Proto-Rttirrian - Revision history

Frrurtu: /* See also */

2017-04-02T07:22:50Z

Frrurtu: /* Sound reflexes in selected daughter languages */

2017-04-02T07:22:32Z

Sound reflexes in selected daughter languages

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:22, 2 April 2017
Line 303:		Line 303:
	!Rttirri		!Rttirri
	!Gaju		!Gaju
	!~~Old~~ Zoki		!Zoki
	\|-		\|-
	!*m		!*m
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	!*n		!*n
	\|colspan="2"\|n		\|colspan="2"\|n
	\|n̪		\|ɲ
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɳ		!*ɳ
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	\|h		\|h
	\|pʰ		\|pʰ
	\|p		\|p, pʰ
	\|-		\|-
	!*b		!*b
	\|colspan="2"\|p		\|colspan="2"\|p
	\|b		\|b, p
	\|-		\|-
	!*t		!*t
	\|f		\|f
	\|tʰ		\|tʰ
	\|t̪		\|tɕ
	\|-		\|-
	!*d		!*d
	\|ʔ		\|ʔ
	\|t		\|t
	\|d̪		\|dʑ
	\|-		\|-
	!*k		!*k
	\|k		\|k
	\|kʰ		\|kʰ
	\|k		\|k, kʰ, g
	\|-		\|-
	!*g		!*g
	\|k		\|k
	\|k, ŋ		\|k, ŋ
	\|g		\|g, k, ŋ
	\|-		\|-
	!*ʈ		!*ʈ
	\|ʂ		\|ʂ
	\|tʰ		\|tʰ
	\|t		\|t, tʰ
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɖ		!*ɖ
	\|ʈ		\|ʈ
	\|t		\|t
	\|d		\|d, t
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɸ		!*ɸ
	\|ø		\|ø
	\|f, m		\|f, m
	\|ɸ		\|f
	\|-		\|-
	!*β		!*β
	\|ø		\|ø
	\|f, m		\|f, m
	\|β, w		\|v, w
	\|-		\|-
	!*s		!*s
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	!*w		!*w
	\|colspan="2"\|u		\|colspan="2"\|u
	\|β		\|v
	\|-		\|-
	!*j		!*j
	\|colspan="2"\|i		\|colspan="2"\|i
	\|j, ~~d͡ʒ~~		\|j, dʑ
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɭ		!*ɭ
	\|ɽ		\|ɽ
	\|l		\|colspan="2"\|l
	\|l
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɻ		!*ɻ
Line 400:		Line 399:
	\|w, u		\|w, u
	\|l, [[w:Tone (linguistics)\|V˩]]		\|l, [[w:Tone (linguistics)\|V˩]]
	\|x		\|x, k
	\|-		\|-
	!*l<sub>2</sub>		!*l<sub>2</sub>
Line 410:		Line 409:
	\|ɑ		\|ɑ
	\|ä, ɔ, ɛ, e		\|ä, ɔ, ɛ, e
	\|ä, ɔ, e		\|ə, a, ɑ, ɛ, eə
	\|-		\|-
	!*i		!*i
	\|i		\|i
	\|i, ɪ, e		\|i, ɪ, e
	\|i, e		\|i, iə, e, ɛ, eə
	\|-		\|-
	!*u		!*u
	\|u		\|u
	\|u, o		\|u, o
	\|u, o, ɔ		\|u, uə, o, oə, ɔ, ɑ
	\|}		\|}

Frrurtu: /* Sound reflexes in selected daughter languages */

2017-03-28T20:20:22Z

Sound reflexes in selected daughter languages

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 28 March 2017
Line 303:		Line 303:
	!Rttirri		!Rttirri
	!Gaju		!Gaju
	!~~Proto-<br>North-<br>Rttirrian~~		!Old Zoki
	\|-		\|-
	!*m		!*m
Line 309:		Line 309:
	\|-		\|-
	!*n		!*n
	\|colspan="3"\|n		\|colspan="2"\|n
			\|n̪
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɳ		!*ɳ
	\|ɳ		\|ɳ
	\|n		\|colspan="2"\|n
	\|ɳ
	\|-		\|-
	!*p		!*p
Line 328:		Line 328:
	\|f		\|f
	\|tʰ		\|tʰ
	\|t		\|t̪
	\|-		\|-
	!*d		!*d
	\|ʔ		\|ʔ
	\|t		\|t
	\|d		\|d̪
	\|-		\|-
	!*k		!*k
Line 341:		Line 341:
	\|-		\|-
	!*g		!*g
	\|~~colspan="2"~~\|k		\|k
			\|k, ŋ
	\|g		\|g
	\|-		\|-
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	\|ʂ		\|ʂ
	\|tʰ		\|tʰ
	\|ʈ		\|t
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɖ		!*ɖ
	\|ʈ		\|ʈ
	\|t		\|t
	\|ɖ		\|d
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɸ		!*ɸ
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	\|ø		\|ø
	\|f, m		\|f, m
	\|β		\|β, w
	\|-		\|-
	!*s		!*s
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	!*j		!*j
	\|colspan="2"\|i		\|colspan="2"\|i
	\|j		\|j, d͡ʒ
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɭ		!*ɭ
	\|ɽ		\|ɽ
	\|l		\|l
	\|ɭ		\|l
	\|-		\|-
	!*ɻ		!*ɻ
	\|ɻ		\|ɻ
	\|w		\|w
	\|ɻ		\|ɹ
	\|-		\|-
	!*l<sub>1</sub>		!*l<sub>1</sub>

Frrurtu at 21:34, 24 February 2017

2017-02-24T21:34:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, 24 February 2017
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	'''Proto-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Rttirrian family of languages spoken primarily across the nation of [[Verse:Rttirria\|Rttirria]], as well as other nearby nations in [[w:Southeast Asia\|Southeast Asia]]. It was probably spoken around 1500–1000 BCE, but there are no written records of its existence. Based on the distribution and diversity of its daughter languages, Proto-Rttirrian's [[w:urheimat\|urheimat]] was probably somewhere in present-day northeastern Rttirria or southwestern [[w:Myanmar\|Myanmar]]. Its two main branches are South Rttirrian, spoken in Rttirria, and North Rttirrian, spoken elsewhere in Southeast Asia and notable for its [[w:Semitic languages\|Semitic]]-like word root system.		'''Proto-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Rttirrian family of languages spoken primarily across the nation of [[Verse:Rttirria\|Rttirria]], as well as other nearby nations in [[w:Southeast Asia\|Southeast Asia]]. It was probably spoken around 1500–1000 BCE, but there are no written records of its existence. Based on the distribution and diversity of its daughter languages, Proto-Rttirrian's [[w:urheimat\|urheimat]] was probably somewhere in present-day northeastern Rttirria or southwestern [[w:Myanmar\|Myanmar]]. Its two main branches are South Rttirrian, spoken in Rttirria, and [[Proto-North-Rttirrian\|North Rttirrian]], spoken elsewhere in Southeast Asia and notable for its [[w:Semitic languages\|Semitic]]-like word root system.

	Proto-Rttirrian was a moderately [[w:fusional language\|fusional]] language somewhat like many [[w:Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] languages, which inflected verbs for person, number, [[w:animacy\|animacy]], tense, and the [[w:subjunctive mood\|subjunctive]] mood. It had two consonants, transcribed ''l<sub>1</sub>'' and ''l<sub>2</sub>'', whose pronunciations are disputed; disputes also exist over the function of its "fourth tense" (after past, present, and future) and its word order.		Proto-Rttirrian was a moderately [[w:fusional language\|fusional]] language somewhat like many [[w:Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] languages, which inflected verbs for person, number, [[w:animacy\|animacy]], tense, and the [[w:subjunctive mood\|subjunctive]] mood. It had two consonants, transcribed ''l<sub>1</sub>'' and ''l<sub>2</sub>'', whose pronunciations are disputed; disputes also exist over the function of its "fourth tense" (after past, present, and future) and its word order.
Line 423:		Line 423:

	==See also==		==See also==
			* [[Proto-North-Rttirrian]]
	* [[Gaju]]		* [[Gaju]]
	* [[Rttirri]]		* [[Rttirri]]

Frrurtu: /* Subjunctive */

2017-02-24T21:17:14Z

Subjunctive

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:17, 24 February 2017
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	\|}		\|}

	:<nowiki>*</nowiki>L<sub>1</sub>a-chi-'''nagi''' day		:<nowiki>*</nowiki>L<sub>1</sub>a-i-chi-'''nagi''' day
	:2SG.PRES-eat-SUBJ.PRES 3PL.INAN.ACC		:2SG.PRES-TRANS-eat-SUBJ.PRES 3PL.INAN.ACC
	:If you were to eat them		:If you were to eat them

Frrurtu: Created page with "'''Proto-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Rttirrian family of languages spoken primarily across the nation of Rttirria, as well as o..."

2017-02-24T01:31:04Z

Created page with "'''Proto-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Rttirrian family of languages spoken primarily across the nation of Rttirria, as well as o..."

New page

'''Proto-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Rttirrian family of languages spoken primarily across the nation of [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], as well as other nearby nations in [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]. It was probably spoken around 1500–1000 BCE, but there are no written records of its existence. Based on the distribution and diversity of its daughter languages, Proto-Rttirrian's [[w:urheimat|urheimat]] was probably somewhere in present-day northeastern Rttirria or southwestern [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]]. Its two main branches are South Rttirrian, spoken in Rttirria, and North Rttirrian, spoken elsewhere in Southeast Asia and notable for its [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]-like word root system.

Proto-Rttirrian was a moderately [[w:fusional language|fusional]] language somewhat like many [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages, which inflected verbs for person, number, [[w:animacy|animacy]], tense, and the [[w:subjunctive mood|subjunctive]] mood. It had two consonants, transcribed ''*l1'' and ''*l2'', whose pronunciations are disputed; disputes also exist over the function of its "fourth tense" (after past, present, and future) and its word order.

Rttirrian is not known to be related to any other [[w:language family|language family]], but various proposals have been made, especially relations to the [[w:Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages and various families in New Guinea and Australia; however, none of these proposals has much academic support. By far, the Rttirrian language with the most speakers is [[Rttirri]], which is spoken by over 46 million people and is the official language of Rttirria. Most of its other daughter languages have only a few thousand or hundred remaining speakers, except for [[Gaju]], with almost a million.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Proto-Rttirrian had a moderate-sized consonant inventory; however, it was much more flexible than its daughter languages with regards to clusters. The following consonants are reconstructed:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! |
! |Labial
! |Alveolar
! |Palatal
! |Velar
! |Retroflex
! |Pharyngeal?
|-
! Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
| *'''rn''' /ɳ/
|
|-
! Plosive
| *'''p''' /p/ *'''b''' /b/
| *'''t''' /t/ *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''k''' /k/ *'''g''' /g/
| *'''rt''' /ʈ/ *'''rd''' /ɖ/
|
|-
! Fricative
| *'''f''' /ɸ/ *'''v''' /β/
| *'''s''' /s/ *'''z''' /z/
|
|
|
|
|-
! Affricate
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! Approximant
| *'''w''' /w/
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
| *'''rl''' /ɭ/ *'''rr''' /ɻ/
| *'''l1''' *'''l2'''
|}

* The exact pronunciation of the consonants transcribed as '''l1''' and '''l2''' is unknown.
:* Among the descendants of Proto-Rttirrian, these two sounds survived only in Proto-South-Rttirrian, where they merged into a single phoneme, */ʟ/. That phoneme corresponds to /l/ and many instances of the low [[w:tone (linguistics)|tone]] in Gaju, and corresponds to /w/ and diphthongal /u/ in Rttirri. In all other descendants of Proto-Rttirrian, '''l1''' and '''l2''' disappeared as consonants and survive only in their effects on surrounding vowels.
:* Some linguists posit that they were [[w:pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] approximants [ħ] and [ʕ], pointing to the fact that they generally had a backing effect on surrounding vowels in branches other than South Rttirrian. Others note that these backing effects were not uniform, and suggest that only '''l2''' was pharyngeal while '''l1''' was something like the velarized lateral [ɫ], or a lateral fricative [ɬ~ɮ].
:* Evidence that '''l1''' was some type of fricative comes from the fact that the vowel '''a''' was allophonically raised when adjacent to '''f''', '''v''', '''s''', and '''z''', as well as '''l1''', but the relevance of this observation is disputed. The realization of the vowel '''u''' was not affected by either consonant, suggesting that they were probably not velar.

===Vowels===
Proto-Rttirrian had a simple three-vowel system:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! |
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
|
| *'''u''' /u/
|-
! Low
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
|
|}
* The low vowel '''a''' was probably fronted and raised allophonically to something like [æ~e] adjacent to fricatives and '''l1'''.
* The high back vowel '''u''' was probably lowered allophonically to something like [ʊ~ɔ] adjacent to velar consonants.

==Grammar==
Proto-Rttirrian had a moderate degree of [[w:fusional language|fusional]] inflection.

Proto-Rttirrian had an [[w:animacy|animacy]] system, which was lost in all descendants, although some scholars consider [[Gaju]] to have (re)gained a rudimentary [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]] system. In Proto-South-Rttirrian, the animate gender became dominant in the singular number, i.e. the surviving third-person singular inflectional affixes and pronouns are those that descend from the Proto-Rttirrian animate gender. However, in the plural number, the inanimate gender won out. For example, the [[Rttirri]] third-person singular ergative/possessive prefix is ''wa'', derived from the Proto-Rttirrian ''*l1a-'' (animate), but the third-person plural prefix is ''rta'', from the Proto-Rttirrian ''*rdam'' (inanimate).

===Verbs===
Verbs inflected for the person, number, and animacy of the subject and for tense.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="4" |
!colspan="8" | Person
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="4" | 3rd
|-
!rowspan="2" | Sing.
!rowspan="2" | Pl.
!rowspan="2" | Sing.
!rowspan="2" | Pl.
!colspan="2" | Sing.
!colspan="2" | Pl.
|-
! Anim.
! Inan.
! Anim.
! Inan.
|-
!Past
| ''*mu-''
| ''*mum-''
| ''*apaf-''
| ''*am-''
| ''*bu-''
| ''*pa-''
| ''*bum-''
| ''*bam-''
|-
!Present
| ''*na-''
| ''*nam-''
| ''*akf-''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*l1a-''
| ''*rda-''
| ''*l1im-''
| ''*rdam-''
|-
!Future
| ''*nay-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*akay-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*l1i-''
| ''*rdi-''
| colspan="2" | ''*mi-''
|-
!Tense #4
| ''*l2an-''
| ''*l2am-''
| ''*l2ak-''
| ''*l2am-''
| ''*l2i-''
| ''*l2ard-''
| colspan="2" | ''*l2am-''
|}

* The exact function of the fourth tense is unknown; it may have been a [[w:perfect (grammar)|perfect]] aspect, an [[w:aorist|aorist]], or something else entirely. It evolved into two verbal moods in Proto-South-Rttirrian and took on various tense and aspect functions in other descendants.
* An ''*i-'' was used to begin the stems of transitive verbs. By analogy, this would cause object pronouns to be affixed to the verb in Proto-South-Rttirrian.

====Auxiliary verbs====
Ample auxiliary verbs were used. Some of these would later fuse to the verb to become inflectional moods. Similarly, certain past-tense and future-tense verb prefixes would become auxiliary verbs.

Some of the most common auxiliary verbs are as follows:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Rttirri
! English
|-
| ''*tya''
| to hope
|-
| ''*apta''
| to plead
|-
| ''*ikrta''
| to have to
|-
| ''*gamu''
| to do something habitually or generally
|}

Auxiliary verbs, grammatically, were simple particles that did not inflect.

:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Apaf-bva '''ikrta'''.
:2SG.NOM.PST-leave have_to
:You had to leave.

====Subjunctive====
Only one inflectional mood was used: the [[w:subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]. It agreed with the tense of the verb:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Past
| ''*-mugi''
|-
! Present
| ''*-nagi''
|-
! Future
| ''*-nagyi''
|-
! Tense #4
| ''*-l2agyi''
|}

:<nowiki>*</nowiki>L1a-chi-'''nagi''' day
:2SG.PRES-eat-SUBJ.PRES 3PL.INAN.ACC
:If you were to eat them

===Nouns===
There was an [[w:accusative case|accusative]] case used, but it was probably vestigial by the time that Proto-Rttirrian's dialects that would become its daughter languages split off: reflexes of the accusative are found only in a small number of nouns, plus all of the pronouns.

The following noun suffixes were used:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! Animate
! Inanimate
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
! Nominative
| ''*-a''
| —
| ''*-maz''
| ''*-ma''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*-ay/*-y''
| ''*-i/*-y''
| ''*-miz''
| ''*-mi''
|}

The following pronouns are reconstructed. Note that many of the nominative pronouns end with ''*-tku''—in Proto-South-Rttirrian, this would be reanalyzed as an affix meaning "self" with a possessive prefix, cf. [[Rttirri]] ''nattu'' ("I", lit. "my self"). This affix is present both as an independent word for "self, identity" and as a general emphatic pronoun suffix in Rttirri and, to a lesser extent, [[Gaju]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="4" |
!colspan="8" | Person
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="4" | 3rd
|-
!rowspan="2" | Sing.
!rowspan="2" | Pl.
!rowspan="2" | Sing.
!rowspan="2" | Pl.
!colspan="2" | Sing.
!colspan="2" | Pl.
|-
! Anim.
! Inan.
! Anim.
! Inan.
|-
! Nominative (emphatic)
| ''*natku''
| ''*napku''
| ''*atku''
| ''*satku''
| ''*l1atku''
| ''*rdartku''
| ''*l1apku''
| ''*rtapku''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*ni''
| ''*may''
| ''*ki''
| ''*ksay''
| ''*gyu''
| ''*di''
| ''*guy''
| ''*day''
|-
! Possessive noun prefix
| ''*na-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*akf-''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*l1a-''
| ''*rdi-''
| ''*il1-''
| ''*rda-''
|}

===Syntax===
The [[w:word order|word order]] of Proto-Rttirrian is unknown. Because its case system was highly atrophied and it possessed only a nominative and an accusative, it is thought likely that a [[w:subject-verb-object|subject-verb-object]] (SVO) or [[w:object-verb-subject|object-verb-subject]] (OVS) word order was used.

==Sound reflexes in selected daughter languages==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
!colspan="2"|South Rttirrian
!North Rttirrian
|-
!Proto- Rttirrian
!Rttirri
!Gaju
!Proto- North- Rttirrian
|-
!*m
|colspan="3"|m
|-
!*n
|colspan="3"|n
|-
!*ɳ
|ɳ
|n
|ɳ
|-
!*p
|h
|pʰ
|p
|-
!*b
|colspan="2"|p
|b
|-
!*t
|f
|tʰ
|t
|-
!*d
|ʔ
|t
|d
|-
!*k
|k
|kʰ
|k
|-
!*g
|colspan="2"|k
|g
|-
!*ʈ
|ʂ
|tʰ
|ʈ
|-
!*ɖ
|ʈ
|t
|ɖ
|-
!*ɸ
|ø
|f, m
|ɸ
|-
!*β
|ø
|f, m
|β
|-
!*s
|t
|t͡s
|s
|-
!*z
|ç, ʃ
|s
|z, ʒ
|-
!*t͡ʃ
|colspan="2"|t͡ʃ
|ʃ
|-
!*w
|colspan="2"|u
|β
|-
!*j
|colspan="2"|i
|j
|-
!*ɭ
|ɽ
|l
|ɭ
|-
!*ɻ
|ɻ
|w
|ɻ
|-
!*l1
|w, u
|l, [[w:Tone (linguistics)|V˩]]
|x
|-
!*l2
|w, u
|l, [[w:Tone (linguistics)|V˩]]
|∅
|-
!*ä
|ɑ
|ä, ɔ, ɛ, e
|ä, ɔ, e
|-
!*i
|i
|i, ɪ, e
|i, e
|-
!*u
|u
|u, o
|u, o, ɔ
|}

==See also==
* [[Gaju]]
* [[Rttirri]]
* [[Verse:Rttirria]]

[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Rttirria]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:22, 2 April 2017
Line 426:		Line 426:
	* [[Gaju]]		* [[Gaju]]
	* [[Rttirri]]		* [[Rttirri]]
			* [[Zoki]]
	* [[Verse:Rttirria]]		* [[Verse:Rttirria]]