Da - Revision history

Chrysophylax: Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

2017-01-20T08:52:46Z

Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"

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	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:~~Conlangs~~]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:Cha]]		[[Category:Cha]]

Adagio.burner: /* Supine and Subordinate Clauses */

2017-01-15T05:51:21Z

Supine and Subordinate Clauses

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	''Du sai ku ríssiu du tonathiat paltou'' -- I know you wanted to tell me something (compare with: ''Ku rissi du tonathiat paltou'' "You wanted to tell me something" and ''Du tonta paltou'' "I will hear something").		''Du sai ku ríssiu du tonathiat paltou'' -- I know you wanted to tell me something (compare with: ''Ku rissi du tonathiat paltou'' "You wanted to tell me something" and ''Du tonta paltou'' "I will hear something").

	''John ~~maxi~~ té xentú tuo tío huit'' -- John was eating when his friend entered the house (compare with ''Xentú tuo tí huit'' "His friend enters the house").		''John maxxi té xentú tuo tío huit'' -- John was eating when his friend entered the house (compare with ''Xentú tuo tí huit'' "His friend enters the house").

	The case in which the supine is placed determines the relationship between the main word and the subordinate clause:		The case in which the supine is placed determines the relationship between the main word and the subordinate clause:

Adagio.burner: /* Infixes -t-, -s- and -x- */

2017-01-15T05:50:12Z

Infixes -t-, -s- and -x-

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	In particular, when used with Locative, ''-t-'', ''-s-'' and ''-x-'' attach after the locative marker and have the meaning of "to", "from" and "through", respectively. E.g. ''Du mí hui'''t''''' (I go home) vs. ''Du mí hui'''s''''' (I am leaving home) vs. ''Du mí nomimi'''x''''' (I am walking on a path); ''Karmel nessa taoruru dei'''t''' taolono'' (She put the pencil on the desk) vs. ''Karmel hassa taoruru dei'''s''' taolono'' (She took the pencil from the desk), etc.		In particular, when used with Locative, ''-t-'', ''-s-'' and ''-x-'' attach after the locative marker and have the meaning of "to", "from" and "through", respectively. E.g. ''Du mí hui'''t''''' (I go home) vs. ''Du mí hui'''s''''' (I am leaving home) vs. ''Du mí nomimi'''x''''' (I am walking on a path); ''Karmel nessa taoruru dei'''t''' taolono'' (She put the pencil on the desk) vs. ''Karmel hassa taoruru dei'''s''' taolono'' (She took the pencil from the desk), etc.

	''-s-'' and ''-t-'' are doubled when they are used as infixes after a vowel.		''-s-'', ''-t-'' and ''-x-'' are doubled when they are used as infixes after a vowel.

	''-s-'' and ''-t-'' can also be used with Genitive (e.g. ''huomen duo'' "my husband" vs. ''huomen du'''ss'''o'' "my ex-husband") but such usage is more rare.		''-s-'' and ''-t-'' can also be used with Genitive (e.g. ''huomen duo'' "my husband" vs. ''huomen du'''ss'''o'' "my ex-husband") but such usage is more rare.

Adagio.burner: /* Verb */

2017-01-15T05:49:38Z

Verb

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	There are no verb tenses in Da, but there are aspects. Unmodified verbs are assumed to be in imperfective aspect. The infixes ''-t-'' and ''-x-'' put them into prospective and perfective aspects, signifying the action that is about to start or has been completed. Quite often these aspects are translated into other languages using future and past tenses: ''Du si'''ss'''a tou síotenoxui duo!'' (I have seen it with my own two eyes!) or ''Ku kam'''t'''i pas katou!'' (You will pay for (doing) this!). On the other hand, a narrative like ''Palsunotei moi korudamen pali...'' (Once upon a time there lived a king...) usually does not require an aspect change.		There are no verb tenses in Da, but there are aspects. Unmodified verbs are assumed to be in imperfective aspect. The infixes ''-t-'' and ''-x-'' put them into prospective and perfective aspects, signifying the action that is about to start or has been completed. Quite often these aspects are translated into other languages using future and past tenses: ''Du si'''ss'''a tou síotenoxui duo!'' (I have seen it with my own two eyes!) or ''Ku kam'''t'''i pas katou!'' (You will pay for (doing) this!). On the other hand, a narrative like ''Palsunotei moi korudamen pali...'' (Once upon a time there lived a king...) usually does not require an aspect change.

	The infix ''-x-'' produces the progressive aspect: compare ''Du ~~maxa~~ sunoteoporomau katei'' (I am eating lunch now) and ''Du má honokanu sunotei pani'' (I eat meat every day).		The infix ''-x-'' produces the progressive aspect: compare ''Du maxxa sunoteoporomau katei'' (I am eating lunch now) and ''Du má honokanu sunotei pani'' (I eat meat every day).

	The prospective aspect is also used as imperative: ''Titti kanait!'' "Come here!"		The prospective aspect is also used as imperative: ''Titti kanait!'' "Come here!"

Adagio.burner: /* Intransitive Verbs as Adjectives */

2017-01-15T05:49:16Z

Intransitive Verbs as Adjectives

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	===Intransitive Verbs as Adjectives===		===Intransitive Verbs as Adjectives===
	~~Cha~~ adjectives, from the grammatical point of view, do not differ from intransitive verbs. In a way, all Da adjectives are participles. They end with ''-i'' and go after the noun.		Da adjectives, from the grammatical point of view, do not differ from intransitive verbs. In a way, all Da adjectives are participles. They end with ''-i'' and go after the noun.

	Adjectives often play the role of a verb in a sentence, requiring no copula. For example, ''losí'' (beautiful) can be used in ''Ku nunmelo losí'' (You are a beautiful girl) as well as ''Nunmel ká losí roi'' (This girl is very beautiful).		Adjectives often play the role of a verb in a sentence, requiring no copula. For example, ''losí'' (beautiful) can be used in ''Ku nunmelo losí'' (You are a beautiful girl) as well as ''Nunmel ká losí roi'' (This girl is very beautiful).

Adagio.burner: /* Verb */

2017-01-15T05:48:53Z

Verb

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	===Verb===		===Verb===
	Verbs in ~~Cha~~ receive the endings ''-a'' (transitive) and "-e" (intransitive). As with other endings, if the root ends with the same vowel, it is not duplicated but receives the accent instead. Verbs do not conjugate.		Verbs in Da receive the endings ''-a'' (transitive) and "-i" (intransitive). As with other endings, if the root ends with the same vowel, it is not duplicated but receives the accent instead. Verbs do not conjugate.

	A large percentage of ~~Cha~~ verbs are ergative and change their meaning depending on whether they are used as transitive or intransitive verbs. For example: ''~~mie~~ / mia'' (vi: goes, vt: moves /something/), ''tí'' / ''tia'' (vi: comes, vt: brings /something/), ''keli / kela'' (vi: errs, vt: breaks /something/) etc.		A large percentage of Da verbs are ergative and change their meaning depending on whether they are used as transitive or intransitive verbs. For example: ''mí / mia'' (vi: goes, vt: moves /something/), ''tí'' / ''tia'' (vi: comes, vt: brings /something/), ''keli / kela'' (vi: errs, vt: breaks /something/) etc.

	Similarly, many verbs have a different meaning when used as ''modal'' verbs, that is, verbs followed by a ''t-''-adverbial. E.g. the word ''xí'', when used as an adjective, means "necessary", but the meaning is changed to "need, have to" when it is used as a modal verb: ''pa xí'' "necessary work" --> ''to xío pat'' "what has to be done".		Similarly, many verbs have a different meaning when used as ''modal'' verbs, that is, verbs followed by a ''t-''-adverbial. E.g. the word ''xí'', when used as an adjective, means "necessary", but the meaning is changed to "need, have to" when it is used as a modal verb: ''pa xí'' "necessary work" --> ''to xío pat'' "what has to be done".
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	There are no verb tenses in Da, but there are aspects. Unmodified verbs are assumed to be in imperfective aspect. The infixes ''-t-'' and ''-x-'' put them into prospective and perfective aspects, signifying the action that is about to start or has been completed. Quite often these aspects are translated into other languages using future and past tenses: ''Du si'''ss'''a tou síotenoxui duo!'' (I have seen it with my own two eyes!) or ''Ku kam'''t'''i pas katou!'' (You will pay for (doing) this!). On the other hand, a narrative like ''Palsunotei moi korudamen pali...'' (Once upon a time there lived a king...) usually does not require an aspect change.		There are no verb tenses in Da, but there are aspects. Unmodified verbs are assumed to be in imperfective aspect. The infixes ''-t-'' and ''-x-'' put them into prospective and perfective aspects, signifying the action that is about to start or has been completed. Quite often these aspects are translated into other languages using future and past tenses: ''Du si'''ss'''a tou síotenoxui duo!'' (I have seen it with my own two eyes!) or ''Ku kam'''t'''i pas katou!'' (You will pay for (doing) this!). On the other hand, a narrative like ''Palsunotei moi korudamen pali...'' (Once upon a time there lived a king...) usually does not require an aspect change.

	The infix ''-k-'' produces the progressive aspect: compare ''Du ~~maka~~ sunoteoporomau katei'' (I am eating lunch now) and ''Du má honokanu sunotei pani'' (I eat meat every day).		The infix ''-x-'' produces the progressive aspect: compare ''Du maxa sunoteoporomau katei'' (I am eating lunch now) and ''Du má honokanu sunotei pani'' (I eat meat every day).

	The prospective aspect is also used as imperative: ''Titti kanait!'' "Come here!"		The prospective aspect is also used as imperative: ''Titti kanait!'' "Come here!"

Adagio.burner: /* Accusative */

2017-01-12T01:38:35Z

Accusative

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	For example, the verb ''mia'' (to move) may take an object -- the thing that is being moved. Therefore, the composite verb ''daimia'' (to think, lit. "to move in one's head") also takes a direct object, and, unlike in English, the phrase ''Du daimia kú'' (I am thinking '''of''' you) needs no prepositions.		For example, the verb ''mia'' (to move) may take an object -- the thing that is being moved. Therefore, the composite verb ''daimia'' (to think, lit. "to move in one's head") also takes a direct object, and, unlike in English, the phrase ''Du daimia kú'' (I am thinking '''of''' you) needs no prepositions.

	On the other hand, the verb ''sáttí'' (to learn, lit: "to come to know") has the second root ''tí'' (to come, to become) which in this form is intransitive (the transitive form of ''tia'' means "to bring") and the first root sá (to know). Therefore, ''sáttí'' should also have one direct object, and in ''Du sáttí Dau'' (I am learning Da) no adverbial is required before ''Dau''.		On the other hand, the verb ''sáttí'' (to learn, lit: "to come to know") has the second root ''tí'' (to come, to become) which in this form is intransitive (the transitive form of ''tia'' means "to bring") and the first root sá (to know). Therefore, ''sáttí'' should also have one direct object, which is grammatically "attaching" to its first part, and in ''Du sáttí Dau'' (I am learning Da) no adverbial is required before ''Dau''.

	====''Genitive''====		====''Genitive''====

Adagio.burner: /* Nominative */

2017-01-12T01:37:18Z

Nominative

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	A noun in Nominative has zero ending: ''su'' (water),'' dunotó'' (toy), ''punsé'' (tree), ''koixmihan'' (airplane). Note that with words in Nominative, the stress is always on the last syllable.		A noun in Nominative has zero ending: ''su'' (water),'' dunotó'' (toy), ''punsé'' (tree), ''koixmihan'' (airplane). Note that with words in Nominative, the stress is always on the last syllable.

	Composite verbs may have several subjects, all in nominative~~. This~~ usually applies to causative verbs.		Composite verbs may have several subjects, all in nominative (this usually applies to causative verbs) as well as several direct objects.

	Nominative is also used for the subjects of a sentence or a subordinate clause.		Nominative is also used for the subjects of a sentence or a subordinate clause.

Adagio.burner: /* Syntax */

2017-01-12T01:36:17Z

Syntax

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	Da is an SVO language. Verbs are placed after the subject, adjectives follow the noun, and adverbs follow the verb.		Da is an SVO language. Verbs are placed after the subject, adjectives follow the noun, and adverbs follow the verb.

	It is not uncommon, however, to place a word or phrase in front of the sentence for additional emphasis. E.g. one would say ''Kasunotei du mí ~~kasisháohuit~~'' (Today I am going to the store) instead of ''Du mí ~~kasisháohuit~~ kasunotei'' (I am going to the store today).		It is not uncommon, however, to place a word or phrase in front of the sentence for additional emphasis. E.g. one would say ''Kasunotei du mí kamisháohuit'' (Today I am going to the store) instead of ''Du mí kamisháohuit kasunotei'' (I am going to the store today).

	Da adjectives are virtually indistinguishable from intransitive verbs.		Da adjectives are virtually indistinguishable from intransitive verbs.

Adagio.burner: /* Examples */

2017-01-12T01:34:43Z

Examples

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	\| I am learning Da.		\| I am learning Da.
	\|-		\|-
	\|''Panudátú lussa pankoru kai, Tu harsa luis Meru kei Tuo kartú daisia Tú ~~snít~~ o át mou panteo.''		\|''Panudátú lussa pankoru kai, Tu harsa luis Meru kei Tuo kartú daisia Tú emnít o át mou panteo.''
	\|The Lord so loved the world...		\|The Lord so loved the world...
	\|-		\|-