South Carpathian grammar - Revision history

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2018-08-21T10:48:18Z

Article

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	==Article==		==Article==
	South Carpathian only has a definite article ''a''. The article is invariable (i.e. not marked for number or case). It is thought to form from a Proto-Carpathian demonstrative pronoun ''*ha'', meaning "this thing". Some scholars claim South Carpathian ''a'' to be the cognate to the Alpian definite article ''da'', which is considered unlikely nowadays, since the oldest Carpathian attestations doesn't show traces of any articles. According to another theory, it is a borrowing from Hungarian.		South Carpathian only has a definite article ''a'' which becomes ''ah'' before a vowel. The article is invariable (i.e. not marked for number or case). It is thought to form from a Proto-Carpathian demonstrative pronoun ''*ha'', meaning "this thing". Some scholars claim South Carpathian ''a/ah'' to be the cognate to the Alpian definite article ''dà'', which is considered unlikely nowadays, since the oldest Carpathian attestations doesn't show traces of any articles. According to another theory, it is a borrowing from Hungarian.

	Unlike English "the", the definite article in South Carpathian can be used if the speaker is talking about a specific item without referring to it previously, with the only exception of proper names and nouns with possessive suffixes, where the article is not used. For example, ''Ăikĭg muib a pardoda'' "Give me the axe", where ''a'' can be translated to both "a" and "the" in English, since the axe hasn't been referred to previously, but "the" is chosen by the context. In negative and quotative statements the word ''a'' is usually not used.		Unlike English "the", the definite article in South Carpathian can be used if the speaker is talking about a specific item without referring to it previously, with the only exception of proper names and nouns with possessive suffixes, where the article is not used. For example, ''Ăikĭg muib a pardoda'' "Give me the axe", where ''a'' can be translated to both "a" and "the" in English, since the axe hasn't been referred to previously, but "the" is chosen by the context. In negative and quotative statements the word ''a/ah'' is usually not used.

	==Verbs==		==Verbs==

Raistas: /* Article */

2018-08-21T07:22:02Z

Article

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	South Carpathian only has a definite article ''a''. The article is invariable (i.e. not marked for number or case). It is thought to form from a Proto-Carpathian demonstrative pronoun ''*ha'', meaning "this thing". Some scholars claim South Carpathian ''a'' to be the cognate to the Alpian definite article ''da'', which is considered unlikely nowadays, since the oldest Carpathian attestations doesn't show traces of any articles. According to another theory, it is a borrowing from Hungarian.		South Carpathian only has a definite article ''a''. The article is invariable (i.e. not marked for number or case). It is thought to form from a Proto-Carpathian demonstrative pronoun ''*ha'', meaning "this thing". Some scholars claim South Carpathian ''a'' to be the cognate to the Alpian definite article ''da'', which is considered unlikely nowadays, since the oldest Carpathian attestations doesn't show traces of any articles. According to another theory, it is a borrowing from Hungarian.

	Unlike English "the", the definite article in South Carpathian can be used if the speaker is talking about a specific item without referring to it previously, with the only exception of proper names and nouns with possessive suffixes, where the article is not used. For example, ''Ăikĭg muib a ~~partoda~~'' "Give me the axe", where ''a'' can be translated to both "a" and "the" in English, since the axe hasn't been referred to previously, but "the" is chosen by the context. In negative and quotative statements the word ''a'' is usually not used.		Unlike English "the", the definite article in South Carpathian can be used if the speaker is talking about a specific item without referring to it previously, with the only exception of proper names and nouns with possessive suffixes, where the article is not used. For example, ''Ăikĭg muib a pardoda'' "Give me the axe", where ''a'' can be translated to both "a" and "the" in English, since the axe hasn't been referred to previously, but "the" is chosen by the context. In negative and quotative statements the word ''a'' is usually not used.

	==Verbs==		==Verbs==

Raistas: /* Article */

2018-08-21T07:21:25Z

Article

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:21, 21 August 2018
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	South Carpathian only has a definite article ''a''. The article is invariable (i.e. not marked for number or case). It is thought to form from a Proto-Carpathian demonstrative pronoun ''*ha'', meaning "this thing". Some scholars claim South Carpathian ''a'' to be the cognate to the Alpian definite article ''da'', which is considered unlikely nowadays, since the oldest Carpathian attestations doesn't show traces of any articles. According to another theory, it is a borrowing from Hungarian.		South Carpathian only has a definite article ''a''. The article is invariable (i.e. not marked for number or case). It is thought to form from a Proto-Carpathian demonstrative pronoun ''*ha'', meaning "this thing". Some scholars claim South Carpathian ''a'' to be the cognate to the Alpian definite article ''da'', which is considered unlikely nowadays, since the oldest Carpathian attestations doesn't show traces of any articles. According to another theory, it is a borrowing from Hungarian.

	Unlike English "the", the definite article in South Carpathian can be used if the speaker is talking about a specific item without referring to it previously, with the only exception of proper names and nouns with possessive suffixes, where the article is not used. For example, ''Ăikĭg muib a ~~partog~~'' "Give me the axe", where ''a'' can be translated to both "a" and "the" in English, since the axe hasn't been referred to previously, but "the" is chosen by the context. In negative and quotative statements the word ''a'' is usually not used.		Unlike English "the", the definite article in South Carpathian can be used if the speaker is talking about a specific item without referring to it previously, with the only exception of proper names and nouns with possessive suffixes, where the article is not used. For example, ''Ăikĭg muib a partoda'' "Give me the axe", where ''a'' can be translated to both "a" and "the" in English, since the axe hasn't been referred to previously, but "the" is chosen by the context. In negative and quotative statements the word ''a'' is usually not used.

	==Verbs==		==Verbs==

Raistas: /* Article */

2018-08-20T07:56:02Z

Article

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	==Article==		==Article==
			South Carpathian only has a definite article ''a''. The article is invariable (i.e. not marked for number or case). It is thought to form from a Proto-Carpathian demonstrative pronoun ''*ha'', meaning "this thing". Some scholars claim South Carpathian ''a'' to be the cognate to the Alpian definite article ''da'', which is considered unlikely nowadays, since the oldest Carpathian attestations doesn't show traces of any articles. According to another theory, it is a borrowing from Hungarian.

			Unlike English "the", the definite article in South Carpathian can be used if the speaker is talking about a specific item without referring to it previously, with the only exception of proper names and nouns with possessive suffixes, where the article is not used. For example, ''Ăikĭg muib a partog'' "Give me the axe", where ''a'' can be translated to both "a" and "the" in English, since the axe hasn't been referred to previously, but "the" is chosen by the context. In negative and quotative statements the word ''a'' is usually not used.

	==Verbs==		==Verbs==

Raistas: /* Nouns */

2018-08-20T07:11:55Z

Nouns

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			==Article==

	==Verbs==		==Verbs==

Raistas: /* Nouns */

2018-08-16T17:15:27Z

Nouns

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	\| [[w:Lative case\|lative]] \|\| ''-jăb/-jĕb/-ib'' \|\| ''-kăb/-kĕb''\|\| ''koijăb'' \|\| ''koikăb'' \|\| to (a) house		\| [[w:Lative case\|lative]] \|\| ''-jăb/-jĕb/-ib'' \|\| ''-kăb/-kĕb''\|\| ''koijăb'' \|\| ''koikăb'' \|\| to (a) house
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[w:Ablative case\|ablative]] \|\| ''-ci'' \|\| ''-i''\|\| ''koici'' \|\| ''kojui'' \|\| from (a) house		\| [[w:Ablative case\|ablative]] \|\| ''-ci/-s'' \|\| ''-i''\|\| ''koici'' \|\| ''kojui'' \|\| from (a) house
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan="6" \| Obsolete		! colspan="6" \| Obsolete
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	==Verbs==		==Verbs==
	There are eight main conjugation types in South Carpathian. Some verbs can show some irregularities in their conjugation, though most of those are predictable. As an example a I type verb maed "to speak" and its negative counterpart emaed "not to speak" are given in the table below.		There are eight main conjugation types in South Carpathian. Some verbs can show some irregularities in their conjugation, though most of those are predictable. As an example a I type verb maed "to speak" and its negative counterpart emaed "not to speak" are given in the table below.

Raistas: /* Verbs */

2018-08-09T11:09:20Z

Verbs

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	! Infinitive !! English translation !! Infinitive !! English translation !! Infinitive !! English translation		! Infinitive !! English translation !! Infinitive !! English translation !! Infinitive !! English translation
	\|-		\|-
	\| ''maed'' \|\| to speak \|\| ''tobăd'' \|\| to walk \|\| ''mergĕd'' \|\| "to move"		\| ''maed'' \|\| to speak \|\| ''tobăd'' \|\| to walk \|\| ''mergĕd'' \|\| to move
	\|-		\|-
	\| ''maemo'' \|\| (while) speaking \|\| ''toumo'' \|\| (while) walking \|\| ''merĕme'' \|\| (while) moving		\| ''maemo'' \|\| (while) speaking \|\| ''toumo'' \|\| (while) walking \|\| ''merĕme'' \|\| (while) moving

Raistas: /* Nouns */

2018-08-09T11:07:31Z

Nouns

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+==Verbs==
 [[Category:Carpathian languages]]

Raistas: /* Morphophonology */

2018-08-05T12:24:20Z

Morphophonology

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 Vowel harmony is a redundancy feature, meaning that it is uniform within a word, so either only front or only back vowels can be present in a single word. This usually does not apply to new compound words and loanwords.
-Unlike in other Carpathian languages, the consonant gradation became non-productive and unpredictable in South Carpathian. Originally a consonant in the strong grade "weakened" when a syllable became closed. However, in the modern laguage those grades were altered significantly, especially after the merging of geminated consonants with plain ones.
+Unlike in other Carpathian languages, the consonant gradation became non-productive and unpredictable in South Carpathian. Originally a consonant in the strong grade "weakened" when a syllable became closed. However, in the modern laguage those grades were altered significantly, especially after the merging of geminated consonants with plain ones. South Carpathian shows only the qualitative gradation of stops and fricatives. Examples of the gradation are listed in the table below (nouns are shown in the nominative and accusative case):
 ==Nouns==
 South Carpathian has the least amount of cases among the Carpathian languages: four grammatical, three directional, and two locative cases (nine in total). The commitative case is obsolete, but it is used dialects of some villages and (seldom) in literature, thus it is listed below. Endings with back and front vowels are used with words having a respecting vowel harmony, so ''koi'' "house" uses back vowel endings, while ''pienkä'' "wind" uses front vowel endings.

Raistas: /* Nouns */

2018-08-04T11:29:56Z

Nouns

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	This article discusses the grammar of the South Carpathian language.		This article discusses the grammar of the South Carpathian language.
			==Morphophonology==
			South Carpathian has two main morphophonological processes: the vowel harmony and the consonant gradation.

			Vowel harmony is a redundancy feature, meaning that it is uniform within a word, so either only front or only back vowels can be present in a single word. This usually does not apply to new compound words and loanwords.

			Unlike in other Carpathian languages, the consonant gradation became non-productive and unpredictable in South Carpathian. Originally a consonant in the strong grade "weakened" when a syllable became closed. However, in the modern laguage those grades were altered significantly, especially after the merging of geminated consonants with plain ones.
	==Nouns==		==Nouns==
	South Carpathian has the least amount of cases among the Carpathian languages: four grammatical, three directional, and two locative cases (nine in total). The commitative case is obsolete, but it is used dialects of some villages and (seldom) in literature, thus it is listed below. Endings with back and front vowels are used with words having a respecting vowel harmony, so ''koi'' "house" uses back vowel endings, while ''pienkä'' "wind" uses front vowel endings.		South Carpathian has the least amount of cases among the Carpathian languages: four grammatical, three directional, and two locative cases (nine in total). The commitative case is obsolete, but it is used dialects of some villages and (seldom) in literature, thus it is listed below. Endings with back and front vowels are used with words having a respecting vowel harmony, so ''koi'' "house" uses back vowel endings, while ''pienkä'' "wind" uses front vowel endings.