Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Apostolic

2025-07-05T16:59:18Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Nouns */

Apostolic /ˌæpəˈstɑːlɪk/ (in Apostolic, ''Lingua Abodolia'' /ˈliŋ:ɣwaˌaboˈdoːʎa/), sometimes called Abodolic, was the official language of the Holy See in 100 C.D., spoken by ~2000 people, 1800 of these as a first language. It belonged to the Italic language family, stemming directly from Latin with an Italian substrate. This language was isolated from the rest of the world, since it was one of the only two light refuges in the demon realm of the Eastern Hemisphere.
== Phonology ==
As people looked for softer speech, the Apostolic sound shift occurred.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Voiced plosive become fricatives !! Voiceless plosives become voiced !! Breathed plosives become fricatives
|-
| /b/ → /v/, /d/ → /ð/, /g/ → /ɣ/ || /p/ → /b/, /t/ → /d/, /k/ → /g/ || /ph/ → /f/, /th → /θ/, /kh → /h/
|}
Apostolic also adopted some phonological traits from Italian: 
C = /ʃ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /k/ elsewhere. 
G = /ʒ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /g/ elsewhere. 
/kC/ → /C/ or /CC/ 
Final consonants disappear, plurals formed differently from -s or not at all. 
 
/r/ must start a syllable, ergo ''dre'' = /di̯ˈre/, not */dre/; ''servori'' = /serˈvɔ.ri/, not */serˈvɔr.i/
== Orthography ==
Most letters in Apostolic represent their IPA phonemes, with these exceptions: 
C and G palatalize before E, I, and Y. 
J only appears at the starts of words. I makes the /j/ sound medially and finally. 
LI makes the /ʎ/ sound, not */lj/ 
N becomes velar (/ŋ/) before velar plosives and fricative K (/k/) and G (/g/, /ɣ/). 
O becomes open-mid (/ɔ/) before liquids L (/l/) and R (/r/). 
Q does not appear individually except to represent itself (pronounced /kwe/). QU, however, makes the /kw/ sound. 
S may become voiced (/z/) after voiced plosives B (/b/), D (/d/), G (/g/). 
TH represents respectively. 
U represents semivowel /w/ before unstressed vowels. The letter W only appears at the start of words. 
X represents the vowel cluster /ks/, or sometimes /gz/ when unstressed. 
Y only appears in loanwords, representing the rounded vowel /y/.
Diphthongs AE and OE represent /ai̯/ and /ɔi̯/.

All together, Apostolic officially has a 26-letter alphabet: A, B, C, D, Ð, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z.
== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
Apostolic has 5 categories of nouns: A-stems, from Latin 1st declension and 2nd declension neuters; E-stems, from Latin 3rd and 5th declensions; I-stems, from Latin 2nd declension masculine; O-stem, from some rare cases of 3rd declension nouns; and U-stems, from Latin 4th declension.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Inflections of Apostolic nouns
|-
!!! Singular !! Plural
|-
| A-stem || noda, buela || nodae, buelae
|-
| E-stem || ðie, bade || ðie, bade
|-
| I-stem || servi, bui || servi, bui
|-
| O-stem || tempo, senado || tempoe, senadoe
|-
| U-stem || senadu, ðomu || senadu, ðomu
|}

To make a noun Genitive or Dative, or to indicate motion "toward", add an -or- between the root and the ending. Ex: ''buela'' = girl, ''buelora'' = of/to a girl, and ''buelorae'' means of/to girls.

Apostolic

2025-07-05T16:57:40Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Nouns */

Apostolic /ˌæpəˈstɑːlɪk/ (in Apostolic, ''Lingua Abodolia'' /ˈliŋ:ɣwaˌaboˈdoːʎa/), sometimes called Abodolic, was the official language of the Holy See in 100 C.D., spoken by ~2000 people, 1800 of these as a first language. It belonged to the Italic language family, stemming directly from Latin with an Italian substrate. This language was isolated from the rest of the world, since it was one of the only two light refuges in the demon realm of the Eastern Hemisphere.
== Phonology ==
As people looked for softer speech, the Apostolic sound shift occurred.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Voiced plosive become fricatives !! Voiceless plosives become voiced !! Breathed plosives become fricatives
|-
| /b/ → /v/, /d/ → /ð/, /g/ → /ɣ/ || /p/ → /b/, /t/ → /d/, /k/ → /g/ || /ph/ → /f/, /th → /θ/, /kh → /h/
|}
Apostolic also adopted some phonological traits from Italian: 
C = /ʃ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /k/ elsewhere. 
G = /ʒ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /g/ elsewhere. 
/kC/ → /C/ or /CC/ 
Final consonants disappear, plurals formed differently from -s or not at all. 
 
/r/ must start a syllable, ergo ''dre'' = /di̯ˈre/, not */dre/; ''servori'' = /serˈvɔ.ri/, not */serˈvɔr.i/
== Orthography ==
Most letters in Apostolic represent their IPA phonemes, with these exceptions: 
C and G palatalize before E, I, and Y. 
J only appears at the starts of words. I makes the /j/ sound medially and finally. 
LI makes the /ʎ/ sound, not */lj/ 
N becomes velar (/ŋ/) before velar plosives and fricative K (/k/) and G (/g/, /ɣ/). 
O becomes open-mid (/ɔ/) before liquids L (/l/) and R (/r/). 
Q does not appear individually except to represent itself (pronounced /kwe/). QU, however, makes the /kw/ sound. 
S may become voiced (/z/) after voiced plosives B (/b/), D (/d/), G (/g/). 
TH represents respectively. 
U represents semivowel /w/ before unstressed vowels. The letter W only appears at the start of words. 
X represents the vowel cluster /ks/, or sometimes /gz/ when unstressed. 
Y only appears in loanwords, representing the rounded vowel /y/.
Diphthongs AE and OE represent /ai̯/ and /ɔi̯/.

All together, Apostolic officially has a 26-letter alphabet: A, B, C, D, Ð, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z.
== Morphology ==
== Nouns ==
Apostolic has 5 categories of nouns: A-stems, from Latin 1st declension and 2nd declension neuters; E-stems, from Latin 3rd and 5th declensions; I-stems, from Latin 2nd declension masculine; O-stem, from some rare cases of 3rd declension nouns; and U-stems, from Latin 4th declension.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Inflections of Apostolic nouns
|-
!!! Singular !! Plural
|-
| A-stem || noda, buela || nodae, buelae
|-
| E-stem || ðie, bade || ðie, bade
|-
| I-stem || servi, bui || servi, bui
|-
| O-stem || tempo, senado || tempoe, senadoe
|-
| U-stem || senadu, ðomu || senadu, ðomu
|}

To make a noun Genitive or Dative, or to indicate motion "toward", add an -or- between the root and the ending. Ex: ''buela'' = girl, ''buelora'' = of/to a girl, and ''buelorae'' means of/to girls.

Apostolic

2025-07-05T16:56:39Z

TheWorldCreator:

Apostolic /ˌæpəˈstɑːlɪk/ (in Apostolic, ''Lingua Abodolia'' /ˈliŋ:ɣwaˌaboˈdoːʎa/), sometimes called Abodolic, was the official language of the Holy See in 100 C.D., spoken by ~2000 people, 1800 of these as a first language. It belonged to the Italic language family, stemming directly from Latin with an Italian substrate. This language was isolated from the rest of the world, since it was one of the only two light refuges in the demon realm of the Eastern Hemisphere.
== Phonology ==
As people looked for softer speech, the Apostolic sound shift occurred.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Voiced plosive become fricatives !! Voiceless plosives become voiced !! Breathed plosives become fricatives
|-
| /b/ → /v/, /d/ → /ð/, /g/ → /ɣ/ || /p/ → /b/, /t/ → /d/, /k/ → /g/ || /ph/ → /f/, /th → /θ/, /kh → /h/
|}
Apostolic also adopted some phonological traits from Italian: 
C = /ʃ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /k/ elsewhere. 
G = /ʒ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /g/ elsewhere. 
/kC/ → /C/ or /CC/ 
Final consonants disappear, plurals formed differently from -s or not at all. 
 
/r/ must start a syllable, ergo ''dre'' = /di̯ˈre/, not */dre/; ''servori'' = /serˈvɔ.ri/, not */serˈvɔr.i/
== Orthography ==
Most letters in Apostolic represent their IPA phonemes, with these exceptions: 
C and G palatalize before E, I, and Y. 
J only appears at the starts of words. I makes the /j/ sound medially and finally. 
LI makes the /ʎ/ sound, not */lj/ 
N becomes velar (/ŋ/) before velar plosives and fricative K (/k/) and G (/g/, /ɣ/). 
O becomes open-mid (/ɔ/) before liquids L (/l/) and R (/r/). 
Q does not appear individually except to represent itself (pronounced /kwe/). QU, however, makes the /kw/ sound. 
S may become voiced (/z/) after voiced plosives B (/b/), D (/d/), G (/g/). 
TH represents respectively. 
U represents semivowel /w/ before unstressed vowels. The letter W only appears at the start of words. 
X represents the vowel cluster /ks/, or sometimes /gz/ when unstressed. 
Y only appears in loanwords, representing the rounded vowel /y/.
Diphthongs AE and OE represent /ai̯/ and /ɔi̯/.

All together, Apostolic officially has a 26-letter alphabet: A, B, C, D, Ð, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z.
== Morphology ==
== Nouns ==
Apostolic has 5 categories of nouns: A-stems, from Latin 1st declension and 2nd declension neuters; E-stems, from Latin 3rd and 5th declensions; I-stems, from Latin 2nd declension masculine; O-stem, from some rare cases of 3rd declension nouns; and U-stems, from Latin 4th declension.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Inflections of Apostolic nouns
|-
!!! Singular !! Plural
|-
| A-stem || noda, buela || nodae, buelae
|-
| E-stem || ðie, bade || ðie, bade
|-
| I-stem || servi, bui || servi, bui
|-
| O-stem || tempo, senado || tempoe, senadoe
|-
| U-stem || senadu || senadu
|}

To make a noun Genitive or Dative, or to indicate motion "toward", add an -or- between the root and the ending. Ex: ''buela'' = girl, ''buelora'' = of/to a girl, and ''buelorae'' means of/to girls.

Apostolic

2025-07-05T16:31:58Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Orthography */

Apostolic was the official language of the Holy See in 100 C.D., spoken by ~2000 people, 1800 of these as a first language. It belonged to the Italic language family, stemming directly from Latin with an Italian substrate. This language was isolated from the rest of the world, since it was one of the only two light refuges in the demon realm of the Eastern Hemisphere.
== Phonology ==
As people looked for softer speech, the Apostolic sound shift occurred.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Voiced plosive become fricatives !! Voiceless plosives become voiced !! Breathed plosives become fricatives
|-
| /b/ → /v/, /d/ → /ð/, /g/ → /ɣ/ || /p/ → /b/, /t/ → /d/, /k/ → /g/ || /ph/ → /f/, /th → /θ/, /kh → /h/
|}
Apostolic also adopted some phonological traits from Italian: 
C = /ʃ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /k/ elsewhere. 
G = /ʒ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /g/ elsewhere. 
/kC/ → /C/ or /CC/ 
Final consonants disappear, plurals formed differently from -s or not at all. 
 
/r/ must start a syllable, ergo ''tre'' = /ti̯ˈre/, not */tre/; ''servori'' = /serˈvɔ.ri/, not */serˈvɔr.i/
== Orthography ==
Most letters in Apostolic represent their IPA phonemes, with these exceptions: 
C and G palatalize before E, I, and Y. 
J only appears at the starts of words. I makes the /j/ sound medially and finally. 
LI makes the /ʎ/ sound, not */lj/ 
N becomes velar (/ŋ/) before velar plosives and fricative K (/k/) and G (/g/, /ɣ/). 
O becomes open-mid (/ɔ/) before liquids L (/l/) and R (/r/). 
Q does not appear individually except to represent itself (pronounced /kwe/). QU, however, makes the /kw/ sound. 
S may become voiced (/z/) after voiced plosives B (/b/), D (/d/), G (/g/). 
TH represents respectively. 
U represents semivowel /w/ before unstressed vowels. The letter W only appears at the start of words. 
X represents the vowel cluster /ks/, or sometimes /gz/ when unstressed. 
Y only appears in loanwords, representing the rounded vowel /y/.

All together, Apostolic officially has a 26-letter alphabet: A, B, C, D, Ð, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z.

Apostolic

2025-07-04T14:29:21Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Phonology */

Apostolic was the official language of the Holy See in 100 C.D., spoken by ~2000 people, 1800 of these as a first language. It belonged to the Italic language family, stemming directly from Latin with an Italian substrate. This language was isolated from the rest of the world, since it was one of the only two light refuges in the demon realm of the Eastern Hemisphere.
== Phonology ==
As people looked for softer speech, the Apostolic sound shift occurred.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Voiced plosive become fricatives !! Voiceless plosives become voiced !! Breathed plosives become fricatives
|-
| /b/ → /v/, /d/ → /ð/, /g/ → /ɣ/ || /p/ → /b/, /t/ → /d/, /k/ → /g/ || /ph/ → /f/, /th → /θ/, /kh → /h/
|}
Apostolic also adopted some phonological traits from Italian: 
C = /ʃ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /k/ elsewhere. 
G = /ʒ/ before /e/, /i/, /j/; /g/ elsewhere. 
/kC/ → /C/ or /CC/ 
Final consonants disappear, plurals formed differently from -s or not at all. 
 
/r/ must start a syllable, ergo ''tre'' = /ti̯ˈre/, not */tre/; ''servori'' = /serˈvɔ.ri/, not */serˈvɔr.i/
== Orthography ==
Most letters in Apostolic represent their IPA phonemes, with these exceptions: 
C and G palatalize before E, I, and Y. 
J only appears at the starts of words. I makes the /j/ sound medially and finally. 
LI makes the /ʎ/ sound, not */lj/ 
N becomes velar (/ŋ/) before velar plosives and fricative K (/k/) and G (/g/, /ɣ/). 
O becomes open-mid (/ɔ/) before liquids L (/l/) and R (/r/). 
Q does not appear individually except to represent itself (pronounced /kwe/). QU, however, makes the /kw/ sound. 
S may become voiced (/z/) after voiced plosives B (/b/), D (/d/), G (/g/). 
DH and TH represent dental fricatives /ð/ and /θ/ respectively. 
U represents semivowel /w/ before unstressed vowels. The letter W only appears at the start of words. 
X represents the vowel cluster /ks/, or sometimes /gz/ when unstressed. 
Y only appears in loanwords, represented the rounded vowel /y/.

Apostolic

2025-07-04T00:06:08Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Phonology */

Apostolic

2025-07-03T12:14:26Z

TheWorldCreator: Created page with "Apostolic was the official language of the Holy See in 100 C.D., spoken by ~2000 people, 1800 of these as a first language. It belonged to the Italic language family, stemming directly from Latin with an Italian substrate. This language was isolated from the rest of the world, since it was one of the only two light refuges in the demon realm of the Eastern Hemisphere. == Phonology == As people looked for softer speech, the Apostolic sound shift occurred. Voiced plosi..."

Neu-Öcidental

2025-06-13T14:47:41Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Pronouns */

==Introduction==
Designed to be like an evolved and collapsed Pan-Romance language in ~2200s. Anyone can add to or help!

==Phonology==
Again, designed to have evolved from a simple, easy sound system that slowly collapsed into something more colloquial and complex.
===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Unstressed medial
|-
| Close-mid || ɪ {i} || ʊ {u}
|-
| Mid || ə {e} || ɤ {ö}
|-
| Open-mid || ɐ {a}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Stressed medial/initial/final
|-
| Close-mid || ɪ~i {i} || u {u}
|-
| Mid || e {e/é} || ɔ {o}
|-
| Open-mid || ɐ {a}
|}
===Consonant inventory===
===Syllable structure===
===Stress===
Stress generally rests on the vowel before the final consonant.
===Orthography===

===Phonotactics===
==Morphology==
=== Nouns ===
Nouns do not inflect for case, but do have number distinction, and in some cases natural gender.
===Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Non-clitic personal pronouns
|-
!!! Nominative !! Possessive1 !! Accusative !! Dative !! Prepositional
|-
| 1st person sg || eu || mio || me || mi || mi
|-
| 1st person pl || nos || nosto || nos || nosis || noso
|-
| 2nd person sg || tu/vos2 || tio/vosto || te/vos || ti/vosi || ti/voso
|-
| 2nd person pl || vosos/vosas3 || vosto || vosos/vosas || vosis || voso
|-
| 3rd person sg || e/éa/o || so || e/éa/o, se4 || i, si4 || e/éa/o, si4
|-
| 3rd person pl || éos/éas3 || lio || los/las, se4 || is, si4 || eso, si4
|}
1Non-clitic possessive pronouns inflect like adjectives. Example: mio fil = my son, fila mia = my daughter, mios filos = my children
 
2T-V distinction is only expressed in the singular.
 
3In these cases, distinction is made between the masculine plural and feminine plural. Masculine is used to refer to any group that is not completely feminine.
 
4Reflexive
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Enclitic pronouns
|-
!!! Subject !! Possessive !! Object1
|-
| 1st person sg || mi || mi || me, m'
|-
| 1st person pl || ni || nu || nos
|-
| 2nd person sg || ti || ti || te, t'
|-
| 2nd person pl || vi || vu || vos
|-
| 3rd person sg || - || si || i
|-
| 3rd person pl || - || li || los, l'
|}
1Direct object with non-dative arguments, but always indirect in dative arguments. Object clitics are proclitics.

=== Adjectives ===
=== Determiners ===
Since nouns do not inflect for case, this job is up to determiners, mainly the articles.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ The definite article
|-
! Case !! sg !! pl
|-
| NOM-ACC || le/la/lo || los/las
|-
| GENITIVE || del/dela/delo || delos/delas
|-
| DATIVE || alle/alla/allo || allos/allas
|-
| ABLATIVE || dil/dila/dilo || dilos/dilas
|-
| LOCATIVE || nel/na/no || nelos/nelas
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ The indefinite article
|-
! Case !! sg !! pl
|-
| NOM-ACC || un/una/uno || unos/unas
|-
| GENITIVE || don/dona/dono || donos/donas
|-
| DATIVE || an/ana/ano || anos/anas
|-
| ABLATIVE || dun/duna/duno || dunos/dunas
|-
| LOCATIVE || en/ena/eno || enos/enas
|}
=== Verbs ===
=== Adverbs ===
=== Derivational morphology ===
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
==Example texts==

Talk:Europic

2025-06-13T13:50:17Z

TheWorldCreator: Created page with "Could I construct a language evolved from a regional Europic dialect on earth? --~~~~"

Could I construct a language evolved from a regional Europic dialect on earth?
--[[User:TheWorldCreator|TheWorldCreator]] ([[User talk:TheWorldCreator|talk]]) 13:49, 13 June 2025 (UTC)

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-06-12T23:02:03Z

TheWorldCreator: /* 1st person verbs */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ĉ || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique<ref>The Oblique Case is used for simple functions, such as subject, direct object, predicate, and object of a preposition.</ref> || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative<ref>Only used for indirect objects without prepositions.</ref> || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Pronouns ==
Pronouns decline the same way as nouns, with a stem for each person. They can use all cases, numbers, and genders (gender distinction is usually only used in the third person).
1st person: m- (ex: me = I/me, men = our/ours)
2nd person: t- (ex: tes = y'all, té = to you)
3rd person: l- (ex: lo = he/him, lui = its)
"4th" person: g- (ex: ge = someone, goi = any man's)
Reflexive: s- (ex: sa = herself, sen = their own)
== Adjectives ==
Add an -i- after the stem, then put in the ending. Adjectives must agree with their head nouns in case, number, and gender. For example, "o homo felízio" means "the happy man" and "málias mátras" means "bad mothers".

== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", perfective past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".

=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Past || audan- || adan-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/eratan || estantan/erantan || estatav/erat || estantav/erant
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erats || estantis/erants || estatiĵ/erat || estantiĵ/erant
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}

==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en térra. Donnutes mes hodie pánu men, jé pardonutas més transgrésios men, et pardonanto transgréses men. Jé ne condecutas mes a temtácio, sed guídutas ex málu. Kolqué u réichu es toi, et u poténĉu jé a glora, éterne jé sempre. Amen. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.
|}

Oriente

2025-06-12T22:47:40Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Irregular Noun: tempus */

Oriente is a language in an alternate world where the Roman Empire never split into East and West and was never fully conquered by barbarians, spoken by people in Southeastern Germania, mostly in Austro-Germania. It was formed as a ''lingua franca'' between the many Celtic towns that mixed their own tribal languages with Latin.
== Phonology and Orthography ==
Oriente uses 24 Latin letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, and Z.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter(s) !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || between f'''a'''ther and c'''a'''t
|-
| AE || /ai̯/ || as in g'''uy''', fl'''igh'''t
|-
| AU || /au̯/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ || as in '''c'''at
|-
| CH || /x/ || as in Scottish lo'''ch'''
|-
| D || /d/ || Example
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| EI || /ei̯/ || as in pl'''ay'''
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || as in g'''oal'''
|-
| H || /h/ || as in '''h'''ouse
|-
| I || /i/, /ɪ/, /j/ || as in k'''ee'''p, sometimes as in h'''i'''t, as in '''y'''es at start of word
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in g'''o'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kʷ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || as in '''r'''ock, usually untrilled
|-
| S || /s~ʃ/ || as in '''s'''ea, sometimes gliding into '''sh'''e
|-
| T || /t/, /θ/ || as in '''t'''ie, sometimes '''th'''ick in loanwords
|-
| U || /u/, /ʊ/ || as in l'''oo'''p, sometimes as in p'''u'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/, /ɪ/, /j/ || exact same as I, less common replacement
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}

== Grammar ==
Oriente's grammar is generally considered an Eastern simplification of Latin.
=== Nouns ===
Oriente has 2 genders (Common and Neuter), 4 cases (Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, and Dative), and 2 numbers (singular and plural).
==== The Common Gender ====
The Common Gender is a merger and simplification of Latin's Masculine and Feminine genders.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!!! Decl. 1 !! pl !! Decl. 2 !! pl !! Decl. 3 !! pl
|-
| Nominative || lupa || lupae || patre || patres || vir || virs
|-
| Genitive || lupae || luparum || patris || paterum || virei || virum
|-
| Accusative || lupem || lupes || patrem || patres || virem || virs
|-
| Dative || lupae || lupis || patri || patribus || viri || viribus
|}

==== The Neuter Gender ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!!! o-stem !! pl !! i-stem !! pl !! u-stem !! pl
|-
| Nominative || servum || servos || principium || principios || bellum || bellua
|-
| Genitive || servi || servorum || principii || principium || belli || bellurum
|-
| Accusative || servum || servos || principium || principios || bellum || bellua
|-
| Dative || servo || servis || principio || principibus || bellu || bellus
|}
===== Irregular Noun: ''tempus'' =====
These are the declensions of the o-stem neuter noun meaning "time". This also applies to the nouns ''corpus'', ''onus'', and''opus''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!!! singular !! plural
|-
| Nom || tempus || tempos
|-
| Gen || tempori || temporum
|-
| Acc || tempus || tempos
|-
| Dat || tempo || temporis
|}

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal Pronouns
!!! 1st sg !! 1st pl !! 2nd sg !! 2nd pl !! 3rd sg (common) !! (feminine)<ref>"Feminine" pronouns can only refer to female people, or sometimes female animals</ref> !! (neuter) !! 3rd pl !! indefinite
|-
| Nominative || iho || ni || ti || vi || is || ea || id || si || one
|-
| Genitive || mi-<ref>Genitive pronouns act as adjectives, declining for their head nouns in the same way</ref> || nostr- || tu- || vostr- || i- || i- || i- || si- || onis
|-
| Accusative || me || nos || te || vos || iem || eam || id || sios || onem
|-
| Dative || mihi || nis || tibi || vis || ii || eae || id || siis || oni
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Demonstratives
|-
!!! singular !! plural
|-
| Proximal || hoc || haec
|-
| Medial || das || dies
|-
| Distal || dos || dies
|}

=== Adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Normal Adjective Declensions
!!! Common sg !! Common pl !! Neuter sg !! Neuter pl
|-
| Nominative || prime || primes || primo/um<ref>These three forms decline based on type of Neuter noun (stem)</ref> || primos
|-
| Genitive || primis || primerum || primi || primorum
|-
| Accusative || primem || primes || primo/um || primos
|-
| Dative || primi || primibus || primo/um || primis
|}
==== Articles ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Definite Article
!!! Common sg !! Common pl !! Neuter sg !! Neuter pl
|-
| Nominative || die ||dies || dio/um || dios
|-
| Genitive || deis || dierum || dei || diorum
|-
| Accusative || diem || dies || dio/um || dios
|-
| Dative || dei || deis || dio/um || deis
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Indefinite Article
!!! Common sg !! Neuter sg !! pl
|-
| Nominative || ine || inum || ⸺
|-
| Genitive || ⸺ || ⸺ || ⸺
|-
| Accusative || inem || inum || ⸺
|-
| Dative || ini || inum || ⸺
|}
=== Verbs ===
Verbs conjugate based on tense (pluperfect, perfect, imperfect, present, future, and future perfect), voice (active and passive), person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), and number (singular and plural). 2nd person singular and 2nd person plural verbs are exactly the same. There is also an imperative aspect with only three forms.
==== Imperative Aspect ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!!! Singular !! Plural
|-
| 1st person || ⸺ || ameamus
|-
| 2nd person || ama || amate
|}

== Example Texts ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ The Lord's Prayer
|-
! Oriente !! English
|-
| Patre Nostre, quae is in chaelo,|| Our Father, who art in heaven,
|-
| Sanctifetur nomine tue. || Hallowed be thy name.
|-
| Veniat rechnum tuum, || Thy kingdom come,
|-
| Fertiat voluntat tue, || Thy will be done,
|-
| Ut in caelo et quoque an terrae. || On earth as it is in heaven.
|-
|}

Neu-Öcidental

2025-06-12T22:40:40Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Introduction */

Neu-Öcidental

2025-06-12T22:39:37Z

TheWorldCreator: Created page with "==Introduction== Designed to be like an evolved and collapsed Pan-Romance language in ~2200s. ==Phonology== Again, designed to have evolved from a simple, easy sound system that slowly collapsed into something more colloquial and complex. ===Vowel inventory=== {| class="wikitable" |+ Unstressed medial |- | Close-mid || ɪ {i} || ʊ {u} |- | Mid || ə {e} || ɤ {ö} |- | Open-mid || ɐ {a} |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Stressed medial/initial/final |- | Close-mid || ɪ~i {i}..."

==Introduction==
Designed to be like an evolved and collapsed Pan-Romance language in ~2200s.
==Phonology==
Again, designed to have evolved from a simple, easy sound system that slowly collapsed into something more colloquial and complex.
===Vowel inventory===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Unstressed medial
|-
| Close-mid || ɪ {i} || ʊ {u}
|-
| Mid || ə {e} || ɤ {ö}
|-
| Open-mid || ɐ {a}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Stressed medial/initial/final
|-
| Close-mid || ɪ~i {i} || u {u}
|-
| Mid || e {e/é} || ɔ {o}
|-
| Open-mid || ɐ {a}
|}
===Consonant inventory===
===Syllable structure===
===Stress===
Stress generally rests on the vowel before the final consonant.
===Orthography===

===Phonotactics===
==Morphology==
=== Nouns ===
Nouns do not inflect for case, but do have number distinction, and in some cases natural gender.
=== Pronouns ===
=== Adjectives ===
=== Determiners ===
Since nouns do not inflect for case, this job is up to determiners, mainly the articles.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ The definite article
|-
! Case !! sg !! pl
|-
| NOM-ACC || le/la/lo || los/las
|-
| GENITIVE || del/dela/delo || delos/delas
|-
| DATIVE || alle/alla/allo || allos/allas
|-
| ABLATIVE || dil/dila/dilo || dilos/dilas
|-
| LOCATIVE || nel/na/no || nelos/nelas
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ The indefinite article
|-
! Case !! sg !! pl
|-
| NOM-ACC || un/una/uno || unos/unas
|-
| GENITIVE || don/dona/dono || donos/donas
|-
| DATIVE || an/ana/ano || anos/anas
|-
| ABLATIVE || dun/duna/duno || dunos/dunas
|-
| LOCATIVE || en/ena/eno || enos/enas
|}
=== Verbs ===
=== Adverbs ===
=== Derivational morphology ===
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
==Example texts==

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-11T13:42:03Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Nouns */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ĉ || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique<ref>The Oblique Case is used for simple functions, such as subject, direct object, predicate, and object of a preposition.</ref> || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative<ref>Only used for indirect objects without prepositions.</ref> || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Pronouns ==
Pronouns decline the same way as nouns, with a stem for each person. They can use all cases, numbers, and genders (gender distinction is usually only used in the third person).
1st person: m- (ex: me = I/me, men = our/ours)
2nd person: t- (ex: tes = y'all, té = to you)
3rd person: l- (ex: lo = he/him, lui = its)
"4th" person: g- (ex: ge = someone, goi = any man's)
Reflexive: s- (ex: sa = herself, sen = their own)
== Adjectives ==
Add an -i- after the stem, then put in the ending. Adjectives must agree with their head nouns in case, number, and gender. For example, "o homo felízio" means "the happy man" and "málias mátras" means "bad mothers".

== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Past || audan- || adan-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/eratan || estantan/erantan || estatav/erat || estantav/erant
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erats || estantis/erants || estatiĵ/erat || estantiĵ/erant
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}

==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en térra. Donnutes mes hodie pánu men, jé pardonutas més transgrésios men, et pardonanto transgréses men. Jé ne condecutas mes a temtácio, sed guídutas ex málu. Kolqué u réichu es toi, et u poténĉu jé a glora, éterne jé sempre. Amen. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-11T13:32:39Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Nouns */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ĉ || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique<ref>The Oblique Case is used for simple functions, such as subject, direct object, predicate, and object of a preposition.</ref> || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative<ref>Only used for indirect objects without prepositions.</ref> || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}

== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Past || audan- || adan-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/eratan || estantan/erantan || estatav/erat || estantav/erant
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erats || estantis/erants || estatiĵ/erat || estantiĵ/erant
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}

==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en térra. Donnutes mes hodie pánu men, jé pardonutas més transgrésios men, et pardonanto transgréses men. Jé ne condecutas mes a temtácio, sed guídutas ex málu. Kolqué u réichu es toi, et u poténĉu jé a glora, éterne jé sempre. Amen. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-11T13:29:59Z

TheWorldCreator: /* The Lord's Prayer */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ĉ || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Past || audan- || adan-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/eratan || estantan/erantan || estatav/erat || estantav/erant
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erats || estantis/erants || estatiĵ/erat || estantiĵ/erant
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}

==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en térra. Donnutes mes hodie pánu men, jé pardonutas més transgrésios men, et pardonanto transgréses men. Jé ne condecutas mes a temtácio, sed guídutas ex málu. Kolqué u réichu es toi, et u poténĉu jé a glora, éterne jé sempre. Amen. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-11T13:29:38Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Orthography */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ĉ || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Past || audan- || adan-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/eratan || estantan/erantan || estatav/erat || estantav/erant
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erats || estantis/erants || estatiĵ/erat || estantiĵ/erant
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}

==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en térra. Donnutes mes hodie pánu men, jé pardonutas més transgrésios men, et pardonanto transgréses men. Jé ne condecutas mes a temtácio, sed guídutas ex málu. Kolqué u réichu es toi, et u poténću jé a glora, éterne jé sempre. Amen. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-11T13:28:48Z

TheWorldCreator:

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ć || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Past || audan- || adan-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/eratan || estantan/erantan || estatav/erat || estantav/erant
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erats || estantis/erants || estatiĵ/erat || estantiĵ/erant
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}

==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en térra. Donnutes mes hodie pánu men, jé pardonutas més transgrésios men, et pardonanto transgréses men. Jé ne condecutas mes a temtácio, sed guídutas ex málu. Kolqué u réichu es toi, et u poténću jé a glora, éterne jé sempre. Amen. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-09T20:20:14Z

TheWorldCreator: /* The Lord's Prayer */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ć || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Perfect || audan- || adan-
|-
| Preterite || audin- || adin-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/eratan || estantan/erantan || estatav/erat || estantav/erant
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erats || estantis/erants || estatiĵ/erat || estantiĵ/erant
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}

==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en terra. Donnutes mes hodie panu men, jé || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-09T17:55:49Z

TheWorldCreator: /* 2nd/3rd person forms */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ć || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Perfect || audan- || adan-
|-
| Preterite || audin- || adin-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/eratan || estantan/erantan || estatav/erat || estantav/erant
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erats || estantis/erants || estatiĵ/erat || estantiĵ/erant
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}

==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en terra. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-09T17:51:00Z

TheWorldCreator: /* The Lord's Prayer */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ć || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Perfect || audan- || adan-
|-
| Preterite || audin- || adin-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/estan || estantan/estan || estatav/estav || estantav/estav
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erat || estantis/erant || estatiĵ/estan || estantiĵ/estan
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}
==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui en céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. Réichu toi venutes, voluntu toi estuta, sicut en céilu et en terra. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-09T17:43:25Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Orthography */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ć || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in '''y'''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| K || /k/ ||
|-
| L || /l/ ||
|-
| M || /m/ ||
|-
| N || /n/ || as in '''n'''ight
|-
| O || /o/ || as in fl'''ow'''
|-
| P || /p/ ||
|-
| QU || /kw/ || as in '''qu'''een
|-
| R || /r/ || trilled or not, depending on speaker
|-
| S || /s/ || always voiceless as in '''s'''ee
|-
| T || /t/ ||
|-
| U || /u/ || as in b'''oo'''t
|-
| V || /v/ ||
|-
| W || /w/ ||
|-
| X || /ks/ || as in bo'''x'''
|-
| Y || /i/ || less common variant of I
|-
| Z || /z/ ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
! Letters !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| AI || /aɪ/ || as in g'''uy'''
|-
| AU || /aʊ/ || as in c'''ow'''
|-
| EI || /eɪ̯/ || as in tr'''ai'''n
|-
| ÉI || /ei/ || as in st'''ay, ea'''t
|-
| EU || /əʊ̯/ || similar to bl'''ow''', but more open
|-
| OI || /ɔɪ/ || as in t'''oy'''
|-
| UI || /ui/ || as in y'''ou, ea'''t
|-
| UÍ || /wi/ || as in q'''uee'''n
|}

== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Perfect || audan- || adan-
|-
| Preterite || audin- || adin-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/estan || estantan/estan || estatav/estav || estantav/estav
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erat || estantis/erant || estatiĵ/estan || estantiĵ/estan
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}
==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui in céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T20:58:27Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Verbs */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ć || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in ''y''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}
== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Perfect || audan- || adan-
|-
| Preterite || audin- || adin-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/estan || estantan/estan || estatav/estav || estantav/estav
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erat || estantis/erant || estatiĵ/estan || estantiĵ/estan
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}
==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''
=== Conditional mood ===
Sometimes speakers use a periphrastic conditional mood.
To create this form, combine an indicative perfective preterite form of the copula ''ester'' with the infinitive form of a verb. For example, "If I slept in the night, I would eat it." is "Si me erátin dormer en us nóctus, sum lu comer."

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui in céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T20:47:32Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Verbs */

Created to be an alternative to Esperanto. Dicontu Grandiu is supposed to be more easily spoken by speakers of gendered languages than Esperanto because of its simple-to-use quad-gender system.
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels (stressed/unstressed)
|-
! front !! back
|-
| i/i~ɪ || u/ʊ
|-
| e/ɛ || o/ɔ
|-
| a/a~ə
|}
Note: Vowels marked with an acute accent (stressed syllable) always make their stressed sound.

== Orthography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| A || /a/ || as in f'''a'''ther but more frontal
|-
| B || /b/ ||
|-
| C || /k/ or /s/ || /s/ after s or before e or i, /k/ if not
|-
| Ć || /t͡ʃ/ || as in '''ch'''eck
|-
| D || /d/ ||
|-
| E || /e/ || as in '''e'''gg
|-
| F || /f/ ||
|-
| G || /g/ || almost always as in '''g'''oal
|-
| H || /h/, /∅/ || as in '''h'''ouse or silent
|-
| I || /i/ || as in f'''ee'''t
|-
| J || /j/ || as in ''y''es
|-
| Ĵ || /d͡ʒ/ || as in '''j'''et
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example
|}
== Syntax ==
SVO is used 75% of the time, but the only real word-order rule is that the subject must come before any object.
Adjectives usually follow their head nouns.
Indirect objects usually come before direct objects.
Prepositional phrases do not usually start sentences.

== Nouns ==
Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common (or epicene), and neuter.
Many nouns come in two or more different genders, and the gender changes the meaning. For example, a ''padro'' (masculine) is a father, but a ''padre'' (common) is a parent. And an ''enfante'' (common) is a baby, but an ''enfantu'' (neuter) is a child still in the womb.
If a word appears in a gender it does not usually appear in, a general meaning is implied. If a living thing is strangely made neuter, it usually means the person or thing is deceased. If an inaminate object is made common, it is either being personified metaphorically or suddenly animate, like in a fairy tale. If a normally masculine or feminine thing is made common, it is being generalized. For example, ''florninas'' (feminine) are flower girls, but ''flornines'' would be a respectful way to refer to a group of flower girls and boys.
They also come in two numbers (singular and plural) and four cases: oblique, for subjects, direct objects, and predicate nominatives; dative, for indirect objects; genitive, for possessors, composition, reference, and more; and ablative for intruments, causes, and comparisons. When speaking about specific places, the ablative changes to a locative case, meaning "at ____".
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun declension chart
|-
!!! Masculine !! pl !! Feminine !! pl !! Common !! pl !! Neuter !! pl
|-
| Oblique || pádro || pádros || mátra || mátras || enfánte || enfántes || céilu || céilus
|-
| Genitive || pádroi || pádron || mátrai || mátran || enfántei || enfánten || céilui || céilun
|-
| Dative || padró || padrós || matrá || matrás || enfanté || enfantés || ceilú || ceilús
|-
| Ablative || pádrom || padróm || mátram || matrám || enfántem || enfantém || céilum || ceilúm
|}
== Verbs ==
Verbs conjugate according to 4 tenses (perfect, preterite, present, future), 2 numbers (singular/plural), 2 persons (1st person/other), 2 moods (indicative/jussive), 2 voices (active/passive), and 2 aspects in the active voice (perfective/imperfective).
There are 2 voices: active and passive. These conjugate the same way, but with a stem change. For example, ''vider'' means "to see", while ''vuder'' means "to be seen." ''Vider'' is an example of the active voice, and ''vuder'' the passive. In multi-syllable verb stems, the second syllable changes (-er is the infinitive suffix).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Voice Change Chart
|-
!!! Conj. 1 active !! Conj. 1 passive/Conj. 2 active !! Conj. 2 passive
|-
| a-stem || au || a || u
|-
| e-stem || éi || e || o
|-
| i-stem || ai || i || u
|-
|}
=== 1st person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatov/adatov || audantov/adantov || audativ/adatov || audantiv/adantov
|-
| Preterite || audatin/adatin || audantin/adantin || audati/adatin || audanti/adantin
|-
| Present || audato/adato || audanto/adanto || audatoi/adato || audantoi/adanto
|-
| Future || audatos/adatos || audantos/adantos || audatol/adatos || audantol/adantos
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutov/adutov || auduntov/aduntov || audutiv/adutov || auduntiv/aduntov
|-
| Preterite || audutin/adutin || auduntin/aduntin || auduti/adutin || audunti/aduntin
|-
| Present || auduto/aduto || audunto/adunto || audutoi/aduto || auduntoi/adunto
|-
| Future || audutos/adutos || auduntos/aduntos || audutol/adutos || auduntol/aduntos
|}
Note: Perfective does not exactly align with the perfect tense in English. Perfective future means "will be done", perfective present means "is done now", preterite past means "has been done", and perfective perfect means "had been done".
=== 2nd/3rd person verbs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audatan/adatan || audantan/adantan || audatav/adatan || audantav/adantan
|-
| Preterite || audatis/adatis || audantis/adantis || audatiĵ/adatis || audantiĵ/adantis
|-
| Present || audata/adata || audanta/adanta || audatas/adata || audantas/adanta
|-
| Future || audates/adates || audantes/adantes || audatel/adates || audantel/adantes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || audutan/adutan || auduntan/aduntan || audutav/adutan || auduntav/aduntan
|-
| Preterite || audutis/adutis || auduntis/aduntis || audutiĵ/adutis || auduntiĵ/aduntis
|-
| Present || auduta/aduta || audunta/adunta || audutas/aduta || audantas/adunta
|-
| Future || audutes/adutes || auduntes/aduntes || audutel/adutes || auduntel/aduntes
|}
=== Non-finite forms ===
Active infinitive: ''auder''
Passive infinitive: ''ader''
Active gerund: ''audar''
Passive gerund: ''adar''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participle Stems (for nouns or adjectives)
!!! Active !! Passive
|-
| Perfect || audan- || adan-
|-
| Preterite || audin- || adin-
|-
| Present || aud- || ad-
|-
| Future || audel- || adel-
|}
=== "To be" ===
There are two versions of the verb ''ester'', to be, distinguished in the indicative mood. There is the copula, which uses the shortened forms (O homo es felizio = The man is happy), and the existential, which uses the longer forms (Estatas homo felizio = There is a happy man). This verb also does not have a finite passive voice.
==== 1st person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatov/eratov || estantov/erantov || estativ/erativ || estantiv/erantiv
|-
| Preterite || estatin/eratin || estantin/erantin || estati/erati || estanti/eranti
|-
| Present || estato/sum || estanto/somo || estatoi/sum || estantoi/somo
|-
| Future || estatos/sumos || estantos/somos || estatol/estol || estantol/adantol
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutov || estuntov || estativ || estantiv
|-
| Preterite || estutin || estuntin || estati || estanti
|-
| Present || estuto || estunto || estutoi || estuntoi
|-
| Future || estutos || estantos || estutol || estuntol
|}
==== 2nd/3rd person forms ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indicative mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estatan/estan || estantan/estan || estatav/estav || estantav/estav
|-
| Preterite || estatis/erat || estantis/erant || estatiĵ/estan || estantiĵ/estan
|-
| Present || estata/es || estanta/sont || estatas/es || estantas/sont
|-
| Future || estates/estes || estantes/estes || estatel/estel || estantel/sontel
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Jussive mood
|-
!!! Perfective sg !! Perfective pl !! Imperfective sg !! Imperfective pl
|-
| Perfect || estutan || estuntan || estutav || estuntav
|-
| Preterite || estutis || estuntis || estutiĵ || estuntiĵ
|-
| Present || estuta || estunta || estatas || estantas
|-
| Future || estutes || estuntes || estutel || estuntel
|}
==== Non-finite forms ====
Active infinitive: ''ester''
Passive infinitive: ''uster''
Active gerund: ''estar''
Passive gerund: ''ustar''

== Example texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dicontu Grandiu !! English
|-
| Padro men, kui in céilu es, holufuta nomu toi. || Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed by thy name.
|}

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T14:19:32Z

TheWorldCreator: /* The Lord's Prayer */

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T14:19:12Z

TheWorldCreator:

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T14:07:15Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Non-finite forms */

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T14:07:01Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Non-finite forms */

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T14:05:49Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Verbs */

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T13:44:57Z

TheWorldCreator: /* 1st person verbs */

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T13:38:46Z

TheWorldCreator: /* Verbs */

Dicontu Grandiu

2025-02-08T13:22:23Z