Chlouvānem/Syntax - Revision history

Lili21 at 16:03, 11 June 2021

2021-06-11T16:03:14Z

Lili21: /* Zero-copular sentences */

2021-06-11T16:02:00Z

Zero-copular sentences

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:02, 11 June 2021
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	}}		}}
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = dāneh dulmaidanų ~~nanū~~ lalla.		\| phrase = dāneh dulmaidanų širē lalla.
	\| gloss = Dāneh.<small>DIR</small>. Dulmaidana-<small>ABL</small>. more. tall.		\| gloss = Dāneh.<small>DIR</small>. Dulmaidana-<small>ABL</small>. more. tall.
	\| translation = Dāneh is taller than Dulmaidana.		\| translation = Dāneh is taller than Dulmaidana.

Lili21: /* Quoted speech */

2021-01-14T16:15:41Z

Quoted speech

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:15, 14 January 2021
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	\| gloss = room-<small>LOC.SG</small>. face-<small>ACC.SG</small>. paint.<small>IND.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. <small>REFL.GEN-GEN</small>. daughter-<small>GEN.SG</small>. relationship_partner-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.		\| gloss = room-<small>LOC.SG</small>. face-<small>ACC.SG</small>. paint.<small>IND.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. <small>REFL.GEN-GEN</small>. daughter-<small>GEN.SG</small>. relationship_partner-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
	\| translation = (S)he told his/her daughter's boyfriend/girlfriend that she is painting her face in her room.		\| translation = (S)he told his/her daughter's boyfriend/girlfriend that she is painting her face in her room.
	}}
	~~{{Gloss~~
	~~\| phrase = cāṃkṝsiṭ, karthāgo bīdruga tati vvlirute.~~
	~~\| gloss = be_final-<small>ADV</small>. Carthage.<small>DIR</small>. destroy.<small>OPT.PERF-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. think.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>.~~
	~~\| translation = [[w:Carthago delenda est\|Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.]] <small>(literally: "last [but not least], I think: 'Carthage must be destroyed.'")</small>~~
	}}		}}
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss

Lili21: /* Locational and instrumental cases */

2021-01-14T16:11:58Z

Locational and instrumental cases

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	In Archaic Chlouvānem, the instrumental plural was used in order to form adverbs (e.g. ''maišpūnīka'' "chain~, as if in a chain"; ''keɂēnīka'' "clearly" (← ''keɂās'' "glass")); this usage predates Archaic Chlouvānem, as in fact the same inflection was maintained in many other Lahob languages which lost the instrumental case as a derivational, adverb-forming suffix. More rarely, the locative was used instead, a usage which survives in now lexicalized adverbs such as ''[[Contionary:halše\|halše]]'' "soon" and in the grammaticalized adverbial formant ''-naise'' (originally the locative of ''naisah'', Arch. Chl. for "shape", i.e. "in the shape of").		In Archaic Chlouvānem, the instrumental plural was used in order to form adverbs (e.g. ''maišpūnīka'' "chain~, as if in a chain"; ''keɂēnīka'' "clearly" (← ''keɂās'' "glass")); this usage predates Archaic Chlouvānem, as in fact the same inflection was maintained in many other Lahob languages which lost the instrumental case as a derivational, adverb-forming suffix. More rarely, the locative was used instead, a usage which survives in now lexicalized adverbs such as ''[[Contionary:halše\|halše]]'' "soon" and in the grammaticalized adverbial formant ''-naise'' (originally the locative of ''naisah'', Arch. Chl. for "shape", i.e. "in the shape of").

			The instrumental (''drausire dirūnnevya'') is used to express the thing with which something is done, i.e. the instrument of an action:
			{{Gloss
			\| phrase = bausenīka seṣa ukhūgate.
			\| gloss = stone-<small>INSTR.PL</small>. <small>2DU_INFORMAL.ACC</small>. hit_from_afar-<small>IND.PERF.3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
			\| translation = (S)he hit you [two] with stones.
			}}

	===Temporal and spatial case usage===		===Temporal and spatial case usage===

Lili21: /* Conditional sentences */

2020-09-15T20:14:19Z

Conditional sentences

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	If the if-clause is omitted, then a declarative particle '''e''' is usually put at the end of the sentence:		If the if-clause is omitted, then a declarative particle '''e''' is usually put at the end of the sentence:
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = lili mæn emibat ~~yaltat~~ lgutēt e!		\| phrase = lili mæn emibat ilātit lgutēt e!
	\| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. one-<small>EXESS</small>. ~~yaltan~~-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. buy.<small>SUBJ.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>DECLAR</small>.		\| gloss = <small>1SG.DIR</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. one-<small>EXESS</small>. ilāti-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. buy.<small>SUBJ.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>DECLAR</small>.
	\| translation = I'd buy it for one ~~yaltan~~!		\| translation = I'd buy it for one ilāti!
	}}		}}

Lili21: /* Stative cases */

2020-09-15T20:13:53Z

Stative cases

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:13, 15 September 2020
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	It is also used in order to state something given in exchange for something else, most commonly when talking about money:		It is also used in order to state something given in exchange for something else, most commonly when talking about money:
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = emibumaye ~~yaltat~~ nenyau nīmilku ulgutaṃte.		\| phrase = emibumaye ilātit nenyau nīmilku ulgutaṃte.
	\| gloss = 11<sub>12</sub>. ~~yaltan~~-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. <small>PROXIMAL.SG-ACC</small>. music_album-<small>ACC.SG</small>. buy.<small>IND.PERF-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.		\| gloss = 11<sub>12</sub>. ilāti-<small>EXESS.SG</small>. <small>PROXIMAL.SG-ACC</small>. music_album-<small>ACC.SG</small>. buy.<small>IND.PERF-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
	\| translation = I bought this album for thirteen ~~yaltan~~.		\| translation = I bought this album for thirteen ilāti.
	}}		}}

Lili21: /* Direct and vocative cases */

2020-09-15T20:13:05Z

Direct and vocative cases

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:13, 15 September 2020
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	}}		}}
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = nunū nęlte ~~yaltan~~ snijē.		\| phrase = nunū nęlte ilāti snijē.
	\| gloss = that.<small>MED.DIR</small>. four.<small>DIR</small>. ~~yaltan~~.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be_worth-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.		\| gloss = that.<small>MED.DIR</small>. four.<small>DIR</small>. ilāti.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be_worth-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
	\| translation = It costs four ~~yaltan~~.		\| translation = It costs four ilāti.
	}}		}}
	There are particles which require a noun in the direct case: ''ga'' (adpositive), ''nali'' (benefactive marker), ''pa'' (concerning, about), and ''ras'' (antibenefactive marker).		There are particles which require a noun in the direct case: ''ga'' (adpositive), ''nali'' (benefactive marker), ''pa'' (concerning, about), and ''ras'' (antibenefactive marker).

Lili21: /* Definiteness */

2020-07-20T10:03:40Z

Definiteness

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	* A different solution is to mark indefiniteness: this is commonly done by using either ''emibe'' "one" or, in colloquial speech, ''sorasmā'' "some kind of".		* A different solution is to mark indefiniteness: this is commonly done by using either ''emibe'' "one" or, in colloquial speech, ''sorasmā'' "some kind of".

	Chlouvānem as spoken in the area around the mid-course of the Nīmbaṇḍhāra river (the central Plain: roughly the whole of the diocese of ~~Raharjātia~~, most of Jolenītra, ~~Daikatorāma~~, ~~Vādhātorama~~, and ~~Namapleta~~, and parts of Mūrajātana, ~~Perelkaša~~, ~~Ryogiñjātia~~ and far northern ~~Sendakārva~~) does have a definite article used with non-topicalized arguments, which is actually the repurposed archaic demonstrative ''ami'' (still used as "this" in Archaic Chlouvānem). It declines for case, but not number, mostly following the pronoun declension (that is, exactly as ''tami'' without the initial ''t-'' except for the accusative (''amu'') and ergative (''amye'')).		Chlouvānem as spoken in the area around the mid-course of the Nīmbaṇḍhāra river (the central Plain: roughly the whole of the diocese of Raharjaiṭa, most of Jolenītra, Daikatāraṣa, Vādhātāraṣa, and Namagrāṣya, and parts of Mūrajātana, Pāriṇavārṭha, Ryogiñjaiṭa and far northern Sundakārva) does have a definite article used with non-topicalized arguments, which is actually the repurposed archaic demonstrative ''ami'' (still used as "this" in Archaic Chlouvānem). It declines for case, but not number, mostly following the pronoun declension (that is, exactly as ''tami'' without the initial ''t-'' except for the accusative (''amu'') and ergative (''amye'')).

	===Anaphora===		===Anaphora===

Lili21: /* Relative clauses */

2020-07-17T16:15:15Z

Relative clauses

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	To avoid nestling a sentence inside another one, outside of aulic styles the sentences are simply juxtaposed; the first of the following examples is grammatically correct, but virtually every Chlouvānem speaker prefers a simpler structure like the second one:		To avoid nestling a sentence inside another one, outside of aulic styles the sentences are simply juxtaposed; the first of the following examples is grammatically correct, but virtually every Chlouvānem speaker prefers a simpler structure like the second one:
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = kaminæne lære ~~læjle~~ ānotē lę amboya no naviṣyu yæyute.		\| phrase = kaminæne lære širēmye ānotē lę amboya no naviṣyu yæyute.
	\| gloss = now. yesterday. chair-<small>LOC.SG</small>. lie_on.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. find_accidentally.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. and. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>		\| gloss = now. yesterday. chair-<small>LOC.SG</small>. lie_on.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. find_accidentally.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-3.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. and. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>
	\| translation = I am now reading the book that yesterday I accidentally found lying on a chair.		\| translation = I am now reading the book that yesterday I accidentally found lying on a chair.
	}}		}}
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = ~~læjle~~ ānotē naviṣyu lære amboyaṃte kaminæne naviṣyu yæyute.		\| phrase = širēmye ānotē naviṣyu lære amboyaṃte kaminæne naviṣyu yæyute.
	\| gloss = chair-<small>LOC.SG</small>. lie_on.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. yesterday. find_accidentally.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. now. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>		\| gloss = chair-<small>LOC.SG</small>. lie_on.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. yesterday. find_accidentally.<small>IND.PERF-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. now. book-<small>ACC.SG</small>. read.<small>IND.PRES-EXP-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>
	\| translation = I am now reading the book that yesterday I accidentally found lying on a chair.		\| translation = I am now reading the book that yesterday I accidentally found lying on a chair.

Lili21: /* Explicit and unmarked topic */

2020-07-11T21:05:23Z

Explicit and unmarked topic

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:05, 11 July 2020
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	Topics are very commonly used to mark a broad context, acting as a sort of "heading" for a sequence of otherwise seemingly unrelated sentences:		Topics are very commonly used to mark a broad context, acting as a sort of "heading" for a sequence of otherwise seemingly unrelated sentences:
	{{Gloss		{{Gloss
	\| phrase = nāmñē mæn švai chlǣvānumi maichleyuñci, jaryāmaile lilah, soramiya mušigērisilīm ~~tora~~, ñikumi viṣam haloe līlas vi no. nenēhu līlasuṃghāṇa ga camimarti haloe gṇyāvire.		\| phrase = nāmñē mæn švai chlǣvānumi maichleyuñci, jaryāmaile lilah, soramiya mušigērisilīm tan, ñikumi viṣam haloe līlas vi no. nenēhu līlasuṃghāṇa ga camimarti haloe gṇyāvire.
	\| gloss = nāmñē.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. animal-<small>DIR.PL.</small> Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. south-<small>GEN.SG.</small>. – seawater-<small>LOC.SG</small>. live-<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3PL.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. – sometimes. tidal.lake-<small>LOC.PL</small>. also. – cub-<small>GEN.PL</small>. other.<small>DIR</small>. name.<small>DIR.SG.</small>. līlas.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.EXP.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. and. — this-<small>ABL</small>. Līlasuṃghāṇa.<small>DIR</small>. <small>ADP</small>. capital.city-<small>GEN.SG</small>. name.<small>DIR.SG</small>. give.birth-<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.		\| gloss = nāmñē.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>. animal-<small>DIR.PL.</small> Chlouvānem-<small>GEN.PL</small>. south-<small>GEN.SG.</small>. – seawater-<small>LOC.SG</small>. live-<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3PL.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. – sometimes. tidal.lake-<small>LOC.PL</small>. also. – cub-<small>GEN.PL</small>. other.<small>DIR</small>. name.<small>DIR.SG.</small>. līlas.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be.<small>IND.PRES.EXP.3SG.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. and. — this-<small>ABL</small>. Līlasuṃghāṇa.<small>DIR</small>. <small>ADP</small>. capital.city-<small>GEN.SG</small>. name.<small>DIR.SG</small>. give.birth-<small>IND.PRES-EXP-3SG.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
	\| translation = Nāmñai<ref>A kind of tropical seal, iconic and sacred in Chlouvānem culture.</ref> are animals of the Southern Inquisition that live in seawater and sometimes can also be found in tidal lakes; another name for their cubs is "līlas". This is the source of the name of the Chlouvānem capital Līlasuṃghāṇa.		\| translation = Nāmñai<ref>A kind of tropical seal, iconic and sacred in Chlouvānem culture.</ref> are animals of the Southern Inquisition that live in seawater and sometimes can also be found in tidal lakes; another name for their cubs is "līlas". This is the source of the name of the Chlouvānem capital Līlasuṃghāṇa.