumo nokwelam fan tolo
''Fardhan, dhran wi kavanno dhanas an nothdhos dwi so
''Dho dimath amo
''An tolo, ari kurudran dw'arjanto
''Navko some protegasa dru' moro
''Dho tutumu mbala fo'arbo hi.
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>
==Retranslated text==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Wiobian]] retranslated !! IPA !! English (literal) </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''ei Wiot', I ƕiens Beskäme guole''
''je Hüzze bückne gu mekern!''
''ƕind Ie bemizzem hel besruole.''
''gan ube, Swip, ƕind Ies deßɟer'm:''
''ƕiens Fröck' & Feil' mit''
''bar Hon-Snieks gnit''
''ƕind teipem spang ahn Pörzembern.''
</poem>
| <poem>
/ʔei ˈwiot ʔiː xʷienç bəˈçkɛːmə ˈguolə/
/jə ˈxycːə ˈbykːnə guː məˈkern/
/xʷind ʔie bəˈmicːəm xeːl bəˈʝruolə/
/gan ˈʔuːbə çwiːp xʷind ʔieç dəsˈɟeːrm/
/xʷienç ˈfrøkːˌfeil miːt/
/baːr ˈxoːnˌçniekç gniːt/
/xʷind ˈteipəm çpaŋ ʔaːn ˈpørcəmˌbeːrn/
</poem>
| <poem>
O Heaven, Who grantest us strength
and ordainest triumph from far above,
We wait upon Thee with longing.
Thus now, O Lord, we entreat Thee:
Give us the means
So that we death unfearing
May break asunder those wooden idols.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>
[[Category:Relays]][[Category:Linguifex relays]]
{{archive}}

Fourth Linguifex Relay

2015-07-25T19:10:03Z

Serafín: /* Alaia */

{{Relay_navigation_sidebar}}

The '''Fourth Linguifex Relay''' was a conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. The relay text was written in [[Wiobian]] by the relaymaster [[User:IlL|IlL]]. The text passed through eight translations before being retranslated into Wiobian.

==Texts==
The original text was provided by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in his conlang the [[Wiobian]] language. The text is a religious poem, written after a devastating tsunami, describing the impermanence of worldly matters and exhorting the audience to be charitable.

:'''''ei! jån' kähne Jündemruoger''''' - O how quickly the sculpture of life
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Wiobian|Wiobian]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Sceptrian|Sceptrian]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Van|Van]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Kandi|Kandi]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Alaia|Alaia]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Dyrel|Dyrel]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Minhast|Minhast]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|I Kronurum]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Rennic|Rennic]]''
:*''[[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Wiobian retranslated|Wiobian retranslated]]''

The relay ran from July 8th until July 24th, and included 9 languages on the wiki (''[[Wiobian]]'', ''[[Sceptrian]]'', ''[[Van]]'', ''[[Kandi]]'', ''[[Alaia]]'', ''[[Dyrel]]'', ''[[Minhast]]'', ''[[I Kronurum]]'' and ''[[Rennic]]'').

==Original text==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! Original [[Wiobian]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''ei! jån' kähne Jündemruoger''
''snirre ure nungnung Troh;''
''Sioner röbes ƕieme Puoger',''
''ind' enwülze Þafte quoh'.''
''ei! lind mause bückne mungel,''
''Wiote-Wuzes duoɟ niens Kliten',''
''ionem' ƕind Benußes zungel;''
''Kuobs mes pepen, Ƕeiges miten.''
</poem>
| <poem>
/ʔei jɔn ˈkɛːnə ˈjyndəmˌruogər/
/ˈçnirːə ˈuːrə ˈnuŋnuŋ troːx/
/çionərːrøːbəç xʷiemə ˈpuogər/
/ʔind ʔənˈwylcə ˈsaftə kʷoːx/
/ʔei lind mauʝə ˈbyknə ˈmuŋːəl/
/ˈwiotə ˈwuːcəç duoɟ nienç ˈkliːtən/
/ˈʔionəm xʷind bəˈnusːəç ˈcuŋːəl/
/kuobç meç ˈpeːpən ˈxʷeigəç ˈmiːtən/
</poem>
| <poem>
O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shatters into tiny little fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who have come hither stationed here,
By Heaven's grace ye are guests,
Just like us, ye act in order to be judged;
Therefore let us be generous to the pauper, and give to our neighbor.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Sceptrian==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Sceptrian]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Léhkodé pai ko qhóqhøkos,
''keewesht mjulan oil qotitlóo;
''darema soi slopapu'os,
''jak rajidhé mitupurpóo.
''Péma saitush_q'papa sekhe,
''jevaa hifthilan gat'tishh'i,
''moŕ ól dorahpipi qóphe;
''mutshos tslarmak jódish b'shiit'sji.
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Van==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Van]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''varaske ha-vavaralas halov ha-sotsorite
''ha-lisat, nome ras, sere ha-seralas ras
''veńavaj mir valo ta
''tavańa mir ha-livav nomete
''vańa vańa sataka mir jan vańa tan
''ha-koralas, mare mir, nivańa nonete mir ras, netesi rase
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Kandi==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Kandi]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Išayyi yūngikīrra ya kūsikka ařīr kraš''
''wa yānayyantšiy''
''wākka kayūlunnayi ǧāmmam.''
''Kin ixaye omōkkiřeh yiřam,''
''kin hamūrreh wīnni yiřam,''
''kin tatšūyyim assanūyunga wušuyyima tārrim.''
</poem>
| <poem>
The web of life is quickly torn into pieces,
When you the magnificent king
Come from the far-away sea.
You will make the skies' bidding,
You will make laws for us,
You are the saviour who will bring prosperity to the poor.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Alaia==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Alaia]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''girna xaltei iarsu accatulaxar prinas kreuis''
''adduki oua kivure janagirnai''
''gadeikandena luidremme zëittes''

''sursudeigirnu fuinu adrasaulis''
''nirpattart deilu glerbrunis'''
''mustasanshille aierumeimrattu deinulet ittes''
</poem>
| <poem>
The great garden of life swiftly broke harmony
when you, O great king,
did not come to our distant sea.

Of course, then you made a wish to the Goddess,
and imposed [new] laws for us,
and so with prosperity came as a saviour to the poor.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Dyrel==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Dyrel]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
'''Osorvel resverí, resver uveson nadeí ysdarel aldoasmasar''
''paly suŕy adyr mased molinud iveí alsuredmarpan.''

''Allamanaren, niumenŕy resver uledenśa almavelor''
''lav adalŕy dasver iveśa aldoalansar''
''dem ysaradalynduŕy erosnepanśa erosńe almaredmar.''
</poem>
| <poem>
O Monarch of Greatness, the great garden of life has broken the harmony
when you had not come to our faraway ocean.

As expected, the spirit has requested of the great deity
and the hand has placed the law upon me
therefore the savior has come with silver to the silverless.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Minhast==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Minhast]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,''
''Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,''
''Hakkumman.''

''Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā''
''Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,''
''Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.''

''Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu''
''Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.''
</poem>
| <poem>
You are the supreme and most powerful chieftain,
You came to me, across my seas which are distant.

You are the one whom the spirit was looking for, and he made a request,
He made a request to the Great Spirit of the Heavens,
And then he gave me (this) **custom;

But take heed, the one who pays with silver shall not be protected from death.
All of this has happened because that tree had toppled everything around it.

(**Note: there is no differentiation from "custom" and "law" in tribal Minhast society)
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==I Kronurum==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[I Kronurum]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Dafríra, ibóðr iknegór nonteþini.''
''Tró angr sóraftó jaŕaftó jóherjoneþan''

''Tró jalíŕihirum ó þetren alastur.''
''Hurman, ána, pórhaŕa tró pórja uŕójubskenis ankjurini,''
''won tró esta angris hajana-ini.''

''Tró śetr órusmarken ehajuri tró istojti finta rengodånere.''
''Nog tró śéðŕó faga detŕó þar jójagrénturan.''
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Rennic==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Rennic]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Adwa, to'ambara brannan ath alda
''To'vyendadran amo tothelan
''To'vyendadran amo an fo'maram
''Yav'praxumo nokwelam fan tolo
''Fardhan, dhran wi kavanno dhanas an nothdhos dwi so
''Dho dimath amo
''An tolo, ari kurudran dw'arjanto
''Navko some protegasa dru' moro
''Dho tutumu mbala fo'arbo hi.
</poem>
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>
==Retranslated text==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Wiobian]] retranslated !! IPA !! English (literal) </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''ei Wiot', I ƕiens Beskäme guole''
''je Hüzze bückne gu mekern!''
''ƕind Ie bemizzem hel besruole.''
''gan ube, Swip, ƕind Ies deßɟer'm:''
''ƕiens Fröck' & Feil' mit''
''bar Hon-Snieks gnit''
''ƕind teipem spang ahn Pörzembern.''
</poem>
| <poem>
/ʔei ˈwiot ʔiː xʷienç bəˈçkɛːmə ˈguolə/
/jə ˈxycːə ˈbykːnə guː məˈkern/
/xʷind ʔie bəˈmicːəm xeːl bəˈʝruolə/
/gan ˈʔuːbə çwiːp xʷind ʔieç dəsˈɟeːrm/
/xʷienç ˈfrøkːˌfeil miːt/
/baːr ˈxoːnˌçniekç gniːt/
/xʷind ˈteipəm çpaŋ ʔaːn ˈpørcəmˌbeːrn/
</poem>
| <poem>
O Heaven, Who grantest us strength
and ordainest triumph from far above,
We wait upon Thee with longing.
Thus now, O Lord, we entreat Thee:
Give us the means
So that we death unfearing
May break asunder those wooden idols.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>
[[Category:Relays]][[Category:Linguifex relays]]
{{archive}}

Alaia

2015-07-22T03:30:42Z

Serafín: /* Phonemic Inventory */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. Polar questions are marked by a particle in second position, content questions by in-situ interrogative pronouns. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: in fact, Xhosa even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object. Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' As an interesting example, Isidore of Seville (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth. between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''.}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approximant
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|'''u''' [w]
|
|'''i''' [j]
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for /r, j, w/.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.{Classical Latin, Classical Arabic}

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...'''u''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-22T03:30:07Z

Serafín: /* Phonemic Inventory */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. Polar questions are marked by a particle in second position, content questions by in-situ interrogative pronouns. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: in fact, Xhosa even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object. Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' As an interesting example, Isidore of Seville (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth. between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''.}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approximant
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|'''u''' [w]
|
|'''i''' [j]
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.{Classical Latin, Classical Arabic}

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...'''u''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-22T03:28:25Z

Serafín: /* Phonemic Inventory */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. Polar questions are marked by a particle in second position, content questions by in-situ interrogative pronouns. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: in fact, Xhosa even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object. Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' As an interesting example, Isidore of Seville (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth. between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''.}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.{Classical Latin, Classical Arabic}

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...'''u''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-22T03:13:30Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. Polar questions are marked by a particle in second position, content questions by in-situ interrogative pronouns. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: in fact, Xhosa even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object. Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' As an interesting example, Isidore of Seville (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth. between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''.}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...'''u''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-22T03:11:36Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. Polar questions are marked by a particle in second position, content questions by in-situ interrogative pronouns. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: in fact, Xhosa even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object. Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...'''u''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-22T03:10:54Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. Polar questions are marked by a particle in second position, content questions by in-situ interrogative pronouns. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: in fact, Xhosa even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...'''u''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

User:Serafín

2015-07-19T02:59:15Z

Serafín:

Hi and ''hola''. I'm a Salvadoran-hyphen-Canadian with an interest in linguistics (especially typology, and linguistics as applied to Latin (all stages of it, although Renaissance Latin maybe not so much), Spanish/French (including their medieval stages), Mandarin/Classical Chinese, and Standard Arabic).

I speak Spanish and English (although my ''spoken'' English isn't so good as my written English, due to lack of practice), okay French, Latin with pauses all over the place, and I don't know about Mandarin because I'm too shy to even try. (I have no plans to actively use any of the other ones.)

I recently started working on [[Alaia]].

Fourth Linguifex Relay/Alaia

2015-07-18T18:36:37Z

Serafín:

==Torch==

'''girna xaltei iarsu accatulaxar prinas kreuis''' 
'''adduki oua kivure janagirnai''' 
'''gadeikandena luidremme zëittes'''

'''sursudeigirnu fuinu adrasaulis''' 
'''nirpattart deilu glerbrunis''' 
'''mustasanshille aierumeimrattu deinulet ittes'''

==Interlinear==

{|
|-
|'''girn-a'''||'''xalt-ei'''||'''iars-u'''||'''accatulaxa-r'''||'''prinas'''||'''kreui-s'''
|-
|great-{{sc|n}}||life-{{sc|gen.sg}}||garden-{{sc|nom.sg}}||harmony-{{sc|acc.sg}}||swiftly||to.break-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|'''addu=ki'''||'''oua'''||'''kivure'''||'''janagirna-i'''
|-
|when={{sc|2.m.sg}}||O||king.{{sc|nom.sg}}||greatness-{{sc|gen.sg}}
|-
|'''ga=dei=kanden-a'''||'''lui=dreme'''||'''ze=itte-s'''
|-
|{{sc|rel}}=to=far.away-{{sc|n}}||{{sc|1.gen.pl}}=ocean.{{sc|nom.sg}}||{{sc|neg}}=to.come-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|}

{|
|-
|'''sursu=dei=girn-u'''||'''fuinu'''||'''adrasauli-s'''
|-
|naturally.then=to=great-{{sc|f}}||goddess.{{sc|nom.sg}}||soul-to.make.wishes-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|'''nir=patta-rt'''||'''dei=lu'''||'''gler-bruni-s'''
|-
|and=law-{{sc|acc.pl}}||to={{sc|1.nom.pl}}||hand-to.put-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|'''mus=tas=anshill-e'''||'''aie=rumeimrattu'''||'''dei=nule-t'''||'''itte-s'''
|-
|and.so=on=saviour-{{sc|nom.sg}}||with=prosperity-{{sc|nom.sg}}||to=poor-{{sc|nom.pl}}||to.come-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
* Adjectives only agree in gender when used in attributive position
* Most nouns have natural gender, so inanimates are neuter
* Nouns when ruled by prepositions take the nominative singular.
* The preposition '''tas''' 'on' can also mean 'as a [noun]'
* Glosses that might not be obvious: {{sc|m}} = masculine, {{sc|f}} = feminine, {{sc|n}} = neuter, {{sc|prf}} = perfect (which is basically a past tense, perfective aspect TAM)

User talk:MarloweC

2015-07-18T17:32:18Z

Serafín: /* Fourth Linguifex Relay (new space!) */

'''Welcome to ''Linguifex''!'''
We hope you will contribute much and well.
You will probably want to read the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents help pages].
Again, welcome and have fun! [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 08:34, 14 January 2015 (CET)

== Fourth Linguifex Relay ==

I know it says for the previous person to add this, but I decided to do it for them so they don't have to.

== Fourth Linguifex Relay (new space!) ==

Hi. I didn't use the space you had already made because I don't know if you'd get the new message alert if I used it.

Here is the torch: [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/Alaia]].--[[User:Serafín|Serafín]] ([[User talk:Serafín|talk]]) 19:32, 18 July 2015 (CEST)

User talk:MarloweC

2015-07-18T17:31:57Z

Serafín: /* Fourth Linguifex Relay (new space!) */ new section

Fourth Linguifex Relay/Alaia

2015-07-18T17:31:27Z

Serafín: /* Notes */

==Torch==

'''girna xaltei iarsu accatulaxar prinas kreuis''' 
'''adduki oua kivure janagirnai''' 
'''gadeikandena luidremme zeittes'''

'''sursudeigirnu fuinu adrasaulis''' 
'''nirpattart deilu glerbrunis''' 
'''mustasanshille aierumeimrattu deinulet ittes'''

==Interlinear==

{|
|-
|'''girn-a'''||'''xalt-ei'''||'''iars-u'''||'''accatulaxa-r'''||'''prinas'''||'''kreui-s'''
|-
|great-{{sc|n}}||life-{{sc|gen.sg}}||garden-{{sc|nom.sg}}||harmony-{{sc|acc.sg}}||swiftly||to.break-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|'''addu=ki'''||'''oua'''||'''kivure'''||'''janagirna-i'''
|-
|when={{sc|2.m.sg}}||O||king.{{sc|nom.sg}}||greatness-{{sc|gen.sg}}
|-
|'''ga=dei=kanden-a'''||'''lui=dreme'''||'''ze=itte-s'''
|-
|{{sc|rel}}=to=far.away-{{sc|n}}||{{sc|1.gen.pl}}=ocean.{{sc|nom.sg}}||{{sc|neg}}=to.come-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|}

{|
|-
|'''sursu=dei=girn-u'''||'''fuinu'''||'''adrasauli-s'''
|-
|naturally.then=to=great-{{sc|f}}||goddess.{{sc|nom.sg}}||soul-to.make.wishes-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|'''nir=patta-rt'''||'''dei=lu'''||'''gler-bruni-s'''
|-
|and=law-{{sc|acc.pl}}||to={{sc|1.nom.pl}}||hand-to.put-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|'''mus=tas=anshill-e'''||'''aie=rumeimrattu'''||'''dei=nule-t'''||'''itte-s'''
|-
|and.so=on=saviour-{{sc|nom.sg}}||with=prosperity-{{sc|nom.sg}}||to=poor-{{sc|nom.pl}}||to.come-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
* Adjectives only agree in gender when used in attributive position
* Most nouns have natural gender, so inanimates are neuter
* Nouns when ruled by prepositions take the nominative singular.
* The preposition '''tas''' 'on' can also mean 'as a [noun]'
* Glosses that might not be obvious: {{sc|m}} = masculine, {{sc|f}} = feminine, {{sc|n}} = neuter, {{sc|prf}} = perfect (which is basically a past tense, perfective aspect TAM)

Fourth Linguifex Relay/Alaia

2015-07-18T17:24:18Z

Serafín: Created page with "==Torch== '''girna xaltei iarsu accatulaxar prinas kreuis''' '''adduki oua kivure janagirnai''' '''gadeikandena luidremme zeittes''' '''sursudeigirnu fuinu adrasauli..."

==Torch==

'''girna xaltei iarsu accatulaxar prinas kreuis''' 
'''adduki oua kivure janagirnai''' 
'''gadeikandena luidremme zeittes'''

'''sursudeigirnu fuinu adrasaulis''' 
'''nirpattart deilu glerbrunis''' 
'''mustasanshille aierumeimrattu deinulet ittes'''

==Interlinear==

{|
|-
|'''girn-a'''||'''xalt-ei'''||'''iars-u'''||'''accatulaxa-r'''||'''prinas'''||'''kreui-s'''
|-
|great-{{sc|n}}||life-{{sc|gen.sg}}||garden-{{sc|nom.sg}}||harmony-{{sc|acc.sg}}||swiftly||to.break-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|'''addu=ki'''||'''oua'''||'''kivure'''||'''janagirna-i'''
|-
|when={{sc|2.m.sg}}||O||king.{{sc|nom.sg}}||greatness-{{sc|gen.sg}}
|-
|'''ga=dei=kanden-a'''||'''lui=dreme'''||'''ze=itte-s'''
|-
|{{sc|rel}}=to=far.away-{{sc|n}}||{{sc|1.gen.pl}}=ocean.{{sc|nom.sg}}||{{sc|neg}}=to.come-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|}

{|
|-
|'''sursu=dei=girn-u'''||'''fuinu'''||'''adrasauli-s'''
|-
|naturally.then=to=great-{{sc|f}}||goddess.{{sc|nom.sg}}||soul-to.make.wishes-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|'''nir=patta-rt'''||'''dei=lu'''||'''gler-bruni-s'''
|-
|and=law-{{sc|acc.pl}}||to={{sc|1.nom.pl}}||hand-to.put-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|'''mus=tas=anshill-e'''||'''aie=rumeimrattu'''||'''dei=nule-t'''||'''itte-s'''
|-
|and.so=on=saviour-{{sc|nom.sg}}||with=prosperity-{{sc|nom.sg}}||to=poor-{{sc|nom.pl}}||to.come-{{sc|prf}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
Just a couple things not found in the [[Alaia]] article:
* Nouns when ruled by prepositions take the nominative singular.
* The preposition '''tas''' 'on' can also mean 'as a [noun]'

Alaia

2015-07-18T16:52:36Z

Serafín: /* Derivational morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. Polar questions are marked by a particle in second position, content questions by in-situ interrogative pronouns. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...'''u''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T18:09:40Z

Serafín: /* Typological overview dump */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. Polar questions are marked by a particle in second position, content questions by in-situ interrogative pronouns. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T18:01:24Z

Serafín: /* Typological overview dump */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. Polar questions are marked by a sentence-initial particle, content questions by in-situ interrogative pronouns. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:55:11Z

Serafín:

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:52:22Z

Serafín: /* Inflectional morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

As the table shows, non-substantive attributive adjectives within noun phrases only inflect for gender, while substantive adjectives have the same inflection nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

==Syntax==

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:42:58Z

Serafín: /* Phonemic Inventory */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings from foreign languages and in words used in the standard language taken from particular dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

==Syntax==

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:41:17Z

Serafín: /* Phonemic Inventory */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.

The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

==Syntax==

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:39:55Z

Serafín: /* Derivational morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

==Syntax==

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:39:19Z

Serafín: /* Derivational morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives, adverbs
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun] 
...'''ark''' - [adj.]-ly 
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

==Syntax==

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:37:16Z

Serafín:

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

==Typological overview dump==

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

==Outstanding features==

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

==Phonemic Inventory==

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

==Morphology==

===Inflectional morphology===

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

===Derivational morphology===

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun]
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

==Syntax==

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:33:20Z

Serafín: /* Derivational morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

====Inflectional morphology====

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

====Derivational morphology====

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun]
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in that position is geminated.

===Syntax===

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:30:52Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is certain verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

====Inflectional morphology====

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

====Derivational morphology====

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun]
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in the position is geminated.

===Syntax===

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:29:50Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: it is verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

====Inflectional morphology====

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

====Derivational morphology====

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun]
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in the position is geminated.

===Syntax===

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T17:27:59Z

Serafín: /* Morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’)}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: it is verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

====Inflectional morphology====

The following tables contain samples of Alaia's inflectional morphology.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

Some human nouns have an alternative nominative plural ending '''-l''', meaning 'the distinguished [noun]' e.g. '''rune''' 'man' has both '''runet''' 'men' and '''runel''' 'the distinguished men' for its plural forms.{Classical Arabic}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Neut.
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresi'''n'''
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresi'''k'''
|-
!Perfect
|tresi'''s'''
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresi'''rk'''
|-
!Future
|tresi'''sh'''
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresi'''x'''
|-
|}

The future and future-in-the-past forms have been largely replaced by the present and the imperfect respectively, and so are now largely confined to fossilized expressions (particularly sentential adverbs in the case of the future) and very high registers.

====Derivational morphology====

The following table contains the most common derivational affixes.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Derivational affixes'''
|-
!To nouns, adjectives
!To verbs
|-
|'''acca'''... - group of [noun] 
'''teC'''... - community of [noun] 
'''cai'''... - collection of [noun] 
'''pu'''... - origin of [noun] 
'''ris'''... - place where [noun] is sold 
'''ru'''...u - quality of [adj.] 
'''jana'''...'''a''' - quality of [adj.] 
'''an'''...'''e,u,a''' - agent of [verb] 
'''xin'''... - place where [verb]ing occurs 
'''leu'''... - very [adj.]; thing beyond [noun] 
'''us'''... - full of [noun] 
'''ciC'''... - lacking [noun]
|'''a'''...'''in''' - to [noun] 
...'''in''' - to [noun] 
'''iC'''... - resultative of [verb] 
'''me'''... - causative of [verb] 
'''jin'''... - to [verb] as a surprise 
'''tril'''... - to [verb] with one's eyes; [verb] carefully 
'''gui'''... - to [verb] with one's mouth; [verb] by speaking 
'''kun'''... - to [verb] with one's forehead; [verb] with purpose, deliberately 
'''tei'''... - to [verb] with one's arms; [verb] with effort 
'''krar'''... - to [verb] with one's back; [verb] under pressure
|-
|}

The notation "C" means that the consonant of the stem that would go in the position is geminated.

===Syntax===

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T16:52:58Z

Serafín: /* Morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’)}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: it is verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"|Principal
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|Attributive
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Instrumental
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc
!Fem
!Neut
!Masc
!Fem
!Neut
|-
!colspan="2"|Non-substantive
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|Substantive
!Nominative
|pirk'''e'''
|pirk'''u'''
|pirk'''a'''
|pirk'''et'''
|pirk'''ut'''
|pirk'''at'''
|-
!Accusative
|pirk'''er'''
|pirk'''ur'''
|pirk'''ar'''
|pirk'''ert'''
|pirk'''urt'''
|pirk'''art'''
|-
!Genitive
|pirk'''ei'''
|pirk'''ui'''
|pirk'''ai'''
|pirk'''en'''
|pirk'''un'''
|pirk'''an'''
|-
!Instrumental
|pirk'''es'''
|pirk'''us'''
|pirk'''as'''
|pirk'''est'''
|pirk'''ust'''
|pirk'''ast'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''tresin'' 'to fly''''
|-
!Infinitive
|tresin
|-
!Present
|tresi
|-
!Imperfect
|tresik
|-
!Perfect
|tresis
|-
!Pluperfect
|tresirk
|-
!Future
|tresish
|-
!Future-in-the-past
|tresix
|-
|}

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T16:20:25Z

Serafín: /* Morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’)}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: it is verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Comitative
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc
!Fem
!Neut
!Masc
!Fem
!Neut
|-
!colspan="2"|Attributive
|pirke
|pirku
|pirka
|pirke
|pirku
|pirka
|-
!Non-attributive
!Nominative
|pirke
|pirku
|pirka
|pirket
|pirkut
|pirkat
|-
|}

-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T16:18:10Z

Serafín: /* Morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===

* All content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) are at least two syllables long.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of affixes that derive verbs from verbs based on body parts. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait".{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’)}
* A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A pseudo-duodecimal decimal number system, using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: it is verbs in the future tense referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural, while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.{Classical and Post-Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of calling it ''caeruleus''}
* It uses a lot of parataxis, that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ next to a consonant, although [r] can also appear there.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''kasa'' 'foot''''
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|kasa
|kasa'''t'''
|-
!Accusative
|kasa'''r'''
|kasa'''rt'''
|-
!Genitive
|kasa'''i'''
|kasa'''n'''
|-
!Comitative
|kasa'''s'''
|kasa'''st'''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Inflection of ''pirke'' 'red''''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Masc
!Fem
|-
!colspan="2"|Attributive
|colspan="2"|pirke
|-
!Non-attributive
!Nominative
|pirke
|pirket
|-
|}

-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-syntax things go here

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-13T16:01:54Z

Serafín: /* Phonemic Inventory */

Fourth Linguifex Relay

2015-07-13T15:57:51Z

Serafín: /* Seats */

The '''Fourth Linguifex Relay''' is an upcoming conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. Succeeding the [[Third Linguifex Relay|''Lhut Hâsha Mâle'']] relay, starting in [[Cwengâr]], the fourth one will be written by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in his language [[Wiobian]].

==Rules==
The game is similar to [[w:Chinese whispers|Chinese whispers]]. The procedure is simple, you will receive a conlang text, a ''whisper'', from the previous ''seat'' with an interlinear/gloss which you are to translate into your own conlang and add information so that the next person can decipher it and make a new translation. You will have '''48''' hours from the time of having received the whisper to prepare a translation of it into your conlang, gloss it and then send it to the next person in the chain. You are free to include either a glossary and grammar notes or an interlinear (or both!). The choice is up to you, but it is always recommended to at least add an interlinear.

In the event that you fail to whisper within your allotted 48 hours, the turn will skip your seat and go to the next participant.

The starting date will be set after the seats have been taken. Everyone is welcome to partake, but for reasons of convenience, an account on Linguifex is required (as the posting of the material will be on talk pages and such). Every person is restricted to one entry, but the choice of conlang is up to them. In the case that two people chose the same language, a first-come first-served basis will be adopted (unless, say the language creator chooses to join in).

==Signup==
The signup started 27 October 2014, and the relay began on 14:35, 8 July 2015 (CEST).
===Seats===
The final seat will be a retranslation into the source conlang, as well as the first translation into English. In conjunction, the original text will be published in English.
*'''Zeroth seat''' - [[User:IlL|IlL]], relaymaster, with ''[[Wiobian]]''.
*'''First seat''' - [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]] with ''[[Sceptrian]]''.
*{{skip|'''Second seat''' - [[User:Dē Graut Bʉr|Dē Graut Bʉr]] with ''[[Bearlandic]]''.}} — skipped
*'''Third seat''' - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] with ''[[Van]]''.
*'''Fourth seat''' - [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] with ''[[Kandi]]''.
*'''Fifth seat''' - [[User:KyleFarrington|Kyle Farrington]] with ''[[Kaidu]]''.
*'''Sixth seat''' - [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] with ''[[Alaia]]''.
*'''Seventh seat''' - [[User:MarloweC|MarloweC]] with ''[[Dyrel]]''.
*'''Eighth seat''' - [[User:Unleashy|Unleashy]] with ''[[Ngutanese]]''.
*'''Ninth seat''' - [[User:Anyar|Anyar]] with ''[[Minhast]]''.
*'''Tenth seat''' - [[User:nicolasstraccia|Nicolas Straccia]] with ''[[I Kronurum]]''.
*'''Eleventh seat''' - [[User: Matthew Graham|Matthew Graham]] with ''[[Rennic]]''.
*'''Final seat''' - Retranslation into [[Wiobian]] and [[w:English|English]], as well as publication of the English translation of the original text.

==How-to==
Once you've received the conlang text with glosses and all, you create a page called "Fourth Linguifex Relay/X", where X is your language. Translate and gloss the text into your conlang (try to include an interlinear gloss), and check the '''Seats''' list on this page: Take a look who's next after you and go to their talk page and create a new topic called "Fourth Linguifex Relay"; and link the page where you keep your translation.
[[Category:Relays]]

Alaia

2015-07-12T00:38:01Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

Alaia

2015-07-11T23:18:38Z

Serafín: /* Syntax */

Alaia

2015-07-11T23:18:21Z

Serafín: /* Syntax */

Alaia

2015-07-10T20:26:16Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

Alaia

2015-07-10T20:25:23Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

Alaia

2015-07-10T20:22:44Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===
Some characteristics of the language that the reader might find interesting are:

* All '''content words''' (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) '''are at least two syllables long'''.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of '''affixes''' that derive verbs from verbs '''based on body parts'''. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has '''affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait"'''.{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’)}
* '''A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object''' (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A '''pseudo-duodecimal number system''', using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]}
* '''There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs''' (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: '''it is verbs in the future tense''' referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* '''It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural''', while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically '''every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object''' core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* '''It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.'''{(Post-)Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead calling it ''caeruleus''}
* '''It uses a lot parataxis,''' that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ in syllable-final position, although [r] can also appear there. [r] is used in all other phonological contexts.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===
-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-show the duodecimal-ish number system

-show the contexts where adjectives gain the inflection of nouns

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-10T20:21:00Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===
Some characteristics of the language that the reader might find interesting are:

* All '''content words''' (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) '''are at least two syllables long'''.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of '''affixes''' that derive verbs from verbs '''based on body parts'''. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has '''affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait"'''.{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’)}
* '''A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object''' (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A '''pseudo-duodecimal number system''', using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]
* '''There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs''' (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: '''it is verbs in the future tense''' referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* '''It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural''', while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.
* Practically '''every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object''' core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* '''It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.'''{(Post-)Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead calling it ''caeruleus''}
* '''It uses a lot parataxis,''' that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ in syllable-final position, although [r] can also appear there. [r] is used in all other phonological contexts.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===
-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-show the duodecimal-ish number system

-show the contexts where adjectives gain the inflection of nouns

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-10T20:20:36Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===
Some characteristics of the language that the reader might find interesting are:

* All '''content words''' (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) '''are at least two syllables long'''.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of '''affixes''' that derive verbs from verbs '''based on body parts'''. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has '''affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait"'''.{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’)}
* '''A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object''' (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A '''pseudo-duodecimal number system''', using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]
* '''There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs''' (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: '''it is verbs in the future tense''' referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* '''It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural''', while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.{Bumaa Fijian requires pronouns in plural imperatives, but not singular ones}
* Practically '''every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object''' core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* '''It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.'''{(Post-)Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead calling it ''caeruleus''}
* '''It uses a lot parataxis,''' that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ in syllable-final position, although [r] can also appear there. [r] is used in all other phonological contexts.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===
-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-show the duodecimal-ish number system

-show the contexts where adjectives gain the inflection of nouns

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-10T20:20:12Z

Serafín: /* Morphology */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===
Some characteristics of the language that the reader might find interesting are:

* All '''content words''' (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) '''are at least two syllables long'''.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of '''affixes''' that derive verbs from verbs '''based on body parts'''. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has '''affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait"'''.{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’)}
* '''A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object''' (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, It's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A '''pseudo-duodecimal number system''', using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]
* '''There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs''' (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: '''it is verbs in the future tense''' referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* '''It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural''', while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.{Bumaa Fijian requires pronouns in plural imperatives, but not singular ones}
* Practically '''every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object''' core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* '''It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.'''{(Post-)Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead calling it ''caeruleus''}
* '''It uses a lot parataxis,''' that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ in syllable-final position, although [r] can also appear there. [r] is used in all other phonological contexts.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===
-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-show the duodecimal-ish number system

-show the contexts where adjectives gain the inflection of nouns

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-10T20:19:56Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===
Some characteristics of the language that the reader might find interesting are:

* All '''content words''' (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) '''are at least two syllables long'''.{Xhosa: it even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long}
* It has quite a number of '''affixes''' that derive verbs from verbs '''based on body parts'''. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has '''affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait"'''.{Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’)}
* '''A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object''' (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, It's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A '''pseudo-duodecimal number system''', using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions.{Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]
* '''There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs''' (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: '''it is verbs in the future tense''' referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* '''It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural''', while using a bare form of the verb for the singular.{Bumaa Fijian requires pronouns in plural imperatives, but not singular ones}
* Practically '''every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object''' core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too.{Mandarin Chinese}
* '''It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.'''{(Post-)Classical Latin: ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Isidore (7th c.) describes the colour of the sea as sth between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead calling it ''caeruleus''}
* '''It uses a lot parataxis,''' that is, it often uses clauses seemingly at the same level as the main clause where English and your typical European language would use a subordinate clause.{Classical Arabic, Classical Chinese}

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ in syllable-final position, although [r] can also appear there. [r] is used in all other phonological contexts.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

Every single content word (noun, adjective, verb, adverb) must be at least two syllables long.{Xhosa}

-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-show the duodecimal-ish number system

-show the contexts where adjectives gain the inflection of nouns

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-10T18:42:55Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===
Some characteristics of the language that the reader might find interesting are:

* All '''content words''' (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) '''are at least two syllables long'''. (This is actually attested in the natlang Xhosa, which even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long.)
* It has quite a number of '''affixes''' that derive verbs from verbs '''based on body parts'''. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has '''affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait"''' (Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’).
* '''A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object''' (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As the reader can tell from this list, It's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A '''pseudo-duodecimal number system''', using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions (similar to the system attested in Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]).
* '''There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs''' (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: '''it is verbs in the future tense''' referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* '''It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural''', while using a bare form of the verb for the singular. (Actually attested in some languages.)
* Practically '''every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object''' core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too. (Attested in Mandarin Chinese.)
* '''It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.''' (Attested in Classical and Post-Classical Latin, with ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Notice how Isidore of Seville, in the 7th century, describes the colour of the sea as something between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of saying it is ''caeruleus'' outright...)[/list]

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ in syllable-final position, although [r] can also appear there. [r] is used in all other phonological contexts.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

Every single content word (noun, adjective, verb, adverb) must be at least two syllables long.{Xhosa}

-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-show the duodecimal-ish number system

-show the contexts where adjectives gain the inflection of nouns

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-10T18:42:07Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===
Some characteristics of the language that the reader might find interesting are:

* All '''content words''' (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) '''are at least two syllables long'''. (This is actually attested in the natlang Xhosa, which even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long.)
* It has quite a number of '''affixes''' that derive verbs from verbs '''based on body parts'''. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has '''affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait"''' (Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’).
* '''A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object''' (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As you can see, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A '''pseudo-duodecimal number system''', using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions (similar to the system attested in Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]).
* '''There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs''' (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: '''it is verbs in the future tense''' referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* '''It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural''', while using a bare form of the verb for the singular. (Actually attested in some languages.)
* Practically '''every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object''' core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too. (Attested in Mandarin Chinese.)
* '''It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.''' (Attested in Classical and Post-Classical Latin, with ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Notice how Isidore of Seville, in the 7th century, describes the colour of the sea as something between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of saying it is ''caeruleus'' outright...)[/list]

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ in syllable-final position, although [r] can also appear there. [r] is used in all other phonological contexts.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

Every single content word (noun, adjective, verb, adverb) must be at least two syllables long.{Xhosa}

-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-show the duodecimal-ish number system

-show the contexts where adjectives gain the inflection of nouns

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-10T18:41:45Z

Serafín: /* Outstanding features */

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===
Some characteristics of the language that the reader might find interesting are:

* All '''content words''' (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) '''are at least two syllables long'''. (This is actually attested in the natlang Xhosa, which even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long.)
* It has quite a number of '''affixes''' that derive verbs from verbs '''based on body parts'''. For example: arms-do means “to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort’, finger-do means “to do something carefully”, back-do means “to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure”, etc.
* It has '''affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait"''' (Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' ‘girl with glasses’, derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' ‘glasses’).
* '''A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object''' (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As you can see, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A '''pseudo-duodecimal number system''', using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions (similar to the system attested in Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]).
* '''There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs''' (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: '''it's verbs in the future tense''' referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally “it'll be sad” > sadly, “it'll be unusual” -> curiously, “it'll be god-given” -> fortunately, “it'll be god-resentful” > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb “to be sad” isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* '''It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural''', while using a bare form of the verb for the singular. (Actually attested in some languages.)
* Practically '''every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object''' core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too. (Attested in Mandarin Chinese.)
* '''It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.''' (Attested in Classical and Post-Classical Latin, with ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Notice how Isidore of Seville, in the 7th century, describes the colour of the sea as something between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of saying it is ''caeruleus'' outright...)[/list]

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ in syllable-final position, although [r] can also appear there. [r] is used in all other phonological contexts.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

Every single content word (noun, adjective, verb, adverb) must be at least two syllables long.{Xhosa}

-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-show the duodecimal-ish number system

-show the contexts where adjectives gain the inflection of nouns

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Alaia

2015-07-10T18:39:48Z

Serafín: Added the “Oustanding features” section.

{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Alaia
|nativename = ''alaia''
|creator = [[User:Serafín|Serafín]]
|setting =
|pronunciation = [aˈla.ja]
|region = Senjana
|states = Kingdom of Senjana
|created = 2015
|speakers = 5 million
|date =
|fam1 = Odolic
|ancestor = Proto-Odolic
|ancestor2 = Old Alaia
|dia1 = Iknapu (most prestigious)
|dia2 = Ammaka
|dia3 = Arpate
|dia4 = Keassu
|dia5 = Sili Atta
|dia6 = Ulpane
|dia7 = Vedeti
|script = Alaian script, Old Alaian script
|agency = None. Spelling largely follows pronunciation of the most prestigious dialect. The language of a few rather recent authors is deemed worth imitating.
|notice = IPA
|iso3 = none
}}

''A language within brackets in superscript form means that the previously mentioned characteristic is found in an identical or similar way in that language. For example, "{Xhosa}" stands for "something identical/similar exists in Xhosa". This is for people interested in those natlangs, and may even help justifying the naturalness of the conlang (but just "may").''

'''Alaia''' is a conlang that started being created by user [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] in 2015. It is the latest iteration of a series of similar conlangs, beginning with the conlang "Meftla" in 2009. It is influenced by Latin and Standard Arabic in all aspects except for the lexicon, though many particular details have also been taken from, or inspired by, many other languages. The lexicon is a priori.

In-universe, Alaia is a language spoken by nearly 5 million people in the Kingdom of Senjana, a kingdom that is based on a territory mostly composed of deserts with little life, but where a civilization flourished around its lake and along some of its rivers. Although the language is documented from as far back as nine centuries before the "current" stage (for this article), literacy was limited to a very few (not even much of the upper class knew how to write), and only became more widespread during the last century.

===Typological overview dump===

The prestige dialect of Alaia has 19 consonants, 4 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. Words are always stressed on the penultimate syllable, and have a syllabic structure of (C)(C)V(C)(C) strongly adhering to the sonority hierarchy. Alaia's inflectional morphology uses suffixes exclusively, while derivational morphology makes use of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Nouns inflect for four cases and two numbers, adjectives for gender and sometimes case and number as well, and verbs for 7 TAMs plus one non-finite form. Alaia's neutral word order is SOV. It has both prepositions and postpositions, adjectives and genitives usually precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. Negation is achieved with a preverbal particle, subordination always by a subordinator. It is strongly dependent-marking.

===Outstanding features===
Some of the characteristics of the language the reader might find interesting are:

* All '''content words''' (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) '''are at least two syllables long'''. (This is actually attested in the natlang Xhosa, which even adds a meaningless extra prefix to imperatives when the general rules say they should be only one syllable long.)
* It has quite a number of '''affixes''' that derive verbs from verbs '''based on body parts'''. For example: arms-do means "to do sth with one's arms, to do sth with effort", finger-do means "to do something carefully", back-do means "to do sth with one's back, to do sth under pressure", etc.
* It has '''affixes meaning "man/woman/boy/girl with X trait"''' (Japanese has a suffix meaning "girl with X trait": 眼鏡っ娘 ''meganekko'' 'girl with glasses', derived from 眼鏡 ''megane'' 'glasses').
* '''A few of its adverbs agree in gender with the subject or an object''' (in a similar way as in Levike's conlang above). Some of said adverbs are the Alaia equivalents of "well, badly, totally/completely, all, somewhat, not at all, also, even, not even, only". As you can see, it's mostly just the "core" adverbs that do it, place/manner/time/sentential adverbs generally don't do this.
* A '''pseudo-duodecimal number system''', using base 10 for integers and decimals but base 12 for fractions (similar to the system attested in Classical Latin, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals this article]).
* '''There's an equivalent of sentential adverbs''' (like "frankly/honestly, surprisingly/curiously, sadly, (un)fortunately, hopefully, bafflingly, thankfully, ideally...", particularly when used at the beginning of the sentence followed by a little pause), but the equivalent is not adverbial in nature: '''it's verbs in the future tense''' referring to the rest of the sentence. For example, literally "it'll be sad" > sadly, "it'll be unusual" > curiously, "it'll be god-given" > fortunately, "it'll be god-resentful" > hopefully. Some are fully grammaticalized, e.g. the verb "to be sad" isn't actually used anymore, except in its future form as a sentential adverb.
* '''It uses an auxiliary verb to form the imperative plural''', while using a bare form of the verb for the singular. (Actually attested in some languages.)
* Practically '''every transitive verb can simply drop its direct object''' core argument and so become intransitive, if the direct object is obvious enough from context. Subjects can be dropped if they're obvious too. (Attested in Mandarin Chinese.)
* '''It only has four basic colours: white, black, red-orange, green-blue.''' (Attested in Classical and Post-Classical Latin, with ''albus, niger, ruber, viridis.'' Notice how Isidore of Seville, in the 7th century, describes the colour of the sea as something between ''viridis'' and ''niger'', instead of saying it is ''caeruleus'' outright...)[/list]

===Phonemic Inventory===

The phonemic inventory of the prestige dialect of Iknapu is shown in the following tables.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental/Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Velar
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosives/Affricate
!Voiceless
|'''p'''
|'''t'''
|'''c''' [tʃ]
|'''k'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''b'''
|'''d'''
|'''j''' [dʒ]
|'''g'''
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|'''m'''
|'''n'''
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!Voiceless
|'''f'''
|'''s'''
|'''sh''' [ʃ]
|'''x'''
|-
!Voiced
|'''v'''
|'''z'''
|('''zh''' [ʒ])1
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Rhotic
|
|'''r''' [r ~ ɾ]2
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral
|
|'''l'''
|
|
|}
1/ʒ/ is a marginal phoneme, mostly used in borrowings and in words used in the standard language borrowed from dialects. 
2[ɾ] is the most common allophone of /r/ in syllable-final position, although [r] can also appear there. [r] is used in all other phonological contexts.

All consonants can appear long except for '''r'''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel monophthong phonemes'''
|-
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|'''i'''
|
|'''u'''
|-
!Mid
|colspan="2"|'''e''' [e ~ ə]1
|
|-
!Low
|
|'''a'''
|
|}
1/e/ is pronounced [e] in stressed syllables, [ə] in unstressed ones.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Falling diphthong phonemes'''
|-
!Falling to i
|'''ei''' [ei ~ əi]1
|'''ai'''
|'''ui'''
|-
!Falling to u
|'''eu'''
|'''au'''
|
|}
1/ei/ is pronounced [ei] in stressed syllables, [əi] in unstressed ones.
The prestige dialect does not have any rising diphthongs at all.

===Morphology===

Every single content word (noun, adjective, verb, adverb) must be at least two syllables long.{Xhosa}

-show sample noun, adjective and verb inflection

-show a comprehensive list of the derivational morphemes, putting the ones derived from body parts apart. include examples

===Syntax===

-show the duodecimal-ish number system

-show the contexts where adjectives gain the inflection of nouns

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]