Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Fifth Linguifex Relay

2017-06-07T15:08:50Z

Zev: /* k’maʔ */

{{Relay_navigation_sidebar}}
The '''Fifth Linguifex Relay''' was a conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. The relay text was written in [[Tíogall]] by the relaymaster [[User:IlL|IlL]]. The text passed through eleven translations before being retranslated into Tíogall.

==Texts==
The original text was provided by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in his [[Tíogall]] language. The text is a love poem written by a (Tíogall equivalent of a) high school girl, for posting on a fanfiction website to represent her shipping of an original character, Toiréir Gruaid, with the charismatic male scientist character Stearras Seille from the TV show ___. The poem uses the [[w:Burns stanza|Burns stanza]], which is more common in Tíogall poetry than in English poetry.

:''''' Toħdádhéach ''''' - Warming Up to You
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/Tíogall|Tíogall]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/Windermere|Windermere]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/Dyrel|Dyrel]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/Kharrash|Kharrash]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|I Kronurum]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/Siyayu Ürüküs|Siyayu Ürüküs]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/Rejistanian|Rejistanian]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/Idaltu|Idaltu]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/At'ants'as|At'ants'as]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/Nessanese|Nessanese]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/V|V]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/kʼmaʔ|kʼmaʔ]]''
:*''[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/Tíogall (Retranslation)|Tíogall retranslated]]''

The relay ran from May 22nd, 2017 until June 7th, 2017, and included 5 languages on the wiki (''[[Tíogall]]'', ''[[Windermere]]'', ''[[Dyrel]]'', ''[[I Kronurum]]'', and ''[[Rejistanian]]'').

==Original text==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! Original [[Tíogall]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
'''''Toħdádhéach'''''
''Toiréir Gruaid''

[...]

''Ós fusta liorna séiltigh snáibh''
''Forádhú ná dean bhfúinn’ lior sóibh,''
''Cuín éasraigh fuínn’ bhóg an ŋatéav,''
''Ímeann an cáidear –''
''Tsáŋód ri mbocaín rús dean traebh''
''Ag romhar féadar.''
</poem>
| <poem>
/tɔhdaːˈðeːx/
/tœɾiːl gɾyəd/

[...]

/ɵːs ˈfʊstə ˈʟɪlnə ˈsiːlti sneːv/
/ˈfɔɾaːðʉː naˈ dɛn vyːn ʟɪl søːv/
/kiːn ˈeːsɾi fyːn vɵːg ən ŋateːv/
/ˈiːmən ən ˈkeːdəl/
/tsaːˈŋɵːd ɾi ˈmɔkiːn ɾʉːs dɛn tɾeːv/
/əg ˈrɵːwəl ˈfeːdəl/
</poem>
|
<poem>
'''Warming Up to You'''
Toiréir Gruaid

[...]

Though I know you will wither as a corpse, [Or: Even when you have withered as a corpse]
I still gladly bask in your warmth, [Or: I would still bask in memories of your warmth]
For the same warmth nurtures curiosity,
The leaves of knowledge -
A garden that you have planted in this plot of land,
and forever will keep.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Windermere==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Windermere]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
'''''Misithcuar'''''
''Toyril Grüed''

[...]

''Tuach yasnar nga łen hefrăchta mineab,
''rie łobănnea mis hălsieth łen,
''tsin nga sădoan hălsieth łocămșuth sa hălsăchemnar –
''sa imcnul sa hălsnar;
''sa tslües, mong łen tănnăret fe mis ceth snüe,
''te hef'ăloth șa-tăgoa.
</poem>
| <poem>
/mɪsɪθ'kuər/
/'tø:rɪl gry:d/

[...]

/tuəx jɐ'snar ŋɐ ɬe̞n he̞v̥rɘx'ta mɪ'niəp/
/ri: ɬo̞bɨn'niə mɪs hɘl'si:θ ɬe̞n/
/tsɪŋ ŋɐ sɘdo̞ən hɘl'si:θ ɬo̞kɨm'ʃuθ sɐ hɘlsɘxe̞m'nar/
/sɐ ʔɪmknul sɐ hɘl'snar/
/sɐ tsly:s mo̞ŋ ɬe̞n tɨnnɘ're̞t fe̞ mɪs ke̞θ sny:/
/te̞ he̞vʔɘ'lo̞θ ʃɐtɘ'go̞ə/
</poem>
| <poem>
'''Warming Up to You'''
Toiréir Gruaid

[...]

Even knowing that you will die in the end,
I bask in your warmth,
For the same warmth nurtures curiosity,
The leaves of knowledge -
A garden that you have planted in this plot of land,
and will keep forever.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Dyrel==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Dyrel]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
Doln Polvy
Doryl +rud
 
''Dovena veŕy veponada na suŕy sene adnar sirsuysarad
''Adyr venu suí eïalanar veympolvy
''Udemi era venuŕy losar eïponadasa dodolnsar
''Iroï ponadaí sodomyl
''Uvesonŕy na suŕy adyr era doma alsualanasar
''Lav na sene imormodan sirdoemeru.
</poem>
| <poem>
More Enjoyment
[dɵɹɪl gɹut]
 
Even though I know that you will die in the end
I so enjoy being in your warmth
Because this warmth increases desire to know
There are leaves of knowledge
A garden that you placed on this earth
And that forever remains
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Kharrash==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Kharrash]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
'''''zhok djayor
''Dorrilj Gorrot

''di hashe helj njarheng rok gadj ngikh
''di zhok djayor hazhad helj falh chalh
''heng falh zhid zhagh hashe djod.
''hashe chogh ghar shogh yang
''ljazh ezh helj tot heng yegh chalh
''hazhad zhod zhogh shogh gadj zhe.
</poem>
|<poem>
[ʒɤkʰ d͡ʒajɤr]
[dɤɹˀiʎ gɤɹˀɤtʰ]

[di haʃe heʎ ɲar̥eŋ rɤkʰ gad͡ʒ ŋiχ
di ʒɤkʰ d͡ʒajɤr haʒad heʎ h̪͆aɬ t͡ʃʰaɬ
heŋ h̪͆aɬ ʒid ʒaʁ haʃe d͡ʒɤd
haʃe t͡ʃʰɤʁ ʁar ʃɤʁ jaŋ
ʎaʒ eʒ heʎ tʰɤtʰ heŋ jeʁ t͡ʃʰaɬ
haʒad ʒɤd ʒɤʁ ʃɤʁ gad͡ʒ ʒe]
</poem>

|<poem>
Much enjoyment
Daryl Garrett

Though I know you die in the end
I much like staying in your fire
Because said fire makes me want to know.
Knowledge-leaves go to
(A) meadow you put in the world
And will stay for ages.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==I Kronurum==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[I Kronurum]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
:''Alanni''

:''Náŕa angr nédor, nwo setr wonaftógwartan gar jóstosjet, arajur'' 
:''i-étŕirum ó þetren okrerumaftó alangur'' 
:''as ór okren nédor tró angr arajti ke·aleinåtrur ini,'' 
:''man nwo noraftó farkahirumaftó ór i-arajten nwo bréfeþrum jóhlásánur arajur'' 
:''man won wartaftó tróśenasig étrénu ini'' 

::::::::::::::::::''– Dogrili Gogrot''
</poem>
|<poem>
/ˈʔɑ.la.nːi/

/ˈnɑi̯.rɐ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ | ˈnʷo̞ ˈse̞.tr̩ wo̞.naf.tu̹.ˈgʷɑɾ.tɐn ˈgɑɾ ju̹.ˈsto̞j.sje̞t | ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ʔi.ˈei̯t.ri.ɾum ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾe̞n ʔo̞.kɾɛ.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔɑ.ˈlɑŋ.guɾ/
/ˈʔɑs ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞.kɾe̞n ˈnei̯.do̞ɾ ˈtɾu̹ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩ ˈʔɑ.ɾaj.ti ke̞.ʔɑ.ˈlei̯.nɑ.tɾuɾ ˈʔi.ni | /
/ˈmɑn ˈnʷo̞ nei̯.do̞.ɾaf.ˈtu̹ fɑɾ.ka.hi.ɾu.maf.ˈtu̹ ʔu̹ɾ ʔi.ˈʔɑ.ɾɐj.ten ˈnʷo̞ ˈb̥ɾei̯.fe̞.θɾum ju̹.ˈhlɑi̯.sai̯.nuɾ ˈʔɑ.ɾa.juɾ/
/ˈmɑn ˈwo̞n wɑɾ.tɐf.ˈtu̹ tɾu̜.ˈʃe̞.na.six ˈʔei̯.tɾei̯.nu ˈʔi.ni/

/ˈdo̞.ɣɾi.li ˈgo̞.ɣɾo̞t/
</poem>
| <poem>
Loving

Even though I know you'll be dead when it is the end
I love staying by your fire
Because this fire makes me want to know,
and I know that the leaves of knowledge will bloom in this world
and remain in time forever
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Siyayu Ürüküs==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Siyayu Ürüküs]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
'''''guyudu
''Duguril Guyurus

''Mirindi qar sume ge uyusdümür ge nuzunud
''uyusdimidi subu buyunu qiduzum kurum kurum
''eʒek subu dimiste uuds ćüggüsdüü
''kurum sume ge ürgündi gayan zinisme müüzürüqüm ge nuzunud
''utusdi duzume buunuqum kurum kurum
</poem>
| <poem>

</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Rejistanian==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Rejistanian]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
'''''Sek'xen
''Duk~huril K~huyus

''Xe'ki ,xe'ki'ixunus il'han ut'jet, het.
''Xe'seve 'kelda ariv'het'ra sjiki ,ki'tan'mi mi'lija 'esinaxalvu xe'tes jilih'han, het.
''Xe'ki ,vesa'het'ny min'ki'meshi'idjenus xures tekne'het'ra, het.
''Ninak'het mi'kidhi ji min'ki'kelda sjiki.

</poem>
| <poem>
Let us enjoy

I know that I will die for you in the end.
I use, remaining in the fire, from here on so that its wisdom makes me yearn for this.
I know that leaves will likely bloom again in the world.
Time passes and I will remain forever.
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Idaltu==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Idaltu]] !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
'''''bajuljuceqebaja!
''Duɡuxi Guaijuz

''maxarirsumeqetedaqechulu
''njarqapemeqeshuxuhawnaxzamexzashuda
''majbanarsulapfachymnubxa
''qfekajeturgu manirshunuhilu

</poem>
|<poem>
'''''/bajuljuçeqebaja/
''/duɡuxi Guaijuz/

''/maxarirsumeqetedaqeχulu/
''/njarqapemeqeʃuxuhawnaxzamexzaʃuda/
''/majbanarsulapfaχymnubxa/
''/qfekajeturgu manirʃunuhilu/

</poem>
| <poem>
'''''May you(all) find joy!
''Duɡuxi Guaijuz

''I know that I will die for you in the end.
''I use to maintain that it is wise to desire it.
''I know that the leaves will spring out again in the world.
''Time goes on and on. It will remain forever.

</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==At'ants'as==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[At'ants'as]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
''Mes msomi ak'alwoym hewop'ami.'' 
''At'ay plohu mes a-posi morhes,'' 
''Nur pnetewi msom hets'oymi.'' 
''Nu atsʼanohi,'' 
''Ye at'elosh hs-wot pesti ap'oymt,'' 
''Nu hoyu-nur hots'atis hoyi,'' 
''A-hte hsi at'awosi.'' 
'''''Ulopyat'omtrosk'''''
| <poem>
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Nessanese==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Nessanese]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Ηθάσπη παινἐνόναση πας χυίλλη ἑνόυση καιπή,
''πάχα ύδεςμαι αθάσση.

''Λαι βαζήα: ἱναι, πάζι ιντυκόσον θαλόςκαι δαώνι,
''λαι παςμα παιλώ ήια λαι βυλόνι λαι θαυίσι
''– ἱα μαζήυα πασθαδάς.

'''''– ναι Παιναζόυθαι Άωβύαἰ, Υλόψα θόυρροξ'''
</poem>
|<poem>
''I want to make us happy like I had us happy in past,
''nevertheless we will later die.

''And understand: that where the fallowlands will be made green with sprouting leaves,
''and like the days and months and years go:
''that breath as in ancient times.

''- by Tamer of Wild-dogs, Ylopsa Thurrhox''
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==V==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[V]] !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''imou uqqu uigaisuq, you yuqŋeis,
''yuu qou taagaisua.
''nu ei iyũi: ou meedau haaḥısmuq, haada qou ṭou,
''ou quuvuq vandavi qeenayu quunayu;
''unau nuuhausuq.

— sıtousasuhhus, pau hıquuḍahuq
</poem>
| <poem>

</poem>
| <poem>
''May we, who were once content/grateful, be content/grateful again,
''even though we'll eventually die.
''And consider/understand this: the one in the barren soil where leaves will grow,
''the one who moves by like the day and the night and the passing of time;
''that's the spirit of old.

— Tousasuhhus, tamer of dogs
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==k’maʔ==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! k’maʔ !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''pʼtáɓ mut ɾikʼ ʔɗupʼ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓs ʔɗuʔpʼ,
''ŋaʔ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓ ʔʃúʔ.
''ʔaʔntʃʼ tʼíʔ pʼtsʼuʔ kʼámiɓw pʼkʼuʔl ɓjáŋ
''ɓɾóh ʔkʼoŋ ʔɗuts ʔŋáʔ júɓ mɓál ŋ̍ʔ nɗikʼ ŋ̍ʔ táɓ nɗuts.

— towsaʔsuhus, pwáʔ ʔtʼuʔiɓw
</poem>
| <poem>
''When a person gives thanks, again should he give thanks
''Though he may one day die.
''He may think that on the barren soil there grow leaves.
''The old souls pass by like the sun shines and sets and time passes.

— towsaʔsuhus, the tame dog
</poem>
|-
|}
</center>

==Retranslated text==
<center>
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
! [[Tíogall]] retranslated !! IPA !! English </noinclude>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<poem>
''Ar sŋímeachadh ag moileadh fígin, aonúr hú tiortar ag tiortar!''
''Asaiŋŋt asŋataigh hú cré chiamh,''
''Ach aru le tnáigh bhfá mar le taimhear gil bólaí máslaeŋa le sonaiŋŋt.''
''Cuín arfásaigh an Saichte gúine; ''
''Réisí réanmataigh ag blóstaigh hú, ag réisí h-oithitigh an rách.''

''— Tomhsásuħus, Lisnóiŋeadh na Saoibh''
</poem>
|<poem>
/al ˈsŋiːməxəθ əg ˈmœʟəθ ˈfiːdʒiːn, ˈɵːnʉːl hʉː ˈtɪltəl əg ˈtɪltəl/
/ˈasɨŋt ˈasŋətɨ hʉː kɾeː ʃiəw/
/ax ˈaɾʊ ʀə ˈtnɛːj vaː mal ʀə ˈtɛwəl gɪʟ boʟiː ˈmaːsʀeːŋə ʀə ˈsɔnɨŋt/
/kiːn ˈalfaːsɨ ə ˈsɛxtə ˈgyːnə/
/ˈɾiːsiː ˈɾeːnmətɨ əg ˈbʀɵːstɨ hʉː əg ˈɾiːsiː ˈhœθɨtɨ ə ˈɾaːx/

/tɵːsaːsʊˈhʊs, ˈʀɪsnøːŋəθ nə ˈsøːv/
</poem>
|<poem>
When a man gives praise and thanks, let him do so repeatedly!
Die he will one day,
but he must have faith that leaves can sprout from barren soil.
For the spirit-complex is ever actively present,
so long as it dawns and dusks, and so long as time passes.

— towsaʔsuhus, Tamer of Dogs
</poem>

[[Category:Relays]][[Category:Linguifex relays]]
{{archive}}

Fifth Linguifex Relay/kʼmaʔ

2017-06-07T15:07:33Z

Zev: /* Grammar notes */

=== Transcription ===

pʼtáɓ mut ɾikʼ ʔɗupʼ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓs ʔɗuʔpʼ,

ŋaʔ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓ ʔʃúʔ.

ʔaʔntʃʼ tʼíʔ pʼtsʼuʔ kʼámiɓw pʼkʼuʔl ɓjáŋ

ɓɾóh ʔkʼoŋ ʔɗuts ʔŋáʔ júɓ mɓál ŋ̍ʔ nɗikʼ ŋ̍ʔ táɓ nɗuts.

— towsaʔsuhus, pwáʔ ʔtʼuʔiɓw

== Gloss ==

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| pʼtáɓ || mut || ɾikʼ || ʔɗupʼ || kʼmoʔ || pʼtáɓs || ʔɗuʔpʼ
|-
| pʼ-táɓ || mut || ɾikʼ || ʔ-ɗupʼ || kʼ-moʔ || pʼ-táɓ=s || ʔ-ɗupʼ-ʔ
|-
| LOC1-time || person || PRES || ANIM-praise/give_thanks || COUNTER-one || LOC1-time=also/more || ANIM-praise/give_thanks-OPT
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| ŋaʔ || kʼmoʔ || pʼtáɓ || ʔʃúʔ.
|-
| ŋaʔ || kʼ-moʔ || pʼ-táɓ || ʔ-ʃúʔ-ʔ
|-
| yet/although || COUNTER-one || LOC1-time || ANIM-die-OPT
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| ʔaʔntʃʼ || tʼíʔ || pʼtsʼuʔ || kʼámiɓw || pʼkʼuʔl || ɓjáŋ
|-
| ʔ-antʃʼ-ʔ || tʼíʔ || pʼ-tsʼuʔ || kʼám-iɓw || pʼ-kʼul-ʔ || ɓ-jáŋ
|-
| ANIM-think-OPT || it_is_said || LOC1-soil || be_barren-PASS || LOC1-grow-OPT || PL-leaf
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| ɓɾóh || ʔkʼoŋ || ɾikʼ || ʔɗuts || ʔŋáʔ || júɓ || mɓál || ŋ̍ʔ || nɗikʼ || ŋ̍ʔ || táɓ || nɗuts
|-
| ɓ-ɾóh || ʔ-kʼoŋ || ɾikʼ || ʔ-ɗuts || ʔ-ŋáʔ || júɓ || n-ɓál || ŋ̍ʔ || n-ɗikʼ || ŋ̍ʔ || táɓ || n-ɗuts
|-
| PL-soul/spirit || ANIM-be_old || PRES || ANIM-pass/pass_by || ANIM-be_like || sun || INANIM-shine || and/with || INANIM-become_night || and/with || time || INANIM-pass/pass_by
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| — towsaʔsuhus, || pwáʔ || ʔtʼuʔiɓw
|-
| towsaʔsuhus || pwáʔ || ʔ-tʼuw-iɓw
|-
| [personal_name] || dog || ANIM-domesticate-PASS
|}

== Glossary of anything that isn't standard ==

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white;"
|-
| '''LOC1''' || the first locative, which is used for exact places or times
|-
| '''OPT''' || optative, which is an infix that I wasn't sure how to gloss properly
|-
| '''PASS''' || passive, sometimes used participially
|-
| '''COUNTER''' || grammatically necessary prefix for numerals
|}

== Grammar notes ==

Verbs are indicative by default; tense is only marked (with particles) for indicative verbs; the lack of this particle can indicate that a verb is being used to modify a noun instead, or that the verb is being used gnomically. Verbs can agree for animacy or locative type. The optative covers a wide range of subjunctive-like uses. The particle ''tʼíʔ'' may be used to subordinate clauses.

I was originally thinking this was phonemic IPA, but I think I'd rather interpret it as a weird orthography now.

User talk:IlL

2017-06-06T21:14:54Z

Zev: /* Fifth Linguifex Relay */ new section

{{archive}}

== Start date? ==

Please pick a start date for the relay so I can announce it on FB as well. :P --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 21:05, 7 July 2015 (CEST)
:<s>What about 9 July 2015, 00:00 (UTC) at the earliest? [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 05:12, 8 July 2015 (CEST)</s>
:Nevermind, you can begin now. [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 05:33, 8 July 2015 (CEST)

Do remember to pass the relay to Juhhmi on his talk page! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:51, 8 July 2015 (CEST)

== The final, super duper end result of the conlang chinese-ancient greek- hebrew-lalekuvaleve whispers! (the fourth linguifex relay) ==

http://linguifex.com/wiki/Fourth_Linguifex_Relay/Rennic

here is the link to the rennic translation, thank you!

== Leipzig-Jakarta! ==

I just added the Leipzig-Jakarta word list as a template <nowiki>{{Leipzig-Jakarta}}</nowiki> if you want to use it for your stuff! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 05:31, 28 January 2017 (CET)

Clocalcavir~~🎵 [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 05:34, 28 January 2017 (CET)

== Fifth Linguifex Relay ==

[[Fifth Linguifex Relay/kʼmaʔ]]

Fifth Linguifex Relay/K'ima'

2017-06-06T21:13:42Z

Zev: Zev moved page Fifth Linguifex Relay/K'ima' to Fifth Linguifex Relay/kʼmaʔ: move to IPA-based orthography I actually ended up using

#REDIRECT [[Fifth Linguifex Relay/kʼmaʔ]]

Fifth Linguifex Relay/kʼmaʔ

2017-06-06T21:13:41Z

Zev: Zev moved page Fifth Linguifex Relay/K'ima' to Fifth Linguifex Relay/kʼmaʔ: move to IPA-based orthography I actually ended up using

=== Transcription ===

pʼtáɓ mut ɾikʼ ʔɗupʼ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓs ʔɗuʔpʼ,

ŋaʔ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓ ʔʃúʔ.

ʔaʔntʃʼ tʼíʔ pʼtsʼuʔ kʼámiɓw pʼkʼuʔl ɓjáŋ

ɓɾóh ʔkʼoŋ ʔɗuts ʔŋáʔ júɓ mɓál ŋ̍ʔ nɗikʼ ŋ̍ʔ táɓ nɗuts.

— towsaʔsuhus, pwá ʔtʼuʔiɓw

== Gloss ==

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| pʼtáɓ || mut || ɾikʼ || ʔɗupʼ || kʼmoʔ || pʼtáɓs || ʔɗuʔpʼ
|-
| pʼ-táɓ || mut || ɾikʼ || ʔ-ɗupʼ || kʼ-moʔ || pʼ-táɓ=s || ʔ-ɗupʼ-ʔ
|-
| LOC1-time || person || PRES || ANIM-praise/give_thanks || COUNTER-one || LOC1-time=also/more || ANIM-praise/give_thanks-OPT
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| ŋaʔ || kʼmoʔ || pʼtáɓ || ʔʃúʔ.
|-
| ŋaʔ || kʼ-moʔ || pʼ-táɓ || ʔ-ʃúʔ-ʔ
|-
| yet/although || COUNTER-one || LOC1-time || ANIM-die-OPT
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| ʔaʔntʃʼ || tʼíʔ || pʼtsʼuʔ || kʼámiɓw || pʼkʼuʔl || ɓjáŋ
|-
| ʔ-antʃʼ-ʔ || tʼíʔ || pʼ-tsʼuʔ || kʼám-iɓw || pʼ-kʼul-ʔ || ɓ-jáŋ
|-
| ANIM-think-OPT || it_is_said || LOC1-soil || be_barren-PASS || LOC1-grow-OPT || PL-leaf
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| ɓɾóh || ʔkʼoŋ || ɾikʼ || ʔɗuts || ʔŋáʔ || júɓ || mɓál || ŋ̍ʔ || nɗikʼ || ŋ̍ʔ || táɓ || nɗuts
|-
| ɓ-ɾóh || ʔ-kʼoŋ || ɾikʼ || ʔ-ɗuts || ʔ-ŋáʔ || júɓ || n-ɓál || ŋ̍ʔ || n-ɗikʼ || ŋ̍ʔ || táɓ || n-ɗuts
|-
| PL-soul/spirit || ANIM-be_old || PRES || ANIM-pass/pass_by || ANIM-be_like || sun || INANIM-shine || and/with || INANIM-become_night || and/with || time || INANIM-pass/pass_by
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| — towsaʔsuhus, || pwá || ʔtʼuʔiɓw
|-
| towsaʔsuhus || pwá || ʔ-tʼuw-iɓw
|-
| [personal_name] || dog || ANIM-domesticate-PASS
|}

== Glossary of anything that isn't standard ==

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white;"
|-
| '''LOC1''' || the first locative, which is used for exact places or times
|-
| '''OPT''' || optative, which is an infix that I wasn't sure how to gloss properly
|-
| '''PASS''' || passive, sometimes used participially
|-
| '''COUNTER''' || grammatically necessary prefix for numerals
|}

== Grammar notes ==

Verbs are indicative by default; tense is only marked (with particles) for indicative verbs; the lack of this particle can indicate that a verb is being used to modify a noun instead, or that the verb is being used gnomically. Verbs can agree for animacy or locative type. The optative covers a wide range of subjunctive-like uses. The particle ''tʼíʔ'' may be used to subordinate clauses.

Fifth Linguifex Relay/kʼmaʔ

2017-06-06T21:12:34Z

Zev: Created page with "=== Transcription === pʼtáɓ mut ɾikʼ ʔɗupʼ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓs ʔɗuʔpʼ, ŋaʔ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓ ʔʃúʔ. ʔaʔntʃʼ tʼíʔ pʼtsʼuʔ kʼámiɓw pʼkʼuʔl ɓjá..."

=== Transcription ===

pʼtáɓ mut ɾikʼ ʔɗupʼ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓs ʔɗuʔpʼ,

ŋaʔ kʼmoʔ pʼtáɓ ʔʃúʔ.

ʔaʔntʃʼ tʼíʔ pʼtsʼuʔ kʼámiɓw pʼkʼuʔl ɓjáŋ

ɓɾóh ʔkʼoŋ ʔɗuts ʔŋáʔ júɓ mɓál ŋ̍ʔ nɗikʼ ŋ̍ʔ táɓ nɗuts.

— towsaʔsuhus, pwá ʔtʼuʔiɓw

== Gloss ==

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| pʼtáɓ || mut || ɾikʼ || ʔɗupʼ || kʼmoʔ || pʼtáɓs || ʔɗuʔpʼ
|-
| pʼ-táɓ || mut || ɾikʼ || ʔ-ɗupʼ || kʼ-moʔ || pʼ-táɓ=s || ʔ-ɗupʼ-ʔ
|-
| LOC1-time || person || PRES || ANIM-praise/give_thanks || COUNTER-one || LOC1-time=also/more || ANIM-praise/give_thanks-OPT
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| ŋaʔ || kʼmoʔ || pʼtáɓ || ʔʃúʔ.
|-
| ŋaʔ || kʼ-moʔ || pʼ-táɓ || ʔ-ʃúʔ-ʔ
|-
| yet/although || COUNTER-one || LOC1-time || ANIM-die-OPT
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| ʔaʔntʃʼ || tʼíʔ || pʼtsʼuʔ || kʼámiɓw || pʼkʼuʔl || ɓjáŋ
|-
| ʔ-antʃʼ-ʔ || tʼíʔ || pʼ-tsʼuʔ || kʼám-iɓw || pʼ-kʼul-ʔ || ɓ-jáŋ
|-
| ANIM-think-OPT || it_is_said || LOC1-soil || be_barren-PASS || LOC1-grow-OPT || PL-leaf
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| ɓɾóh || ʔkʼoŋ || ɾikʼ || ʔɗuts || ʔŋáʔ || júɓ || mɓál || ŋ̍ʔ || nɗikʼ || ŋ̍ʔ || táɓ || nɗuts
|-
| ɓ-ɾóh || ʔ-kʼoŋ || ɾikʼ || ʔ-ɗuts || ʔ-ŋáʔ || júɓ || n-ɓál || ŋ̍ʔ || n-ɗikʼ || ŋ̍ʔ || táɓ || n-ɗuts
|-
| PL-soul/spirit || ANIM-be_old || PRES || ANIM-pass/pass_by || ANIM-be_like || sun || INANIM-shine || and/with || INANIM-become_night || and/with || time || INANIM-pass/pass_by
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center;"
|-
| — towsaʔsuhus, || pwá || ʔtʼuʔiɓw
|-
| towsaʔsuhus || pwá || ʔ-tʼuw-iɓw
|-
| [personal_name] || dog || ANIM-domesticate-PASS
|}

== Glossary of anything that isn't standard ==

{| class="wikitable" style="background: white;"
|-
| '''LOC1''' || the first locative, which is used for exact places or times
|-
| '''OPT''' || optative, which is an infix that I wasn't sure how to gloss properly
|-
| '''PASS''' || passive, sometimes used participially
|-
| '''COUNTER''' || grammatically necessary prefix for numerals
|}

== Grammar notes ==

Verbs are indicative by default; tense is only marked (with particles) for indicative verbs; the lack of this particle can indicate that a verb is being used to modify a noun instead, or that the verb is being used gnomically. Verbs can agree for animacy or locative type. The optative covers a wide range of subjunctive-like uses. The particle ''tʼíʔ'' may be used to subordinate clauses.

User:Zev

2017-05-20T06:37:33Z

Zev:

I'm a lazy conlanger, in that I often prefer to study natlangs (but then find myself tweaking them and mixing features, and before I know it, I've accidentally created a bad conlang). My current ideas in the works include a conlang communicated in chemicals and some Bantulang intrigue.

Fifth Linguifex Relay/1

2017-05-20T06:35:06Z

Zev: add self

The '''Fifth Linguifex Relay''' is an upcoming conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. Succeeding the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay|''ei! jån' kähne Jündemruoger'']] relay, starting in [[Classical Wiobian|Classical Wiobian]], the fifth relay will be started by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in his [[Tíogall]] language.

SIGNUP IS OPEN. TO SIGN UP, PLEASE ADD YOUR SEAT DIRECTLY BELOW THE LAST SEAT ADDED. For example, if the last seat added is numbered Seat 8, your new seat should be Seat 9. If no one has signed up yet, number your seat Seat 1.
==Rules==
The game is similar to [[w:Chinese whispers|Chinese whispers]]. The procedure is simple: you will receive a conlang text, a ''whisper'' or ''torch'', from the previous ''seat'' with an interlinear/gloss which you are to translate into your own conlang and add information so that the next person can decipher it and make a new translation. You will have '''48''' hours from the time of having received the whisper to prepare a translation of it into your conlang, gloss it and then send it to the next person in the chain. You are free to include either a glossary and grammar notes or an interlinear (or both!). The choice is up to you, but it is always recommended to at least add an interlinear.

In the event that you fail to whisper within your allotted 48 hours, the turn will skip your seat and go to the next participant.

The relaymaster will determine at their own discretion when a relay is to start. Everyone is welcome to partake, but for reasons of convenience, an account on Linguifex is required. Every person is restricted to one entry, but the choice of conlang is up to them. In the case that two people chose the same language, a first-come first-served basis will be adopted (unless, say, the language creator chooses to join in).

==Signup==
===Seats===

The final seat will be a retranslation into the source conlang, as well as the first translation into English. In conjunction, the original text will be published in English.
*'''Seat 0''' - [[User:IlL|IlL]], relaymaster, with ''[[Tíogall]]''.
*'''Seat 1''' - [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]], with ''[[Windermere]]''.
*'''Seat 2''' - [[User:MarloweC|MarloweC]], with ''[[Dyrel]]''.
*'''Seat 3''' - [[User:Araneus|Araneus]], with ''Kharrash''.
*'''Seat 4''' - [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolas Straccia]], with ''[[I Kronurum]]''.
*'''Seat 5''' - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] with '''TBA'''.
*'''Seat 6''' - [[User:Rejis‎|Rejis]] with ''[[Rejistanian]]''.
*'''Seat 7''' - [[User:Zev‎|The Dark Lord]] with '''TBA'''.
*'''Final seat''' - Retranslation into ''[[Tíogall]]'' and English. The English version of the original text will be published as well.

==How-to==
Once you've received the conlang text with glosses and all, create a page called "Fifth Linguifex Relay/X", where X is your language. Translate and gloss the text into your conlang (try to include an interlinear gloss), and check the '''Seats''' list on this page: Take a look who's next after you and go to their talk page and create a new topic called "Fifth Linguifex Relay"; and link the page where you keep your translation.
[[Category:Relays]]

Lapine

2013-12-24T07:48:40Z

Zev: This is an edited and heavily linkified version of a post I made in the Conlangs group on Facebook. As it is not one of my conlangs, this page can and should be edited until it looks much better than it does at present.

The [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine|Lapine language]] is a conlang spoken by British rabbits in [[w:Richard Adams|Richard Adams]]' 1972 novel [[w:Watership Down|''Watership Down'']]. Very little vocabulary is given, and, at least within the book, no guide to pronunciation nor implication of a native script exists. The name derives from French [[wikt:lapin#French|''lapin'']] ("rabbit").

It is written in a very English-looking use of the Latin script, with the exception of the character [[wikt:é|''é'']], which appears to be the only use of any diacriticals in the transcriptions. One may assume this is to establish the vowel quality as closer to /ei/ than, say, /i/ - but for all we know this could have to do with stress or pitch or simply aesthetics. [[w:Arabic phonology|Arabic]] has been cited as an inspiration, but the phonological resemblance is unclear, if present at all.

The words tend to be incorporated into English sentences, so only vestiges of the original grammar remain. Some derivational morphology is clear: a couple of personal names show noun compounding, as well as the derivational suffixes [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/-rah|''-rah'']] (augmentative) and [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/-roo|''-roo'']] (diminutive). The verb [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/silflay|''silflay'']] ("to feed outside") is especially valuable in this regard, as it comes from [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/silf|''silf'']] ("outside") + [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/flay|''flay'']] ("food"), and thus shows not only a verb derived from a compound of words in two other parts of speech, but also eliminates the double f that one would expect (especially surprising given that <ff> is indeed legal, as in [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/pfeffa|''pfeffa'']] ("cat").) Noun plurals are always formed by replacing the final vowel with [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/-il|''-il'']], although some nouns end with a consonant, and it is unclear how these would be pluralised. The words [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/Frith|''Frith'']] ("sun") and [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/Inlé|''Inlé'']] ("moon") are prefixed to form [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/ni-Frith|''ni-Frith'']] ("noon") and [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/fu-Inlé|''fu-Inlé'']] ("after moonrise"), but the exact meanings of the temporal prefixes is unclear.

Some parts of Lapine grammar, like syntax and conjugation, are generally hidden by embedding the words in English. One couplet serves to give the only information that readers get about those two features in the book:
<poem>''Hoi, hoi u embleer Hrair''
''M'saion ulé hraka vair.''
Translated:
"Hoi, hoi, the stinking Thousand
We meet them even when we stop to pass our droppings."</poem>
Among the information hidden here is that adjectives precede the nouns they modify and do not change form, and objects precede their verbs (so SOV may be inferred). [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/m'saion|''M'saion'']] remains mysterious - does it encode both the subject and the object as it would seem (so "we meet them") like [[w:Klingon language|Klingon]] does, and if so can we assume that Lapine is [[w:Pro-drop|pro-drop]]? Is ''saion'' the lemma form?

Rabbit culture infuses the meagre vocabulary, like the implication that [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/hrair|''hrair'']] means both "five" and "thousand" because rabbits cannot count beyond four. (The biological validity of that statement is beside the point, but it is reasonable.) Rabbits evidently also communicate with other animals in a language called Hedgerow Vernacular, which is translated to suggest that it is a kind of pidgin. It is clearly based on Lapine, and preserves some of the lexical features like [[wikt:Appendix:Lapine/marli|''marli'']], which can mean both "doe" [i.e. female rabbit] and "mother", but it lacks fundamental features of Lapine, like the definite article.

First Linguifex Relay/Rigwayavo

2013-09-05T23:28:25Z

Zev: transliterate per raqasta

Here follows the [[Rigwayavo|리과야뽀/Rigwayavo]] source text for the [[First Linguifex Relay]]. Note that it is ''strictly forbidden'' to create public English translations of this text and its derivations while the relay is running, so please avoid doing so. It only spoils the fun. If you are not partaking in the relay, do not worry, a proper translation will be published after the relay has run its course.

[Every even line is a transliteration of the preceding line.]

==카토하 아뻬차오/Katoha avechao==
<poem>
라보하리 테라아 호모차오소뇨,
rabohari teraa homochaosunyo
호하리 카아오 따쿄빠네
hochari kaao thakyovane
호 카 모트차,
ho ka motücha,
''아모하도 뽀로아 아뻬까오''
''amohado voroa averhao''
이초하 마레차모레
ichoha marechamore
마아게 마게로.
maage magero.
테포하 모레차
tepoha morecha
''아모 뽀 아뻬''
''amo vo ave''
미노하 로퀘하네
minoha rokwehane
사뻬하리 레레아오오브스쿠로.
savehari rereaoobüsükuro.
</poem>
===Dictionary===
Note: all words (except the suffixes) are defined as standalone nouns in this glossary, but they can see several uses, as pseudo-verbs (described below) and when suffixed to another noun, as adjectives. They should be translated thus, so if a word is glossed as "fire", do not hesitate to translate it as "burn", "fiery", or "burning" if context and placement demands it.

* ''kato'' - song, chant
* ''ave'' - bird
* ''rabo'' - work, drift (through) (these are actually unrelated words that are spelt identically)
* ''-ri'' - his/her/its
* ''tera'' - Earth, land
* ''homo'' - person, human
* ''sonyo'' - dream, fantasy
* ''thakyo'' - creation, action
* ''-ne'' - negation suffix
* ''motü'' - death
* ''amo'' - love, beloved, lover
* ''-do'' - two
* ''voro'' - wish/want, fly (these are actually unrelated words that are spelt identically)
* ''icho'' - blow, wound, injury, hurt
* ''mare'' - sea, ocean
* ''more'' - softness, weakness, pliability
* ''age'' - coldness
* ''gero'' - ice
* ''tepo'' - time
* ''Mino'' - Minos (Judge of the Dead)
* ''rokwe'' - speech
* ''save'' - knowledge
* ''rere'' - thing, matter
* ''obüsükuro'' - dark, hidden (a borrowed term, the only such example in this passage)

===Notes===
First of all - don't worry if it doesn't make much sense, because I found the torch I got to be pretty semantically confusing in the first place! You will have to read [[Rigwayavo|this article]], especially for the semantic elision, which is important to understand (in short, the process whereby a previously used word may be invoked by just using its first syllable). What follows will assist in translation beyond what the article explains.

It is useful to note that the dative case (''-cha'') is usually used more like a possessive; otherwise the cases should be straightforward (every word is marked for case). There are no true verbs in Rigwayavo, so often the direct object (marked with ''-a'') of a subject (marked with ''-ha'') should be interpreted as a verb instead. In other places, the subject may be interpreted as the verb, generally when a possessive pronoun is attached to it (this would be the subject) or when such pronoun is implied. The word ''homo'' can be used as a placeholder word for a personal pronoun when it carries a possessive pronoun, e.g. "my person" is used where in English we would say "I" or "me". All numbers are monosyllabic suffixes and are glossed in the Dictionary section as they occur, but there is a notable suffix which is suffixed like a number, namely ''-o'', which simply indicates that there is a number greater than one but not very big whose exact value is unimportant; it functions much like a plural. If a noun takes multiple adjectives, each must be suffixed separately, requiring a repetition of the first syllable of the antecedent noun but all meant to modify the first iteration.

[[Category:Relay texts]]

Talk:First Linguifex Relay/Rigwayavo

2013-09-05T23:22:44Z

Zev:

I would instantly reject this myself and look at the one before, if it isn't romanized I wouldn't bother :P [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 09:25, 5 September 2013 (CEST)

: Yeah, I can't read Hangeul and I don't really have the time to transliterate the entire text, short as it may be. Could I get a romanized version, please (constripts are usually not part of conlang relays, unless it's a conscript relay in the first place)? :) [[User:Ashucky|Ashucky]] ([[User talk:Ashucky|talk]]) 13:55, 5 September 2013 (CEST)

:: I don't get why the gloss is romanized but the poem is not. I mean, at least if the gloss was also non-romanized, then you'd able to make correspondance between symbols. Also, looking over the Rigwayavo Hangeul, there's a few multiple option romanizations that would make it worse, though most could probably be guessed based off the gloss.

::Also, Zelos! Isn't it cheating to look at the torch before your turn?-[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 18:32, 5 September 2013 (CEST)

Nope, not as long as I don't translate them :P I checked how it looked with symbols and hated it so I didn't continue [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 20:35, 5 September 2013 (CEST)

Ok, considering I didn't explicitly state that romanization is the norm (as I assumed everyone would be aware of it, truly, my bad) and User [[User_talk:Zev|Zev]] having done what was literally required of him when he could, I think it's fair to freeze User [[User_talk:Ashucky|Ashucky]]'s round until User [[User_talk:Zev|Zev]] can provide a reasonable romanization for his part of the relay. That is, there will be no skipping nor forfeiting of translation privileges. Addendum: It is currently Rosh HaShanah, i.e. the Jewish New Year which lasts until September 6 and which I suspect might have User [[User_talk:Zev|Zev]] busy (he mentioned something about a major religious holiday starting). Thus, I suggest we have a a little patience. /relay master, out. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 23:12, 5 September 2013 (CEST)
*Sorry about that. It isn't a conscript, so I thought it would be OK, but I will transliterate the torch. It's already going to be a hellish translation you have to do, might as well not make you learn hangeul as well. [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 01:22, 6 September 2013 (CEST)

Sprik

2013-09-05T07:04:27Z

Zev: /* Addendum: Phonology */ fix chart a bit, add allophone of [n] that I forgot to mention

{{Infobox language
|name = Sprik
|nativename = Sprik
|pronunciation = [sprɪk]
|region = six towns in Moselle, France
|states = 
|nation = 
|speakers = < 200
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]]
|map = 
|mapcaption = 
|iso1 = 
|iso2 = 
|iso3 = 
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
|agency = 
}}

==Sprik: A survey==

This brief work is intended to describe the salient features of Sprik, a minor West Germanic language reported in six towns in France near the Luxembourgish border. Almost solely older residents belonging to the merchant class speak the language to a fully fluent level. It is believed that the unusual and highly irregular development of the language is a result of its use as a cant and the roving habits of those who spoke it, before the immigration laws of the 20th century restricted it to its present range.

This survey is intended to allow any reader with experience in West Germanic languages to comprehend text written in Sprik, and to elucidate the prominent features of the language.

===Grammatical survey===

;Nouns.
There are four cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and dative (all words that are declined will be declined in this order). Nouns only inflect for one of them, the genitive. The genitive is regularly formed identically for singular and plural by suffixing the noun with ''–s''; if it ends in a vowel, with ''–jes''. Some nouns undergo umlaut as well, but this is nowadays rare outside of the countryside, and can be safely ignored. Almost all nouns are pluralized in the nominative, accusative, and dative by adding ''–e'' (or ''–n'' if they end in an ''e'' already); speakers from the South may use ''–(e)n'' for all nouns instead, as will any speaker when trying to appear formal. Nouns have one of two genders, common and neuter; they are only distinguished in a few situations and a noun’s gender may easily be forgotten or confused. New borrowings are always of the common gender.

;Adjectives.
Adjectives are inflected for all oblique cases in certain situations. Adjectives normally precede a noun; when used postpositively, they do not inflect. They always inflect for the genitive, singular and plural, in an identical manner to the nouns, except that there is never umlaut. Adjective inflection also produces what is called the “attributive form”, used before a noun belonging to the common gender in the accusative and dative cases for both singular and plural nouns. The attributive form is produced like the noun plural, except that adjectives that already end in ''e'' take ''–ne'' and the attempt at formality described above almost never occurs, being seen as a sign of poor education when misapplied to adjectives.

;Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives.
The possessive adjectives are as follows: ''mijn'' (my), ''dijn'' (your), ''hijn'' (his), ''schijn'' (her), ''ijen'' (its), ''vijn'' (our), ''jijn'' (your pl.), ''dijen'' (their). They act like normal adjectives in the nominative and genitive cases, except for the fact that the attributive form is only used postpositively. The possessive adjectives are thus indeclinable in regard to the accusative and dative cases when used before a noun, as they normally are. Due to the existence of the possessive adjectives, the personal pronouns have no genitive forms, but all decline for the other cases. No second-personal plural exists; the second-person singular is used instead or the second-person plural possessive adjective is used if there is ambiguity. However, there is a separate third-person singular form for both natural genders and the grammatical gender, neuter; masculine forms are generally used to refer to objects referred to by the common gender. Sprik is not a pro-drop language, so the personal pronouns are essential, and often allow for inconsistency in using or pronouncing the conjugated forms of verbs. The personal pronouns are as follows: I: ''mij'', ''mij'', ''mei''; you: ''u'', ''ju'', ''ooi''; he: ''hij'', ''hen'', ''hooi''; she: ''schij'', ''hen'', ''schei''; it: ''et'', ''et'', ''ijt''; we: ''vij'', ''uins'', ''ijch''; they: ''dije'', ''dij'', ''deie''.

;Verbs.
Verbs have as a lemma form their infinitive, which always consists of the verbal stem followed by ''–in''. For the following discussion, we will use the verb ''sprikin'' (“to speak”). Verbs undergo a complex conjugation in the present tense, which is regular for the vast majority of verbs. However, the verbs can still be considered according to principal parts, of which there are three: the first-person singular (in this case, ''sprek''), the neuter third-person singular (''sprich'') and either the infinitive or the past participle, both of which preserve the verbal stem (''sprikin'' and ''gesprikt'' respectively). The first-person singular, second-person singular, and third-person plural change the stem’s vowel; the remaining forms change the stem’s final consonant. Verbs have no second-person plural form, and ignore gender except in the third-person singular, where common gender nouns take a different form from neuter ones. ''Sprikin'' is conjugated thus: ''mij sprek'', ''u sprekin'', (''sc'')''hij spricht'', ''vij sprichin'', ''dije sprekin'', ''et sprich''.

;Conjugation continued.
Regular conjugation always follows the same rules to produce the vowel change and the consonant change, one of which (never both) is found in each conjugated form. The vowel shifts are as follows: ''ij'' becomes ''ie'', ''i'' becomes ''e'', ''e'' becomes ''ij'', ''ie'' becomes ''i'', ''u''(''i'') becomes ''oo''(''i''), and ''oo''(''i'') becomes ''u''(''i''). The consonant shifts are more limited, and are only in the following cases: ''k'' becomes ''ch'', ''ch'' becomes ''g'', ''t'' becomes ''d'', and ''v'' becomes ''f''. The past participle is formed from the verbal stem prefixed with ''ge-'' and suffixed with ''–t''; it is an adjective and declines normally. The present participle is identical to the infinitive, and declines normally; although the attributive form is proscriptively suffixed with ''–de'' (so ''sprikinde'', for example) few speakers actually say this. It is variously spelt as ''sprikine'' or ''sprikinne'' when reflecting the spoken form. There are also two nouns regularly derived from verbs, one of which is the verbal stem, which takes on the meaning of “that which is acted upon by the verb” and is of the neuter gender, and the other which is the verbal stem suffixed with ''–ijt'' (“-ness”) and is of the common gender.

;Prefixed verbs.
Verbs have two kinds of prefixes, separable and inseparable. Inseparable prefixes, like ''un-'', simply become part of the verbal stem and do not change what case the verb takes if it is transitive (the default is the accusative). Separable prefixes are prepositions in their own right, and the verb once thus prefixed will take whatever case the preposition does (usually the dative). The most common such prefix is ''fer-''', which as an independent preposition means “for” but as a prefix renders an intransitive verb transitive; we shall use ''fersprikin'' (“to tell”) as an example. The prefix is removed from the front and placed after the verb in all the conjugated forms to produce ''mij sprek fer hooi'' (“I tell him”) and ''et sprich fer hooi'' (“it tells him”). The past participle places ''ge-'' between the prefix and the stem, as in ''fergesprikt''. If one wanted to say “he speaks for him”, it would be necessary to put the object in the genitive (and if it is a pronoun, to substitute the appropriate possessive adjective for the nonexistent genitive) as ''hij spricht fer hijn''. A bitransitive verb will normally take the second object in the dative case or use an intervening preposition to make the meaning clearer, but bitransitive verbs that take the dative case (mainly verbs with separable prefixes) take the second object in the genitive case.

;Irregular verbs.
All but two of the twelve irregular verbs are auxiliaries (the exceptions are ''duin'', “to do” and ''gooin'', “to go”). Some also have nonauxiliary uses as independent verbs in their own right; only the auxiliary uses will be discussed here, but the irregular verbs will be glossed with their nonauxiliary meanings (where such meanings exist) before their auxiliary ones in the list at the end of this paragraph. ''Zijin'' (“to be”) can be followed with the present or past participle; in the former case, it forms the present progressive tense, and the latter, the passive perfect tense. ''Hijbin'' (“to have”) is followed by the past participle to form the active perfect tense of all regular verbs, and most irregular verbs, but for the irregular verbs ''zijin'', ''zolin'', ''mochin'', ''kijnin'', ''gooin'', and ''bruin'' (this last one only when used as an auxiliary) the verb ''zijin'' fills this function instead. All irregular verbs used as auxiliaries except ''zijin'' and ''hijbin'' are always followed by the present participle. The list of irregular verbs is: ''zijin'' (“to be”), ''hijbin'' (“to have”), ''vielin'' (“to want”), ''zolin'' (“shall”), ''mochin'' (“may”), ''mokin'' (“to make, cause to”), ''vijsin'' (“to know, know how to”), ''kijnin'' (“to be able”), ''gooin'' (“to go”), ''bruin'' (“to burn, must”), and ''duin'' (“to do”). They are all fully conjugated in the appendix at the end of this guide.

;Articles and numerals.
The definite article is ''dij'', ''dei'', ''den'', ''dei''. The indefinite article is ''ij'', ''ei'', ''ei'', ''ei''. If the next word begins with a vowel, or if the article is the last word of a sentence or standalone statement, ''-n'' will be added to the indefinite article to produce ''ijn'', ''ein'', ''ein'', ''ein''. Many speakers will not decline the articles in rapid or informal speech, instead using the forms ''de'' and ''e(n)'' (rarely written, so the spelling may vary). The indefinite article is also used for the number one, in which case it is always fully pronounced and declined. No other numbers decline. The cardinal numbers one to twenty are ''ij''(''n''), ''tvei'', ''trie'', ''fer'', ''fief'', ''zij'', ''zefin'', ''ijcht'', ''nefin'', ''tijn'', ''ijten'', ''tveten'', ''treten'', ''ferten'', ''fiften'', ''zijten'', ''zeften'', ''ijchten'', ''neften'', ''tveintik''. In the towns, where the digraph ''ch'' is pronounced more softly, it is common to hear ''ijkten'' for eighteen to avoid confusion with ''ijten''. There is no word for zero, but ''nijn'' (“none”) is commonly accepted in such use. The ordinals are regularly declining adjectives, and are used to form fractions as well (so "one half" is ''ij tveidt'').

;Borrowings.
Sprik has borrowed many words from the Latinate wordstock, often by taking a French word and later having it be modified to better match its Neo-Latin source, and sometimes via the German lects. A detailed study of such borrowings is beyond the scope of this overview, but a few examples may assist the reader in recognizing relevant patterns: Lat. ''qualitas'' → Spr. ''kfaalitijt'' (“quality”), Lat. ''essentia'' → Spr. ''essenz'' (“essence”), Lat. ''Cæsar'' → Spr. ''keizer'' (“king”), Lat. ''scientia'' → Spr. ''schienz'' (“science”), Lat. ''etymologia'' → Spr. ''etiemologij'' (“etymology”), Lat. ''imitatio'' → Spr. ''imitaasjen'' (“imitation”). Recent borrowings are chiefly from English and attempt to match the original pronunciation as close as possible, as in ''odijefooil'' (“audiofile”). Often there are native words that are synonymous to borrowings, and any may be used, as in the native word ''vijsinkraft'', which is synonymous to Latinate ''schienz'' and German-derived ''vijsinschaft''.

;Syntax and conversation.
Word order and syntax follows other West Germanic languages closely, and the only noticeable deviation from a generalised Afrikaans word order is that in a simple declarative sentence, the verb is often placed last. In complex sentences, the STOMPI rule generally holds, and the reader is advised to research this unless (s)he already speaks Afrikaans. Negation is accomplished by placing ''nit'' (“not”) immediately before the verb; double negatives are nonstandard. Dependent clauses are most often introduced by ''vyt'' (“what; that”) but other common words in this use are ''on'' (“and”), ''zo'' (“so”), ''onzo'' (“therefore”), ''as'' ("if"), ''vie'' (“who”), and ''ver'' (“where”). There is no distinction between interrogative and relative pronouns. Some simple responses are: ''hooi'' (“hello”), ''jij'' (“yes”), ''nij'' (“no”), and ''midt Godt'' (“goodbye”, literally “[go] with God”). Note that in speech ''hooi'' ("hello") is distinguished from ''hooi'' ("to him") by pronouncing the /h/ as [x].

===Addendum: Phonology===

Sprik has no agreed-upon phonology, in part because of the lack of a standard prestige dialect, and in part due to lack of study. Recordings have only been made of male speakers in the northwest sector, specifically from the town of Mont St. Gerard, and are reported to resemble “if you got a Dutch guy, and an Australian guy, and tried to make them compete to see whose vowels could overpower the others” (Meredith 2013).

This following analysis is the most complete to date, and yet important features like glottal stops that occur regularly in native speakers' speech are still completely ignored. It is simply given as a general guide. Below is a table that shows correspondences between the orthography and the phonology in IPA, although one should remember that although <a> and <r> are represented in this analysis as [a] and [r], they are more likely closer to [ɑ] and [ɻ] to many speakers. This analysis is biased toward the highly incomplete and imperfect studies done to date, and is not representative of all speakers.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Orthography'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Phonology'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Notes'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|[ɑː] when doubled
|-
|b
|[b]
|[p] at ends of words
|-
|ch
|[ç]
|often [h] when preceded by a vowel and followed by a consonant
|-
|d
|[d]
|[t] at ends of words
|-
|e
|[ɛ]
|[ə] when unstressed or at the ends of words
|-
|ei
|[aɪ̯]
|
|-
|f
|[f]
|
|-
|g
|[g]
|[k] at ends of words
|-
|h
|[h]
|[x] on occasion; see below
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|[ə] when unstressed or at the ends of words
|-
|ie
|[i]
|[iː] in most positions
|-
|j
|[j]
|
|-
|ij
|[əi̯]
|considered a single letter
|-
|k
|[k]
|
|-
|l
|[l]
|
|-
|m
|[m]
|
|-
|n
|[n]
|[ŋ] before [g] or [k]
|-
|o
|[ɔ]
|[oə] when doubled
|-
|p
|[p]
|
|-
|r
|[r]
|[ʁ], [ɚ] or absent at the ends of syllables
|-
|s
|[s]
|
|-
|t
|[t]
|
|-
|u
|[ø]
|
|-
|v
|[ʋ]
|[v] to many speakers
|-
|y
|[ə]
|variable realisation, often around [ɵ]
|-
|z
|[z]
|
|-
|}

Final voiced consonants are regularly devoiced, with the exception of /z/. The phoneme /h/ is often pronounced as [x] at the beginning of a sentence, and in a few cases it does seem to be phonemic (as noted above, in differentiating ''hooi'' ("hello") and ''hooi'' ("to him")). It should be noted that *''dtt'' is an illegal consonant cluster, and is resolved as ''dt'' where it may be predicted in a verb's conjugational pattern. Similarly, an adjective or noun that ends in ''-dt'' in its lemma form would inflect by deleting the ''t'' before adding an inflectional suffix.

Stress is irregular, but the default stress is penultimate. For verbs, the past participle takes ultimate stress. For adjectives and nouns, inflectional suffixes do not move the stress from its position in the lemma form. Borrowings are usually stressed as they were in the language they are being borrowed from, although when Latinate words are borrowed, if the Sprik form has less syllables than the original Latin form, the original stress is usually ignored and penultimate stress is applied. Compounds generally take the stress of the words being compounded, wherein the stress of polysyllabic words overrides the stress of words with less syllables, and compounds where all the elements are monosyllabic take penultimate stress.

===Appendix===

What follows is the full conjugation of the twelve irregular verbs, in the following order: infinitive, 1st-person singular, 2nd-person singular, 3rd-person singular, 1st-person plural, 3rd-person neuter singular, past participle.

''Zijin, bien, bit, it, zen, zen, it, gezent'' 
''Hijbin, hib, hijn, hijt, hijb, hijb, het, gehijt'' 
''Vielin, viel, vien, viet, vijl, vijl, vit, gevilt'' 
''Zolin, zuil, zon, zot, zooil, zooil, zot, gezolt'' 
''Mochin, mijch, mochin, mocht, mol, mol, mot, gemokt'' 
''Vijsin, vijs, vijin, vit, vije, vije, vit, gevijt'' 
''Kijnin, kijn, ken, ket, kijl, kijl, kit, gekijt'' 
''Gooin, gooi, gon, got, gol, gol, git, gegooit'' 
''Bruin, bren, brenin, brit, brin, brenin, brit, gebruicht'' 
''Duin, dooi, dun, dit, duil, duil, dyt, gedunt'' 


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

User talk:Ashucky

2013-09-05T06:35:21Z

Zev:

'''Welcome to ''Linguifex''!'''
We hope you will contribute much and well.
You will probably want to read the [[Help:Contents|help pages]].
Again, welcome and have fun! [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 23:39, 24 August 2013 (CEST)

== 1st Linguifex Relay ==

{{Userbox
| border-c = #999
| id-c = white
| info-c = white
| info-fc = #C80815
| id = [[Image:relaytorch.svg|42x42px]]
| info = This user is currently the torch bearer for [[First Linguifex Relay]] and was handed it on [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 08:35, 5 September 2013 (CEST) by [[User:Zev|Zev]]'''. The torch will automagically pass on to the next relay member in 48 hours.
}}
The torch is [[First Linguifex Relay/Rigwayavo|here]]. Good luck (you'll need it!). [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 08:35, 5 September 2013 (CEST)

User talk:Ashucky

2013-09-05T06:35:01Z

Zev: /* 1st Linguifex Relay */ new section

First Linguifex Relay

2013-09-05T06:33:03Z

Zev: /* Signup */ I don't know what I'm doing here

{{Relay_navigation_sidebar}}

'''The First Linguifex Relay''' is the first game of conlang relay, or conlingual telephone, on the Linguifex wiki. It started on Wednesday 4th of September 2013. The source text will be provided by user [[User_talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] and will be written in his latest conlang '''[[Valian]]'''. Currently we have a total of six slots. The procedure is simple, you will receive a conlang text from the previous ''torch'' with an interlinear/gloss and then you will translate it into your conlang and add information so that the next torch can decipher it and translate their version! You will have 48 hours from the time of having received the text to prepare a translation of it into your conlang, gloss it and then send it to the next person in the chain. You are free to include either a glossary and grammar notes or an interlinear (or both!), the choice is up to you.

In the event that you fail to pass on the torch within your allotted 48 hours, the torch will "jump" over your slot to the next participant.

The date will be set after the slots have been filled. Everyone is welcome to partake, but for reasons of convenience, an account on Linguifex is required (as the posting of the material will be on talk pages and such). Every person is restricted to one entry, but the choice of conlang is up to them. In the case that two people chose the same language, a first-come first-served basis will be adopted (unless, say the language creator chooses to join in).

The relay was set to start at Wednesday, 4th of September, 1:20 AM CEST.

'''The relay is now active.'''

==Signup==
* slot 1 - [[User_talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] - relay starter, source text will be in ''[[Valian]]''
* slot 2 - [[User_talk:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] - relay second, generally awesome human person, will translate into ''[[Cwengâr]]''
* slot 3 - [[User talk:Zev|Zev]] - relay third, will translate into '''[[Rigwayavo]]''' (partly because I'm lazy, partly to troll everyone else)
* slot 4 - [[User talk:Ashucky|Ashucky]] - relay fourth, undecided as of yet but will probably translate to ''[[Harākti]]'' - '''active torch carrier as of sometime, 4ish September 2013 (CEST)'''
* slot 5 - [[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]] - relay fifth, obviously. Translating into ''[[Kiwi]]''
* slot 6 - [[User talk:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd]] - relay sixth, who just woke up only knowing that he is a feeble scribe of "Curiosity", will translate into ''[[Themsaran]]''
* slot 7 - [[User talk:EmperorZelos|EmperorZelos]] - translating to ''[[Umbrean]]''

==How-to==
Once you've received the conlang text with glosses and all and you've managed to translate it into your conlang and you have glossed it (try to include an interlinear gloss), then you may come to this list, see who's next after you and go onto their talk page. Create a new topic called "First Linguifex Relay"; use the template ''<nowiki>{{subst:tagtorch|First Linguifex Relay|YourUserName|~~~~}}</nowiki>'' and add a link to the text you've glossed/written. If all has gone correctly, it should look something like this.
<div>
:
{{Userbox
| border-c = #999
| id-c = white
| info-c = white
| info-fc = #C80815
| id = [[Image:relaytorch.svg|42x42px]]
| info = This user is currently the torch bearer for [[First Linguifex Relay]] and was handed it on 16:46, 1 September 2013 (CEST) by [[User:test-edit|test-edit]]'''. The torch will automagically pass on to the next relay member in 48 hours.
}}
</div>

Remember to update this page with a link to your translation after the relay is finished. The relay will be deemed finished when the starter has re-translated back the last node.

[[Category:Relays portal]]

First Linguifex Relay/Rigwayavo

2013-09-05T06:29:53Z

Zev: Created page with "Here follows the 리과야뽀 source text for the First Linguifex Relay. Note that it is ''strictly forbidden'' to create public English translations of this..."

Here follows the [[Rigwayavo|리과야뽀]] source text for the [[First Linguifex Relay]]. Note that it is ''strictly forbidden'' to create public English translations of this text and its derivations while the relay is running, so please avoid doing so. It only spoils the fun. If you are not partaking in the relay, do not worry, a proper translation will be published after the relay has run its course.

==카토하 아뻬차오==
<poem>
라보하리 테라아 호모차오소뇨,
호하리 카아오 따쿄빠네
호 카 모트차,
''아모하도 뽀로아 아뻬까오''
이초하 마레차모레
마아게 마게로.
테포하 모레차
''아모 뽀 아뻬''
미노하 로퀘하네
사뻬하리 레레아오오브스쿠로.
</poem>
===Dictionary===
Note: all words (except the suffixes) are defined as standalone nouns in this glossary, but they can see several uses, as pseudo-verbs (described below) and when suffixed to another noun, as adjectives. They should be translated thus, so if a word is glossed as "fire", do not hesitate to translate it as "burn", "fiery", or "burning" if context and placement demands it.

* ''kato'' - song, chant
* ''ave'' - bird
* ''rabo'' - work, drift (through) (these are actually unrelated words that are spelt identically)
* ''-ri'' - his/her/its
* ''tera'' - Earth, land
* ''homo'' - person, human
* ''sonyo'' - dream, fantasy
* ''thakyo'' - creation, action
* ''-ne'' - negation suffix
* ''motü'' - death
* ''amo'' - love, beloved, lover
* ''-do'' - two
* ''voro'' - wish/want, fly (these are actually unrelated words that are spelt identically)
* ''icho'' - blow, wound, injury, hurt
* ''mare'' - sea, ocean
* ''more'' - softness, weakness, pliability
* ''age'' - coldness
* ''gero'' - ice
* ''tepo'' - time
* ''Mino'' - Minos (Judge of the Dead)
* ''rokwe'' - speech
* ''save'' - knowledge
* ''rere'' - thing, matter
* ''obüsükuro'' - dark, hidden (a borrowed term, the only such example in this passage)

===Notes===
First of all - don't worry if it doesn't make much sense, because I found the torch I got to be pretty semantically confusing in the first place! You will have to read [[Rigwayavo|this article]], especially for the semantic elision, which is important to understand (in short, the process whereby a previously used word may be invoked by just using its first syllable). What follows will assist in translation beyond what the article explains.

It is useful to note that the dative case (''-cha'') is usually used more like a possessive; otherwise the cases should be straightforward (every word is marked for case). There are no true verbs in Rigwayavo, so often the direct object (marked with ''-a'') of a subject (marked with ''-ha'') should be interpreted as a verb instead. In other places, the subject may be interpreted as the verb, generally when a possessive pronoun is attached to it (this would be the subject) or when such pronoun is implied. The word ''homo'' can be used as a placeholder word for a personal pronoun when it carries a possessive pronoun, e.g. "my person" is used where in English we would say "I" or "me". All numbers are monosyllabic suffixes and are glossed in the Dictionary section as they occur, but there is a notable suffix which is suffixed like a number, namely ''-o'', which simply indicates that there is a number greater than one but not very big whose exact value is unimportant; it functions much like a plural. If a noun takes multiple adjectives, each must be suffixed separately, requiring a repetition of the first syllable of the antecedent noun but all meant to modify the first iteration.

[[Category:Relay texts]]

Talk:First Linguifex Relay

2013-09-03T04:50:59Z

Zev:

There are some problems I see with this relay. The first is that the text to be translated will be posted on the site, which makes it hard not to cheat. In most conlang relays, a relay-master has the emails of all conlangers involved and acts as an intermediary between the conlangers. Secondly, why have a limited number of spots? We want to encourage participation by as many people as possible, no? [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 08:46, 2 September 2013 (CEST)

:Aye, I know about the cheating issue. I just figured (perhaps naively) that people wouldn't want to cheat much (I mean, where's the fun?). And I was thinking more of this as a trial run, thus the small number of spots. Just to get it running soon-ish and see how it turns out. This way we'll have some data on issues, turn-out, wiki-usage and can design a larger, more intercommunitarian run later. :) --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 08:50, 2 September 2013 (CEST)--[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 08:50, 2 September 2013 (CEST)
::Yes, but on a wiki this small, it will be hard ''not'' to cheat. Just scanning RC could spoil it by accident, and it prohibits people from joining late if they check the text out of curiosity. PS: Restricting the sample size will of course invalidate most reasonable data-driven conclusions you could have drawn, you know.
::All this is just my opinion, really, and I'll participate gladly regardless, but these are concerns that I think could hinder the success of the game. [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 08:57, 2 September 2013 (CEST)

:Yup, but I was thinking more of template/page issues. Also, I would already discourage people from joining "late" as this would leave the whole time issue dangling. Instead, I would rather wait for people to sign-up and then close admissions after some time has passed. Re: PS. Relays rarely go into the insanely large scale so a 7 user data sample shouldn't be too odd for drawing conclusions for a 12 user relay and so on. And about scanning RC, I'm not sure how dangerous it is. For one, you only see the content in the edit note when you create a new page. Furthermore, it's a bit hard to cheat if all you get is a text in another language. At most you get to read someone else's version of it in their conlang. This presumes that we'd ban English re-translations of any sort until after the relay and only allow vocabulary lists, interlinear glosses and relevant grammar info. That way you ''could'' cheat but you'd basically be doing ''double homework''. I don't think this sounds too outlandish, n'esr? [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 09:18, 2 September 2013 (CEST)
::OK, your arguments are pretty reasonable; I can accept that. A minor note: why interlinear glosses instead of vocab lists and grammar notes? Can we choose one method or the other at will? [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 06:50, 3 September 2013 (CEST)

Talk:First Linguifex Relay

2013-09-02T06:57:17Z

Zev:

Talk:First Linguifex Relay

2013-09-02T06:46:37Z

Zev: Created page with "There are some problems I see with this relay. The first is that the text to be translated will be posted on the site, which makes it hard not to cheat. In most conlang relays..."

First Linguifex Relay

2013-09-02T06:44:10Z

Zev: /* Signup */

{{Relay_navigation_sidebar}}

The first Linguifex relay is under planning stage. The source text will be provided by user [[User_talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] and will be written in his latest conlang [[Valian]]. Currently we have a total of six slots. The procedure is simple, you will receive a conlang text from the previous ''torch'' with an interlinear/gloss and then you will translate it into your conlang and add information so that the next torch can decipher it and translate their version! You will have 48 hours from the time of having received the text to prepare a translation of it into your conlang, gloss it and then send it to the next person in the chain. If you fail to pass on the torch, then the torch will "jump" over your slot.

The date will be set after the slots have been filled. Everyone is welcome to partake, but for reasons of convenience, an account on Linguifex is required (as the posting of the material will be on talk pages and such). Every person is restricted to one entry, but the choice of conlang is up to them. In the case that two people chose the same language, a first-come first-served basis will be adopted (unless, say the language creator chooses to join in).

==Signup==
* slot 1 - [[User_talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] - relay starter, source text will be in ''[[Valian]]''
* slot 2 - [[User_talk:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] - relay second, generally awesome human person, will translate into ''[[Cwengâr]]''
* slot 3 - [[User talk:Zev|Zev]] - relay third, will translate into an undisclosed language (I promise that whatever it is, I will document it on Linguifex)
* slot 4
* slot 5
* slot 6
* slot 7

==How-to==
Once you've received the conlang text with glosses and all and you've managed to translate it into your conlang and you have glossed it (try to include an interlinear gloss), then you may come to this list, see who's next after you and go onto their talk page. Create a new topic called "Linguifex conlang relay 1"; use the template ''<nowiki>{{subst:tagtorch|Linguifex conlang relay 1|YourUserName}}</nowiki>'' and add a link to the text you've glossed/written. If all has gone correctly, it should look something like this.
<div>
:{{tagtorch|Linguifex conlang relay 1|test}}
</div>
Remember to update this page with a link to your translation after the relay is finished. The relay will be deemed finished when the starter has re-translated back the last node.

[[Category:Relays portal]]

Felikitok

2013-08-26T06:33:14Z

Zev: Ne, ganr-ai tratar sequir lo dialekto normal... excepto si fuckup-iw lo tota yazik-lang...

We are forming a creole language out of the languages of Europe with our own rules and conventions. This page is under construction as the language evolves and progresses; it is meant as English documentation of the language and is freely editable by all involved.

Note: All example that require verbs use the verb ''likar'' ("to like").

===Agreed-upon features===
* Nouns are pluralised with -s.
* Verbs only inflect for number and tense, although possibly also the imperative mood.
* Unless a modal verb is used, the pronoun is usually appended to the end of the verb, connected with a hyphen.
* The past tense is formed thus: "Ai havr likata".
* All adverbs should end in ''-mente''.
* Words with the same meaning but different etymologies may be used together if hyphenated; generally only the last one is inflected.
* All words should be stripped of diacritics as much as possible when entering Felikitok; ASCII should always suffice.

===Agreed-upon basic vocabulary===
* ''Ab'' means "of", but is only used before a vowel; otherwise ''a''' is appended before the following noun.
* ''Esr'' is the copula, although ''existar'' can be used in certain circumstances.

====Pronouns====
*''Ai'' - 1st person singular
*''Au'' - 2nd person singular
* ''Ilon'' - 3rd person singular
* ''Wi'' - 1st person plural
* ''Iw'' - 2nd person plural (''vos'' is also used)
* ''Ilons'' - 3rd person plural

===Disputed features===
* The future form of verbs. One idea is to use "ai ganr likar", another is to use "ai likaba", and others may exist.
===Dialects===
Currently, the glossarchs of Felikitok appear to consistently use certain dialectal differences,of which some examples include the use of the verb ''plusgillar'' instead of ''likar'' and the clitic usage of the pronouns for some.
*Nords
*:One of the more divergent varieties, it's most notable features include the consistent usage of cliticized pronomina, in some cases resulting forms like "Aukaj-ai ai havr-ai likata ilon" for "And I too liked it"
*Vests

Felikitok

2013-08-26T06:12:37Z

Zev:

Felikitok

2013-08-26T06:10:02Z

Zev:

We are forming a creole language out of the languages of Europe with our own rules and conventions. This page is under construction as the language evolves and progresses; it is meant as English documentation of the language and is freely editable by all involved.

Note: All example that require verbs use the verb ''likar'' ("to like").

===Agreed-upon features===
* Nouns are pluralised with -s.
* Verbs only inflect for number and tense, although possibly also the imperative mood.
* Unless a modal verb is used, the pronoun is usually appended to the end of the verb, connected with a hyphen.
* The past tense is formed thus: "Ai havr likata".
* All adverbs should end in ''-mente''.
* Words with the same meaning but different etymologies may be used together if hyphenated; generally only the last one is inflected.

===Agreed-upon basic vocabulary===
* ''Ab'' means "of", but is only used before a vowel; otherwise ''a''' is appended before the following noun.
* ''Esr'' is the copula, although ''existar'' can be used in certain circumstances.

====Pronouns====
*''Ai'' - 1st person singular
*''Au'' - 2nd person singular
* ''Ilon'' - 3rd person singular
* ''Wi'' - 1st person plural
* ''Iw'' - 2nd person plural (''vos'' is also used)
* ''Ilons'' - 3rd person plural

===Disputed features===
* The future form of verbs. One idea is to use "ai ganr likar", another is to use "ai likaba", and others may exist.

Felikitok

2013-08-26T06:01:03Z

Zev: Just a skeleton

Sprik

2013-08-19T01:46:38Z

Zev: tpyo

{{Infobox language
|name = Sprik
|nativename = Sprik
|pronunciation = [sprɪk]
|region = six towns in Moselle, France
|states = 
|nation = 
|speakers = < 200
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]]
|map = 
|mapcaption = 
|iso1 = 
|iso2 = 
|iso3 = 
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
|agency = 
}}

==Sprik: A survey==

This brief work is intended to describe the salient features of Sprik, a minor West Germanic language reported in six towns in France near the Luxembourgish border. Almost solely older residents belonging to the merchant class speak the language to a fully fluent level. It is believed that the unusual and highly irregular development of the language is a result of its use as a cant and the roving habits of those who spoke it, before the immigration laws of the 20th century restricted it to its present range.

This survey is intended to allow any reader with experience in West Germanic languages to comprehend text written in Sprik, and to elucidate the prominent features of the language.

===Grammatical survey===

;Nouns.
There are four cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and dative (all words that are declined will be declined in this order). Nouns only inflect for one of them, the genitive. The genitive is regularly formed identically for singular and plural by suffixing the noun with ''–s''; if it ends in a vowel, with ''–jes''. Some nouns undergo umlaut as well, but this is nowadays rare outside of the countryside, and can be safely ignored. Almost all nouns are pluralized in the nominative, accusative, and dative by adding ''–e'' (or ''–n'' if they end in an ''e'' already); speakers from the South may use ''–(e)n'' for all nouns instead, as will any speaker when trying to appear formal. Nouns have one of two genders, common and neuter; they are only distinguished in a few situations and a noun’s gender may easily be forgotten or confused. New borrowings are always of the common gender.

;Adjectives.
Adjectives are inflected for all oblique cases in certain situations. Adjectives normally precede a noun; when used postpositively, they do not inflect. They always inflect for the genitive, singular and plural, in an identical manner to the nouns, except that there is never umlaut. Adjective inflection also produces what is called the “attributive form”, used before a noun belonging to the common gender in the accusative and dative cases for both singular and plural nouns. The attributive form is produced like the noun plural, except that adjectives that already end in ''e'' take ''–ne'' and the attempt at formality described above almost never occurs, being seen as a sign of poor education when misapplied to adjectives.

;Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives.
The possessive adjectives are as follows: ''mijn'' (my), ''dijn'' (your), ''hijn'' (his), ''schijn'' (her), ''ijen'' (its), ''vijn'' (our), ''jijn'' (your pl.), ''dijen'' (their). They act like normal adjectives in the nominative and genitive cases, except for the fact that the attributive form is only used postpositively. The possessive adjectives are thus indeclinable in regard to the accusative and dative cases when used before a noun, as they normally are. Due to the existence of the possessive adjectives, the personal pronouns have no genitive forms, but all decline for the other cases. No second-personal plural exists; the second-person singular is used instead or the second-person plural possessive adjective is used if there is ambiguity. However, there is a separate third-person singular form for both natural genders and the grammatical gender, neuter; masculine forms are generally used to refer to objects referred to by the common gender. Sprik is not a pro-drop language, so the personal pronouns are essential, and often allow for inconsistency in using or pronouncing the conjugated forms of verbs. The personal pronouns are as follows: I: ''mij'', ''mij'', ''mei''; you: ''u'', ''ju'', ''ooi''; he: ''hij'', ''hen'', ''hooi''; she: ''schij'', ''hen'', ''schei''; it: ''et'', ''et'', ''ijt''; we: ''vij'', ''uins'', ''ijch''; they: ''dije'', ''dij'', ''deie''.

;Verbs.
Verbs have as a lemma form their infinitive, which always consists of the verbal stem followed by ''–in''. For the following discussion, we will use the verb ''sprikin'' (“to speak”). Verbs undergo a complex conjugation in the present tense, which is regular for the vast majority of verbs. However, the verbs can still be considered according to principal parts, of which there are three: the first-person singular (in this case, ''sprek''), the neuter third-person singular (''sprich'') and either the infinitive or the past participle, both of which preserve the verbal stem (''sprikin'' and ''gesprikt'' respectively). The first-person singular, second-person singular, and third-person plural change the stem’s vowel; the remaining forms change the stem’s final consonant. Verbs have no second-person plural form, and ignore gender except in the third-person singular, where common gender nouns take a different form from neuter ones. ''Sprikin'' is conjugated thus: ''mij sprek'', ''u sprekin'', (''sc'')''hij spricht'', ''vij sprichin'', ''dije sprekin'', ''et sprich''.

;Conjugation continued.
Regular conjugation always follows the same rules to produce the vowel change and the consonant change, one of which (never both) is found in each conjugated form. The vowel shifts are as follows: ''ij'' becomes ''ie'', ''i'' becomes ''e'', ''e'' becomes ''ij'', ''ie'' becomes ''i'', ''u''(''i'') becomes ''oo''(''i''), and ''oo''(''i'') becomes ''u''(''i''). The consonant shifts are more limited, and are only in the following cases: ''k'' becomes ''ch'', ''ch'' becomes ''g'', ''t'' becomes ''d'', and ''v'' becomes ''f''. The past participle is formed from the verbal stem prefixed with ''ge-'' and suffixed with ''–t''; it is an adjective and declines normally. The present participle is identical to the infinitive, and declines normally; although the attributive form is proscriptively suffixed with ''–de'' (so ''sprikinde'', for example) few speakers actually say this. It is variously spelt as ''sprikine'' or ''sprikinne'' when reflecting the spoken form. There are also two nouns regularly derived from verbs, one of which is the verbal stem, which takes on the meaning of “that which is acted upon by the verb” and is of the neuter gender, and the other which is the verbal stem suffixed with ''–ijt'' (“-ness”) and is of the common gender.

;Prefixed verbs.
Verbs have two kinds of prefixes, separable and inseparable. Inseparable prefixes, like ''un-'', simply become part of the verbal stem and do not change what case the verb takes if it is transitive (the default is the accusative). Separable prefixes are prepositions in their own right, and the verb once thus prefixed will take whatever case the preposition does (usually the dative). The most common such prefix is ''fer-''', which as an independent preposition means “for” but as a prefix renders an intransitive verb transitive; we shall use ''fersprikin'' (“to tell”) as an example. The prefix is removed from the front and placed after the verb in all the conjugated forms to produce ''mij sprek fer hooi'' (“I tell him”) and ''et sprich fer hooi'' (“it tells him”). The past participle places ''ge-'' between the prefix and the stem, as in ''fergesprikt''. If one wanted to say “he speaks for him”, it would be necessary to put the object in the genitive (and if it is a pronoun, to substitute the appropriate possessive adjective for the nonexistent genitive) as ''hij spricht fer hijn''. A bitransitive verb will normally take the second object in the dative case or use an intervening preposition to make the meaning clearer, but bitransitive verbs that take the dative case (mainly verbs with separable prefixes) take the second object in the genitive case.

;Irregular verbs.
All but two of the twelve irregular verbs are auxiliaries (the exceptions are ''duin'', “to do” and ''gooin'', “to go”). Some also have nonauxiliary uses as independent verbs in their own right; only the auxiliary uses will be discussed here, but the irregular verbs will be glossed with their nonauxiliary meanings (where such meanings exist) before their auxiliary ones in the list at the end of this paragraph. ''Zijin'' (“to be”) can be followed with the present or past participle; in the former case, it forms the present progressive tense, and the latter, the passive perfect tense. ''Hijbin'' (“to have”) is followed by the past participle to form the active perfect tense of all regular verbs, and most irregular verbs, but for the irregular verbs ''zijin'', ''zolin'', ''mochin'', ''kijnin'', ''gooin'', and ''bruin'' (this last one only when used as an auxiliary) the verb ''zijin'' fills this function instead. All irregular verbs used as auxiliaries except ''zijin'' and ''hijbin'' are always followed by the present participle. The list of irregular verbs is: ''zijin'' (“to be”), ''hijbin'' (“to have”), ''vielin'' (“to want”), ''zolin'' (“shall”), ''mochin'' (“may”), ''mokin'' (“to make, cause to”), ''vijsin'' (“to know, know how to”), ''kijnin'' (“to be able”), ''gooin'' (“to go”), ''bruin'' (“to burn, must”), and ''duin'' (“to do”). They are all fully conjugated in the appendix at the end of this guide.

;Articles and numerals.
The definite article is ''dij'', ''dei'', ''den'', ''dei''. The indefinite article is ''ij'', ''ei'', ''ei'', ''ei''. If the next word begins with a vowel, or if the article is the last word of a sentence or standalone statement, ''-n'' will be added to the indefinite article to produce ''ijn'', ''ein'', ''ein'', ''ein''. Many speakers will not decline the articles in rapid or informal speech, instead using the forms ''de'' and ''e(n)'' (rarely written, so the spelling may vary). The indefinite article is also used for the number one, in which case it is always fully pronounced and declined. No other numbers decline. The cardinal numbers one to twenty are ''ij''(''n''), ''tvei'', ''trie'', ''fer'', ''fief'', ''zij'', ''zefin'', ''ijcht'', ''nefin'', ''tijn'', ''ijten'', ''tveten'', ''treten'', ''ferten'', ''fiften'', ''zijten'', ''zeften'', ''ijchten'', ''neften'', ''tveintik''. In the towns, where the digraph ''ch'' is pronounced more softly, it is common to hear ''ijkten'' for eighteen to avoid confusion with ''ijten''. There is no word for zero, but ''nijn'' (“none”) is commonly accepted in such use. The ordinals are regularly declining adjectives, and are used to form fractions as well (so "one half" is ''ij tveidt'').

;Borrowings.
Sprik has borrowed many words from the Latinate wordstock, often by taking a French word and later having it be modified to better match its Neo-Latin source, and sometimes via the German lects. A detailed study of such borrowings is beyond the scope of this overview, but a few examples may assist the reader in recognizing relevant patterns: Lat. ''qualitas'' → Spr. ''kfaalitijt'' (“quality”), Lat. ''essentia'' → Spr. ''essenz'' (“essence”), Lat. ''Cæsar'' → Spr. ''keizer'' (“king”), Lat. ''scientia'' → Spr. ''schienz'' (“science”), Lat. ''etymologia'' → Spr. ''etiemologij'' (“etymology”), Lat. ''imitatio'' → Spr. ''imitaasjen'' (“imitation”). Recent borrowings are chiefly from English and attempt to match the original pronunciation as close as possible, as in ''odijefooil'' (“audiofile”). Often there are native words that are synonymous to borrowings, and any may be used, as in the native word ''vijsinkraft'', which is synonymous to Latinate ''schienz'' and German-derived ''vijsinschaft''.

;Syntax and conversation.
Word order and syntax follows other West Germanic languages closely, and the only noticeable deviation from a generalised Afrikaans word order is that in a simple declarative sentence, the verb is often placed last. In complex sentences, the STOMPI rule generally holds, and the reader is advised to research this unless (s)he already speaks Afrikaans. Negation is accomplished by placing ''nit'' (“not”) immediately before the verb; double negatives are nonstandard. Dependent clauses are most often introduced by ''vyt'' (“what; that”) but other common words in this use are ''on'' (“and”), ''zo'' (“so”), ''onzo'' (“therefore”), ''as'' ("if"), ''vie'' (“who”), and ''ver'' (“where”). There is no distinction between interrogative and relative pronouns. Some simple responses are: ''hooi'' (“hello”), ''jij'' (“yes”), ''nij'' (“no”), and ''midt Godt'' (“goodbye”, literally “[go] with God”). Note that in speech ''hooi'' ("hello") is distinguished from ''hooi'' ("to him") by pronouncing the /h/ as [x].

===Addendum: Phonology===

Sprik has no agreed-upon phonology, in part because of the lack of a standard prestige dialect, and in part due to lack of study. Recordings have only been made of male speakers in the northwest sector, specifically from the town of Mont St. Gerard, and are reported to resemble “if you got a Dutch guy, and an Australian guy, and tried to make them compete to see whose vowels could overpower the others” (Meredith 2013).

This following analysis is the most complete to date, and yet important features like glottal stops that occur regularly in native speakers' speech are still completely ignored. It is simply given as a general guide. Below is a table that shows correspondences between the orthography and the phonology in IPA, although one should remember that although <a> and <r> are represented in this analysis as [a] and [r], they are more likely closer to [ɑ] and [ɻ] to many speakers. This analysis is biased toward the highly incomplete and imperfect studies done to date, and is not representative of all speakers.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Orthography'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Phonology'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Notes'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|[ɑː] when doubled
|-
|b
|[b]
|[p] at ends of words
|-
|ch
|[ç]
|often [h] when preceded by a vowel and followed by a consonant
|-
|d
|[d]
|[t] at ends of words
|-
|e
|[ɛ]
|[ə] when unstressed or at the ends of words
|-
|ei
|[aɪ̯]
|
|-
|f
|[f]
|
|-
|g
|[g]
|[k] at ends of words
|-
|h
|[h]
|[x] on occasion; see below
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|[ə] when unstressed or at the ends of words
|-
|ie
|[i]
|[iː] in most positions
|-
|j
|[j]
|
|-
|ij
|[əi̯]
|considered a single letter
|-
|k
|[k]
|
|-
|l
|[l]
|
|-
|m
|[m]
|
|-
|n
|[n]
|
|-
|o
|[ɔ]
|[oə] when doubled
|-
|p
|[p]
|
|-
|r
|[r]
|[ʁ], [ɚ] or absent at the ends of syllables
|-
|s
|[s]
|
|-
|t
|[t]
|
|-
|u
|[ø]
|
|-
|v
|[ʋ]
|[v] to many speakers
|-
|y
|[ə]
|variable realisation, often around [ɵ]
|-
|z
|[z]
|}

Final voiced consonants are regularly devoiced, with the exception of /z/. The phoneme /h/ is often pronounced as [x] at the beginning of a sentence, and in a few cases it does seem to be phonemic (as noted above, in differentiating ''hooi'' ("hello") and ''hooi'' ("to him")). It should be noted that *''dtt'' is an illegal consonant cluster, and is resolved as ''dt'' where it may be predicted in a verb's conjugational pattern. Similarly, an adjective or noun that ends in ''-dt'' in its lemma form would inflect by deleting the ''t'' before adding an inflectional suffix.

Stress is irregular, but the default stress is penultimate. For verbs, the past participle takes ultimate stress. For adjectives and nouns, inflectional suffixes do not move the stress from its position in the lemma form. Borrowings are usually stressed as they were in the language they are being borrowed from, although when Latinate words are borrowed, if the Sprik form has less syllables than the original Latin form, the original stress is usually ignored and penultimate stress is applied. Compounds generally take the stress of the words being compounded, wherein the stress of polysyllabic words overrides the stress of words with less syllables, and compounds where all the elements are monosyllabic take penultimate stress.

===Appendix===

What follows is the full conjugation of the twelve irregular verbs, in the following order: infinitive, 1st-person singular, 2nd-person singular, 3rd-person singular, 1st-person plural, 3rd-person neuter singular, past participle.

''Zijin, bien, bit, it, zen, zen, it, gezent'' 
''Hijbin, hib, hijn, hijt, hijb, hijb, het, gehijt'' 
''Vielin, viel, vien, viet, vijl, vijl, vit, gevilt'' 
''Zolin, zuil, zon, zot, zooil, zooil, zot, gezolt'' 
''Mochin, mijch, mochin, mocht, mol, mol, mot, gemokt'' 
''Vijsin, vijs, vijin, vit, vije, vije, vit, gevijt'' 
''Kijnin, kijn, ken, ket, kijl, kijl, kit, gekijt'' 
''Gooin, gooi, gon, got, gol, gol, git, gegooit'' 
''Bruin, bren, brenin, brit, brin, brenin, brit, gebruicht'' 
''Duin, dooi, dun, dit, duil, duil, dyt, gedunt'' 


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

User:Zev

2013-08-19T01:41:49Z

Zev: Created page with "I've created several conlangs, and many more are just dreams. Most of them are at a partial stage. Here is a list of my conlangs that are complete (that is, I could translate ..."

I've created several conlangs, and many more are just dreams. Most of them are at a partial stage. Here is a list of my conlangs that are complete (that is, I could translate any text into them):
*[[Rigwayavo]]: one of my first conlangs, not great but still somewhat interesting.
*[[Sprik]]: a Germanic conlang influenced by Dutch that I actually like.
*Colundic: essentially a loose relex of Tok Pisin with Latin vocabulary.
*Rman: an experimental Romance language where every word is one syllable.

Sprik

2013-08-19T01:31:00Z

Zev: Added: phonology chart and added specifics on stress, bitransitive verbs, etc.

{{Infobox language
|name = Sprik
|nativename = Sprik
|pronunciation = [sprɪk]
|region = six towns in Moselle, France
|states = 
|nation = 
|speakers = < 200
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]]
|map = 
|mapcaption = 
|iso1 = 
|iso2 = 
|iso3 = 
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
|agency = 
}}

==Sprik: A survey==

This brief work is intended to describe the salient features of Sprik, a minor West Germanic language reported in six towns in France near the Luxembourgish border. Almost solely older residents belonging to the merchant class speak the language to a fully fluent level. It is believed that the unusual and highly irregular development of the language is a result of its use as a cant and the roving habits of those who spoke it, before the immigration laws of the 20th century restricted it to its present range.

This survey is intended to allow any reader with experience in West Germanic languages to comprehend text written in Sprik, and to elucidate the prominent features of the language.

===Grammatical survey===

;Nouns.
There are four cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and dative (all words that are declined will be declined in this order). Nouns only inflect for one of them, the genitive. The genitive is regularly formed identically for singular and plural by suffixing the noun with ''–s''; if it ends in a vowel, with ''–jes''. Some nouns undergo umlaut as well, but this is nowadays rare outside of the countryside, and can be safely ignored. Almost all nouns are pluralized in the nominative, accusative, and dative by adding ''–e'' (or ''–n'' if they end in an ''e'' already); speakers from the South may use ''–(e)n'' for all nouns instead, as will any speaker when trying to appear formal. Nouns have one of two genders, common and neuter; they are only distinguished in a few situations and a noun’s gender may easily be forgotten or confused. New borrowings are always of the common gender.

;Adjectives.
Adjectives are inflected for all oblique cases in certain situations. Adjectives normally precede a noun; when used postpositively, they do not inflect. They always inflect for the genitive, singular and plural, in an identical manner to the nouns, except that there is never umlaut. Adjective inflection also produces what is called the “attributive form”, used before a noun belonging to the common gender in the accusative and dative cases for both singular and plural nouns. The attributive form is produced like the noun plural, except that adjectives that already end in ''e'' take ''–ne'' and the attempt at formality described above almost never occurs, being seen as a sign of poor education when misapplied to adjectives.

;Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives.
The possessive adjectives are as follows: ''mijn'' (my), ''dijn'' (your), ''hijn'' (his), ''schijn'' (her), ''ijen'' (its), ''vijn'' (our), ''jijn'' (your pl.), ''dijen'' (their). They act like normal adjectives in the nominative and genitive cases, except for the fact that the attributive form is only used postpositively. The possessive adjectives are thus indeclinable in regard to the accusative and dative cases when used before a noun, as they normally are. Due to the existence of the possessive adjectives, the personal pronouns have no genitive forms, but all decline for the other cases. No second-personal plural exists; the second-person singular is used instead or the second-person plural possessive adjective is used if there is ambiguity. However, there is a separate third-person singular form for both natural genders and the grammatical gender, neuter; masculine forms are generally used to refer to objects referred to by the common gender. Sprik is not a pro-drop language, so the personal pronouns are essential, and often allow for inconsistency in using or pronouncing the conjugated forms of verbs. The personal pronouns are as follows: I: ''mij'', ''mij'', ''mei''; you: ''u'', ''ju'', ''ooi''; he: ''hij'', ''hen'', ''hooi''; she: ''schij'', ''hen'', ''schei''; it: ''et'', ''et'', ''ijt''; we: ''vij'', ''uins'', ''ijch''; they: ''dije'', ''dij'', ''deie''.

;Verbs.
Verbs have as a lemma form their infinitive, which always consists of the verbal stem followed by ''–in''. For the following discussion, we will use the verb ''sprikin'' (“to speak”). Verbs undergo a complex conjugation in the present tense, which is regular for the vast majority of verbs. However, the verbs can still be considered according to principal parts, of which there are three: the first-person singular (in this case, ''sprek''), the neuter third-person singular (''sprich'') and either the infinitive or the past participle, both of which preserve the verbal stem (''sprikin'' and ''gesprikt'' respectively). The first-person singular, second-person singular, and third-person plural change the stem’s vowel; the remaining forms change the stem’s final consonant. Verbs have no second-person plural form, and ignore gender except in the third-person singular, where common gender nouns take a different form from neuter ones. ''Sprikin'' is conjugated thus: ''mij sprek'', ''u sprekin'', (''sc'')''hij spricht'', ''vij sprichin'', ''dije sprekin'', ''et sprich''.

;Conjugation continued.
Regular conjugation always follows the same rules to produce the vowel change and the consonant change, one of which (never both) is found in each conjugated form. The vowel shifts are as follows: ''ij'' becomes ''ie'', ''i'' becomes ''e'', ''e'' becomes ''ij'', ''ie'' becomes ''i'', ''u''(''i'') becomes ''oo''(''i''), and ''oo''(''i'') becomes ''u''(''i''). The consonant shifts are more limited, and are only in the following cases: ''k'' becomes ''ch'', ''ch'' becomes ''g'', ''t'' becomes ''d'', and ''v'' becomes ''f''. The past participle is formed from the verbal stem prefixed with ''ge-'' and suffixed with ''–t''; it is an adjective and declines normally. The present participle is identical to the infinitive, and declines normally; although the attributive form is proscriptively suffixed with ''–de'' (so ''sprikinde'', for example) few speakers actually say this. It is variously spelt as ''sprikine'' or ''sprikinne'' when reflecting the spoken form. There are also two nouns regularly derived from verbs, one of which is the verbal stem, which takes on the meaning of “that which is acted upon by the verb” and is of the neuter gender, and the other which is the verbal stem suffixed with ''–ijt'' (“-ness”) and is of the common gender.

;Prefixed verbs.
Verbs have two kinds of prefixes, separable and inseparable. Inseparable prefixes, like ''un-'', simply become part of the verbal stem and do not change what case the verb takes if it is transitive (the default is the accusative). Separable prefixes are prepositions in their own right, and the verb once thus prefixed will take whatever case the preposition does (usually the dative). The most common such prefix is ''fer-''', which as an independent preposition means “for” but as a prefix renders an intransitive verb transitive; we shall use ''fersprikin'' (“to tell”) as an example. The prefix is removed from the front and placed after the verb in all the conjugated forms to produce ''mij sprek fer hooi'' (“I tell him”) and ''et sprich fer hooi'' (“it tells him”). The past participle places ''ge-'' between the prefix and the stem, as in ''fergesprikt''. If one wanted to say “he speaks for him”, it would be necessary to put the object in the genitive (and if it is a pronoun, to substitute the appropriate possessive adjective for the nonexistent genitive) as ''hij spricht fer hijn''. A bitransitive verb will normally take the second object in the dative case or use an intervening preposition to make the meaning clearer, but bitransitive verbs that take the dative case (mainly verbs with separable prefixes) take the second object in the genitive case.

;Irregular verbs.
All but two of the twelve irregular verbs are auxiliaries (the exceptions are ''duin'', “to do” and ''gooin'', “to go”). Some also have nonauxiliary uses as independent verbs in their own right; only the auxiliary uses will be discussed here, but the irregular verbs will be glossed with their nonauxiliary meanings (where such meanings exist) before their auxiliary ones in the list at the end of this paragraph. ''Zijin'' (“to be”) can be followed with the present or past participle; in the former case, it forms the present progressive tense, and the latter, the passive perfect tense. ''Hijbin'' (“to have”) is followed by the past participle to form the active perfect tense of all regular verbs, and most irregular verbs, but for the irregular verbs ''zijin'', ''zolin'', ''mochin'', ''kijnin'', ''gooin'', and ''bruin'' (this last one only when used as an auxiliary) the verb ''zijin'' fills this function instead. All irregular verbs used as auxiliaries except ''zijin'' and ''hijbin'' are always followed by the present participle. The list of irregular verbs is: ''zijin'' (“to be”), ''hijbin'' (“to have”), ''vielin'' (“to want”), ''zolin'' (“shall”), ''mochin'' (“may”), ''mokin'' (“to make, cause to”), ''vijsin'' (“to know, know how to”), ''kijnin'' (“to be able”), ''gooin'' (“to go”), ''bruin'' (“to burn, must”), and ''duin'' (“to do”). They are all fully conjugated in the appendix at the end of this guide.

;Articles and numerals.
The definite article is ''dij'', ''dei'', ''den'', ''dei''. The indefinite article is ''ij'', ''ei'', ''ei'', ''ei''. If the next word begins with a vowel, or if the article is the last word of a sentence or standalone statement, ''-n'' will be added to the indefinite article to produce ''ijn'', ''ein'', ''ein'', ''ein''. Many speakers will not decline the articles in rapid or informal speech, instead using the forms ''de'' and ''e(n)'' (rarely written, so the spelling may vary). The indefinite article is also used for the number one, in which case it is always fully pronounced and declined. No other numbers decline. The cardinal numbers one to twenty are ''ij''(''n''), ''tvei'', ''trie'', ''fer'', ''fief'', ''zij'', ''zefin'', ''ijcht'', ''nefin'', ''tijn'', ''ijten'', ''tveten'', ''treten'', ''ferten'', ''fiften'', ''zijten'', ''zeften'', ''ijchten'', ''neften'', ''tveintik''. In the towns, where the digraph ''ch'' is pronounced more softly, it is common to hear ''ijkten'' for eighteen to avoid confusion with ''ijten''. There is no word for zero, but ''nijn'' (“none”) is commonly accepted in such use. The ordinals are regularly declining adjectives, and are used to form fractions as well (so "one half" is ''ij tveidt''.

;Borrowings.
Sprik has borrowed many words from the Latinate wordstock, often by taking a French word and later having it be modified to better match its Neo-Latin source, and sometimes via the German lects. A detailed study of such borrowings is beyond the scope of this overview, but a few examples may assist the reader in recognizing relevant patterns: Lat. ''qualitas'' → Spr. ''kfaalitijt'' (“quality”), Lat. ''essentia'' → Spr. ''essenz'' (“essence”), Lat. ''Cæsar'' → Spr. ''keizer'' (“king”), Lat. ''scientia'' → Spr. ''schienz'' (“science”), Lat. ''etymologia'' → Spr. ''etiemologij'' (“etymology”), Lat. ''imitatio'' → Spr. ''imitaasjen'' (“imitation”). Recent borrowings are chiefly from English and attempt to match the original pronunciation as close as possible, as in ''odijefooil'' (“audiofile”). Often there are native words that are synonymous to borrowings, and any may be used, as in the native word ''vijsinkraft'', which is synonymous to Latinate ''schienz'' and German-derived ''vijsinschaft''.

;Syntax and conversation.
Word order and syntax follows other West Germanic languages closely, and the only noticeable deviation from a generalised Afrikaans word order is that in a simple declarative sentence, the verb is often placed last. In complex sentences, the STOMPI rule generally holds, and the reader is advised to research this unless (s)he already speaks Afrikaans. Negation is accomplished by placing ''nit'' (“not”) immediately before the verb; double negatives are nonstandard. Dependent clauses are most often introduced by ''vyt'' (“what; that”) but other common words in this use are ''on'' (“and”), ''zo'' (“so”), ''onzo'' (“therefore”), ''as'' ("if"), ''vie'' (“who”), and ''ver'' (“where”). There is no distinction between interrogative and relative pronouns. Some simple responses are: ''hooi'' (“hello”), ''jij'' (“yes”), ''nij'' (“no”), and ''midt Godt'' (“goodbye”, literally “[go] with God”). Note that in speech ''hooi'' ("hello") is distinguished from ''hooi'' ("to him") by pronouncing the /h/ as [x].

===Addendum: Phonology===

Sprik has no agreed-upon phonology, in part because of the lack of a standard prestige dialect, and in part due to lack of study. Recordings have only been made of male speakers in the northwest sector, specifically from the town of Mont St. Gerard, and are reported to resemble “if you got a Dutch guy, and an Australian guy, and tried to make them compete to see whose vowels could overpower the others” (Meredith 2013).

This following analysis is the most complete to date, and yet important features like glottal stops that occur regularly in native speakers' speech are still completely ignored. It is simply given as a general guide. Below is a table that shows correspondences between the orthography and the phonology in IPA, although one should remember that although <a> and <r> are represented in this analysis as [a] and [r], they are more likely closer to [ɑ] and [ɻ] to many speakers. This analysis is biased toward the highly incomplete and imperfect studies done to date, and is not representative of all speakers.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Orthography'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Phonology'''
! style="text-align: center;"|'''Notes'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|[ɑː] when doubled
|-
|b
|[b]
|[p] at ends of words
|-
|ch
|[ç]
|often [h] when preceded by a vowel and followed by a consonant
|-
|d
|[d]
|[t] at ends of words
|-
|e
|[ɛ]
|[ə] when unstressed or at the ends of words
|-
|ei
|[aɪ̯]
|
|-
|f
|[f]
|
|-
|g
|[g]
|[k] at ends of words
|-
|h
|[h]
|[x] on occasion; see below
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|[ə] when unstressed or at the ends of words
|-
|ie
|[i]
|[iː] in most positions
|-
|j
|[j]
|
|-
|ij
|[əi̯]
|considered a single letter
|-
|k
|[k]
|
|-
|l
|[l]
|
|-
|m
|[m]
|
|-
|n
|[n]
|
|-
|o
|[ɔ]
|[oə] when doubled
|-
|p
|[p]
|
|-
|r
|[r]
|[ʁ], [ɚ] or absent at the ends of syllables
|-
|s
|[s]
|
|-
|t
|[t]
|
|-
|u
|[ø]
|
|-
|v
|[ʋ]
|[v] to many speakers
|-
|y
|[ə]
|variable realisation, often around [ɵ]
|-
|z
|[z]
|}

Final voiced consonants are regularly devoiced, with the exception of /z/. The phoneme /h/ is often pronounced as [x] at the beginning of a sentence, and in a few cases it does seem to be phonemic (as noted above, in differentiating ''hooi'' ("hello") and ''hooi'' ("to him")). It should be noted that *''dtt'' is an illegal consonant cluster, and is resolved as ''dt'' where it may be predicted in a verb's conjugational pattern. Similarly, an adjective or noun that ends in ''-dt'' in its lemma form would inflect by deleting the ''t'' before adding an inflectional suffix.

Stress is irregular, but the default stress is penultimate. For verbs, the past participle takes ultimate stress. For adjectives and nouns, inflectional suffixes do not move the stress from its position in the lemma form. Borrowings are usually stressed as they were in the language they are being borrowed from, although when Latinate words are borrowed, if the Sprik form has less syllables than the original Latin form, the original stress is usually ignored and penultimate stress is applied. Compounds generally take the stress of the words being compounded, wherein the stress of polysyllabic words overrides the stress of words with less syllables, and compounds where all the elements are monosyllabic take penultimate stress.

===Appendix===

What follows is the full conjugation of the twelve irregular verbs, in the following order: infinitive, 1st-person singular, 2nd-person singular, 3rd-person singular, 1st-person plural, 3rd-person neuter singular, past participle.

''Zijin, bien, bit, it, zen, zen, it, gezent'' 
''Hijbin, hib, hijn, hijt, hijb, hijb, het, gehijt'' 
''Vielin, viel, vien, viet, vijl, vijl, vit, gevilt'' 
''Zolin, zuil, zon, zot, zooil, zooil, zot, gezolt'' 
''Mochin, mijch, mochin, mocht, mol, mol, mot, gemokt'' 
''Vijsin, vijs, vijin, vit, vije, vije, vit, gevijt'' 
''Kijnin, kijn, ken, ket, kijl, kijl, kit, gekijt'' 
''Gooin, gooi, gon, got, gol, gol, git, gegooit'' 
''Bruin, bren, brenin, brit, brin, brenin, brit, gebruicht'' 
''Duin, dooi, dun, dit, duil, duil, dyt, gedunt'' 


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

User talk:Zev

2013-08-17T23:20:05Z

Zev: /* Welcome! */

==Welcome!==
Welcome to Linguifex! I saw Chrysophylax added you manually as well? :)I don't think I need to introduce the concepts of conlangs! Welcome yet again to the wiki and the community! If there's is something you need, or do not understand, just shout for one of the admins! Sincerely, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:32, 17 August 2013 (CEST)
:Thankee sir. One thing I noticed is that you guys seem not to have much infrastructure. By infrastructure I mean everything from having a favicon to actually having templates to support the Contionary rather than faking it all so that it looks like an imitation of Wiktionary. Are you interested in expanding that kind of thing? [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 21:02, 17 August 2013 (CEST)

As it happens, there's not very many of us. ^^ The favicon is being updated right now, but thank you! Well, all contributions are welcome, of course. Bring it to the forum Tavern, and we'll take a look at the suggestions. :) Concerning the Contionary, there is little agreement whether to do it like Wiktionary or not. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:41, 17 August 2013 (CEST)
:Hmm. Standardisation and templatisation are in my mind necessary, as only thus can changes be made instantaneously across the entire wiki (as by editing a template or running a bot). But with a small and disorederly horde of conlangers, such cannot be expected, I suppose. [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 00:01, 18 August 2013 (CEST)
::I added two pages, [[Rigwayavo]] and [[Sprik]]; the first is badly written and the second relatively well written. Please feel free to edit them as you wish; I don't know if (for example) you have IPA support templates, categorisation systems, etc so I did not use any templates or categorise the pages. If those should be used please add them in or tell me where I can find documentation for that. Daank u gutlijk! [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 01:20, 18 August 2013 (CEST)
:::PS: Do you guys have JavaScript custom pages here, or even better the Scribunto extension? It would be nice to be able to set up an automatic conjugator for Sprik. [[User:Zev|Zev]] ([[User talk:Zev|talk]]) 01:20, 18 August 2013 (CEST)

Sprik

2013-08-17T23:15:06Z

Zev: Created page with "==Sprik: A survey== This brief work is intended to describe the salient features of Sprik, a minor West Germanic language reported in six towns in France near the Luxembourgi..."

==Sprik: A survey==

This brief work is intended to describe the salient features of Sprik, a minor West Germanic language reported in six towns in France near the Luxembourgish border. Almost solely older residents belonging to the merchant class speak the language to a fully fluent level. It is believed that the unusual and highly irregular development of the language is a result of its use as a cant and the roving habits of those who spoke it, before the immigration laws of the 20th century restricted it to its present range.

This survey is intended to allow any reader with experience in West Germanic languages to comprehend text written in Sprik, and to elucidate the prominent features of the language.

===Grammatical survey===

;Nouns.
There are four cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and dative (all words that are declined will be declined in this order). Nouns only inflect for one of them, the genitive. The genitive is regularly formed identically for singular and plural by suffixing the noun with ''–s''; if it ends in a vowel, with ''–jes''. Some nouns undergo umlaut as well, but this is nowadays rare outside of the countryside, and can be safely ignored. Almost all nouns are pluralized in the nominative, accusative, and dative by adding ''–e'' (or ''–n'' if they end in an ''e'' already); speakers from the South may use ''–(e)n'' for all nouns instead, as will any speaker when trying to appear formal. Nouns have one of two genders, common and neuter; they are only distinguished in a few situations and a noun’s gender may easily be forgotten or confused. New borrowings are always of the common gender.

;Adjectives.
Adjectives are inflected for all oblique cases in certain situations. Adjectives normally precede a noun; when used postpositively, they do not inflect. They always inflect for the genitive, singular and plural, in an identical manner to the nouns, except that there is never umlaut. Adjective inflection also produces what is called the “attributive form”, used before a noun belonging to the common gender in the accusative and dative cases for both singular and plural nouns. The attributive form is produced like the noun plural, except that adjectives that already end in ''e'' take ''–ne'' and the attempt at formality described above almost never occurs, being seen as a sign of poor education when misapplied to adjectives.

;Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives.
The possessive adjectives are as follows: ''mijn'' (my), ''dijn'' (your), ''hijn'' (his), ''schijn'' (her), ''ijen'' (its), ''vijn'' (our), ''jijn'' (your pl.), ''dijen'' (their). They act like normal adjectives in the nominative and genitive cases, except for the fact that the attributive form is only used postpositively. The possessive adjectives are thus indeclinable in regard to the accusative and dative cases when used before a noun, as they normally are. Due to the existence of the possessive adjectives, the personal pronouns have no genitive forms, but all decline for the other cases. No second-personal plural exists; the second-person singular is used instead or the second-person plural possessive adjective is used if there is ambiguity. However, there is a separate third-person singular form for both natural genders and the grammatical gender, neuter; masculine forms are generally used to refer to objects referred to by the common gender. Sprik is not a pro-drop language, so the personal pronouns are essential, and often allow for inconsistency in using or pronouncing the conjugated forms of verbs. The personal pronouns are as follows: I: ''mij'', ''mij'', ''mei''; you: ''u'', ''ju'', ''ooi''; he: ''hij'', ''hen'', ''hooi''; she: ''schij'', ''hen'', ''schei''; it: ''et'', ''et'', ''ijt''; we: ''vij'', ''uins'', ''ijch''; they: ''dije'', ''dij'', ''deie''.

;Verbs.
Verbs have as a lemma form their infinitive, which always consists of the verbal stem followed by ''–in''. For the following discussion, we will use the verb ''sprikin'' (“to speak”). Verbs undergo a complex conjugation in the present tense, which is regular for the vast majority of verbs. However, the verbs can still be considered according to principal parts, of which there are three: the first-person singular (in this case, ''sprek''), the neuter third-person singular (''sprich'') and either the infinitive or the past participle, both of which preserve the verbal stem (''sprikin'' and ''gesprikt'' respectively). The first-person singular, second-person singular, and third-person plural change the stem’s vowel; the remaining forms change the stem’s final consonant. Verbs have no second-person plural form, and ignore gender except in the third-person singular, where common gender nouns take a different form from neuter ones. ''Sprikin'' is conjugated thus: ''mij sprek'', ''u sprekin'', (''sc'')''hij spricht'', ''vij sprichin'', ''dije sprekin'', ''et sprich''.

;Conjugation continued.
Regular conjugation always follows the same rules to produce the vowel change and the consonant change, one of which (never both) is found in each conjugated form. The vowel shifts are as follows: ''ij'' becomes ''ie'', ''i'' becomes ''e'', ''e'' becomes ''ij'', ''ie'' becomes ''i'', ''u''(''i'') becomes ''oo''(''i''), and ''oo''(''i'') becomes ''u''(''i''). The consonant shifts are more limited, and are only in the following cases: ''k'' becomes ''ch'', ''ch'' becomes ''g'', ''t'' becomes ''d'', and ''v'' becomes ''f''. The past participle is formed from the verbal stem prefixed with ''ge-'' and suffixed with ''–t''; it is an adjective and declines normally. The present participle is identical to the infinitive, and declines normally; although the attributive form is proscriptively suffixed with ''–de'' (so ''sprikinde'', for example) few speakers actually say this. It is variously spelt as ''sprikine'' or ''sprikinne'' when reflecting the spoken form. There are also two nouns regularly derived from verbs, one of which is the verbal stem, which takes on the meaning of “that which is acted upon by the verb” and is of the neuter gender, and the other which is the verbal stem suffixed with ''–ijt'' (“-ness”) and is of the common gender.

;Prefixed verbs.
Verbs have two kinds of prefixes, separable and inseparable. Inseparable prefixes, like ''un-'', simply become part of the verbal stem and do not change what case the verb takes if it is transitive (the default is the accusative). Separable prefixes are prepositions in their own right, and the verb once thus prefixed will take whatever case the preposition does (usually the dative). The most common such prefix is ''fer-''', which as an independent preposition means “for” but as a prefix renders an intransitive verb transitive; we shall use ''fersprikin'' (“to tell”) as an example. The prefix is removed from the front and placed after the verb in all the conjugated forms to produce ''mij sprek fer hooi'' (“I tell him”) and ''et sprich fer hooi'' (“it tells him”). The past participle places ''ge-'' between the prefix and the stem, as in ''fergesprikt''. If one wanted to say “he speaks for him”, it would be necessary to put the object in the genitive (and if it is a pronoun, to substitute the appropriate possessive adjective for the nonexistent genitive) as ''hij spricht fer hijn''.

;Irregular verbs.
All but two of the twelve irregular verbs are auxiliaries (the exceptions are ''duin'', “to do” and ''gooin'', “to go”). Some also have nonauxiliary uses as independent verbs in their own right; only the auxiliary uses will be discussed here, but the irregular verbs will be glossed with their nonauxiliary meanings (where such meanings exist) before their auxiliary ones in the list at the end of this paragraph. ''Zijin'' (“to be”) can be followed with the present or past participle; in the former case, it forms the present progressive tense, and the latter, the passive perfect tense. ''Hijbin'' (“to have”) is followed by the past participle to form the active perfect tense of all regular verbs, and most irregular verbs, but for the irregular verbs ''zijin'', ''zolin'', ''mochin'', ''kijnin'', ''gooin'', and ''bruin'' (this last one only when used as an auxiliary) the verb ''zijin'' fills this function instead. All irregular verbs used as auxiliaries except ''zijin'' and ''hijbin'' are always followed by the present participle. The list of irregular verbs is: ''zijin'' (“to be”), ''hijbin'' (“to have”), ''vielin'' (“to want”), ''zolin'' (“shall”), ''mochin'' (“may”), ''mokin'' (“to make, cause to”), ''vijsin'' (“to know, know how to”), ''kijnin'' (“to be able”), ''gooin'' (“to go”), ''bruin'' (“to burn, must”), and ''duin'' (“to do”). They are all fully conjugated in the appendix at the end of this guide.

;Articles and numerals.
The definite article is ''dij'', ''dei'', ''den'', ''dei''. The indefinite article is ''ij'', ''ei'', ''ei'', ''ei''. If the next word begins with a vowel, or if the article is the last word of a sentence or standalone statement, ''-n'' will be added to the indefinite article to produce ''ijn'', ''ein'', ''ein'', ''ein''. Many speakers will not decline the articles in rapid or informal speech, instead using the forms ''de'' and ''e(n)'' (rarely written, so the spelling may vary). The indefinite article is also used for the number one, in which case it is always fully pronounced and declined. No other numbers decline. The cardinal numbers one to twenty are ''ij''(''n''), ''tvei'', ''trie'', ''fer'', ''fief'', ''zij'', ''zefin'', ''ijcht'', ''nefin'', ''tijn'', ''ijten'', ''tveten'', ''treten'', ''ferten'', ''fiften'', ''zijten'', ''zeften'', ''ijchten'', ''neften'', ''tveintik''. In the towns, where the digraph ''ch'' is pronounced more softly, it is common to hear ''ijkten'' for eighteen to avoid confusion with ''ijten''. There is no word for zero, but ''nijn'' (“none”) is commonly accepted in such use. The ordinals are regularly declining adjectives.

;Borrowings.
Sprik has borrowed many words from the Latinate wordstock, often by taking a French word and later having it be modified to better match its Neo-Latin source, and sometimes via the German lects. A detailed study of such borrowings is beyond the scope of this overview, but a few examples may assist the reader in recognizing relevant patterns: Lat. ''qualitas'' → Spr. ''kfaalitijt'' (“quality”), Lat. ''essentia'' → Spr. ''essenz'' (“essence”), Lat. ''Cæsar'' → Spr. ''keizer'' (“king”), Lat. ''scientia'' → Spr. ''schienz'' (“science”), Lat. ''etymologia'' → Spr. ''etiemologij'' (“etymology”), Lat. ''imitatio'' → Spr. ''imitaasjen'' (“imitation”). Recent borrowings are chiefly from English and attempt to match the original pronunciation as close as possible, as in ''odijefooil'' (“audiofile”). Often there are native words that are synonymous to borrowings, and any may be used, as in the native word ''vijsinkraft'', which is synonymous to Latinate ''schienz'' and German-derived ''vijsinschaft''.

;Syntax and conversation.
Word order and syntax follows other West Germanic languages closely, and the only noticeable deviation from a generalised Afrikaans word order is that in a simple declarative sentence, the verb is often placed last. In complex sentences, the STOMPI rule generally holds, and the reader is advised to research this unless (s)he already speaks Afrikaans. Negation is accomplished by placing ''nit'' (“not”) immediately before the verb; double negatives are nonstandard. Dependent clauses are most often introduced by ''vyt'' (“what; that”) but other common words in this use are ''on'' (“and”), ''zo'' (“so”), ''onzo'' (“therefore”), ''as'' ("if"), ''vie'' (“who”), and ''ver'' (“where”). There is no distinction between interrogative and relative pronouns. Some simple responses are: ''hooi'' (“hello”), ''jij'' (“yes”), ''nij'' (“no”), and ''midt Godt'' (“goodbye”, literally “[go] with God”). Note that in speech ''hooi'' ("hello") is distinguished from ''hooi'' ("to him") by pronouncing the /h/ as [x].

===Addendum: Phonology===

Sprik has no agreed-upon phonology, in part because of the lack of a standard prestige dialect, and in part due to lack of study. Recordings have only been made of male speakers in the northwest sector, specifically from the town of Mont St. Gerard, and are reported to resemble “if you got a Dutch guy, and an Australian guy, and tried to make them compete to see whose vowels could overpower the others” (Christian James Meredith).

That said, there is in fact one extant phonological analysis that merits repetition here, not for its accuracy (one can be assured that there is no speaker who realizes his or her phonemes anything like this, and important features like glottal stops are completely ignored) but simply as a general guide. Below is a table that shows correspondences where a grapheme and phoneme are not identical in broad IPA, although one should remember that although <a> and <r> are represented in this analysis as /a/ and /r/, they are more likely closer to [ɑ] and [ɻ] to most speakers, at least in the northwest. Also, final voiced consonants are regularly devoiced, with the exception of /z/.

;Orthography – Broad IPA
<ij> – /ej/ 
<ei> – /aj/ 
<ie> – /iː/ 
<y> – /ə/ 
<e> – /ɛ/ (regularly /ə/ when unstressed) 
<ch> – /ç/ or /h/ 
<nowiki><dt></nowiki> – /d/ 
<nowiki></nowiki> – /ɪ/ (tending to /ə/ when unstressed) 
<oo> – /oː/ 
<nowiki></nowiki> – /ø/ 

===Appendix===

What follows is the full conjugation of the twelve irregular verbs, in the following order: infinitive, 1st-person singular, 2nd-person singular, 3rd-person singular, 1st-person plural, 3rd-person neuter singular, past participle.

''Zijin, bien, bit, it, zen, zen, it, gezent'' 
''Hijbin, hib, hijn, hijt, hijb, hijb, het, gehijt'' 
''Vielin, viel, vien, viet, vijl, vijl, vit, gevilt'' 
''Zolin, zuil, zon, zot, zooil, zooil, zot, gezolt'' 
''Mochin, mijch, mochin, mocht, mol, mol, mot, gemokt'' 
''Vijsin, vijs, vijin, vit, vije, vije, vit, gevijt'' 
''Kijnin, kijn, ken, ket, kijl, kijl, kit, gekijt'' 
''Gooin, gooi, gon, got, gol, gol, git, gegooit'' 
''Bruin, bren, brenin, brit, brin, brenin, brit, gebruicht'' 
''Duin, dooi, dun, dit, duil, duil, dyt, gedunt''

Rigwayavo

2013-08-17T22:36:11Z

Zev: /* Vocabulary */ more accurate

This conlang, 리과야뽀 ''Rigwayavo'', was probably the first fully operational one I made. I don't particularly like it anymore, and some of the ideas are rather naïve, but it does incorporate features that I have never seen in any other natlang or conlang, most notably having '''only one part of speech''' and '''semantic elision''' of the ends of words/word fragments that have already been used in a given passage.

==Orthography and phonology==
Modified Korean Hangeul. Phonology (transliteration shown when differing from IPA):
*ㄹ = /ɾ/ (tr: r)
*ㄷ = /d/
*ㅌ = /t/
*ㄸ = /θ/ (tr: th)
*ㄴ = /n/
*ㅁ = /m/
*ㅂ = /b/
*ㅍ = /p/
*ㅃ = /v/
*ㅈ = /dʒ/ (tr: j)
*ㅊ = /tʃ/ (tr: ch)
*ㅉ = /ʃ/ (tr: sh)
*ㅅ = /s/
*ㅆ = /z/
*ㄱ = /g/
*ㅋ = /k/
*ㄲ = /ʒ~r~ɣ/ (idiolectal variation) (tr: rh)
*ㅎ = /h/
*ㅇ = ø
*ㅏ = /a/ or /ɑ/ (tr: a)
*ㅔ = /e/ or /ɛ/ (tr: e)
*ㅣ = /i/ or /ɪ/ (or /j/ if semivowel) (tr: i or y)
*ㅗ = /o/ or /ɔ/ (or /w/ if semivowel) (tr: o or w)
*ㅜ = /u/ or /ʊ/ (or /w/ if semivowel) (tr: u or w)
*ㅐ = /æ/ (tr: ä)
*ㅡ = /œ/ (or /j/ in combination) (tr: ü or y)
*ㅓ = /ʌ/ (tr: uh or uh' (used when preceding a vowel))

This does not imitate Korean phonology; it merely mirrors it slightly to make the writing system easier for those who learned it via Korean to use. Odd syllables always take stress, secondary stress within the word and primary stress on the paroxytone. Syllables are always open.

Vowels and <ㄲ> may be realized in many different ways, even by the same speaker. Glottal stops may be placed between vowels, but this is not phonemic. For some speakers, the other distinctions may be phonemic.

==Grammar==
Agglutinative. All independent words are so-called 'nouns' (usually two syllables long), and may take suffixes in this order: case marker, number, pronoun, adjective, adverb. The first three suffixes of those listed are always one syllable long. Only the case marker is required, and in informal speech if the case marker is the only suffix, the final vowel is elided. The only verb is the copula, which is unwritten and does not in fact exist. There are 22 cases, and curiously the genitive is not among them.

Pronouns are not used independently, but if it is desired to refer to a previous word or a suffix at least two syllables long found in that word, the first syllable of it can be used. If there is another word or long suffix that starts with that syllable, the next syllable must be included, and so on to differentiate. In speaking, the word may be pronounced or not depending on the formality of the situation, although it may sound stilted to do so (in a legal proceeding, for example, all forms would be fully pronounced so that a quote could be used out of context without excess difficulty for the judge). If the antecedent is a noun, then its suffixes are assumed to be the same to the point at which the repetition differentiates them, if it in fact does so. If it is a suffix, then only the suffix can be repeated. If a word is used with a different set of suffixes, then it is "reset".

Words may be formed from terms that have suffixes themselves and require suffixes to be placed on them. In this case, the word is put in quotation marks and considered to be a unit. For example, 리가야뽀 ''Rigwayavo'' is composed of 리과 ''rigwa-'' "tongue" + 야 ''-ya'' "beginning" + 뽀 ''-vo'' "one". To say, "I am learning Rigwayavo", it would be necessary for "Rigwayavo" to be the direct object, but it already has a case marker. To solve that, it is put in quotation marks, and one would say: "리과야뽀"아 사뻬야미.

List of cases:

# -da near
# -pa alongside
# -na in
# -ba among
# -ja at
# -sa beneath
# -ra above
# -da toward
# -tha from
# -ta out of
# -ga before
# -ka after
# -sha during
# -ya beginning
# -wa ending
# -za across
# -ma by means of
# -va for the sake of
# -cha dative indirect object
# -ha subject
# -rha with
# -a direct object

==Sound changes==
The vocabulary is derived from Latin; because of the severe limitations that Rigwayavo puts on every word (must be two syllables, must conform to the phonotactics), many terms are nearly unrecognisable. However, terms that are borrowed from Latin instead of being inherited can be as long as they need to be, and follow slightly different rules. Among the common rules that tend to influence development are:
* Rhotic sounds at the end of syllables are usually eliminated
* Nasal sounds at the end of syllables are usually eliminated in inherited terms, although not in borrowed terms
* Latin ''h'' may be eliminated, although it is more often retained
* Consonant clusters are broken up by the neutral vowel ''ü''
* Latin ''i'' or ''u'' followed by a vowel is changed to a semivowel (''y'' or ''w'')
* Latin ''l'' is changed to ''r''
* Latin ''ch'' is changed to ''k'' or ''rh'', depending on context
* Latin ''f'' and ''ph'' are changed to ''th'' (and Latin ''th'' is retained as such)
* Latin ''sc'' followed by ''i'' or ''e'' becomes ''sh''; otherwise, ''c'' always becomes ''k''
* Latin ''gn'' becomes ''ny''
* Latin ''cl'', ''gl'', and ''fl'' may become ''ry'', but are irregular and often do not
* Latin vowel length distinctions are completely disregarded
* The accusative singular with the final -m removed (for nouns) and 1st person singular present active indicative (for verbs) tend to be the lemma forms used as a basis for Rigwayavo forms, although nouns ending in -um or -us in the accusative singular have their endings changed to -o
* Some stems with primarily verbal meanings may come from the present imperative forms, such as 이테 ("go")
* Single syllable stems are reduplicated to form stems with the necessary minimum length of two syllables
* Regular vowel changes: Lat. ''au'' --> Rig. ''uh'', Lat. ''ae'' --> Rig. ''ä'', Lat. ''y'' --> Rig. ''ü'', Lat. ''oe'' --> Rig. ''e'' or ''u'' (irregularly)

==Example text==

Example text:

'''Hangeul''': 호모하모토토 나토하리베로 디늬타테아애콰레 "레레아오포테"나애. 호 커사아아고 코느찌에느탸아아 데베아"모도나뽀뜨라".

'''Romanisation''': ''Homohamototo natoharibero dinyitatenaäkware "rereaopote"naä. Ho kuhsaaago konüshienütyaaa debea"modonavothüra".''

'''Grammatical analysis''': person-NOM-DEF-PL-all birth-NOM-free dignity-ABL-equal (thing-ACC-INDEF-PL-able)-ABL-equal. person-NOM-DEF-PL-all reason-ACC-action conscience-ACC-action debt-ACC-(manner-ABL-SING-brother)

'''Translation''': All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Rigwayavo

2013-08-17T22:35:21Z

Zev: Created.

This conlang, 리과야뽀 ''Rigwayavo'', was probably the first fully operational one I made. I don't particularly like it anymore, and some of the ideas are rather naïve, but it does incorporate features that I have never seen in any other natlang or conlang, most notably having '''only one part of speech''' and '''semantic elision''' of the ends of words/word fragments that have already been used in a given passage.

==Orthography and phonology==
Modified Korean Hangeul. Phonology (transliteration shown when differing from IPA):
*ㄹ = /ɾ/ (tr: r)
*ㄷ = /d/
*ㅌ = /t/
*ㄸ = /θ/ (tr: th)
*ㄴ = /n/
*ㅁ = /m/
*ㅂ = /b/
*ㅍ = /p/
*ㅃ = /v/
*ㅈ = /dʒ/ (tr: j)
*ㅊ = /tʃ/ (tr: ch)
*ㅉ = /ʃ/ (tr: sh)
*ㅅ = /s/
*ㅆ = /z/
*ㄱ = /g/
*ㅋ = /k/
*ㄲ = /ʒ~r~ɣ/ (idiolectal variation) (tr: rh)
*ㅎ = /h/
*ㅇ = ø
*ㅏ = /a/ or /ɑ/ (tr: a)
*ㅔ = /e/ or /ɛ/ (tr: e)
*ㅣ = /i/ or /ɪ/ (or /j/ if semivowel) (tr: i or y)
*ㅗ = /o/ or /ɔ/ (or /w/ if semivowel) (tr: o or w)
*ㅜ = /u/ or /ʊ/ (or /w/ if semivowel) (tr: u or w)
*ㅐ = /æ/ (tr: ä)
*ㅡ = /œ/ (or /j/ in combination) (tr: ü or y)
*ㅓ = /ʌ/ (tr: uh or uh' (used when preceding a vowel))

This does not imitate Korean phonology; it merely mirrors it slightly to make the writing system easier for those who learned it via Korean to use. Odd syllables always take stress, secondary stress within the word and primary stress on the paroxytone. Syllables are always open.

Vowels and <ㄲ> may be realized in many different ways, even by the same speaker. Glottal stops may be placed between vowels, but this is not phonemic. For some speakers, the other distinctions may be phonemic.

==Grammar==
Agglutinative. All independent words are so-called 'nouns' (usually two syllables long), and may take suffixes in this order: case marker, number, pronoun, adjective, adverb. The first three suffixes of those listed are always one syllable long. Only the case marker is required, and in informal speech if the case marker is the only suffix, the final vowel is elided. The only verb is the copula, which is unwritten and does not in fact exist. There are 22 cases, and curiously the genitive is not among them.

Pronouns are not used independently, but if it is desired to refer to a previous word or a suffix at least two syllables long found in that word, the first syllable of it can be used. If there is another word or long suffix that starts with that syllable, the next syllable must be included, and so on to differentiate. In speaking, the word may be pronounced or not depending on the formality of the situation, although it may sound stilted to do so (in a legal proceeding, for example, all forms would be fully pronounced so that a quote could be used out of context without excess difficulty for the judge). If the antecedent is a noun, then its suffixes are assumed to be the same to the point at which the repetition differentiates them, if it in fact does so. If it is a suffix, then only the suffix can be repeated. If a word is used with a different set of suffixes, then it is "reset".

Words may be formed from terms that have suffixes themselves and require suffixes to be placed on them. In this case, the word is put in quotation marks and considered to be a unit. For example, 리가야뽀 ''Rigwayavo'' is composed of 리과 ''rigwa-'' "tongue" + 야 ''-ya'' "beginning" + 뽀 ''-vo'' "one". To say, "I am learning Rigwayavo", it would be necessary for "Rigwayavo" to be the direct object, but it already has a case marker. To solve that, it is put in quotation marks, and one would say: "리과야뽀"아 사뻬야미.

List of cases:

# -da near
# -pa alongside
# -na in
# -ba among
# -ja at
# -sa beneath
# -ra above
# -da toward
# -tha from
# -ta out of
# -ga before
# -ka after
# -sha during
# -ya beginning
# -wa ending
# -za across
# -ma by means of
# -va for the sake of
# -cha dative indirect object
# -ha subject
# -rha with
# -a direct object

==Vocabulary==
The vocabulary is derived from Latin; because of the severe limitations that Rigwayavo puts on every word (must be two syllables, must conform to the phonotactics), many terms are nearly unrecognisable. However, terms that are borrowed from Latin instead of being inherited can be as long as they need to be, and follow slightly different rules. Among the common rules that tend to influence development are:
* Rhotic sounds at the end of syllables are usually eliminated
* Nasal sounds at the end of syllables are usually eliminated in inherited terms, although not in borrowed terms
* Latin ''h'' may be eliminated, although it is more often retained
* Consonant clusters are broken up by the neutral vowel ''ü''
* Latin ''i'' or ''u'' followed by a vowel is changed to a semivowel (''y'' or ''w'')
* Latin ''l'' is changed to ''r''
* Latin ''ch'' is changed to ''k'' or ''rh'', depending on context
* Latin ''f'' and ''ph'' are changed to ''th'' (and Latin ''th'' is retained as such)
* Latin ''sc'' followed by ''i'' or ''e'' becomes ''sh''; otherwise, ''c'' always becomes ''k''
* Latin ''gn'' becomes ''ny''
* Latin ''cl'', ''gl'', and ''fl'' may become ''ry'', but are irregular and often do not
* Latin vowel length distinctions are completely disregarded
* The accusative singular with the final -m removed (for nouns) and 1st person singular present active indicative (for verbs) tend to be the lemma forms used as a basis for Rigwayavo forms, although nouns ending in -um or -us in the accusative singular have their endings changed to -o
* Some stems with primarily verbal meanings may come from the present imperative forms, such as 이테 ("go")
* Single syllable stems are reduplicated to form stems with the necessary minimum length of two syllables
* Regular vowel changes: Lat. ''au'' --> Rig. ''uh'', Lat. ''ae'' --> Rig. ''ä'', Lat. ''y'' --> Rig. ''ü'', Lat. ''oe'' --> Rig. ''e'' or ''u'' (irregularly)

==Example text==

Example text:

'''Hangeul''': 호모하모토토 나토하리베로 디늬타테아애콰레 "레레아오포테"나애. 호 커사아아고 코느찌에느탸아아 데베아"모도나뽀뜨라".

'''Romanisation''': ''Homohamototo natoharibero dinyitatenaäkware "rereaopote"naä. Ho kuhsaaago konüshienütyaaa debea"modonavothüra".''

'''Grammatical analysis''': person-NOM-DEF-PL-all birth-NOM-free dignity-ABL-equal (thing-ACC-INDEF-PL-able)-ABL-equal. person-NOM-DEF-PL-all reason-ACC-action conscience-ACC-action debt-ACC-(manner-ABL-SING-brother)

'''Translation''': All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

User talk:Zev

2013-08-17T22:01:56Z

Zev: /* Welcome! */

User talk:Zev

2013-08-17T19:02:49Z

Zev: