Chlouvānem/Verbs - Revision history

Lili21: /* Comparatives and superlatives */

2021-06-11T16:04:08Z

Comparatives and superlatives

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:04, 11 June 2021
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	==Comparatives and superlatives==		==Comparatives and superlatives==
	Comparatives and superlatives are done in the same way in Chlouvānem. Comparatives are made by using either '''~~nanū~~''' (more) or '''ovat''' (less) in front of the adjective; the compared term is in ablative case; the superlative is formed by using '''yaivų''' (than all) as the compared term.		Comparatives and superlatives are done in the same way in Chlouvānem. Comparatives are made by using either '''širē''' (more) or '''ovat''' (less) in front of the adjective; the compared term is in ablative case; the superlative is formed by using '''yaivų''' (than all) as the compared term.
	Adverbs use the same method (e.g. ''chlære'' (easily) → ''~~nanū~~ chlære'' → ''yaivų ~~nanū~~ chlære''), but "than all" in superlatives is usually omitted, therefore they use ''~~nanū~~'' also with a superlative meaning.		Adverbs use the same method (e.g. ''chlære'' (easily) → ''širē chlære'' → ''yaivų širē chlære''), but "than all" in superlatives is usually omitted, therefore they use ''širē'' also with a superlative meaning.

	This is used by both adjectival and non adjectival verbs, e.g. ''sąu ~~nanū~~ yæyute'' "I read more than you".		This is used by both adjectival and non adjectival verbs, e.g. ''sąu širē yæyute'' "I read more than you".

	Forms expressing a continuous enhancement are made by deriving new verbs with the ''naš-'' prefix, e.g. ''yaiva pārṇame našñæñuchlire'' - (s)he becomes more beautiful each day.		Forms expressing a continuous enhancement are made by deriving new verbs with the ''naš-'' prefix, e.g. ''yaiva pārṇame našñæñuchlire'' - (s)he becomes more beautiful each day.
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	\| ''hulābdān'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (good) \|\| ''chlǣcæm'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (better) \|\| ''chlǣcækṣike'' (best)		\| ''hulābdān'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (good) \|\| ''chlǣcæm'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (better) \|\| ''chlǣcækṣike'' (best)
	\|-		\|-
	\| ''taili'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (many, much) \|\| ''~~nanū~~'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (more) \|\| ''kaili'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (most)		\| ''taili'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (many, much) \|\| ''širē'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (more) \|\| ''kaili'' <small><sub>indecl.</sub></small> (most)
	\|}		\|}

Lili21: /* Undeclinable adjective-like words */

2021-06-11T16:03:38Z

Undeclinable adjective-like words

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 11 June 2021
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	* ''hulābdān'' - good (and ''chlǣcæm'' (better))		* ''hulābdān'' - good (and ''chlǣcæm'' (better))
	* ''taili'' - many, much		* ''taili'' - many, much
	* ''~~nanū~~'' - more		* ''širē'' - more
	* ''kaili'' - most		* ''kaili'' - most
	* ''ṣūbha'' - few, little'		* ''ṣūbha'' - few, little'

Lili21: /* Inflectional categories */

2021-06-11T07:55:40Z

Inflectional categories

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:55, 11 June 2021
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	* '''intensive''' (''caṃliven junya'') - typically denotes emphasis on a stronger effort for/in an action, or on its contrastive nature, or on its completeness and exhaustiveness.		* '''intensive''' (''caṃliven junya'') - typically denotes emphasis on a stronger effort for/in an action, or on its contrastive nature, or on its completeness and exhaustiveness.
	Finally, Chlouvānem also has a '''non-finite form''' (''emibąukire daradhūs'') (the '''-ke''' form, called '''infinitive''' hereafter).		Finally, Chlouvānem also has a '''non-finite form''' (''emibąukire daradhūs'') (the '''-ke''' form, called '''infinitive''' hereafter).

			Considering that non-indicative moods do not mark evidentiality, a single verb may have up to 39,781 conjugated forms (including the infinitive), excluding analytic constructions.

	==Verb classes==		==Verb classes==

Lili21: /* Adverbs */

2020-07-14T09:12:17Z

Adverbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:12, 14 July 2020
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	==Adverbs==		==Adverbs==
			→ ''See also [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Avyay.C4.ABbh.C4.81va_.28.E1.B9.ADv.C4.81daradhausire_tadmaiva.29\|Chlouvānem morphology § Avyayībhāva]] for more ways of forming adverbs.''

	Verbs may be turned into adverbs (''khladaradhausire haloe'', pl. ''khladaradhausirāhe halenī'') by simply adding '''-siṭ''' to a consonant-final stem (only '''-iṭ''' after ''-ṣṭ(h)-''), and adding that and lengthening the final vowel of a vowel-final stem. Thus:		Verbs may be turned into adverbs (''khladaradhausire haloe'', pl. ''khladaradhausirāhe halenī'') by simply adding '''-siṭ''' to a consonant-final stem (only '''-iṭ''' after ''-ṣṭ(h)-''), and adding that and lengthening the final vowel of a vowel-final stem. Thus:
	* ''tarlausake'' (scientific) → ''tarlaussiṭ'' (scientifically, according to science)		* ''tarlausake'' (scientific) → ''tarlaussiṭ'' (scientifically, according to science)

Lili21: /* Verb classes */

2020-05-21T20:02:55Z

Verb classes

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 21 May 2020
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	# The verbs of the first class do not change its vowel in any form. About 45% of verbs belong to this class, including all those whose root vowel is any of '''ā, ą, e, ē, ę, ǣ, oe, ai, ąi, au, ąu''', as well as most verbs with root vowel '''a, æ, å, o, ei''', or '''ęi'''. An example is ''męlike'' (athematic) "to give": pres. ''męlyē'', past ''męlik'', perfect ''emęlya''.		# The verbs of the first class do not change its vowel in any form. About 45% of verbs belong to this class, including all those whose root vowel is any of '''ā, ą, e, ē, ę, ǣ, oe, ai, ąi, au, ąu''', as well as most verbs with root vowel '''a, æ, å, o, ei''', or '''ęi'''. An example is ''męlike'' (athematic) "to give": pres. ''męlyē'', past ''męlik'', perfect ''emęlya''.
	# Also called the '''basic ablauting class''', these verbs have the most basic ablaut alteration: in their present exterior forms and in the singular present interior ones, '''i ī''' become '''e''' (''širṣṭake'' "to dip, soak": ''šerṣṭē — širṣṭek — iširṣṭa''), '''u ū''' usually become '''o''' (''dhūlte'' "to write": ''dholtē, dhūltik, udhūlta''), but '''i''' in a few verbs (''kulke'' "to say": ''kilē — kulik — ukula''), and '''ṛ ṝ''' become '''ar''' (''dṛke'' "to do": ''darē — dṛk — (irr.) dadrā'')		# Also called the '''basic ablauting class''', these verbs have the most basic ablaut alteration: in their present exterior forms and in the singular present interior ones, '''i ī''' become '''e''' (''širṣṭake'' "to dip, soak": ''šerṣṭē — širṣṭek — iširṣṭa''), '''u ū''' usually become '''o''' (''dhūlte'' "to write": ''dholtē, dhūltik, udhūlta''), but '''i''' in a few verbs (''kulke'' "to say": ''kilē — kulik — ukula''), and '''ṛ ṝ''' become '''ar''' (''dṛke'' "to do": ''darē — dṛk — (irr.) dadrā'')
	# Also called ''strong ablauting class'', it is a subgroup of the ablauting class where instead of becoming middle-grade, the vowels ablaut to the maximum grade ('''ai, au, ār''') respectively. This class is somewhat rare: the three most common verbs in it are ''mulke'' (''mun-'') "to be able to": ''maunē — munik — umuna'', ''dīdake'' "to know a person": ''daidē — dīdek — idīda'', and ''~~kirake~~'' "to ~~love~~": ''~~kairē~~ — ~~kirek~~ — ~~ikira~~''.		# Also called ''strong ablauting class'', it is a subgroup of the ablauting class where instead of becoming middle-grade, the vowels ablaut to the maximum grade ('''ai, au, ār''') respectively. This class is somewhat rare: the three most common verbs in it are ''mulke'' (''mun-'') "to be able to": ''maunē — munik — umuna'', ''dīdake'' "to know a person": ''daidē — dīdek — idīda'', and ''kṣitrake'' "to matter, be on topic": ''kṣaitrē — kṣitrek — ikṣitra''.
	# Also called ''inverse ablauting class'', these verbs have either ''va'' or ''ya'' in the present (and infinitive; note that the initial semivowel may be "hidden" in a consonant!) that gets reduced to ''u'' or ''i'' respectively in the past. An easy example is ''valde'' "to open": ''valdē — uldik — vulda''; one with a hidden consonant is ''calyake'' "to harvest plums": ''calyē — kilyek — ikilda''. In verbs with ''r-va'', the '''v''' disappears, but the conjugation is otherwise regular, e.g. ''ranyake'' "to untie, loosen, dismantle": ''ranyē — runyek — urunya''.		# Also called ''inverse ablauting class'', these verbs have either ''va'' or ''ya'' in the present (and infinitive; note that the initial semivowel may be "hidden" in a consonant!) that gets reduced to ''u'' or ''i'' respectively in the past. An easy example is ''valde'' "to open": ''valdē — uldik — vulda''; one with a hidden consonant is ''calyake'' "to harvest plums": ''calyē — kilyek — ikilda''. In verbs with ''r-va'', the '''v''' disappears, but the conjugation is otherwise regular, e.g. ''ranyake'' "to untie, loosen, dismantle": ''ranyē — runyek — urunya''.
	# Verbs of this class (and the following ones) typically have a vowel change in the ''past'' form and not in the present one. This class has '''å''' in the infinitive, present, and perfect, and '''e''' in the past, for example ''påndake'' "to punch": ''påndē — pendek — apånda''). Verbs whose roots begin in ''y-'' lose it in the past, e.g. ''yåjyake'' "to float in the air; to go with a zeppelin, hot air balloon, or helicopter (monodirectional)": ''yåjyē — ejyek — ayåjya''.		# Verbs of this class (and the following ones) typically have a vowel change in the ''past'' form and not in the present one. This class has '''å''' in the infinitive, present, and perfect, and '''e''' in the past, for example ''påndake'' "to punch": ''påndē — pendek — apånda''). Verbs whose roots begin in ''y-'' lose it in the past, e.g. ''yåjyake'' "to float in the air; to go with a zeppelin, hot air balloon, or helicopter (monodirectional)": ''yåjyē — ejyek — ayåjya''.

Lili21: /* Inflectional categories */

2020-05-14T16:03:33Z

Inflectional categories

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 14 May 2020
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	Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''' (''tadgeroe'', pl. ''tadgerenī''), each one putting one of seven different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The seven voices are, for exterior verbs:		Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''' (''tadgeroe'', pl. ''tadgerenī''), each one putting one of seven different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The seven voices are, for exterior verbs:
	* '''patient-trigger''' (''dṛṣokire tadgeroe'') (unmarked);		* '''patient-trigger''' (''dṛṣokire tadgeroe'') (unmarked);
	* '''agent-trigger''' (''~~darīnūkire~~ tadgeroe'') (transitive and ditransitive verbs only);		* '''agent-trigger''' (''darīyūkire tadgeroe'') (transitive and ditransitive verbs only);
	* '''benefactive-trigger''' (''hulābādmęlīnūkire tadgeroe'');		* '''benefactive-trigger''' (''hulābādmęlīnūkire tadgeroe'');
	* '''antibenefactive-trigger''' (''tatalunsusūkire tadgeroe'');		* '''antibenefactive-trigger''' (''tatalunsusūkire tadgeroe'');

Lili21: /* Constructions with auxiliary verbs */

2020-03-14T15:45:32Z

Constructions with auxiliary verbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 14 March 2020
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	* ''infinitive'' + ''paṣmišake'' (to look further away): to let X (same meaning as the permissive ''junya'').		* ''infinitive'' + ''paṣmišake'' (to look further away): to let X (same meaning as the permissive ''junya'').
	*: ''sū yæyake paṣṭemešu'' "I let you read" (cf. permissive ''sū īyæyūdute'')		*: ''sū yæyake paṣṭemešu'' "I let you read" (cf. permissive ''sū īyæyūdute'')
			* ''infinitive'' + ''tamišake'' (to look at): to think about doing X, to consider doing X
			*: ''kitom vaske tatemešu'' "I'm considering going home"
	* ''infinitive'' + ''mālchake'' (to run (multidirectional)): to keep X-ing (less formal alternative to many instances of ''mai-'' verbs).		* ''infinitive'' + ''mālchake'' (to run (multidirectional)): to keep X-ing (less formal alternative to many instances of ''mai-'' verbs).
	*: ''nanau yæyake mālchute'' "I keep reading that" (cf. ''nanau maiteyæyu'')		*: ''nanau yæyake mālchute'' "I keep reading that" (cf. ''nanau maiteyæyu'')

Lili21: /* The permissive junya */

2020-01-30T11:47:54Z

The permissive junya

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:47, 30 January 2020
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	Permissive examples:		Permissive examples:
	* ''mišake'' “to see”, → ''mīmišūd-'' (pf. stem. ''imīmišūd-'')		* ''mišake'' “to see”, → ''mīmišūd-'' (pf. stem. ''imīmišūd-'')
	* ''~~peithake~~'' “to ~~go (multid.)”~~, → ''~~pūpeithūd~~-'' (pf. stem. ''~~epūpeithūd~~-'')		* ''bhike'' “to take care of”, → ''būbhyūd-'' (pf. stem. ''ibūbhyūd-'')
	* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''nīnilyūd-'' (pf. stem. ''inīnilyūd-'')		* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''nīnilyūd-'' (pf. stem. ''inīnilyūd-'')

Lili21: /* The potential junya */

2020-01-30T11:46:31Z

The potential junya

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:46, 30 January 2020
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	Potential examples:		Potential examples:
	* ''~~peithake~~'' “to go (multid.)” → ''~~pepeithnā~~-'' (pf. stem. ''~~epepeithnā~~-'')		* ''mbiṇḍhe'' “to go (multid.)” → ''mimbeṇḍhṇā-'' (pf. stem. ''emimbeṇḍhṇā-'')
	* ''khluke'' “to search, look for” → ''šukhlonā-'' (pf. stem. ''ūšukhlonā-'')		* ''khluke'' “to search, look for” → ''šukhlonā-'' (pf. stem. ''ūšukhlonā-'')
	* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''ninelyenā-'' (pf. stem. ''īninelyenā-'')		* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''ninelyenā-'' (pf. stem. ''īninelyenā-'')

Lili21: /* The necessitative junya */

2020-01-30T11:45:59Z

The necessitative junya

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:45, 30 January 2020
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	Necessitative examples:		Necessitative examples:
	* ''~~peithake~~'' “to ~~go (multid.)”~~ → ''~~pīpeitsū~~-'' (pf. stem. ''~~epīpeitsū~~-'')		* ''mbasike'' “to draw” → ''mīmbašū-'' (pf. stem. ''emīmbašū-'')
	* ''khlunāke'' “to search, look for” → ''šokhlusū-'' (pf. stem. ''ušokhlusū-'')		* ''khlunāke'' “to search, look for” → ''šokhlusū-'' (pf. stem. ''ušokhlusū-'')
	* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''nenilšū-'' (pf. stem. ''inenilšū-'')		* ''nilyake'' “to think” → ''nenilšū-'' (pf. stem. ''inenilšū-'')