Laefêvëši/Verbs - Revision history

Ashucky: /* Auxilliary verb álaj (to be) */

2014-11-27T18:54:26Z

Auxilliary verb álaj (to be)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:54, 27 November 2014
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	\| ens- \|\| ''ensá''		\| ens- \|\| ''ensá''
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~If-potential~~		! Hypothetical
	\| env- \|\| ''envá''		\| env- \|\| ''envá''
	\|-		\|-

Ashucky: /* Gerunds and participles */

2014-11-27T18:49:39Z

Gerunds and participles

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 27 November 2014
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	! Qualitative Participle<br><small>(Past Active Participle II)</small>		! Qualitative Participle<br><small>(Past Active Participle II)</small>
	\| -(i)tui / -iyi- \|\| -(i)dui / -iyi- \|\| -(i)nui / -iyi- \|\| yes \|\| ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''		\| -(i)tui / -iyi- \|\| -(i)dui / -iyi- \|\| -(i)nui / -iyi- \|\| yes \|\| ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''
			\|-
			! Temporal Participle
			\| -(i)tuei\|\| -(i)duei \|\| -(i)nuei \|\| yes \|\| ''Adjectvies, replace temporal relative clauses.''
			\|-
			! Locational Participle
			\| -(i)tuai \|\| -(i)duai \|\| -(i)nuai \|\| yes \|\| ''Adjectvies, replace locational relative clauses.''
	\|-		\|-
	! Adjectival Participle<br><small>(Past Passive Participle)</small>		! Adjectival Participle<br><small>(Past Passive Participle)</small>

Ashucky: /* Gerunds and participles */

2014-11-22T00:01:57Z

Gerunds and participles

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:01, 22 November 2014
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	\| -voi \|\| -loi \|\| -noi \|\| no, C1 \|\| ''Nominalised verb.''		\| -voi \|\| -loi \|\| -noi \|\| no, C1 \|\| ''Nominalised verb.''
	\|-		\|-
	! Present ~~Gerundiv~~<br><small>(Present Active Gerund I)</small>		! Present Gerundive<br><small>(Present Active Gerund I)</small>
	\| -(i)tat \|\| -(i)lat \|\| -(i)nat \|\| yes \|\| ''Simultaneous events.''		\| -(i)tat \|\| -(i)lat \|\| -(i)nat \|\| yes \|\| ''Simultaneous events.''
	\|-		\|-

Ashucky: /* Gerunds and participles */

2014-11-22T00:01:13Z

Gerunds and participles

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:01, 22 November 2014
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	! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning''		! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning''
	\|-		\|-
	! Gerund I (verbal noun)		! Gerund (verbal noun)
	\| -voi \|\| -loi \|\| -noi \|\| no, C1 \|\| ''Nominalised verb.''		\| -voi \|\| -loi \|\| -noi \|\| no, C1 \|\| ''Nominalised verb.''
	\|-		\|-
	! Present Active Gerund I		! Present Gerundiv<br><small>(Present Active Gerund I)</small>
	\| -(i)tat \|\| -(i)lat \|\| -(i)nat \|\| yes \|\| ''Simultaneous events.''		\| -(i)tat \|\| -(i)lat \|\| -(i)nat \|\| yes \|\| ''Simultaneous events.''
	\|-		\|-
	! Present Active Gerund II		! Adverbial Gerundive<br><small>(Present Active Gerund II)</small>
	\| -(i)taot \|\| -(i)laot \|\| -(i)naot \|\| yes \|\| ''An adverb of manner.''		\| -(i)taot \|\| -(i)laot \|\| -(i)naot \|\| yes \|\| ''An adverb of manner.''
	\|-		\|-
	! Past Active Gerund		! Past Gerundive<br><small>(Past Active Gerund)</small>
	\| \| -(i)tait \|\| -(i)lait \|\| -(i)nait \|\| yes \|\| ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.''		\| \| -(i)tait \|\| -(i)lait \|\| -(i)nait \|\| yes \|\| ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.''
	\|-		\|-
	! Present Active Participle		! Relative Participle<br><small>(Present Active Participle)</small>
	\| -(i)ti / -iei- \|\| -(i)di / -iei- \|\| -(i)ni / -iei- \|\| yes \|\| ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.''		\| -(i)ti / -iei- \|\| -(i)di / -iei- \|\| -(i)ni / -iei- \|\| yes \|\| ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.''
	\|-		\|-
	! Past Active Participle II		! Qualitative Participle<br><small>(Past Active Participle II)</small>
	\| -(i)tui / -iyi- \|\| -(i)dui / -iyi- \|\| -(i)nui / -iyi- \|\| yes \|\| ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''		\| -(i)tui / -iyi- \|\| -(i)dui / -iyi- \|\| -(i)nui / -iyi- \|\| yes \|\| ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''
	\|-		\|-
	! Past Passive Participle		! Adjectival Participle<br><small>(Past Passive Participle)</small>
	\| -isi \|\| -isi \|\| -isi \|\| no \|\| ''Adjectives.''		\| -isi \|\| -isi \|\| -isi \|\| no \|\| ''Adjectives.''
	\|-		\|-
	! Past Active Participle I		! Descriptive Participle<br><small>(Past Active Participle I)</small>
	\| -rii ''(sg)''<br>-rie ''(du)''<br>-ria ''(pl)''\|\| \| -nii ''(sg)''<br>-nie ''(du)''<br>-nia ''(pl)''\|\| \| -gii ''(sg)''<br>-gie ''(du)''<br>-gia ''(pl)'' \|\| yes* \|\| ''Participles used to form compound tenses.''		\| -rii ''(sg)''<br>-rie ''(du)''<br>-ria ''(pl)''\|\| \| -nii ''(sg)''<br>-nie ''(du)''<br>-nia ''(pl)''\|\| \| -gii ''(sg)''<br>-gie ''(du)''<br>-gia ''(pl)'' \|\| yes* \|\| ''Participles used to form compound tenses.''
	\|}		\|}

Ashucky: /* Causative */

2014-11-21T22:14:34Z

Causative

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:14, 21 November 2014
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	There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above:		There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above:
	* '''-ajsk-''' is the default ~~or neuter~~ causative that means both "make" and "cause"		* '''-ajsk-''' is the neutral or default causative that means both "make" and "cause"
	* '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force		* '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force
	* '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident		* '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident

Ashucky: /* Third infinitive */

2014-11-21T21:55:50Z

Third infinitive

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:55, 21 November 2014
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	* -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''')		* -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''')

	==== ~~Third infinitive~~ ====		==== Immediative ====
	The third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies.		The immediative or the third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies.

	The forms are:		The forms are:

Ashucky: /* Second infinitive */

2014-11-21T21:30:53Z

Second infinitive

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:30, 21 November 2014
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	The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating.		The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating.

	==== ~~Second~~ infinitive ====		==== Purposive (second infinitive) ====
	The second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets).		The purposive or the second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets).

	The forms are:		The forms are:

Ashucky: /* Moods */

2014-11-21T21:30:10Z

Moods

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:30, 21 November 2014
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	\| -as \|\| -s		\| -as \|\| -s
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~If-potential~~		! Hypothetical
	\| -av \|\| -v		\| -av \|\| -v
	\|-		\|-

Ashucky: /* Characteristics */

2014-11-21T21:29:48Z

Characteristics

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:29, 21 November 2014
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	* Presumptive		* Presumptive
	* Potential		* Potential
	* ~~If-potential~~		* Hypothetical
	* Admirative		* Admirative
	* Imperative		* Imperative

Ashucky: Created page with "'''Laefêvëši''' verbs are highly inflected. {{TOC right}} == Characteristics == '''Types'''
Lexical verbs (full meaning) * verbs of movement Auxiliary verb..."

2014-11-06T20:00:32Z

Created page with "'''Laefêvëši''' verbs are highly inflected. {{TOC right}} == Characteristics == <big>'''Types'''</big> Lexical verbs (full meaning) * verbs of movement Auxiliary verb..."

New page

'''Laefêvëši''' verbs are highly inflected.
{{TOC right}}
== Characteristics ==
<big>'''Types'''</big> 
Lexical verbs (full meaning)
* verbs of movement
Auxiliary verbs:
* phaseal verbs
* modal verbs
* the verb ''álaj'' (to be)

<big>'''Classes'''</big> 
Three classes:
# verbs on '''-vij'''
# verbs on '''-laj'''
# verbs on '''-vaj'''

<big>'''Number'''</big> 
Numbers:
* singular
* dual
* plural

<big>'''Aspect'''</big> 
# Perfective aspect
# Imperfective aspect

<big>'''Mood'''</big> 
Realis moods:
* Indicative
* Generic
Irrealis moods:
* Conditional
* Subjunctive
* Optative
* Jussive
* Reputative
* Presumptive
* Potential
* If-potential
* Admirative
* Imperative
* Inferencial/renarrative

<big>'''Tenses'''</big> 
Simple tenses:
* simple present
* simple past
* remote past
* nonpast
* pluperfect
* simple future
* future anterior
* nonfuture
* future-in-the-past

== Conjugation ==

=== Stem lengthening ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="6" | Stem lengthening
|-
! Class !! Type I !! Type II !! Type III !! Type IV !! Type V
|-
! -VIJ
| -Vvij → -Vtt- || -[V]Jvij → -[V]Jat- || -[V]Kvij → -[V]KKat- || -CCvij → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvij → -[V]GGi-
|-
! -LAJ
| -Vlaj → -Vll- || -[V]Jlaj → -[V]Jal- || -[V]Klaj → -[V]KKal- || -CClaj → -CCu- || -[V]GGëlaj → -[V]GGu-
|-
! -VAJ
| -Vvaj → -Vnn- || -[V]Jvaj → -[V]Jan- || -[V]Kvaj → -[V]KKan- || -CCvaj → -CCi- || -[V]GGëvaj → -[V]GGi-
|-
! colspan="6" | Example
|-
! -VIJ
| návij → ná'''tt'''- || ná'''š'''vij → ná'''šat'''- || ná'''n'''vij → ná'''nnat'''- || ná'''nd'''vij → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vij → ná'''nni'''-
|-
! -LAJ
| nálaj → ná'''ll'''- || ná'''š'''laj → ná'''šal'''- || ná'''n'''laj → ná'''nnal'''- || ná'''nd'''laj → ná'''ndu'''- || ná'''nnë'''laj → nná'''nnu'''-
|-
! -VAJ
| návaj → ná'''nn'''- || ná'''š'''vaj → ná'''šan'''- || ná'''n'''vaj → ná'''nnan'''- || ná'''nd'''vaj → ná'''ndi'''- || ná'''nnë'''vaj → ná'''nni'''-
|}

=== Tenses ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="9" | Conjugation according to tense
|-
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.
|-
! 1st
| -a || -ake || -e || -eke || -o || -oke
|-
! 2nd
| -an || -aŋe || -en || -eŋe || -on || -oŋe
|-
! 3rd
| -as || -aksi || -es || -eksi || -os || -oksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past
|-
! 1st
| -ai || -aike || -ei || -eike || -oi || -oike
|-
! 2nd
| -ain || -aiŋe || -ein || -eiŋe || -oin || -oiŋe
|-
! 3rd
| -ais || -aiksi || -eis || -eiksi || -ois || -oiksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast
|-
! 1st
| -ao || -aoke || -eo || -eoke || -oo || -ooke
|-
! 2nd
| -aon || -aoŋe || -eon || -eoŋe || -oon || -ooŋe
|-
! 3rd
| -aos || -aoksi || -eos || -eoksi || -oos || -ooksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect
|-
! 1st
| -ø || -øke || -øi || -øike || -iø || -iøke
|-
! 2nd
| -øn || -øŋe || -øin || -øiŋe || -iøn || -iøŋe
|-
! 3rd
| -øs || -øksi || -øis || -øiksi || -iøs || -iøksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past
|-
! 1st
| -ae || -aeke || -ee || -eeke || -oe || -oeke
|-
! 2nd
| -aen || -aeŋe || -een || -eeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe
|-
! 3rd
| -aes || -aeksi || -ees || -eeksi || -oes || -oeksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future
|-
! 1st
| -au || -auke || -eu || -euke || -ou || -ouke
|-
! 2nd
| -aun || -auŋe || -eun || -euŋe || -oun || -ouŋe
|-
! 3rd
| -aus || -auksi || -eus || -euksi || -ous || -ouksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture
|-
! 1st
| -ë || -ëke || -ëi || -ëike || -ië || -iëke
|-
! 2nd
| -ën || -ëŋe || -ëin || -ëiŋe || -iën || -iëŋe
|-
! 3rd
| -ës || -ëksi || -ëis || -ëiksi || -iës || -iëksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior
|-
! 1st
| -y || -yke || -yi || -yike || -iy || -iyke
|-
! 2nd
| -yn || -yŋe || -yin || -yiŋe || -iyn || -iyŋe
|-
! 3rd
| -ys || -yksi || -yis || -yiksi || -iys || -iyksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past
|-
! 1st
| -aa || -aake || -ea || -eake || -oa || -oake
|-
! 2nd
| -aan || -aaŋe || -ean || -eaŋe || -oan || -oaŋe
|-
! 3rd
| -aas || -aaksi || -eas || -eaksi || -oas || -oaksi
|-
|}

==== Compound tenses ====
Compound tenses are formed with the auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) and past active participle.

Compound tenses are rarely used, and when they are, usually there's a clause inserted between the auxilliary and the past active participle.

=== Moods ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Mood suffixes
|-
! Mood !! Long form !! Short form
|-
! Indicative
| -/ || -/
|-
! Generic
| -an || -n
|-
! Conditional
| -am || -m
|-
! Subjunctive
| -al || -l
|-
! Optative
| -ak || -k
|-
! Jussive
| -ah || -h
|-
! Reputative
| -ar || -r
|-
! Presumptive
| -ag || -g
|-
! Potential
| -as || -s
|-
! If-potential
| -av || -v
|-
! Admirative
| -at || -t
|-
|}

==== Imperative ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Imperative conjugation
|-
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Imperative
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.
|-
! 1st
| -/ || -/ || -et(e) || -ekt(e) || -ot(o) || -okt(e)
|-
! 2nd
| -ar(a) || -ark(e) || -er(e) || -erk(e) || -or(o) || -ork(e)
|-
! 3rd
| -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/ || -/
|-
|}

=== Causative ===
The causative is a verbal form with the meaning of "to make/cause someone/something do something". It is formed with an infixiated verb between the stem of the lexical verb and the inflection of the lexical verb, much like modal and phaseal verbs. Both the lexical verb and the causative infix can be inflected.

The bare causative infix is: '''-ajsk-'''

There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above:
* '''-ajsk-''' is the default or neuter causative that means both "make" and "cause"
* '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force
* '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident
 
Inflextion of the causative (the agent of the verb) immediately follows the causative infix, and the inflection of the lexical verb is then added to the inflected causative. When negating, the position of the negation depends on what is negated, the lexical verb or the causative infix.

The formation paradigm is as follows: (agent) + (object 1) + [lexical verb]-ajsk-[agent inflection]-[object 1 inflection] + (object 1) + (object 2)

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="17" | Examples without expressed agents and objects 1
|-
! colspan="4" | Example 1 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="5" | Example 2 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="6" | Example 3
|-
| ávaj || ánnan || -ajsk- || -ajskah-
| šânvaj || šânnanan || -ajsk- || -ajskaih- || winádo
| káulaj || káullan || -ajsk- || -ajskais- || -ajskaiksi- || ýttafa
|-
| ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''
| ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''
| ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''
|-
| colspan="4" | Ánnajskahan.
| colspan="5" | Šânnanajskaihan winádo.
| colspan="6" | Káullajskaiksian ýttafa
|-
| colspan="4" | go-make-I-you
| colspan="5" | rule-make-I-ed-you country
| colspan="6" | draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines
|-
| colspan="4" | ''I make you go.''
| colspan="5" | ''I made you rule the country.''
| colspan="6" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="23" | Examples with agents and objects 1 expressed
|-
! colspan="6" | Example 4 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="7" | Example 5 !! rowspan="6" | !! colspan="8" | Example 6
|-
| ó || se || ávaj || ánnan || -ajsk- || -ajskah-
| ó || se || šânvaj || šânnanan || -ajsk- || -ajskaih- || winádo
| â || sa || káulaj || káullan || -ajsk- || -ajskais- || -ajskaiksi- || ýttafa.
|-
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to go'' || ''you go'' || ''make'' || ''I make''
| ''I'' || ''you'' || ''to rule'' || ''you rule'' || ''make'' || ''I made'' || ''country''
| ''he'' || ''you'' || ''draw'' || ''you draw'' || ''make'' || ''he made'' || ''he made not'' || ''lines''
|-
| colspan="6" | Ó se ánnajskahan. / Ó ánnajskahan se.
| colspan="7" | Ó se šânnanajskaihan winádo. / Ó šânnanajskaihan se winádo.
| colspan="8" | Â sa káullajskaiksian ýttafa. / Â káullajskaiksian sa ýttafa.
|-
| colspan="6" | I you go-make-I-you / I go-make-I-you you
| colspan="7" | I you rule-make-I-ed-you country / I rule-make-I-ed-you you country
| colspan="8" | he you draw-make-he-ed-not-you lines / he draw-make-he-ed-not-you you lines
|-
| colspan="6" | ''I make you go.''
| colspan="7" | ''I made you rule the country.''
| colspan="8" | ''He didn't make you draw the lines.''
|}

Other examples:
* Ánnajskaiha'''ŋe'''.
** ''I made you '''not''' go.''
* Ánnajskaikeaŋe. / Ánnajskaikehaŋe.
** ''I didn't make you not go.''
* Ánnajskalléhan. / Ánnajskalléhahan.
** ''I can make you go.''
* Ánnajskallékehan.
** ''I can't make you go.''
* Ánnajskallékehaŋe.
** ''I can't make you not go.''
* Ánnajskalléketeŋe.
** ''I can't not make you not go.''

== ''Álaj'' (to be) ==
{{Main|Álaj (verb)}}

== Auxiliary verbs ==
Several verbs have clitic forms, sometimes they act as infixes, too. In first person, they're simply added to the conjugational suffix; in second and third person, they're inserted between the vowel(s) and the final consonant of the conjugational suffix.

Three main types of auxiliary verbs are:
# modal verbs
# phaseal verbs
# verbs of movement
 
Examples:
* ''Vétta.'' → ''Vétta'''nné'''.''
** I give. → I have to give.
* ''Véttos.'' → ''Vétto'''nné'''s.''
** They give. → They have to give.
* ''Nótta.''→ ''Nótta'''nój'''.''
** I work. → I start to work.
* ''Nóttos.''→ ''Nótto'''nój'''s.''
** They work. → They start to work.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Auxiliary verbs
|-
! Full form !! Clitic !! English
|-
| álvaj || -nnó || ''to wish''
|-
| élvaj || -nní || ''to wish''
|-
| évivaj || -nné || ''have to'', ''must''
|-
| vírvij || -ttí || ''can'', ''to be allowed to''
|-
| óvlaj || -lló || ''can be done'', ''to be possible''
|-
| vélaj || -llé || ''can''
|-
| újelaj || -llú || ''to want''
|-
| - || -ttý || ''to like''
|-
| - || -ttǿ || ''would like''
|-
| ávivaj || -nná || ''should''
|-
| ǿlvaj || -nnǿ || ''to wish (to oneself)''
|-
| ýlvaj || -nný || ''to wish (to oneself)''
|-
| nášlaj || -llá || ''to manage'', ''to be able to''
|-
| || -ttá || ''to go''
|-
|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" |Phaseal verbs
|-
|-
! Full form !! Clitic !! English
|-
| onóvaj || -nój || ''to begin''
|-
| mâivij || -máj || ''to finish''
|-
| nâivij || -náj || ''to finish/complete''
|-
| hélaj || -héj || ''to stop''
|-
|}

=== Auxilliary verb ''álaj'' (to be) ===
The verb ''to be'' is used as an ausxilliary verb in compound tenses. The auxilliary is fully inflected and the past active participle is inflected only by number. The auxilliary is somewhat special as it has stress on the actual inflection, which is marked. For moods other than the indicative, the indicative '''m-''' is replaced with the appropriate stem.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="7" | Auxilliary ''álaj'' in the indicative
|-
! rowspan="3" | Person !! colspan="6" | Simple present
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat. !! affirm. !! negat.
|-
! 1st
| má || máke || mé || méke || mó || móke
|-
! 2nd
| mán || máŋe || mén || méŋe || món || móŋe
|-
! 3rd
| más || máksi || més || méksi || mós || móksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Simple past
|-
! 1st
| mái || máike || méi || méike || mói || móike
|-
! 2nd
| máin || máiŋe || méin || méiŋe || móin || móiŋe
|-
! 3rd
| máis || máiksi || méis || méiksi || móis || móiksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Nonpast
|-
! 1st
| máo || máoke || méo || méoke || móo || móoke
|-
! 2nd
| máon || máoŋe || méon || méoŋe || móon || móoŋe
|-
! 3rd
| máos || máoksi || méos || méoksi || móos || móoksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Pluperfect
|-
! 1st
| mǿ || mǿke || mǿi || mǿike || míø || míøke
|-
! 2nd
| mǿn || mǿŋe || mǿin || mǿiŋe || míøn || míøŋe
|-
! 3rd
| mǿs || mǿksi || mǿis || mǿiksi || míøs || míøksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Remote past
|-
! 1st
| máe || máeke || mée || méeke || móe || móeke
|-
! 2nd
| máen || máeŋe || méen || méeŋe || -oen || -oeŋe
|-
! 3rd
| máes || máeksi || mées || méeksi || -oes || -oeksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Simple future
|-
! 1st
| máu || máuke || méu || méuke || móu || móuke
|-
! 2nd
| máun || máuŋe || méun || méuŋe || móun || móouŋe
|-
! 3rd
| máus || máuksi || méus || méuksi || móus || móuksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Nonfuture
|-
! 1st
| mĕ || mĕke || mĕi || mĕike || míë || míëke
|-
! 2nd
| mĕn || mĕŋe || mĕin || mĕiŋe || míën || míëŋe
|-
! 3rd
| mĕs || mĕksi || mĕis || mĕiksi || míës || míëksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Future anterior
|-
! 1st
| mý || mýke || mýi || mýike || míy || míyke
|-
! 2nd
| mýn || mýŋe || mýin || mýiŋe || míyn || míyŋe
|-
! 3rd
| mýs || mýksi || mýis || mýiksi || míys || míyksi
|-
! !! colspan="6" | Future-in-the-past
|-
! 1st
| máa || máake || méa || méake || móa || móake
|-
! 2nd
| máan || máaŋe || méan || méaŋe || móan || móaŋe
|-
! 3rd
| máas || máaksi || méas || méaksi || móas || móaksi
|-
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Mood stems
|-
! Mood !! Formation !! ''Example''
|-
! Generic
| enn- || ''enná''
|-
! Conditional
| enm- || ''enmá''
|-
! Subjunctive
| enl- || ''enlá''
|-
! Optative
| enk- || ''enká''
|-
! Jussive
| enh- || ''enhá''
|-
! Reputative
| enr- || ''enrá''
|-
! Presumptive
| eng- || ''engá''
|-
! Potential
| ens- || ''ensá''
|-
! If-potential
| env- || ''envá''
|-
! Admirative
| ent- || ''entá''
|-
|}

== Non-finite forms ==

=== Infinitives ===
==== First infinitive ====
The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating.

==== Second infinitive ====
The second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets).

The forms are:
* -vij → '''-vyyn''' ('''-vyen''')
* -laj → '''-laan''' ('''-laen''')
* -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''')

==== Third infinitive ====
The third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies.

The forms are:
* -vij → '''-(t)einviaj'''
* -laj → '''-(l)ainlaaj'''
* -vaj → '''-(n)oinvaaj'''
 
Example:
Example:
* vévij → vétteinviaj → vétteina
** ''to give → to be about to give → I'm about to give
*névvaj → névvannoinvaaj → névvannoina
** ''to teach → to be about to teach → I'm about to teach''

==== Progressive infinitive ====
The progressive infinitive (or the fourth infinitive) is the basic form of verb indicating progressiveness. Both imperfective and perfective verbs can become progressive. The progressive form expresses an action taking place at the moment of speaking. The progressive infinitive is similar to the third infinitive because it's formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies.

The forms are:
* -vij → '''-(t)eusvinj'''
* -laj → '''-(l)auslanj'''
* -vaj → '''-(n)ousvanj'''
 
Example:
* vévij → vétteusvinj → vétteusa
** ''to give → to be giving → I'm giving [at this moment]''
*névvaj → névvannousvanj → névvannousa
** ''to teach → to be teaching → I'm teaching [at this moment]''

==== Reflexive infinitive ====
The reflexive infinitive (or the fifth infinitive) is the basic form of reflexive verbs. There are two types, one ending in ''-ej'' and one ending in ''-ij''. Stem lenghtening does not apply.

The forms are:
* -vij → '''-viej''', '''-viij'''
* -laj → '''-laej''', '''-laij'''
* -vaj → '''-vaej''', '''-vaij'''

=== Supines ===
==== First supine ====
The first supine is a form of verbs used after modal verbs (when they are used in their full form instead of the clitic form). Stem lenghtening applies.

The forms are:
* -vij → '''-tia''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ia''' (type IV and V verbs)
* -laj → '''-tie''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ie''' (type IV and V verbs)
* -vaj → '''-tio''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-io''' (type IV and V verbs)
 
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem:
* -tt- → -t-
* -ll- → -l-
* -nn- → -n-

==== Second supine ====
The second supine is a form of verbs used after phaseal verbs and verbs of movement. Stem lenghtening applies.

The forms are:
* -vij → '''-tiau''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iau''' (type IV and V verbs)
* -laj → '''-tieu''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-ieu''' (type IV and V verbs)
* -vaj → '''-tiou''' (type I, II and III verbs), '''-iou''' (type IV and V verbs)
 
''NOTE:'' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem:
* -tt- → -t-
* -ll- → -l-
* -nn- → -n-

=== Gerunds and participles ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" | Overview of gerunds and participles
|-
! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning''
|-
! Gerund I (verbal noun)
| -voi || -loi || -noi || no, C1 || ''Nominalised verb.''
|-
! Present Active Gerund I
| -(i)tat || -(i)lat || -(i)nat || yes || ''Simultaneous events.''
|-
! Present Active Gerund II
| -(i)taot || -(i)laot || -(i)naot || yes || ''An adverb of manner.''
|-
! Past Active Gerund
| | -(i)tait || -(i)lait || -(i)nait || yes || ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.''
|-
! Present Active Participle
| -(i)ti / -iei- || -(i)di / -iei- || -(i)ni / -iei- || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.''
|-
! Past Active Participle II
| -(i)tui / -iyi- || -(i)dui / -iyi- || -(i)nui / -iyi- || yes || ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.''
|-
! Past Passive Participle
| -isi || -isi || -isi || no || ''Adjectives.''
|-
! Past Active Participle I
| -rii ''(sg)'' -rie ''(du)'' -ria ''(pl)''|| | -nii ''(sg)'' -nie ''(du)'' -nia ''(pl)''|| | -gii ''(sg)'' -gie ''(du)'' -gia ''(pl)'' || yes* || ''Participles used to form compound tenses.''
|}

'''NOTE:''' Verbs of the type I shorten the geminate consonant of the lenghtened stem:
* -tt- → -t-
* -ll- → -l-
* -nn- → -n-

== Reflexive verbs ==
There are two types of reflexive verbs, the '''-ej''' verbs and the '''-ij''' verbs (indicated as ''-viej, -viij, -laej, -laij, -vaej, -vaij''). Their forms change depending on the person and number; and are attached to the verb.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Reflexive suffixes
|-
! rowspan="2" | Number !! rowspan="2" | Person !! -EJ !! -IJ
|-
! clitic !! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular !! 1st
| -re || -ro
|-
! 2nd
| -ne || -no
|-
! 3rd
| -se || -so
|-
! rowspan="3" | Dual !! 1st
| -ri || -ru
|-
! 2nd
| -ni || -nu
|-
! 3rd
| -si || -su
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plural !! 1st
| -ra || -rë
|-
! 2nd
| -na || -në
|-
! 3rd
| -sa || -së
|-
|}

== Gradation of verbs ==

== Verbal emphasis ==

[[Category:Laefêvëši]]

Laefêvëši/Verbs - Revision history

Ashucky: /* Auxilliary verb álaj (to be) */

Ashucky: /* Gerunds and participles */

Ashucky: /* Gerunds and participles */

Ashucky: /* Gerunds and participles */

Ashucky: /* Causative */

Ashucky: /* Third infinitive */

Ashucky: /* Second infinitive */

Ashucky: /* Moods */

Ashucky: /* Characteristics */

Ashucky: Created page with "'''Laefêvëši''' verbs are highly inflected. {{TOC right}} == Characteristics == '''Types''' Lexical verbs (full meaning) * verbs of movement Auxiliary verb..."

Ashucky: Created page with "'''Laefêvëši''' verbs are highly inflected. {{TOC right}} == Characteristics == '''Types'''
Lexical verbs (full meaning) * verbs of movement Auxiliary verb..."