Pulqer/History - Revision history

Psammead: /* Middle Pulqer Changes */

2022-02-13T10:43:30Z

Middle Pulqer Changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:43, 13 February 2022
Line 72:		Line 72:
	* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > kath''		* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > kath''
	* Medial ''kh, ph, th'' are lenited to fricatives ''ḥ, f, z'' /x, ɸ, θ/, e.g. ''kath > kaz''.		* Medial ''kh, ph, th'' are lenited to fricatives ''ḥ, f, z'' /x, ɸ, θ/, e.g. ''kath > kaz''.
	* ''r'' becomes ''~~l'' in word~~-~~final position, e.g. ''muer > muel~~''.		* Final ''-tr'' becomes ''-tl''

	===Modern Pulqer Changes===		===Modern Pulqer Changes===

Psammead at 17:26, 3 March 2021

2021-03-03T17:26:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:26, 3 March 2021
Line 28:		Line 28:
	** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''		** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''
	** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''		** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''
	* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' (NB: C > C''h'' does not occur ~~before~~ a resonant).		* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' (NB: C > C''h'' does not occur adjacent to a resonant).
	** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')		** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')
	** ''d > t > th''		** ''d > t > th''
Line 35:		Line 35:
	*** ''kuV'' and ''khuV'' merge with ''q, qh'', e.g. ''phinkue > phinqe''		*** ''kuV'' and ''khuV'' merge with ''q, qh'', e.g. ''phinkue > phinqe''
	* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.		* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
			* Palatal resonants /ʎ, ɲ/ are depalatalised > /lj, nj/ > /lt͡ʃ, nt͡ʃ/.
	* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.		* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.
	* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu''		* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu''
Line 41:		Line 42:
	** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss''		** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss''
	* Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella''		* Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella''
	* Syllable-final ''r'' > ''l'', e.g. ''car'tate > ~~khalthathe~~''		* Syllable-final ''r'' > ''l'', e.g. ''car'tate > khaltathe''
	* ~~Syllable-initial~~ C''l'' > C''r'', e.g. ''clarus > ~~khraru~~''		* C''l'' > C''r'', e.g. ''clarus > kralu''
			** There is occasional metathesis where ''r'' and ''l'' occur in a word.

	The following are later developments within OP.		The following are later developments within OP.
	* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''~~car'tate~~ > ~~khalthaethe~~''		* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''khaltathe > khaltaethe''
	** ''a > ae'' /ae ~~> ɛː~~/		** ''a > ae'' /aː > ae/
	** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/		** ''e > ei'' /ɛː > ɛi/
	** ''i > ie'' /iə ~~> iː~~/ ~~(except before ''r, l'')~~		** ''i > ie'' /iː > iə/
	** ''ą > au'' /ɑə > ɑː/		** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/
	** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/ ~~(except before ''r~~, ~~l'')~~		** ''ą > au'' /ɑː > ao/, merging with L. ''au''.
	* /au/ merges with ~~/ɑː/ <~~ L. ''~~o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/; short ''ą'' merges with ''a~~''.
	* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne''		* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne''
	* Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > ~~sakhṛmentu~~''		* Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > sakṛmentu''

	===Middle Pulqer Changes===		===Middle Pulqer Changes===
			* Diphthongs are simplified:
			** ''ae'' /ae > ɛː/
			** ''ie'' /iə > iː/ (except before ''r, l'')
			** ''ue'' /uə > uː/ (except before ''r, l'')
			** ''au'' /ɑə > ɑː/
			*** NB ''ei'' /ɛi/ remains
	* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.		* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
	* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,		* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,
Line 62:		Line 69:
	** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''		** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''
	** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')		** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')
	* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > ~~khath~~''		* Initial ''kh, ph, th'' merge with ''k, p, t''.
	* ''r'' ~~and~~ ''l'' ~~become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter~~ in ~~post~~-~~vocalic~~ position, e.g. ''~~phlutś~~ > ~~phrutś~~''.		* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > kath''
			* Medial ''kh, ph, th'' are lenited to fricatives ''ḥ, f, z'' /x, ɸ, θ/, e.g. ''kath > kaz''.
			* ''r'' becomes ''l'' in word-final position, e.g. ''muer > muel''.

	===Modern Pulqer Changes===		===Modern Pulqer Changes===
Line 73:		Line 82:
	** ''au > a''		** ''au > a''
	** ''ue > u''		** ''ue > u''
	*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''~~muer~~ > ~~muar~~''		*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''muel > mual''
	* Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''.
	* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''		* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''
	* Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu''		* Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu''
			* sC > ş
	* (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives).		* (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives).

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	\| rowspan="4;" \| p \|\| p \|\| colspan="2;" \| ph \|\| p		\| rowspan="4;" \| p \|\| p \|\| colspan="2;" \| ph \|\| p
	\|-		\|-
	\| pl \|\| colspan="2;" \| ~~phr~~ \|\| pr		\| pl \|\| colspan="2;" \| pr \|\| pr
	\|-		\|-
	\| -pj- \|\| colspan="2;" \| ttś \|\| tś		\| -pj- \|\| colspan="2;" \| ttś \|\| tś
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	\| ci \|\| ts		\| ci \|\| ts
	\|-		\|-
	\| cr \|\| ~~khl~~		\| cr \|\| kr
	\|-		\|-
	\| g		\| g

Psammead: /* Vulgar Latin Changes */

2021-03-03T11:15:04Z

Vulgar Latin Changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:15, 3 March 2021
Line 19:		Line 19:
	\| bj \|\| tts \|\| jj > (d)d͡ʒ \|\| fj \|\| colspan="2;" \| jj > (d)d͡ʒ \|\| ʎʎ \|\| mj \|\| ɲɲ \|\| pj \|\| rj \|\| sj \|\| tts \|\| j		\| bj \|\| tts \|\| jj > (d)d͡ʒ \|\| fj \|\| colspan="2;" \| jj > (d)d͡ʒ \|\| ʎʎ \|\| mj \|\| ɲɲ \|\| pj \|\| rj \|\| sj \|\| tts \|\| j
	\|}		\|}
	* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''		* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' > /ts, j > d͡ʒ/ before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''

	===Old Pulqer Changes===		===Old Pulqer Changes===

Psammead: /* Vulgar Latin Changes */

2021-03-03T11:13:05Z

Vulgar Latin Changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:13, 3 March 2021
Line 13:		Line 13:
	* Loss of vowel quantity		* Loss of vowel quantity
	* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''		* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			! B !! C !! D !! F !! G !! J !! L !! M !! N !! P !! R !! S !! T !! V
			\|-
			\| bj \|\| tts \|\| jj > (d)d͡ʒ \|\| fj \|\| colspan="2;" \| jj > (d)d͡ʒ \|\| ʎʎ \|\| mj \|\| ɲɲ \|\| pj \|\| rj \|\| sj \|\| tts \|\| j
			\|}
	* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''		* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''

Psammead: /* Old Pulqer Changes */

2021-03-02T19:50:39Z

Old Pulqer Changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:50, 2 March 2021
Line 22:		Line 22:
	** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''		** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''
	** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''		** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''
	* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere''		* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' (NB: C > C''h'' does not occur before a resonant).
	** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')		** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')
	** ''d > t > th''		** ''d > t > th''

Psammead: /* Consonants */

2020-09-18T19:28:33Z

Consonants

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 18 September 2020
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	! style="width: 100px;" \| CL !! style="width: 100px;" \| VL !! style="width: 100px;" \| OP !! style="width: 100px;" \| OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" \| ModP		! style="width: 100px;" \| CL !! style="width: 100px;" \| VL !! style="width: 100px;" \| OP !! style="width: 100px;" \| OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" \| ModP
	\|-		\|-
	\| rowspan="?;" \| p \|\| p \|\| colspan="2;" \| ph \|\| p		\| rowspan="4;" \| p \|\| p \|\| colspan="2;" \| ph \|\| p
	\|-		\|-
	\| pl \|\| phr \|\| pr		\| pl \|\| colspan="2;" \| phr \|\| pr
	\|-		\|-
	\| pj \|\| tś		\| -pj- \|\| colspan="2;" \| ttś \|\| tś
	\|-		\|-
	\| b		\| -pt- \|\| colspan="2;" \| tth \|\| t
	\|-		\|-
	\| bj \|\| tś		\| rowspan="4;" \| b \|\| b- \|\| colspan="2;" \| p \|\| p
	\|-		\|-
	\| v		\| -v- \|\| f \|\| h \|\| -
	\|-		\|-
	\| vj \|\| tś		\| bj \|\| colspan="2;" \| ttś \|\| tś
	\|-		\|-
	\| t		\| -br- \|\| vr \|\| fr \|\| r
	\|-		\|-
	\| tj \|\| ts		\| rowspan="2;" \| v \|\| v \|\| f \|\| h \|\| h-
	\|-		\|-
	\| d		\| vj \|\| fi \|\| hi \|\| i
	\|-		\|-
	\| dj \|\| tś		\| rowspan="2;" \| t \|\| t \|\| colspan="2;" \| th \|\| t
	\|-		\|-
	\| c		\| tj \|\| colspan="2;" \| ts \|\| ts
	\|-		\|-
	\| cj \|\| ts		\| rowspan="2;" \| d \|\| d \|\| colspan="2;" \| t \|\| t
			\|-
			\| dj \|\| colspan="2;" \| tś \|\| tś
			\|-
			\| rowspan="2;" \| c \|\| c \|\| colspan="2;" \| kh \|\| k
			\|-
			\| cj \|\| ts \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| ci \|\| ts		\| ci \|\| ts

Psammead: /* Consonants */

2020-08-31T18:55:22Z

Consonants

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:55, 31 August 2020
Line 114:		Line 114:
	! style="width: 100px;" \| CL !! style="width: 100px;" \| VL !! style="width: 100px;" \| OP !! style="width: 100px;" \| OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" \| ModP		! style="width: 100px;" \| CL !! style="width: 100px;" \| VL !! style="width: 100px;" \| OP !! style="width: 100px;" \| OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" \| ModP
	\|-		\|-
	\| p		\| rowspan="?;" \| p \|\| p \|\| colspan="2;" \| ph \|\| p
			\|-
			\| pl \|\| phr \|\| pr
			\|-
			\| pj \|\| tś
	\|-		\|-
	\| b		\| b
			\|-
			\| bj \|\| tś
	\|-		\|-
	\| v		\| v
			\|-
			\| vj \|\| tś
	\|-		\|-
	\| t		\| t
			\|-
			\| tj \|\| ts
	\|-		\|-
	\| d		\| d
	\|-		\|-
	\| k		\| dj \|\| tś
			\|-
			\| c
			\|-
			\| cj \|\| ts
			\|-
			\| ci \|\| ts
			\|-
			\| cr \|\| khl
	\|-		\|-
	\| g		\| g
			\|-
			\| gj \|\| tś
	\|-		\|-
	\| qu		\| qu
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	\| m		\| m
	\|-		\|-
	\| n		\| mj \|\| ntś
			\|-
			\| rowspan="2;" \| n \|\|
			\|-
			\| nj \|\| ntś
			\|-
			\| ns \|\| s
	\|-		\|-
	\| l		\| l
			\|-
			\| lj \|\| ltś
	\|-		\|-
	\| r		\| r
			\|-
			\| rj \|\| ltś
			\|-
			\| rs \|\| ss
	\|-		\|-
	\| f		\| f
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	\| s		\| s
	\|-		\|-
	\| h		\| h \|\| colspan="4;" \| Ø
	\|}		\|}

Psammead at 17:16, 31 August 2020

2020-08-31T17:16:01Z

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss''
 * Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella''
 The following are later developments within OP.
-* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''car'tate > kharthaethe''
+* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''car'tate > khalthaethe''
 ** ''a > ae'' /ae > ɛː/
 ** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/
@@ Line 48: / Line 50: @@
 ===Middle Pulqer Changes===
 * Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
 * Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,
@@ Line 71: / Line 72: @@
 * Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu''
 * (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives).

Psammead at 20:16, 24 April 2020

2020-04-24T20:16:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:16, 24 April 2020
Line 69:		Line 69:
	* Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''.		* Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''.
	* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''		* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''
			* Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu''
	* (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives).		* (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives).

Psammead at 19:13, 24 April 2020

2020-04-24T19:13:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:13, 24 April 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
	* Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. ''auris > auricula > oricla''.		* Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. ''auris > auricula > oricla''.


	===Vulgar Latin Changes===		===Vulgar Latin Changes===
Line 11:		Line 10:
	* Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa''		* Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa''
	* Assimilation of ''rs > ss'', e.g. ''ursus > ussu''		* Assimilation of ''rs > ss'', e.g. ''ursus > ussu''
			* Assimilation of ''quu'' > ''cu'', e.g. ''coquus > koku''
	* Loss of vowel quantity		* Loss of vowel quantity
	* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''		* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''
Line 27:		Line 27:
	** ''g > k > kh''		** ''g > k > kh''
	** ''gu > q(u) > qh(u)'' /kʷ/		** ''gu > q(u) > qh(u)'' /kʷ/
			*** ''kuV'' and ''khuV'' merge with ''q, qh'', e.g. ''phinkue > phinqe''
	* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.		* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
	* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.		* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.
Line 47:		Line 48:

	===Middle Pulqer Changes===		===Middle Pulqer Changes===
			* ''q, qh > p, ph'' before ''a, au'', e.g. ''linqa > limpa''.
	* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.		* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
	* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,		* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,
	* Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer''		* Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer''
	* ''vh'' merges with ''f''
	* ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś''		* ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś''
	** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''		** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''
	** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')		** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')
	** ''mf'' (< earlier ''mvh <'' L. ''nqu, ngu'') > ''mp'', e.g. ''limf > limpf > limp''
	** ''sf'' (< earlier ''svh'' < L. ''squ'') > ''sp'', e.g. ''svhaem > spaem''
	* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > khath''		* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > khath''
	* ''r'' and ''l'' become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. ''phlutś > phrutś''.		* ''r'' and ''l'' become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. ''phlutś > phrutś''.