EmperorZelos: 1 revision: Think this is all, saving it while I can

2012-11-12T16:42:13Z

1 revision: Think this is all, saving it while I can

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Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* Paucal number */

2012-10-18T15:14:51Z

Paucal number

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{{pageheader
| file= Ӄ.png
| filesize= 100
| title1 = Ӄафесона
| title2 = Дарс трети: йа йименуйусь...
}}

==Dialogue==
In the following text Mikheil and Zurab meet, introduce one another and have a short conversation.

'''Михе́ил''': До́бры динь!

'''Зура́б''': До́бры динь! Рого́р вы йимену́йетесь?

'''Михе́ил''': Йа йимену́йусь Михе́ил, и вы?

'''Зура́б''': Йа йимену́йусь Зура́б, рого́р вы йима́те?

'''Михе́ил''': До́бше, џеку́йу. И вы?

'''Зура́б''': Йо, до́бше теж, џеку́йу. Куде́ вы жи́вете? В Тбили́сийе?

'''Михе́ил''': Не, йа жи́ву в Кутати́сийе, але́ мой ма́тка жи́вет сде.

'''Зура́б''': Да, йа жи́ву сде, але́ роди́лси в Йерева́не.

'''Михе́ил''': Вы е́сте ӽа́йкски?

'''Зура́б''': Йо, и мо́йа роди́тели йечье́ жи́вут в Ӽа́йкие. Ва́ша роди́тели сеть картве́лска?

'''Михе́ил''': Мой ма́тка есть картве́лски и мой оти́чь был ӽа́йкски.

'''Зура́б''': Зайи́маве!

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 500px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center;"|''Карт Ковкаса (Map of the Caucasus)''
|-
|[[File:Qf-lesson 1 (map).png|500px]]
|-
|This map of the Caucasus region shows the places mentioned in the dialogue, amongst others, in Qafesona and English.
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 700px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center;"|''Vocabulary''
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Qafesona
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Transliteration
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Part of speech
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|English
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|до́бры динь
| style="text-align: center;"|dóbry dinǐ
| style="text-align: center;"|int
| style="text-align: center;"|hello, good day
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|рого́р вы йимену́йетесь?
| style="text-align: center;"|rogór vy jimenújetesǐ?
| style="text-align: center;"|phrase
| style="text-align: center;"|what is your name?
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|рого́р
| style="text-align: center;"|rogór
| style="text-align: center;"|adv
| style="text-align: center;"|how
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|йимено́ватьси
| style="text-align: center;"|jimenóvatǐsi
| style="text-align: center;"|v
| style="text-align: center;"|to be called
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|рого́р вы йима́те?
| style="text-align: center;"|rogór vy jimáte?
| style="text-align: center;"|phrase
| style="text-align: center;"|how are you?
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|йима́ть
| style="text-align: center;"|jimátǐ
| style="text-align: center;"|v
| style="text-align: center;"|to have
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|до́бше
| style="text-align: center;"|dóbše
| style="text-align: center;"|adv
| style="text-align: center;"|well, kindly
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|џеку́йу
| style="text-align: center;"|džekúju
| style="text-align: center;"|int
| style="text-align: center;"|thank you
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|йо
| style="text-align: center;"|jo
| style="text-align: center;"|int
| style="text-align: center;"|yes
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|теж
| style="text-align: center;"|tež
| style="text-align: center;"|adv
| style="text-align: center;"|also, too
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|куде́
| style="text-align: center;"|kudé
| style="text-align: center;"|adv
| style="text-align: center;"|where
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|жить
| style="text-align: center;"|žitǐ
| style="text-align: center;"|v
| style="text-align: center;"|to live
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|в(е) (+LOC)
| style="text-align: center;"|v(e) (+LOC)
| style="text-align: center;"|prep
| style="text-align: center;"|in, at
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|не
| style="text-align: center;"|ne
| style="text-align: center;"|prep
| style="text-align: center;"|int
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|але́
| style="text-align: center;"|alé
| style="text-align: center;"|conj
| style="text-align: center;"|but
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ма́тка
| style="text-align: center;"|mátka
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|mother
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|сде
| style="text-align: center;"|sde
| style="text-align: center;"|adv
| style="text-align: center;"|here
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|да
| style="text-align: center;"|da
| style="text-align: center;"|int
| style="text-align: center;"|ah
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|роди́тьси
| style="text-align: center;"|rodítǐsi
| style="text-align: center;"|v
| style="text-align: center;"|to be born
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ӽа́йкски
| style="text-align: center;"|hájkski
| style="text-align: center;"|adj
| style="text-align: center;"|Armenian
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|роди́тель
| style="text-align: center;"|rodítelǐ
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|parent
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|йечье́
| style="text-align: center;"|ječǐé
| style="text-align: center;"|adv
| style="text-align: center;"|still, already, even, again
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Ӽа́йкиа
| style="text-align: center;"|Hájkia
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|Armenia
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|картве́лски
| style="text-align: center;"|kartvélski
| style="text-align: center;"|adj
| style="text-align: center;"|Georgian
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|оти́чь
| style="text-align: center;"|otíčǐ
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|father
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|зайи́маве
| style="text-align: center;"|zajímave
| style="text-align: center;"|adv
| style="text-align: center;"|interesting
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 700px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center;"|''Useful phrases''
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Qafesona
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Transliteration
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Part of speech
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|English
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|до́бры динь
| style="text-align: center;"|dóbry dinǐ
| style="text-align: center;"|int
| style="text-align: center;"|hello, good day
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|до́бры йу́тро
| style="text-align: center;"|dóbry jútro
| style="text-align: center;"|int
| style="text-align: center;"|hello, good morning
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|до́бры ве́чер
| style="text-align: center;"|dóbry véčer
| style="text-align: center;"|int
| style="text-align: center;"|hello, good evening
|}

==Language points==
===Articles===
In Qafesona there are no articles, that is "the" or "a(n)" - this is typical of Slavic languages. Thus "йа есмь оти́чь" can mean "I am ''a'' father" or "I am ''the'' father", in order to translate this into English context is needed otherwise it is unclear which is meant.

===Personal pronouns===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 800px; "
|-
! colspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Number →
! colspan="4" scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Case ↓
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|1st p (I)
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|2nd p (you)
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|3rd p (he, it)
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|3rd p (she)
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|1st p (we)
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|2nd p (you)
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|3rd p (they)
|-
! text-align: center; "|Nominative
| style="text-align: center;"|йа
| style="text-align: center;"|ты
| style="text-align: center;"|он
| style="text-align: center;"|она
| style="text-align: center;"|мы
| style="text-align: center;"|вы
| style="text-align: center;"|оны
|}
*Personal pronouns only have singular and plural number, but no paucal.
*"''Он''" is used as a masculine personal pronoun ("he") for people and "''она''" is used as a feminine personal pronoun ("she") for people.
*"''Он''" is also used as a personal pronoun for non-human objects ("it").
*"''Вы''" can be used as either a singular formal pronoun or as a plural pronoun; cf. "''vous''" in French.

===Possessive pronouns===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 990px; "
|+Singular
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; "|Person →
! colspan="3" scope="col" text-align: center;"|1st (my)
! colspan="3" scope="col" text-align: center;"|2nd (your)
! colspan="3" scope="col" text-align: center;"|3rd (his, her, its)
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Case ↓
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Paucal
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Paucal
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Paucal
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
|-
! style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|Nominative
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|мой
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|мойа
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|мойи
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|твой
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|твойа
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|твойи
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|йейи
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|йейа
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|йейе
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 990px; "
|+Plural
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; "|Person →
! colspan="3" scope="col" text-align: center;"|1st (our)
! colspan="3" scope="col" text-align: center;"|2nd (your)
! colspan="3" scope="col" text-align: center;"|3rd (their)
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Case ↓
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Paucal
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Paucal
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Paucal
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
|-
! style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|Nominative
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|наш
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|наша
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|наши
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|ваш
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|ваша
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|ваши
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|йихи
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|йиха
| style="width: 90px; text-align: center;"|йихе
|}

===Paucal number===
The paucal number is a concept that will be foreign to many learners. Dictionary.com defines this as "a grammatical number occurring in some languages for words in contexts where a few of their referents are described or referred to." Amongst the Slavic languages the paucal is unique to Qafesona, however its origin is in the Common Slavic dual number and is often used in the same way, i.e. for pairs. Another language that uses the paucal is [[wikipedia:Arabic language|Arabic]], with which Qafesona has had significant contact.

===Verb "to be"===
The verb "to be" in Qafesona is "'''быть'''". As in most languages, this is a key verb and is also irregular. The conjugation for the present tense is given below. Note that despite the Qafesona's paucal number, verbs only conjugation according to the singular and plural numbers and paucal subjects take plural verb conjugations.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 800px; "
|-
! colspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Number →
! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Tense ↓
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|1st p
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|2nd p
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|3rd p
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|1st p
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|2nd p
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|3rd p
|-
! text-align: center; "|Present
| style="text-align: center;"|есмь
| style="text-align: center;"|еси
| style="text-align: center;"|есть
| style="text-align: center;"|есми
| style="text-align: center;"|есте
| style="text-align: center;"|сеть
|}

==Exercises==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 700px; "
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center;"|''Extra vocabulary''
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Qafesona
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Transliteration
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; text-align: center; "|Part of speech
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|English
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|жи́ви
| style="text-align: center;"|žívi
| style="text-align: center;"|adj
| style="text-align: center;"|alive
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|вы́течне
| style="text-align: center;"|výtečne
| style="text-align: center;"|adv
| style="text-align: center;"|excellently
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|палыхе́
| style="text-align: center;"|palyȟé
| style="text-align: center;"|adv
| style="text-align: center;"|badly (i.e. not very well)
|}

===True or false?===
Using the short text above, decide whether or not the statements below are "правдивы" ("true") or "неправдивы" ("false").

#Михе́ил жи́вет в Тбили́сийе.
#Ма́тка Михе́ила нежи́вет в Руси́е.
#Зура́б есть картве́лски.
#Зура́б роди́лси в Кутати́сийе.
#Роди́тели живут в Ӽа́йкие.
#Ма́тка Михе́ила есть картве́лски.
#Оти́чь Михе́ила йечье́ есть жи́ви.

===Questions===
Answer the following questions in Qafesona:
#Рого́р ты йимену́йешьси?
#Рого́р ты йима́шь?
#Ку́де ты роди́лси?
#Ку́де ты жи́вешь?
#Ты еси́ картве́лски?

===Translation===
Translate the following sentences into Qafesona:
#Hello, what's your name?
#My name is Vladimir.
#How are you?
#Well, thank you!
#My parents live in Armenia.

{{Qf-lessons}}

Lesson:Qafesona/3. My name is... - Revision history

EmperorZelos: 1 revision: Think this is all, saving it while I can

Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán: /* Paucal number */