Proto-Rugic - Revision history

Shariifka: /* Introduction */

2025-02-09T17:23:10Z

Introduction

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	The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features:		The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features:
	PPR ~~lack~~ the ''eu'' to *''jau'' sound change that affected all known Balto-Slavic languages. Alternatively, if this sound change did happen, it was reversed.		PPR lacked the ''eu'' to *''jau'' sound change that affected all known Balto-Slavic languages. Alternatively, if this sound change did happen, it was reversed.
	<!--		<!--
	*PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/.		*PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/.

Shariifka: /* Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1) */

2025-02-09T12:10:18Z

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

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	<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->		<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
	===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===		===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
	Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ~~-->~~.		<!--
			Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ.

	'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit.		'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit.

Shariifka: /* The verb "to be" */

2025-02-09T12:09:42Z

The verb "to be"

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	\| *būindō		\| *būindō
	\|-		\|-
	\|}~~-->~~		\|}

	The verb "to be" had two stems ''(i)s-'' and ''beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''immį'' "to be" and ''biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative).		The verb "to be" had two stems ''(i)s-'' and ''beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''immį'' "to be" and ''biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative).
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	\| *beundō		\| *beundō
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}-->

	==Syntax==		==Syntax==

Shariifka: /* Preterite-present verbs */

2025-02-09T12:09:12Z

Preterite-present verbs

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	====Preterite-present verbs====		====Preterite-present verbs====
			<!--
	Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts.		Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts.

Shariifka: /* Weak verbs */

2025-02-09T12:08:57Z

Weak verbs

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	====Weak verbs====		====Weak verbs====
			<!--
	Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative:		Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative:
	{\|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"		{\|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
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	#The present stem contained a ''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents.		#The present stem contained a ''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents.
	#*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''.		#*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''.
	-
	~~<!--Like strong verbs, weak verbs include. light and heavy ''j''-presents. However, unlike strong verbs, this ending is also included in -->~~
	====='''Class 1'''=====		====='''Class 1'''=====
	Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms.		Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms.
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	The past indicative had a connector vowel ''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel ''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel.		The past indicative had a connector vowel ''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel ''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel.
			-->

	====Preterite-present verbs====		====Preterite-present verbs====

Shariifka: /* Strong verbs */

2025-02-09T12:08:21Z

Strong verbs

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	===Verbs===		===Verbs===
	====Strong verbs====		====Strong verbs====
			<!--
	Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative:		Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative:
	{\|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"		{\|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
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	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}
	The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-''~~<!-- (which becomes ''-ī-'' in the case of heavy ''j''-presents)-->~~. The past participle was formed based on the present stem (with some caveats that will be discussed below).		The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle was formed based on the present stem (with some caveats that will be discussed below).

	Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed:		Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed:
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	\| *st'''êndō'''		\| *st'''êndō'''
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}-->

	====Weak verbs====		====Weak verbs====

Shariifka at 11:26, 9 February 2025

2025-02-09T11:26:01Z

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	====Interrogative pronouns====		====Interrogative pronouns====
			<!--
	''hwai'' "what, who"		''hwai'' "what, who"
	<!--		<!--

Shariifka: /* Interrogative pronouns */

2025-02-09T11:25:50Z

Interrogative pronouns

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	====Interrogative pronouns====		====Interrogative pronouns====
	''hwai'' "what, who"		''hwai'' "what, who"
			<!--
	{\| class=wikitable style=text-align:center		{\| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
	! !! colspan="2"\| Masculine \|\| colspan="2"\| Feminine !! colspan="2"\| Neuter		! !! colspan="2"\| Masculine \|\| colspan="2"\| Feminine !! colspan="2"\| Neuter

Shariifka at 11:25, 9 February 2025

2025-02-09T11:25:24Z

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	====Far demonstrative====		====Far demonstrative====
			<!--
	{\| class=wikitable style=text-align:center		{\| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
	! !! colspan="2"\| Masculine \|\| colspan="2"\| Feminine !! colspan="2"\| Neuter		! !! colspan="2"\| Masculine \|\| colspan="2"\| Feminine !! colspan="2"\| Neuter
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	\| *allabaz		\| *allabaz
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}-->

	====Interrogative pronouns====		====Interrogative pronouns====

Shariifka: /* Near demonstrative */

2025-02-09T11:25:04Z

Near demonstrative

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	====Near demonstrative====		====Near demonstrative====
			<!--
	{\| class=wikitable style=text-align:center		{\| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
	! !! colspan="2"\| Masculine \|\| colspan="2"\| Feminine !! colspan="2"\| Neuter		! !! colspan="2"\| Masculine \|\| colspan="2"\| Feminine !! colspan="2"\| Neuter
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	\| *gegabaz		\| *gegabaz
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}-->

	====Far demonstrative====		====Far demonstrative====