Gwapyeo - Revision history

Aenil2: /* Front vowels */

2026-03-01T19:40:23Z

Front vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:40, 1 March 2026
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	* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.		* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.

	* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in a few scattered areas of southern Băngdan (ᄇᆞᆼ단), the southernmost region of ~~Gwacha~~. For instance, the pronoun 킆 (keup) is pronounced somewhere around [kɨp] or even around [kep] for some people in Băngdan.		* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in a few scattered areas of southern Băngdan (ᄇᆞᆼ단), the southernmost region of Gwacho. For instance, the pronoun 킆 (keup) is pronounced somewhere around [kɨp] or even around [kep] for some people in Băngdan.

			====Back vowels====
			The back unrounded vowels are often lower than their rounded equivalents. Due to this, the vowels /ɯ/ and /ʌ/ might also be transcribed as [ʊ̈] and [ɘ] respectively.

Aenil2: /* Front vowels */

2026-03-01T15:39:02Z

Front vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 1 March 2026
Line 249:		Line 249:
	* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.		* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.

	* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in a few scattered areas of southern Băngdan (ᄇᆞᆼ단).		* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in a few scattered areas of southern Băngdan (ᄇᆞᆼ단), the southernmost region of Gwacha. For instance, the pronoun 킆 (keup) is pronounced somewhere around [kɨp] or even around [kep] for some people in Băngdan.

Aenil2: /* Front vowels */

2026-03-01T15:27:47Z

Front vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:27, 1 March 2026
Line 249:		Line 249:
	* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.		* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.

	* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in ~~some sparse parts~~ of southern		* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in a few scattered areas of southern Băngdan (ᄇᆞᆼ단).

Aenil2: /* Vowels */

2026-03-01T15:25:18Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 1 March 2026
Line 248:		Line 248:

	* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.		* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.

			* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in some sparse parts of southern

Aenil2: /* Front vowels */

2026-03-01T12:20:25Z

Front vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:20, 1 March 2026
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	The front vowels are extremely stable in the speech of older people, but they are the subject of multiple mergers in younger people's speech:		The front vowels are extremely stable in the speech of older people, but they are the subject of multiple mergers in younger people's speech:

	* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as ~~any~~ of the two original vowels.		* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.

	~~{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"~~
	\|-
	~~! colspan="2" style="width: 300px; " \| Different realisations of~~ 폫 (pyē)
	\|-
	~~! Standard realisation~~
	~~\| Example~~
	\|-
	~~! Example~~
	~~\| Example~~
	\|-
	~~! Example~~
	~~\| Example~~
	\|-
	~~! Example~~
	~~\| Example~~
	\|}

Aenil2: /* Vowels */

2026-03-01T12:17:14Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:17, 1 March 2026
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	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
	Most Gwapyeo speakers have eight vowels.		Most Gwapyeo speakers have eight vowels. All of them have short and long versions, the latter being marked with a coda ''ㅎ h''.
	{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"		{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	! Close		! Close
	\| [i] ㅣ		\| /i/ ㅣ
	\| [ɯ] ㅡ		\| /ɯ/ ㅡ
	\| [u] ㅜ		\| /u/ ㅜ
	\|-		\|-
	! Mid		! Mid
	\| [e] ㅔ		\| /e/ ㅔ
	\| [ʌ] ㅓ		\| /ʌ/ ㅓ
	\| [o] ㅗ		\| /o/ ㅗ
	\|-		\|-
	! Open		! Open
	\| [a] ㅏ		\| /a/ ㅏ
	\| colspan="2" \| [ɑ~ɒ]ㆍ		\| colspan="2" \| /ɑ~ɒ/ㆍ
			\|}

			====Front vowels====
			The front vowels are extremely stable in the speech of older people, but they are the subject of multiple mergers in younger people's speech:

			* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as any of the two original vowels.

			{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
			\|-
			! colspan="2" style="width: 300px; " \| Different realisations of 폫 (pyē)
			\|-
			! Standard realisation
			\| Example
			\|-
			! Example
			\| Example
			\|-
			! Example
			\| Example
			\|-
			! Example
			\| Example
	\|}		\|}

Aenil2: /* Phonology */

2026-03-01T00:12:02Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:12, 1 March 2026
Line 30:		Line 30:

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
	Gwapyeo's phonology is quite similar to that of Modern Korean, with some subtle differences. The main notable difference is the absence of tense consonants, yielding only a two-way distinction for plosives, between aspirated and plain plosives. The biggest divergence from modern Korean vowel-wise is the presence of the phoneme /ɒ/, also found in the [[w:Jeju_language\|Jeju language]]~~, though it is written with "ㅐ", a character which, in [[w:Koreanic_languages\|Koreanic languages]] where it has not merged with another vowel, represents sounds close to /æ/~~.		Gwapyeo's phonology is quite similar to that of Modern Korean, with some subtle differences. The main notable difference is the absence of tense consonants, yielding only a two-way distinction for plosives, between aspirated and plain plosives. The biggest divergence from modern Korean vowel-wise is the presence of the phoneme /ɒ/, also found in the [[w:Jeju_language\|Jeju language]].

	===Consonants===		===Consonants===
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	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" \| Nasal		! colspan="2" \| Nasal
	\| m ㅁ		\| [m] ㅁ
	\| n ㄴ		\| [n] ㄴ
	\|		\|
	\| ŋ ㅇ		\| [ŋ] ㅇ
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan="2" \| Plosive		! rowspan="2" \| Plosive
	! <small>aspirated</small>		! <small>aspirated</small>
	\| pʰ ㅍ		\| [pʰ] ㅍ
	\| tʰ ㅌ		\| [tʰ] ㅌ
	\| tɕʰ ㅊ		\| [tɕʰ] ㅊ
	\| kʰ ㅋ		\| [kʰ] ㅋ
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	! <small>plain</small>		! <small>plain</small>
	\| p ㅂ		\| [p] ㅂ
	\| t ㄷ		\| [t] ㄷ
	\| tɕ ㅈ		\| [tɕ] ㅈ
	\| k ㄱ		\| [k] ㄱ
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	! <small>aspirated</small>		! <small>aspirated</small>
	\|		\|
	\| sʰ ㅅ		\| [sʰ] ㅅ
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\| rowspan="2" \| h ㅎ		\| rowspan="2" \| [h] ㅎ
	\|-		\|-
	! <small>plain</small>		! <small>plain</small>
	\|		\|
	\| s ㅆ		\| [s] ㅆ
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	! colspan="2" \| Liquid		! colspan="2" \| Liquid
	\|		\|
	\| l~ɾ ㄹ		\| [l~ɾ] ㄹ
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="2" \| Approximant		! colspan="2" \| Approximant
	\| w		\| [w]
	\|		\|
	\| j		\| [j]
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 219:		Line 219:

	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
			Most Gwapyeo speakers have eight vowels.
			{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" style="width: 160px; " \|
			! rowspan="2" style="width: 80px; " \| Front
			! colspan="2" style="width: 80px; " \| Back
			\|-
			! Unrounded
			! Rounded
			\|-
			! Close
			\| [i] ㅣ
			\| [ɯ] ㅡ
			\| [u] ㅜ
			\|-
			! Mid
			\| [e] ㅔ
			\| [ʌ] ㅓ
			\| [o] ㅗ
			\|-
			! Open
			\| [a] ㅏ
			\| colspan="2" \| [ɑ~ɒ]ㆍ
			\|}

Aenil2 at 19:12, 28 February 2026

2026-02-28T19:12:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:12, 28 February 2026
Line 102:		Line 102:
	''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically.		''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically.

	The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch\|~~§Vowel~~ pitch]]).		The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch\|Vowel pitch]]).

			====Sonorants====
			''ㄹ r'' is pronounced anywhere between /l/ and /ɾ/, with free variation between the two, although it is sometimes dropped in coda positions, especially for younger speakers.

			''m ㅁ'', ''n ㄴ'', and ''ㅇ ng'' assimilate depending on the following phoneme:
			{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
			\|-
			! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" \| Nasal assimilation
			\|-
			! Following consonant
			! Nasal realization
			\|-
			! Labial
			\| /m/
			\|-
			! Alveolar
			\| /n/
			\|-
			! Palatal
			\| /ɲ/
			\|-
			! Velar
			\| /ŋ/
			\|}

			''ㅇ ng'' cannot be the onset of a syllable. The symbol is instead used to mark the absence of a consonantal onset, like in Korean.

			====Positional allophony====
			As mentioned previously, Gwapyeo consonants are pronounced differently depending on their position in the word. The '''initial''' form is found at the beginning of words and in non-leniting medial environments. The '''medial''' form is found in voiced environments (intervocalic, between sonorants). The '''final''' form is found at the end of words.

			{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
			! Phoneme
			! m ㅁ
			! n ㄴ
			! ŋ ㅇ
			! pʰ ㅍ
			! tʰ ㅌ
			! tɕʰ ㅊ
			!kʰ ㅋ
			!p ㅂ
			!t ㄷ
			!tɕ ㅈ
			!k ㄱ
			!sʰ ㅅ
			!h ㅎ
			!s ㅆ
			!l~ɾ ㄹ
			\|-
			! Initial
			\| rowspan="3" \| /m/
			\| rowspan="3" \| /n/
			\| Ø
			\| rowspan="2" \| /pʰ/
			\| rowspan="2" \| /tʰ/
			\| rowspan="2" \| /tɕʰ/
			\| rowspan="2" \| /kʰ/
			\| /p/
			\| /t/
			\| /tɕ/
			\| /k/
			\| rowspan="3" \| /sʰ/
			\| /h/
			\| /s/
			\| rowspan="3" \| /l~ɾ/
			\|-
			! Medial
			\| rowspan="2" \| /ŋ/
			\| /b/
			\| /d/
			\| /dʑ/
			\| /g/
			\| /ɦ/
			\| /z/
			\|-
			! Final
			\| /ɸ/
			\| /s/
			\| /ɕ/
			\| /x/
			\| /p̚/
			\| colspan="2" \| /t̚/
			\| /k̚/
			\| Ø
			\| /s/
			\|}

			====Palatalisation====
			Before /i/ and its semivowel counterpart /j/, some of the consonants "palatalise". Most notably, the aspirated plosives /tʰ/ and /kʰ/ merge into [tɕʰ] in most dialects, although some dialects still maintain a distinct pronunciation (pronounced in the vicinity of [tʃʰ] and [cçʰ] respectively).

			{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
			\|-
			! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" \| Palatalisation
			\|-
			! Base consonant
			! Palatalized realization
			\|-
			! /t/
			\| [dʑ]
			\|-
			! /tʰ/
			\| [tɕʰ~tʃʰ]
			\|-
			! /s/
			\| [ʑ]
			\|-
			! /sʰ/
			\| [ɕʰ]
			\|-
			! /k/
			\| [dʑ~ɟʝ]
			\|-
			! /kʰ/
			\| [tɕʰ~cçʰ]
			\|}

			===Vowels===

Aenil2 at 12:59, 28 February 2026

2026-02-28T12:59:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:59, 28 February 2026
Line 30:		Line 30:

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
			Gwapyeo's phonology is quite similar to that of Modern Korean, with some subtle differences. The main notable difference is the absence of tense consonants, yielding only a two-way distinction for plosives, between aspirated and plain plosives. The biggest divergence from modern Korean vowel-wise is the presence of the phoneme /ɒ/, also found in the [[w:Jeju_language\|Jeju language]], though it is written with "ㅐ", a character which, in [[w:Koreanic_languages\|Koreanic languages]] where it has not merged with another vowel, represents sounds close to /æ/.

			===Consonants===
			{\| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
			\|-
			! colspan="2" style="width: 160px; " \|
			! style="width: 80px; " \|Bilabial
			! style="width: 80px; " \|Alveolar
			! style="width: 80px; " \|Palatal
			! style="width: 80px; " \|Velar
			! style="width: 80px; " \|Glottal
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \| Nasal
			\| m ㅁ
			\| n ㄴ
			\|
			\| ŋ ㅇ
			\|
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| Plosive
			! <small>aspirated</small>
			\| pʰ ㅍ
			\| tʰ ㅌ
			\| tɕʰ ㅊ
			\| kʰ ㅋ
			\|
			\|-
			! <small>plain</small>
			\| p ㅂ
			\| t ㄷ
			\| tɕ ㅈ
			\| k ㄱ
			\|
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| Fricative
			! <small>aspirated</small>
			\|
			\| sʰ ㅅ
			\|
			\|
			\| rowspan="2" \| h ㅎ
			\|-
			! <small>plain</small>
			\|
			\| s ㅆ
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \| Liquid
			\|
			\| l~ɾ ㄹ
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \| Approximant
			\| w
			\|
			\| j
			\|
			\|
			\|}

			====Plain consonants====
			/p, t, tɕ, k, s/ are often voiced [b, d, dʑ, ɡ, z] between sonorants (vowels, nasals and /l~ɾ/), and generally stay unvoiced outside this context.

			====Aspirated consonants====
			Contrary to plain consonants, the aspirated consonants do not undergo intervocalic voicing. However, the aspirated plosives /pʰ, tʰ, tɕʰ, kʰ/ become lenited [ɸ, s, ɕ, x] word-finally.

			====Fricatives====
			''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically.

			The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch\|§Vowel pitch]]).

Aenil2 at 15:56, 27 February 2026

2026-02-27T15:56:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:56, 27 February 2026
Line 28:		Line 28:
	* Middle Gwapyeo (과펴·솅; Gwapyeo Syeng, 11th-17th century) was the language of the '''Monghwa''' religion. Thanks to the great extent of text written in this language, linguists have acquired a far more thorough knowledge of how Middle Gwapyeo worked and sounded.		* Middle Gwapyeo (과펴·솅; Gwapyeo Syeng, 11th-17th century) was the language of the '''Monghwa''' religion. Thanks to the great extent of text written in this language, linguists have acquired a far more thorough knowledge of how Middle Gwapyeo worked and sounded.
	* Modern Gwapyeo (과펴·뭍; Gwapyeo Mut, from the end of the 17th century) is the modern language, much more influenced by neighbouring languages than its earlier stages were.		* Modern Gwapyeo (과펴·뭍; Gwapyeo Mut, from the end of the 17th century) is the modern language, much more influenced by neighbouring languages than its earlier stages were.

			==Phonology==