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wikt>Exarchus at 11:16, 1 March 2026

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local export = {}

local m_str_utils = require("Module:string utilities")

local gsub = m_str_utils.gsub
local toNFC = mw.ustring.toNFC
local U = m_str_utils.char

local grave = U(0x300)
local acute = U(0x301)
local diaeresis = U(0x308)
local svar = U(0x951)
local anud = U(0x952)
local d_svar = U(0x1CDA) -- double svarita, sometimes used for long vowel with svarita

local consonants = {
['क']='k', ['ख']='kh', ['ग']='g', ['घ']='gh', ['ङ']='ṅ',
['च']='c', ['छ']='ch', ['ज']='j', ['झ']='jh', ['ञ']='ñ',
['ट']='ṭ', ['ठ']='ṭh', ['ड']='ḍ', ['ढ']='ḍh', ['ण']='ṇ',
['त']='t', ['थ']='th', ['द']='d', ['ध']='dh', ['न']='n',
['प']='p', ['फ']='ph', ['ब']='b', ['भ']='bh', ['म']='m',
['य']='y', ['र']='r', ['ल']='l', ['व']='v', ['ळ']='ḷ',
['श']='ś', ['ष']='ṣ', ['स']='s', ['ह']='h',
}

local diacritics = {
['ा']='ā', ['ि']='i', ['ी']='ī', ['ु']='u', ['ू']='ū', ['ृ']='ṛ', ['ॄ']='ṝ',
['ॢ']='ḷ', ['ॣ']='ḹ', ['े']='e', ['ै']='ai', ['ो']='o', ['ौ']='au', ['्']='',
}

local tt = {
-- vowels
['अ']='a', ['आ']='ā', ['इ']='i', ['ई']='ī', ['उ']='u', ['ऊ']='ū', ['ऋ']='ṛ', ['ॠ']='ṝ',
['ऌ']='ḷ', ['ॡ']='ḹ', ['ए']='e', ['ऐ']='ai', ['ओ']='o', ['औ']='au',
-- chandrabindu
['ँ']='m̐', --until a better method is found
-- anusvara
['ं']='ṃ', --until a better method is found
['ꣳ']='ṃ', -- candrabindu virama
-- visarga
['ः']='ḥ',
-- avagraha
['ऽ']='ʼ',
--numerals
['०']='0', ['१']='1', ['२']='2', ['३']='3', ['४']='4', ['५']='5', ['६']='6', ['७']='7', ['८']='8', ['९']='9',
--punctuation
-- ['॥']='.', --double danda
-- ['।']='.', --danda
--Vedic extensions
['ᳵ']='x', ['ᳶ']='f',
--Om
['ॐ']='oṃ',
--reconstructed
-- ['*'] = '',
}

function export.tr(text, lang, sc)
if sc ~= "Deva" then
return nil
end

-- Vedic accent handling
if text:match(anud) or text:match(svar) or text:match(d_svar) then
-- insert 'a' after consonants without vowel diacritic or virama
text = gsub(text, '([क-ह])([ा-्ॢॣ]?)',
function(c,d)
if d == "" then return c .. 'a' else return c .. d end
end)
local vow_list = "aअ-औा-ौॠ-ॣ"
local vow = "[" .. vow_list .. "]"
local extra_list = "ःंँ" -- visarga, anusvara, candrabindu
local extra = "[" .. extra_list .. "]"
local acc_list = grave .. acute .. svar .. anud .. d_svar
-- local cons_list = "क-हᳵᳶऽ् \'" -- consonants + avagraha + virama + space + apostrophe (from e.g. bold formatting)
-- Workaround: the consonants (plus a few other signs, see outcommented 'local cons_list')
-- are defined by negating the non-consonants, so as to include
-- the munged versions of formatting characters (e.g. bold formatting)
local cons = "[^" .. vow_list .. acc_list .. extra_list .. "।॥१३ॐ]"
-- independent svarita before udatta or other independent svarita (indicated by १/३ with both svarita and anudatta sign)
text = gsub(text, "(" .. extra .. "?)" .. anud .. "?[१३][" .. anud .. svar .. d_svar .. "]+(" ..
cons .. "*" .. vow .. ")(" .. extra .. "?)([" .. svar .. d_svar .. "]?)",
function(a,b,c,d)
if d ~= "" then
return grave .. a .. b .. grave .. c -- 2 × independent svarita
else
return grave .. a .. b .. acute .. c -- independent svarita + udatta
end
end)
-- optional: a few non-Rigvedic ways to mark the independent svarita (but compatible with Rigvedic system)
-- 1) ᳡ (U+1CE1) used by Atharvavedic Śaunakīya Saṃhitā
-- 2) ᳖ (U+1CD6) used by Śuklayajurveda Mādhyandina-Saṃhitā for 'standard' independent svarita
-- 3) ᳕ (U+1CD5) used by Śuklayajurveda Mādhyandina-Saṃhitā for 'aggravated' independent svarita (before udatta)
-- note that the Rigvedic system doesn't distinguish between dependent vs. independendent
-- svarita after udatta (the latter needs manual addition of grave `, see documentation)
text = gsub(text, "(" .. extra .. "?)[᳡᳖`]", grave .. "%1")
text = gsub(text, "(" .. extra .. "?)᳕(" .. cons .. "*" .. vow ..")", grave .. "%1%2" .. acute)
-- initial udatta/svarita
text = gsub(text, "^(" .. cons .. "*" .. vow .. ")(३?" .. extra .. "?)([^" .. anud .. grave .. extra_list .. "])",
function(a,b,c)
if c == svar or c == d_svar then
return a .. grave .. b -- initial svarita
else
return a .. acute .. b .. c -- initial udatta
end
end)
-- the same, after (double) danda or 'om'
text = gsub(text, "([।॥ॐ]" .. cons .. "*" .. vow .. ")(३?" .. extra .. "?)([^" .. anud .. grave .. extra_list .. "])",
function(a,b,c)
if c == svar or c == d_svar then
return a .. grave .. b -- initial svarita
else
return a .. acute .. b .. c -- initial udatta
end
end)
-- in case of anudatta sign not before other anudatta sign (nor before grave accent from १/३)
text = gsub(text, "(" .. vow .. extra .. "?" .. anud .. cons .. "*" ..
vow .. ")(" .. extra .. "?)([^" .. anud .. grave .. extra_list .. "])",
function(a,b,c)
if c == svar or c == d_svar then
return a .. grave .. b -- independent svarita
else
return a .. acute .. b .. c -- udatta
end
end)
-- and again (excluding acute on next vowel), in case of overlapping patterns (if 'c' above happens to be another vowel with anudatta)
text = gsub(text, "(" .. vow .. extra .. "?" .. anud .. cons .. "*" ..
vow .. ")(" .. extra .. "?)([^" .. anud .. grave .. acute .. extra_list .. "])",
function(a,b,c)
if c == svar or c == d_svar then
return a .. grave .. b -- independent svarita
else
return a .. acute .. b .. c -- udatta
end
end)
-- the same, string final
text = gsub(text, "(" .. vow .. extra .. "?" .. anud .. cons .. "*" ..
vow .. ")(" .. extra .. "?)([" .. svar .. d_svar .. "]?)$",
function(a,b,c)
if c ~= "" then
return a .. grave .. b -- independent svarita
else
return a .. acute .. b -- udatta
end
end)
-- unmarked vowel after udatta is also udatta
text = gsub(text, "(" .. vow .. acute .. "३?" .. extra .. "?" .. cons .. "*" ..
vow .. ")(" .. extra .. "?[^" .. acc_list .. extra_list .. "])", "%1" .. acute .. "%2")
-- and again, in case of three udatta's in a row
text = gsub(text, "(" .. vow .. acute .. "३?" .. extra .. "?" .. cons .. "*" ..
vow .. ")(" .. extra .. "?[^" .. acc_list .. extra_list .. "])", "%1" .. acute .. "%2")
-- yet again: 4 udatta's in a row occurs in RV.1.164.39
text = gsub(text, "(" .. vow .. acute .. "३?" .. extra .. "?" .. cons .. "*" ..
vow .. ")(" .. extra .. "?[^" .. acc_list .. extra_list .. "])", "%1" .. acute .. "%2")
-- the same, string final
text = gsub(text, "(" .. vow .. acute .. "३?" .. extra .. "?" .. cons .. "*" ..
vow .. ")(" .. extra .. "?)$", "%1" .. acute .. "%2")
-- remove remaining anudatta and svarita signs
text = gsub(text, "[" .. anud .. svar .. d_svar .. "]", "")

text = gsub(text, '.', consonants)
text = gsub(text, '.', diacritics)
else -- no Vedic accents
text = gsub(
text,
'([क-ह])'..
'([ािीुूृॄॢॣेैोौ्]?)'..
'([अ-औ]?)',
function(c, d, e)
if d == "" and e ~= "" then
if tt[e] == "i" or tt[e] == "u" then return consonants[c] .. 'a' .. tt[e] .. diaeresis
else return consonants[c] .. 'a' .. tt[e] end
elseif e ~= "" then
return consonants[c] .. diacritics[d] .. tt[e]
elseif d == "" then
return consonants[c] .. 'a'
else
return consonants[c] .. diacritics[d]
end
end)
end

text = gsub(text, '([aअ][' .. acute .. grave .. ']?[इउ])', '%1' .. diaeresis)
text = gsub(text, '.', tt)
text = gsub(text, 'a([iu])([' .. acute .. grave .. '])', 'a%2%1')
text = gsub(text, " ?[।॥]", ".")
text = gsub(text, "(ā" .. acute .. "3[iu])" .. acute, "%1") -- for pluti vowels
text = toNFC(text)

return text
end

return export

Module:sa-translit - Revision history

Sware: 1 revision imported

wikt>Exarchus at 11:16, 1 March 2026