Bearlandic - Revision history

Sware at 21:44, 4 July 2021

2021-07-04T21:44:59Z

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	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
			\|creator = User:Dē Graut Bʉr
	\|image =		\|image =
	\|imagesize =		\|imagesize =

Sware at 21:44, 4 July 2021

2021-07-04T21:44:43Z

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	\|imagesize =		\|imagesize =
	\|name = Bearlandic		\|name = Bearlandic
	\|nativename = ''Bʉrnlannts''		\|nativename = Bʉrnlannts
	\|pronunciation= /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/		\|pronunciation= ˈbœːrnlɑnːts
	\|region =		\|region =
	\|states =		\|states =
	\|speakers = ~~Approximately~~ 20 million		\|speakers = ~20 million
	\|date = 2653		\|date = 2653
	\|familycolor=		\|familycolor=conlang
	\|~~family~~=Iropo-Antilonian languages		\|fam1 = Iropo-Antilonian languages
	* Berilonian languages		\|fam2 = Berilonian languages
	** Western Berilonian languages		\|fam3 = Western Berilonian languages
	*** '''Bearlandic'''
	\|ancestor=Old Bearlandic		\|ancestor=Old Bearlandic
	\|~~script~~=Berilonian alphabet, western style		\|scripts= * Berilonian alphabet, western style
	~~\|agency=~~
	~~\|iso1=~~
	~~\|iso2=~~
	~~\|iso3=~~
	\|notice=IPA		\|notice=IPA
	}}		}}

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Consonants */

2018-02-23T19:39:04Z

Consonants

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	Coda consonants may be voiced when the following syllable begins with a voiced consonant.		Coda consonants may be voiced when the following syllable begins with a voiced consonant.

			Most speakers have [ɬ] as an allophone of /l/, though the exact conditioning of this allophony varies considerably. In the cluster /tl/, the [ɬ] allophone is nearly universal, and the pronunciation of /lh/ as [ɬ], though less common, is also found all over the country. In a few places scattered across the country one may hear [sɬ] or even [ɬ] for /sl/, and in the east, some people devoice /l/ in any cluster involving voiceless consonants.

	===Vowels===		===Vowels===

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Inflection */

2018-02-23T19:25:46Z

Inflection

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	Adverbs can be derived from adjectives using the suffix -lyk. Most adjectives not ending in -ig can be used as adverbs without first adding -lyk.		Adverbs can be derived from adjectives using the suffix -lyk. Most adjectives not ending in -ig can be used as adverbs without first adding -lyk.

			Participial adjectives, as well as ''wyg'' "few, little", have separate attributive and predicative forms. When used attributively, the end in -nē, while they have no ending when used predicatively. The citation form of these adjectives is the predicative from.

	===Comparison===		===Comparison===

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Formation */

2018-02-23T19:23:21Z

Formation

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	===Formation===		===Formation===
	With a few exceptions, all adjectives end in the highly productive adjectivising suffix -ig. Adjectives derived from place names and names of ethnic groups end in -iess instead, and a closed class of native adjectives has no suffix at all.		With a few exceptions, all adjectives end in the highly productive adjectivising suffix -ig. Adjectives derived from place names and names of ethnic groups end in -iess instead, and a closed class of native adjectives has no suffix at all.

			A sizeable group of adjectives look like past participles, but are not derived from any actually existing verb. For example, ''ausgioggt(nē)'' "neutral" looks like it is the past participle of ''*ausogg'', but no such verb actually exists.

	===Inflection===		===Inflection===

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* The optative */

2018-01-27T14:32:25Z

The optative

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	The optative can be used in several ways, two of which will be discussed in this section. Firstly, it may be used to express a wish. In this case, the optative verb comes at the beginning of the sentence, and ''tyē'' is used when the subject can control the action, whereas ''wylē'' is used when it can't.		The optative can be used in several ways, two of which will be discussed in this section. Firstly, it may be used to express a wish. In this case, the optative verb comes at the beginning of the sentence, and ''tyē'' is used when the subject can control the action, whereas ''wylē'' is used when it can't.

	'''''Yē''' ~~his~~ oss hirr!''<br>		'''''Yē''' hi oss hirr!''<br>
	'''If only''' he '''were''' here!		'''If only''' he '''were''' here!

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Pluralisation */

2018-01-20T10:33:12Z

Pluralisation

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	*''vogg'' "bird" > ''voggs'' "birds"		*''vogg'' "bird" > ''voggs'' "birds"
	*''mann'' "man" > ''manns'' "men"		*''mann'' "man" > ''manns'' "men"
	*''~~kennī~~'' "~~dog~~" > ''~~kenniss~~'' "~~dogs~~"		*''fingrī'' "finger" > ''fingriss'' "fingers"

	A few nouns feature an irregular vowel change in the plural.		A few nouns feature an irregular vowel change in the plural.
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	*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"		*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"
	*''ry'' "row" > ''ryess'' "rows"		*''ry'' "row" > ''ryess'' "rows"
			*''kennī'' "dog" > ''kenniss'' "dogs"

	The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.		The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Vowels */

2018-01-15T11:54:03Z

Vowels

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	\| colspan="3" \| a /ɑ aː/		\| colspan="3" \| a /ɑ aː/
	\|}		\|}
	Short vowels are followed by long ~~vowels~~ and vice versa. Orthographically, vowel length is indicated by the doubling of the following consonant. Word-finally, short vowels are marked with a macron.		Short vowels are followed by long consonants and vice versa. Orthographically, vowel length is indicated by the doubling of the following consonant. Word-finally, short vowels are marked with a macron.

	There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/. Just like long vowels, they are always followed by a short consonant.		There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/. Just like long vowels, they are always followed by a short consonant.

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Pluralisation */

2018-01-13T00:04:28Z

Pluralisation

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	*''ze'' "sea" > ''zyess'' "seas"		*''ze'' "sea" > ''zyess'' "seas"
	*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"		*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"
			*''ry'' "row" > ''ryess'' "rows"

	The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.		The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.

Dē Graut Bʉr: /* Verbs */

2018-01-13T00:02:24Z

Verbs

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	\| aus-gi-dwyn-t		\| aus-gi-dwyn-t
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Infinitive~~		! Ē-form
	\| lop-ē		\| lop-ē
	\| sgit-ē		\| sgit-ē
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	* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms.		* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms.
	* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation.		* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation.
	* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the ~~infinitive~~ and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending.		* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the ē-form and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending.
	* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the ~~infinitive~~.		* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the ē-form.
	* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms.		* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms.
	* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem.		* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem.

	~~It should be noted that the verb~~ form ~~labeled as "infinitive" represents the merger of various verb forms in earlier stages of the language and~~ is ~~therefore~~ used for ~~other~~ purposes as ~~well. For this reason, this description will sometimes use the term "ē-~~form~~" instead to avoid possible confusion with the use infinitives in other languages~~.		The ē-form is used for several unrelated purposes and may be thought of as a variant present form.

	====Strong verbs====		====Strong verbs====
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	\| short i		\| short i
	\|}		\|}
	The ~~infinitive~~ of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are three verbs whose ~~infinitive~~ seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose ~~infinitive~~ is ''zygē'', ''stass'' "stand", whose ~~infinitive~~ may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē'', and ''slap'' "sleep", whose ~~infinitive~~ ''slapē'' retains the stem vowel of the present tense.		The ē-form of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are three verbs whose ē-form seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose ē-form is ''zygē'', ''stass'' "stand", whose ē-form may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē'', and ''slap'' "sleep", whose ē-form ''slapē'' retains the stem vowel of the present tense.

	Some examples:		Some examples:
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	\| gisgrifft		\| gisgrifft
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Infinitive~~		! Ē-form
	\| birrē		\| birrē
	\| stissē/styzē		\| stissē/styzē
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	\| givirtē		\| givirtē
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Infinitive~~		! Ē-form
	\| yē, zyt		\| yē, zyt
	\| hypē		\| hypē
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	\|}		\|}

	~~Where all other verbs have one "infinitive",~~ ''~~iss~~'' has two. ''Yē'' is used as an ~~actual~~ infinitive~~, i.e. it is used after modal verbs~~, whereas ''zyt'' ~~is a finite form which~~ is used ~~where other verbs would use an ē-form. In glosses, ''zyt'' will be indicated as <small>be.DEF</small>, because it indicates the so-called "definite mood" (see [[#Modality\|here]])~~.		''Iss'' has two distinct forms corresponding to the ē-forms of all other verbs. ''Yē'' is used as an infinitive, whereas ''zyt'' is used in subordinate clauses.

	===Tenses===		===Tenses===
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	It '''has snowed'''.		It '''has snowed'''.

	Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the ~~infinitive~~ and preceded by ''oss''.		Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the ē-form and preceded by ''oss''.

	''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br>		''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br>
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	There '''has been''' an accident.		There '''has been''' an accident.

	The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the ~~infinitive, which in the case of ''iss'' is ''yē''~~.		The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the ē-form.

	''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br>		''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br>
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	Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively.		Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively.

	After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an ~~infinitive~~ and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an ~~infinitive~~ when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say:		After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an ē-form and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an ē-form when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say:

	* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite)		* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite)