EmperorZelos: 1 revision: Think this is all, saving it while I can

2012-11-12T16:44:50Z

1 revision: Think this is all, saving it while I can

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Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: moved Kihā́mmic phonology to Kihā́mmic/Phonology

2012-10-04T15:17:35Z

moved Kihā́mmic phonology to Kihā́mmic/Phonology

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This appendix describes the phonological system of the [[Kihā́mmic|Kihā́mmic language]].

:''See also [[IPA for Kihā́mmic]]''

==Consonants==
===Consonants phonemes===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 792px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 88px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 88px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 88px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 88px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 88px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 88px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 88px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 88px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 88px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t͡s d͡z
| style="text-align: center;"|t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɾ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

===Allophones===
*The labio-dental nasal [ɱ] is an allophone of [m] before the labio-dental fricatives [f] and [v]. An example of this is "á''mfô''" [aɱfo] ("mud").
*The velar nasal [ŋ] is an allophone of [n] before the velar plosives [k] and [g]. An example of this is "''ongá''" [ɒŋga] ("fingernail"). The velar nasal is also produced when a word terminates with /ng/, for example in "''tsíng''" [t͡sɪŋ] ("jewel").
*The voiced glottal fricative [ɦ] is an allophone of [h] between vowels, before [j] and after [k].
*The velarised alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] is an allophone of [l] before another consonant, as in "''gəltá''" [gəɫta] ("mortar").
*The alveolar approximant [ɹ] only occurs at the starts words and is an allophone of the alveolar tap [ɾ].
*The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative [θ] and the voiced dental non-sibilant fricative [ð] are allophones. Their occurrence is often unpredictable. For example, "''zū́þômô''" [zuːθomo] ("smooth"), but "''kaiþá''" [kaɪ̯ða] ("truth").
*Those from [[conworld:Rātəná|Rātəná]] often realise [θ] and [ð] as [f] and [v] respectively.
*Both [t] and [d] may be pronounced as the dental plosives [t̪] and [d̪].
*The bilabial plosives [p] and [b] may also, but less frequently, be produced as dental plosives, [p̪] and [b̪] (or [ȹ] and [ȸ]).
*Rarer still is the dental nasal [n̪] which is an allophone of [n].
*Dental consonants are typical of those that live on south-western [[conworld:Raibáûī|Raibáûī]].

===Gemination===
*Gemination of consonants occurs almost exclusively due to the two digraphs /kg/ and /gk/ - [kː] and [gː] respectively.
*The only other place it occurs in Standard Kihā́mmic is when the last consonant in a given word and the first consonant in the following word are the same fricative, nasal or plosive. Such as "''án zápôvan núk''" [an zapovanːʊk] ("a sharp rock").

===Syllabic consonants===
Kihā́mmic has seven syllabic consonants, [l̩], [ɫ̩], [m̩], [n̩], [ɾ̩], [z̩] and [s̩]. There are even a few words that do not have vowels in at all:
*''blg'' [bl̩g] (key)
*''grg'' [gɾ̩g] (bubble)
*''gzkl'' [gz̩kɫ̩] (spring [relating to water])

==Vowels==
===Chart of vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-front
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Central
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-back
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| style="text-align: center;"|i iː
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|u uː
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-close
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɪ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ʊ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close-mid
| style="text-align: center;"|e
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|o
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ə
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open-mid
| style="text-align: center;"|ɛ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɜ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-open
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
| style="text-align: center;"|a
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɑː ɒ
|}

===Notes===
*In Kihā́mmic vowel modifications do not occur. Nasalisation does not occur, vowels are never reduced and vowels do not undergo assimilations.
*In Standard Kihā́mmic the close-mid front unrounded vowel [e] only appears at the ends of words. However, for some speakers it replaces the open-mid front unrounded vowel [ɛ] entirely. For example,"''Zún klûré, ékô hób aná mūskôá''" ("One day I'll have a son") would normally be pronounced [zʊn kluɾe ɛko hɒb ana muːskoa], but some speakers may pronounce it [zʊn kluɾe eko hɒb ana muːskoa] instead.
*There are also a few speakers (albeit fewer than above) for whom the open front unrounded vowel [a] may be pronounced as a near-open front unrounded vowel [æ].
*Some speakers may also pronounce the vowel "''ā''" as [aː], [ä<span style="font-style: normal; ">ː] or</span> [ɐ<span style="font-style: normal; ">ː</span>] rather than [ɑː]. This doesn't often occur where speakers pronounce "''a''" as [æ].

===Vowel length===
In Kihā́mmic vowel length and is largely independent of stress and intonation. In some cases it does in fact change the meaning of a word, compare "''lûgá''" [luga] ("brush") and "''lūgá''" [luːga] ("louse").

===Diphthongs===
Kihā́mmic has fourteen diphthongs: nine falling ([aɪ̯], [aʊ̯], [au̯], [eɪ̯], [eʊ̯], [eu̯], [oɪ̯], [oʊ̯], [ou̯]) and five rising ([wa], [wɛ], [we], [wɪ] and [wi]). The [w◌] in rising diphthongs can also be analysed as [u̯◌].

If a diphthong is stressed the first vowel in the grapheme acquires the stress mark. Hence "''bevrói''" [bɛvˈɾoɪ̯] (redo) and not "''bevroí''" or "''bevróí''".

[[Category:Phonologies]]
[[Category:Conlang phonologies]]
{{Template:Kihā́mmic}}

Kihā́mmic/Phonology - Revision history

EmperorZelos: 1 revision: Think this is all, saving it while I can

Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: moved Kihā́mmic phonology to Kihā́mmic/Phonology