North-East Antarctican - Revision history

Учхљёная: /* Verbs */ Categories.

2020-01-07T15:40:33Z

Verbs: Categories.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:40, 7 January 2020
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	My dogs bite each other more than your dogs.		My dogs bite each other more than your dogs.

			[[Category:Languages]]
			[[Category:North-East Antarctican]]

Linguist Wannabe: Comparatives

2016-01-04T08:11:37Z

Comparatives

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 ==Copula==
-In North-East Antarctican, the copula is the particle /haˈʔɨsːɨ/. This can be used for nominal predication e.g.
+In North-East Antarctican, the copula is the particle /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/. This can be used for nominal predication e.g.
-dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ haˈʔɨsːɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰
+dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰
 these COP animal.PL.INDEF=dog
@@ Line 631: / Line 631: @@
-mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨsːɨ kɨwaˈn=ɨ̰mːʲɨ
+mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ kɨwaˈn=ɨ̰mːʲɨ
 PS.SG.POSS=dog COP LOC.SG.INDEF=fjord
@@ Line 641: / Line 641: @@
-mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨsːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa
+mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa
 PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm
@@ Line 648: / Line 648: @@
-However, it is important to note that, unlike English, the copula /haˈʔɨsːɨ/ is a particle and not a verb, and does not take TAM or other inflections.
+However, it is important to note that, unlike English, the copula /haˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/ is a particle and not a verb, and does not take TAM or other inflections.
@@ Line 672: / Line 672: @@
 Those men got dogs.

Linguist Wannabe: Predicative Possession

2016-01-04T04:53:10Z

Predicative Possession

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:53, 4 January 2016
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	==Copula==		==Copula==

	In North-East Antarctican, the copula is the particle /~~haˈʔɨsɨ~~/. This can be used for nominal predication e.g.		In North-East Antarctican, the copula is the particle /haˈʔɨsːɨ/. This can be used for nominal predication e.g.


	dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ ~~haˈʔɨsɨ~~ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰		dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ haˈʔɨsːɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰

	these COP animal.PL.INDEF=dog		these COP animal.PL.INDEF=dog
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	mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ ~~haˈʔɨsɨ~~ kɨwaˈn=ɨ̰mːʲɨ		mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨsːɨ kɨwaˈn=ɨ̰mːʲɨ

	1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP LOC.SG.INDEF=fjord		1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP LOC.SG.INDEF=fjord
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	mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ ~~haˈʔɨsɨ~~ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa		mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨsːɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa

	1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm		1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm
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	However, it is important to note that, unlike English, the copula /~~haˈʔɨsɨ~~/ is not a verb, and does not take TAM or other inflections.		However, it is important to note that, unlike English, the copula /haˈʔɨsːɨ/ is a particle and not a verb, and does not take TAM or other inflections.


			==Predicative Possession==

			Like English, there is a transitive verb meaning "to have", /ˈka̤gːʷɨ/ e.g.


			dʷəɻɨ=ˈma̤ɴ ja-ˈka̤gːʷɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰

			those=man PRES.ATEL-have animal.PL.INDEF=dog

			Those men have dogs.


			Normally, /ˈka̤gːʷɨ/ is used with atelic prefixes. With telic prefixes, it means "get" or "obtain" e.g.



			dʷəɻɨ=ˈma̤ɴ bɨʔa-ˈka̤gːʷɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰

			those=man PRES.TEL-have animal.PL.INDEF=dog

			Those men got dogs.

Linguist Wannabe: Copula

2016-01-04T04:34:03Z

Copula

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:34, 4 January 2016
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	The word order is quite strict, but is not connected with subjects and objects. The word order is as follows: [Topicalised / Proximate Noun] [Wh-Phrase] [Verb] [Obviate Nouns] [Adverbs].		The word order is quite strict, but is not connected with subjects and objects. The word order is as follows: [Topicalised / Proximate Noun] [Wh-Phrase] [Verb] [Obviate Nouns] [Adverbs].


			==Copula==

			In North-East Antarctican, the copula is the particle /haˈʔɨsɨ/. This can be used for nominal predication e.g.


			dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ haˈʔɨsɨ ɾʲɨmʲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰

			these COP animal.PL.INDEF=dog

			These are dogs.


			It can also be used for locational predication (with a locative noun class marker) e.g.


			mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨsɨ kɨwaˈn=ɨ̰mːʲɨ

			1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP LOC.SG.INDEF=fjord

			My dog is at a fjord.


			Finally, it can also be used for adjectival predication e.g.


			mɨhaj=ɨˈɲɨ̰ haˈʔɨsɨ ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa

			1PS.SG.POSS=dog COP warm

			My dog is warm.


			However, it is important to note that, unlike English, the copula /haˈʔɨsɨ/ is not a verb, and does not take TAM or other inflections.

Linguist Wannabe: /* Compounding */

2015-12-19T03:58:28Z

Compounding

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:58, 19 December 2015
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	Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ [ˈkə̰ːto̰kʷo̰sa] - "dart" (literally "short spear").		Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ [ˈkə̰ːto̰kʷo̰sa] - "dart" (literally "short spear").

	The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [~~ˈkʷṳsːa~~] - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkukʷusɨ] - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.		The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ˈkʷṳsːɨ] - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkukʷusɨ] - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.

	There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ [ˈxæ̰ːɾʲḭ] - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkɨxæɾʲi] - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy.		There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ [ˈxæ̰ːɾʲḭ] - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkɨxæɾʲi] - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy.
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	/ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ [ˈno̰ːtʷṵ] - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ [gʷuˈʔə̤ː] - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ [ˈnə̰ːtṵgʷuʔə] - "person who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain").		/ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ [ˈno̰ːtʷṵ] - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ [gʷuˈʔə̤ː] - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ [ˈnə̰ːtṵgʷuʔə] - "person who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain").


	===Nominalisation===		===Nominalisation===

Linguist Wannabe: /* Tense / Aspect / Mood */

2015-12-04T06:23:46Z

Tense / Aspect / Mood

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:23, 4 December 2015
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	\|}		\|}

	The benefactive form is used for actions that are done for the benefit of the speaker (if suffixed with -kɨ), or for the listener (if suffixed with -~~ja_~~. For example, the root /wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤/ [wudukʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn dried wood" can take the nonfuture telic benefective to become /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-kɨ/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːkɨ] - "burnt up the dried wood for me", or /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ja/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːæ̤] - "burnt up the dried wood for you".		The benefactive form is used for actions that are done for the benefit of the speaker (if suffixed with -kɨ), or for the listener (if suffixed with -ja). For example, the root /wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤/ [wudukʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn dried wood" can take the nonfuture telic benefective to become /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-kɨ/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːkɨ] - "burnt up the dried wood for me", or /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ja/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːæ̤] - "burnt up the dried wood for you".

	The irrealis forms are used for events that the speaker considers hypothetical, or at least unlikely e.g. the telic nonfuture irrealis /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ʈa/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjɐ̤ːʈɑ] - "would have burnt up the dried wood".		The irrealis forms are used for events that the speaker considers hypothetical, or at least unlikely e.g. the telic nonfuture irrealis /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ʈa/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjɐ̤ːʈɑ] - "would have burnt up the dried wood".
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	The conditional optative is a conditional form that is used for things that are / were supposed to have been done (e.g. as a duty). For example /ŋa-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-tɨ/ [ŋawudukʷœˈjæ̤ːtɨ] - "if ... had burned the dried wood" (which ... was supposed to do).		The conditional optative is a conditional form that is used for things that are / were supposed to have been done (e.g. as a duty). For example /ŋa-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-tɨ/ [ŋawudukʷœˈjæ̤ːtɨ] - "if ... had burned the dried wood" (which ... was supposed to do).


	===Relativisation===		===Relativisation===

Linguist Wannabe: Started Sentence Syntax

2015-11-08T06:31:23Z

Started Sentence Syntax

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:31, 8 November 2015
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	This dog that some men bit.		This dog that some men bit.


			==Sentence Level Syntax==

			The word order is quite strict, but is not connected with subjects and objects. The word order is as follows: [Topicalised / Proximate Noun] [Wh-Phrase] [Verb] [Obviate Nouns] [Adverbs].

Linguist Wannabe: /* Inverse Marking */

2015-11-08T06:26:14Z

Inverse Marking

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:26, 8 November 2015
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	===Inverse Marking===		===Inverse Marking===

	If a transitive verb does not have a pronominal object prefix, then it must usually be marked as either direct (unmarked) or inverse (with the prefix gatɨ- / gat-). Direct marking is used when the subject has greater animacy than the object. Inverse marking is used when the object has greater animacy than the subject. Marking on the verb overrides word order when determining subject and object e.g. both the below sentences have direct marking.		If a transitive verb does not have a pronominal object prefix, then it must usually be marked as either direct (unmarked) or inverse (with the prefix gatɨ- / gat-). Direct marking is used when the subject has greater animacy than the object. The animacy hierarchy is Lords etc. > Men > Women (their culture is quite sexist) > Children > Animals > Plants > Anything else. Inverse marking is used when the object has greater animacy than the subject. Marking on the verb overrides word order when determining subject and object e.g. both the below sentences have direct marking.

	/dʷə=ˈma̤ɴ ˈbə̤tɨ-ta hɨɲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰/		/dʷə=ˈma̤ɴ ˈbə̤tɨ-ta hɨɲ=ɨˈɲɨ̰/
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	A dog was bitten by some fish.		A dog was bitten by some fish.


	===Reciprocal Voice===		===Reciprocal Voice===

Linguist Wannabe: Relative Clauses

2015-11-07T08:17:08Z

Relative Clauses

Show changes

Linguist Wannabe: TAM

2015-10-24T12:04:07Z

TAM

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 Similarly, nouns / adjectives (they are not distinguished in the grammar) can become verbs meaning "to make X" by shifting the stress to the right e.g. /ˈkə̰dːəmə/ [ˈkə̰dːəmə] - "child" becomes /kəˈdə̰mːə/ [kəˈdə̰mːə̰] - "to have a child", and /ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa/ [ˈkɑ̤ɫːɑ̤ʔudʷuʔa] - "warm" becomes /kaɫaˈʔɨdːʷɨʔa/ [ˈkɑɫɑˈʔṳdːʷṳʔa] - "to make warm".
-There are also many irregular verbalisations e.g. /ˈkʷa̰jːa/ [ˈkʷœ̰jːæ̰] - "fire" becomes /ˈkʷaˈja̤/ [kʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn", and /maˈhɨ̤ɻːɨ/ [maˈhɤ̤ɻːɤ̤] - "goop / mush" becomes /mʲɨˈɾʲɨ̰/ [mʲiˈɾʲḭː] - "to mash up".
+There are also many irregular verbalisations e.g. /ˈkʷa̰jːa/ [ˈkʷœ̰jːæ̰] - "fire" becomes /kʷaˈja̤/ [kʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn", and /maˈhɨ̤ɻːɨ/ [maˈhɤ̤ɻːɤ̤] - "goop / mush" becomes /mʲɨˈɾʲɨ̰/ [mʲiˈɾʲḭː] - "to mash up".
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 Dogs' bones (that they eat / play with / bury etc.)