GayOpossum at 16:00, 4 December 2025

2025-12-04T16:00:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:00, 4 December 2025
Line 349:		Line 349:
	\|water person FUT drink		\|water person FUT drink
	\|"The person will drink water." (formal)}}		\|"The person will drink water." (formal)}}

			= Disclaimer =
			This article is out of date. For the most up to date updates on Buluk, go this google doc:
			https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kiavv1D9LQqWqKCPu_Ipln8sU2rQb0YJgC4RSaQTQu0/edit?usp=sharing

	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]

GayOpossum at 20:09, 2 December 2025

2025-12-02T20:09:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:09, 2 December 2025
Line 5:		Line 5:
	\|region = Annamite Range		\|region = Annamite Range
	\|speakers = ~400		\|speakers = ~400
			\|date = 2020
	\|familycolor = Austroasiatic		\|familycolor = Austroasiatic
	\|fam1 = [[w: Austroasiatic languages\|Austroasiatic]]		\|fam1 = [[w: Austroasiatic languages\|Austroasiatic]]

GayOpossum at 20:07, 2 December 2025

2025-12-02T20:07:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:07, 2 December 2025
Line 6:		Line 6:
	\|speakers = ~400		\|speakers = ~400
	\|familycolor = Austroasiatic		\|familycolor = Austroasiatic
	\|fam1 = [[Austroasiatic languages\|Austroasiatic]]		\|fam1 = [[w: Austroasiatic languages\|Austroasiatic]]
	\|fam2 = [[Mon-Khmer languages\|Mon-Khmer]]		\|fam2 = [[w: Mon-Khmer languages\|Mon-Khmer]]
	\|fam3 = Buluic		\|fam3 = Buluic
	\|script = Oral tradition; [[Latin script]] (substitute)		\|script = Oral tradition; [[Latin script]] (substitute)
Line 14:		Line 14:
	}}		}}

	'''Buluk''' (natively '''Tenga Buluk''') is a [[Mon-Khmer languages\|Mon-Khmer]] language spoken by approximately 400 members of the Ekapa Feñol tribe in the Annamite Range. It represents the sole member of the Buluic branch within the Austroasiatic language family.		'''Buluk''' (natively '''Tenga Buluk''') is a [[w: Mon-Khmer languages\|Mon-Khmer]] language spoken by approximately 400 members of the Ekapa Feñol tribe in the Annamite Range. It represents the sole member of the Buluic branch within the Austroasiatic language family.

	==History and Culture==		==History and Culture==
Line 101:		Line 101:
	===Word Order===		===Word Order===
	Buluk exhibits two distinct word orders depending on register:		Buluk exhibits two distinct word orders depending on register:
	* '''Informal/Colloquial''': [[SVO]] (Subject-Verb-Object)		* '''Informal/Colloquial''': [[w: SVO]] (Subject-Verb-Object)
	*: '''''Ve dol diko''''' — "I eat food"		*: '''''Ve dol diko''''' — "I eat food"
	* '''Formal''': [[OSV]] (Object-Subject-Verb)		* '''Formal''': [[w: OSV]] (Object-Subject-Verb)
	*: '''''Diko ve dol''''' — "Food I eat" (I eat food)		*: '''''Diko ve dol''''' — "Food I eat" (I eat food)

GayOpossum: Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Buluk |nativename = Tenga Buluk |pronunciation = |region = Annamite Range |speakers = ~400 |familycolor = Austroasiatic |fam1 = Austroasiatic |fam2 = Mon-Khmer |fam3 = Buluic |script = Oral tradition; Latin script (substitute) |creator = Anthony Ancell (GayOpossum) |setting = Ekapa Feñol tribe }} '''Buluk''' (natively '''Tenga Buluk''') is a Mon-Khmer language sp..."

2025-12-02T19:56:49Z

Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Buluk |nativename = Tenga Buluk |pronunciation = |region = Annamite Range |speakers = ~400 |familycolor = Austroasiatic |fam1 = Austroasiatic |fam2 = Mon-Khmer |fam3 = Buluic |script = Oral tradition; Latin script (substitute) |creator = Anthony Ancell (GayOpossum) |setting = Ekapa Feñol tribe }} '''Buluk''' (natively '''Tenga Buluk''') is a Mon-Khmer language sp..."

New page

{{Infobox language
|name = Buluk
|nativename = Tenga Buluk
|pronunciation =
|region = Annamite Range
|speakers = ~400
|familycolor = Austroasiatic
|fam1 = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
|fam2 = [[Mon-Khmer languages|Mon-Khmer]]
|fam3 = Buluic
|script = Oral tradition; [[Latin script]] (substitute)
|creator = Anthony Ancell (GayOpossum)
|setting = Ekapa Feñol tribe
}}

'''Buluk''' (natively '''Tenga Buluk''') is a [[Mon-Khmer languages|Mon-Khmer]] language spoken by approximately 400 members of the Ekapa Feñol tribe in the Annamite Range. It represents the sole member of the Buluic branch within the Austroasiatic language family.

==History and Culture==
The Ekapa Feñol tribe descended from a late Iron Age tribe in modern-day Cambodia. Following a rebellion for freedom, the tribe became isolated in the Annamite Range. While Buluk maintains loose connections with other Mon-Khmer languages through historical and geographic proximity, its prolonged isolation has resulted in unique linguistic developments, establishing it as a distinct branch within the family.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Nasal'''
| {{IPA|m}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Plosive'''
| {{IPA|p b}}
|
| {{IPA|t d}}
|
|
| {{IPA|k g}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Fricative'''
|
| {{IPA|f v}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʃ ʒ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Lateral'''
|
|
| {{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! '''Close'''
| {{IPA|i}}
|
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! '''Mid'''
| {{IPA|e}}
|
| {{IPA|o}}
|-
! '''Open'''
|
| {{IPA|a}}
|
|}

===Phonotactics===
Buluk employs a relatively simple syllable structure:
* '''CV''' (most common)
* '''VC''' (word-initial only)

==Grammar==

===Word Order===
Buluk exhibits two distinct word orders depending on register:
* '''Informal/Colloquial''': [[SVO]] (Subject-Verb-Object)
*: '''''Ve dol diko''''' — "I eat food"
* '''Formal''': [[OSV]] (Object-Subject-Verb)
*: '''''Diko ve dol''''' — "Food I eat" (I eat food)

===Key Typological Features===
* No grammatical gender
* No grammatical cases
* No articles
* Particle-based marking for tense, plurality, and questions

===Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Buluk
|-
| I/me/my || '''ve'''
|-
| you (sg.) || '''du'''
|-
| we/us || '''ka'''
|-
| he/him/his || '''to'''
|-
| she/her || '''te'''
|-
| they/them/their || '''ta'''
|-
| it/its || '''ti'''
|}

===Nouns===

====Plurality====
Plurality is marked by the particle '''shi''' placed before the noun:
* '''''feñol''''' — "person"
* '''''shi feñol''''' — "people"

====Possession====
Possession follows the pattern: '''Possessor + eket + Possessed'''

The particle '''eket''' literally means "owns" but functions as a possessive marker:
* '''''feñol eket diko''''' — "the person's food"
* '''''ve eket kaba''''' — "my water"

===Verbs===

====Tense Marking====
Tense particles can mark both verbs and nouns:

'''Past tense''' — '''pa''' (post-positioned):
* '''''dol pa''''' — "ate"
* '''''feñol pa''''' — "was a person"

'''Future tense''' — '''ki''' (pre-positioned):
* '''''ki dol''''' — "will eat"
* '''''ki feñol''''' — "will be a person"

====Aspect====
'''Habitual''' — '''hab''' (sentence-initial):
* '''''Hab ve dol diko''''' — "I habitually eat food"
* '''''Hab to hap''''' — "He habitually runs"

====Negation====
Negation is marked by '''ne''' placed after the negated element:
* '''''To hap ne''''' — "He is not running"
* '''''Ve feñol ne''''' — "I am not a person"
* '''''Diko fath ne''''' — "The food is not good"

===Adjectives===

====Position====
Adjectives precede nouns in attributive position:
* '''''fath diko''''' — "good food"
* '''''gal ket''''' — "bad animal"

====Predicative Use====
Adjectives can function as main predicates without a copula:
* '''''Fath to''''' — "He is good"
* '''''Nim ve''''' — "I am sad"

====Adverbial Use====
Buluk lacks dedicated adverbs. Adjectives placed after verbs serve an adverbial function:
* '''''Ta vang fath''''' — "They talk well/fluently"
* '''''To hap gal''''' — "He runs badly"

===Questions===

====Yes/No Questions====
Formed by adding '''ku''' at the beginning with rising intonation:
* '''''Ku John ki dol?''''' — "Will John eat?"

'''Responses:'''
* '''zha''' — "yes"
* '''no''' — "no"

====Wh-Questions====
Question words are placed directly before the element they modify:

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Buluk
|-
| where || '''hish'''
|-
| when || '''vit'''
|-
| who || '''bel'''
|-
| why || '''mong'''
|-
| how || '''hak'''
|}

'''Examples:'''
* '''''Bel dol diko?''''' — "Who eats food?"
* '''''Vit du ki hap?''''' — "When will you run?"
* '''''Hish feñol?''''' — "Where is the person?"

==Lexicon==

===Core Vocabulary===

====Nouns====
* '''ket''' — animal
* '''feñol''' — person
* '''kaba''' — water
* '''lipi''' — sun
* '''hod''' — thing
* '''diko''' — food

====Verbs====
* '''dol''' — to eat
* '''leke''' — to drink
* '''hap''' — to run
* '''vang''' — to talk

====Adjectives====
* '''fath''' — good
* '''gal''' — bad
* '''nim''' — sad
* '''mon''' — happy

====Particles & Function Words====
* '''shi''' — plural marker
* '''eket''' — possessive marker
* '''pa''' — past tense
* '''ki''' — future tense
* '''hab''' — habitual aspect
* '''ne''' — negation
* '''ku''' — yes/no question marker
* '''zha''' — yes
* '''no''' — no

====Prepositions====
* '''pod''' — in/inside
* '''lepi''' — over/above
* '''ipel''' — below/under
* '''shing''' — at
* '''gan''' — near/by
* '''tekap''' — on
* '''mela''' — through/across
* '''gena''' — from
* '''hik''' — to/towards
* '''demat''' — before
* '''uko''' — after
* '''kofog''' — during/while
* '''gumol''' — with
* '''bep''' — about

====Conjunctions====
* '''me''' — and
* '''a''' — or
* '''ko''' — but
* '''zhita''' — because/since
* '''bu''' — if/unless

==Example Sentences==

===Simple Statements===
{{interlinear|indent=3
|Ve dol diko.
|I eat food
|"I eat food."}}

{{interlinear|indent=3
|To hap.
|he run
|"He runs."}}

===With Tense===
{{interlinear|indent=3
|Ve dol pa diko.
|I eat PAST food
|"I ate food."}}

{{interlinear|indent=3
|Ki to hap.
|FUT he run
|"He will run."}}

===With Negation===
{{interlinear|indent=3
|To hap ne.
|he run NEG
|"He is not running."}}

{{interlinear|indent=3
|Ta vang ne fath.
|they talk NEG good
|"They don't talk well."}}

===Possession===
{{interlinear|indent=3
|Feñol eket diko.
|person POSS food
|"The person's food."}}

{{interlinear|indent=3
|Ve eket kaba.
|I POSS water
|"My water."}}

===Questions===
{{interlinear|indent=3
|Ku John ki dol?
|Q John FUT eat
|"Will John eat?"}}

{{interlinear|indent=3
|Bel dol diko?
|who eat food
|"Who eats food?"}}

{{interlinear|indent=3
|Mong to hap ne?
|why he run NEG
|"Why is he not running?"}}

===Formal Word Order (OSV)===
{{interlinear|indent=3
|Diko ve dol.
|food I eat
|"I eat food." (formal)}}

{{interlinear|indent=3
|Kaba feñol ki leke.
|water person FUT drink
|"The person will drink water." (formal)}}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Austroasiatic languages]]
[[Category:Mon-Khmer languages]]
[[Category:Constructed languages]]

Buluk - Revision history

GayOpossum at 16:00, 4 December 2025

GayOpossum at 20:09, 2 December 2025

GayOpossum at 20:07, 2 December 2025