Учхљёная: /* Word order */ Category.

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Word order: Category.

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2017-11-26T00:41:54Z

Created page with "'''Bzəčqi''' is a language isolate spoken by some 20.000 people somewhere high up in the mountains. ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" ! ! Lab..."

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'''Bzəčqi''' is a language isolate spoken by some 20.000 people somewhere high up in the mountains.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Post-alveolar
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! Stop/affricate
| p b
| t d
| č ž
| k g
| q
|
|-
! Fricative
| v
| s z
|
| colspan="2" | x ǧ
| h
|-
! Trill
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

The consonants transcribed as <x ǧ> vary between velar and uvular. <ǧ> in particular is more often uvular than velar, and may also be realised as a voiced uvular stop /ɢ/.

/l/ is in free variation with /ɮ/.

===Vowels===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| i u
| ɨ
|
|-
! Mid
|
| ə
| o
|-
! Low
| e
|
| a
|}

The vowels transcribed as <e o> are always pronounced as long /æː oː/. The other vowels are always short.

==Nouns==
Nouns have four classes, which are marked by prefixes.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Class number
! Singular prefix
! Plural prefix
! Meaning
|-
! I
| ɨ-, Ø- (''before vowels'')
| mi-, m- (''before vowels'')
| concrete
|-
! II
| Vt- (''copies the root vowel'')
| mVt- (''copies the root vowel'')
| abstract
|-
! III
| n- (''contracts with some root-initial consonants'')
| ər-
| people and body parts
|-
! IV
| gzo- (''deletes any root-initial vowel'')
| mzo- (''deletes any root-initial vowel'')
| "remarkable" objects
|}

Examples:
* Class I:
** ''ɨqəbər'' "icicle" -> ''miqəbər'' "icicles"
** ''ɨzəqtə'' "axe" -> ''mizəqtə'' "axes"
** ''avaq'' "river" (< ''*ɨ-avaq'') -> ''mavaq'' "rivers" (< ''*mi-avaq'')
* Class II:
** ''eterdə'' "language" -> ''meterdə'' "languages"
** ''atamaz'' "rain" -> ''matamaz'' "rains"
* Class III:
** ''nogər'' "woman" -> ''ərogər'' "women"
** ''numuq'' "foot" -> ''ərumuq'' "feet"
** ''ŋiǧir'' "boy" (< ''*n-ǧiǧir'') -> ''ərǧiǧir'' "boys'
* Class IV:
** ''gzopəq'' "cave" -> ''mzopəq'' "caves"
** ''gzogə'' "bird" (< ''*gzo-əgə'') -> ''mzogə'' "birds" (< ''*mzo-əgə'')

There exist two oblique case suffixes: singular ''-ɨm'' and plural ''-ləxtə''. After a vowel other than ə, ''-ɨm'' becomes ''-m'', whereas any final -ə is displaced by the oblique singular suffix.
* ''ɨrɨz'' "fish (nom sg)" -> ''ɨrɨzɨm'' "fish (obl sg)", ''mirɨzləxtə'' "fish (obl pl)"
* ''napa'' "father (nom sg)" -> ''napam'' "father (obl sg)", ''ərapaləxtə'' "fathers (obl pl)"

There are also a few prefixes (known as the "special class prefixes") which replace the ordinary class prefixes and are always combined with the oblique case. These include:
* ''ɨz-'' (''ɨs-'' before voiceless consonants): locative
** ''ɨzžaxtɨm'' "in the house"
** ''ɨspəqləxtə'' "in the caves"
* ''il-'': instrumental
** ''ilekɨdləxtə'' "by hand"
** ''iltemɨm'' "by speaking"
* ''əǧ-'' (''əx-'' before voiceless consonants): purposive
** ''əǧzəqədɨm'' "for the man"

Possessives are marked by special possessive prefixes, which replace the ordinary class prefixes but not the special ones. The possessive prefixes have separate forms for class IV nouns.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Possessor
! Classes I, II, III
! Class IV
|-
! 1sg
| ŋzət-
| zək-
|-
! 2sg
| l-, lə-
| zaq-
|-
! 1pl
| ŋɨn-
| zəŋ-
|-
! 2pl
| mɨn-
| zɨm-
|-
! Class I
| tɨ-, t-
| zɨ-, z-
|-
! Class II
| tVt- (''copies the root vowel'')
| zVt- (''copies the root vowel'')
|-
! Class III
| tən-
| zən-
|-
! Class IV
| hɨzəq-
| ənqə-, ənq-
|}

Examples:
* ''napa'' "father" -> ''ŋzətapa'' "my father"
* ''gzohɨtɨk'' "beer" -> ''zənhɨtɨk'' "his/her/their beer"
* ''izžaxtɨm'' "in the house" -> ''lizžaxtɨm'' "in your house"

Note that possessed nouns in the nominative case have identical singular and plural forms.

==Verbs==
===Topic prefixes===
Apart from the root, the topic prefix is the only obligatory part of the verb.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="4" | First and second person
|-
! 1sg
| ək-
! 1pl
| ŋə-, ŋ-
|-
! 2sg
| aq-
! 2pl
| mɨ-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nominative
! colspan="2" | Oblique
|-
! Class I
| i-
! Locative
| sɨ-
|-
! Class II
| t-, ət-
! Instrumental
| ili-
|-
! Class III
| Ø-
! Purposive
| ǧəz-
|-
! Class IV
| z-
! Object
| č-, čə-
|}

Note that if the topic is a possessed noun, the verb agrees with the class of the possessor rather than the possessed.

===Object suffixes===
A variety of suffixes exists which indicates the object or some kind of grammatical meaning. Many of these suffixes are transparently derived from nouns, but some are not. Currently known "object" suffixes include:
* Grammatical:
** ''-kəŋ'': first person
** ''-məq'': second person
** ''-ənči'': topic
** ''-bazgɨ'': indicates a general fact
** ''-zəŋ'': indefinite
** ''-zgərtə'': in the same way
** ''-bɨz'': indicates that a subordinate clause depends on the verb
* Lexical:
** ''-eč'': water and other liquids
** ''-ərdə'': language
** ''-harga'': siblings
** ''-hažɨ'': everything
** ''-hɨtɨk'': alcohol, drunkenness
** ''-ilek'': snow, ice, cold
** ''-vər'': air, breath, wind, emptiness

===Evidentiality===

===Tense and aspect===

===Adverbial prefixes===

===Negation===
Verbs are negated by the prefix ''kiv-''.

==Word order==
The word order is topic - verb - everything else.

[[Category:Conlangs]]

Bzəčqi - Revision history

Учхљёная: /* Word order */ Category.

Dē Graut Bʉr: Created page with "'''Bzəčqi''' is a language isolate spoken by some 20.000 people somewhere high up in the mountains. ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" ! ! Lab..."