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	<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=User%3AChrysophylax%2FW%C3%A3%CA%94m%E1%BA%BD%CA%94</id>
	<title>User:Chrysophylax/Wãʔmẽʔ - Revision history</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=User%3AChrysophylax%2FW%C3%A3%CA%94m%E1%BA%BD%CA%94"/>
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	<updated>2026-06-12T19:10:54Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.43.6</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Chrysophylax/W%C3%A3%CA%94m%E1%BA%BD%CA%94&amp;diff=70565&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Chrysophylax at 00:39, 7 April 2017</title>
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		<updated>2017-04-07T00:39:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 00:39, 7 April 2017&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l2&quot;&gt;Line 2:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 2:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==New vocabulary==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==New vocabulary==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===Oldest stage===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===Oldest stage &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(~2nd century BCE)&lt;/ins&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*womų ‘cow’ &amp;lt; Tengos [ʋomɯn] &#039;cattle&#039;, transparently formed on **vom + plural suffix -Un, from unknown IE source *gʷṓm presumably&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*womų ‘cow’ &amp;lt; Tengos [ʋomɯn] &#039;cattle&#039;, transparently formed on **vom + plural suffix -Un, from unknown IE source&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, ultimately loaned from a form deriving from PIE &lt;/ins&gt;*gʷṓm presumably&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==Changes==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===Internal developments in Eastern? Wemenį before split===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;# *ę → *jə&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#: Breaking of ę the resulting diphthong had an unclear vowel quality , probably somewhere between *e and *ä. &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;# tense → +voice&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#: p&#039; t&#039; tl&#039; tʃ&#039; k&#039; ʔ: → b d d͡l dʒ g ɦ — the “tense” glottalic series is reinterpreted as having +voice. The system now contrasts: +aspiration vs. -aspiration, and +voice.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;# The -idä affix becomes used more and more in a purely affective sense rather than diminutive. &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#: E.g. &#039;&#039;&#039;*ïňïdä&#039;&#039;&#039; for ‘private family name’&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===Archaic Stage (~400 BCE)===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;# *ą → *ɔː / _#&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#: E.g. *närhą → närhɔː. This split creates a compl. distribution of *ɔː and *ą (final vs. non-final).&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Name=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Name=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Chrysophylax</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Chrysophylax/W%C3%A3%CA%94m%E1%BA%BD%CA%94&amp;diff=70564&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Chrysophylax at 23:54, 6 April 2017</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Chrysophylax/W%C3%A3%CA%94m%E1%BA%BD%CA%94&amp;diff=70564&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2017-04-06T23:54:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 23:54, 6 April 2017&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;// Forked from [[User:Ceige/Sketch v2]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;// Forked from [[User:Ceige/Sketch v2]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==New vocabulary==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===Oldest stage===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;*womų ‘cow’ &amp;lt; Tengos [ʋomɯn] &#039;cattle&#039;, transparently formed on **vom + plural suffix -Un, from unknown IE source *gʷṓm presumably&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Name=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Name=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Chrysophylax</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Chrysophylax/W%C3%A3%CA%94m%E1%BA%BD%CA%94&amp;diff=70551&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Chrysophylax: Created page with &quot;// Forked from User:Ceige/Sketch v2  =Name= Wemenį &lt;!-- ## No name yet, leave it as is and call it Proto-Speedy? Has there ever been a language discovered with no hint at...&quot;</title>
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		<updated>2017-04-06T16:51:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Created page with &amp;quot;// Forked from &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/User:Ceige/Sketch_v2&quot; title=&quot;User:Ceige/Sketch v2&quot;&gt;User:Ceige/Sketch v2&lt;/a&gt;  =Name= Wemenį &amp;lt;!-- ## No name yet, leave it as is and call it Proto-Speedy? Has there ever been a language discovered with no hint at...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;// Forked from [[User:Ceige/Sketch v2]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Name=&lt;br /&gt;
Wemenį&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ## No name yet, leave it as is and call it Proto-Speedy? Has there ever been a language discovered with no hint at an endonym or exonym or even place to associate it with available?&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Damn, I shoulda made a mix of Georgian, Nobiin and Mizo morphology. Well, that can wait for later! --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Phonology=&lt;br /&gt;
==Consonants==&lt;br /&gt;
The places of articulation are defined as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;labial:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; using the lips&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;dental: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; near the teeth or alveolar ridge&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;lateralised&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dental laterals and lateralised dental affricates&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;post-alveolar: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; either palatal or retroflex&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;dorsal: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; allophonically palatal, velar and uvular, probably&lt;br /&gt;
* and finally, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;glottal: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; provided for a symmetry&amp;#039;s sake, see phonemic brackets&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Plosives are distinguished by place of articulation and phonation. The three phonations are fortis (with a [http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/airstream_laryngeal/vot.html positive VOT] and/or preaspiration, i.e. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;voiceless&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), tense (not well defined, but perhaps having a neutral VOT, glottalisation, or some other feature), and lenis (with a neutral to negative VOT, i.e. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;voiced&amp;#039;&amp;#039;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nasals (and other normally voiced continuants) are described as being distinguished based on voicing, but this is a simplified approach. In actuality, voiceless nasals can be pre-stopped, may have a negative VOT, or be glottalised. Post-stopped nasals (e.g., mp) are accounted for by vowel nasalisation (see the [[#Vowels|relevant section]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that tl and tš can be substituted with ƛ and č respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;bluetable lightbluebg&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Consonants&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!colspan=2| 🦌 !! Labial !! Dental !! Lateralised !! Post-Alveolar !! Dorsal !! Glottal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!rowspan=3| Plosives&lt;br /&gt;
! Fortis&lt;br /&gt;
| pʰ ⟨pʰ⟩ || tʰ ⟨tʰ⟩ || tłʰ ⟨tlʰ⟩ || čʰ ⟨tšʰ⟩ || kʰ ⟨kʰ⟩ || ʔʰ /h/ ⟨h⟩&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Tense&lt;br /&gt;
| p&amp;#039; ⟨p&amp;#039;⟩ || t&amp;#039; ⟨t&amp;#039;⟩ || tł&amp;#039; ⟨tl&amp;#039;⟩ || č&amp;#039; ⟨tš&amp;#039;⟩ || k&amp;#039; ⟨k&amp;#039;⟩ || ʔ&amp;#039; /ʔ/ ⟨&amp;#039;, ʔ⟩&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Lenis&lt;br /&gt;
| b~p ⟨p⟩ || d~t ⟨t⟩ || dl~tł ⟨tl⟩ || ž~č ⟨tš⟩ || g~k ⟨k⟩ || ʔ /∅/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!rowspan=2| Sonorants #1&lt;br /&gt;
! Voiceless&lt;br /&gt;
| m̊ ⟨hm⟩ || n̊ ⟨hn⟩ || l̥ ⟨lt⟩ || ɲ̊ ⟨hň⟩ || ŋ̊ ⟨hŋ⟩ ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Voiced&lt;br /&gt;
| m ⟨m⟩ || n ⟨n⟩ || l ⟨l⟩ ||  ɲ ⟨ň⟩ || ŋ ⟨ŋ⟩ || &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!colspan=2| Fricatives&lt;br /&gt;
|  || s ⟨s⟩ || ł ⟨ł⟩ || š ⟨š⟩ || x ⟨x⟩ ||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!colspan=2| Sonorants #2&lt;br /&gt;
| w ⟨w⟩ || r ⟨r⟩ || ||  j ⟨j⟩ || || &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some additional notes:&lt;br /&gt;
* Fortis and tense plosives, voiceless sonorants, nasals and /r/ can only occur at the start of a syllable. If one occurs at the end of a syllable, it implies that there is a new syllable with a null-nucleus, and as such the consonant is still often released, and a dummy vowel may be inserted.&lt;br /&gt;
:: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;N.B.:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;This is an area people creating daughter languages can explore.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowels==&lt;br /&gt;
Vowels are distinguished horizontally (frontness) and vertically (openness), and by roundedness or nasality.&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;N.B.:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;This vowel system was chosen as it has a few areas which could lead to a breakdown in symmetry and thus an entire rearrangement of the vowel system. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;In addition&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, as rounding is not distinguished in nasal vowels, there is an opportunity for vowel shifts to occur there too in order to bring in extra symmetry. Nasal vowels are also often quite unstable, at least going by French and the Slavic language family, and can also have weird effects on following consonants too. &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Lastly&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, vowel harmony can be tweaked given the number of dimensions vowels are distinguished by here. So people making daughter languages should have plenty of options available to them.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Roundedness as a feature can be achieved by lip rounding, cheek rounding and lip compression together in various degrees.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;bluetable lightbluebg&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Oral Vowels&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!rowspan=2| 🦌 !!colspan=3| Front !!colspan=3| Back&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Unrounded !! Rounded !! Nasal 🐘 !! Unrounded !! Rounded !! Nasal 🐘&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Closed&lt;br /&gt;
| i ⟨i⟩ || y ⟨ü⟩ || ĩ ⟨į⟩ || ɯ ⟨ï⟩ || u ⟨u⟩ || ũ ⟨ų⟩&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Mid&lt;br /&gt;
| e ⟨e⟩ || ø ⟨ö⟩ || ẽ ⟨ę⟩ || ɤ ⟨ë⟩ || o ⟨o⟩ || õ ⟨ǫ⟩&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Open&lt;br /&gt;
|colspan=2| a ⟨ä⟩ || ã ⟨ą̈⟩ ||colspan=2| ɑ ⟨a⟩ || ɑ̃ ⟨ą⟩&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, an epenthetic schwa /ə/ can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Vowel Harmony==&lt;br /&gt;
Vowel harmony is in effect for rounding (with an exception for nasal vowels) and dialectally for frontness and backness. In describing the [[#Grammar]], vowels are written in upper-case (e.g. I, A, E) to signify that they change according to vowel harmony.&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;N.B.:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Vowel harmony is not set in stone and can be tweaked a lot in daughter languages. Like with &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;every&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; description of the language on this page, don&amp;#039;t feel too bad if you decide to get rid of vowel harmony or decide to go nuts with it and expand it. That&amp;#039;s why I&amp;#039;ve added vowels out the wazoo!&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; i, ü (for frontness harmony: i, ü, ï, u)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;E:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; e, ö (for frontness harmony: e, ö, ë, o)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;A&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (can only do frontness harmony): a, ä&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;O:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ë, o&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;U:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ï, u&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Naturally, Į, Ę, Ą, Ǫ, Ų signify the relevant nasal vowels)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Accent==&lt;br /&gt;
There are two marked accents: high-pitch and low-pitch. High pitch uses an acute accent (á) and low pitch uses a grave accent (à). Words could have one accent, both accents, or perhaps even no accents. Different dialects had different accent systems which makes them difficult to reconstruct.&lt;br /&gt;
:: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;N.B.:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; If you see a word has no accent marked, that&amp;#039;s probably because I forgot to actually assign accents to words when making the lexicon. So, uh... whoops? Just assign whatever accents you want, I guess.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--There is also a neutral accent. After an accented syllable, all subsequent syllables may use the same pitch until the next accented syllable. Thus:&lt;br /&gt;
* tatáta = NHH (or LHH)&lt;br /&gt;
* tátatà = HHL&lt;br /&gt;
* tatatà = NNL (or HHL)--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Grammar=&lt;br /&gt;
 ## DESCRIPTION // SUMMARY&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Word Order==&lt;br /&gt;
Word order is generally SOV and left branching, with words following their modifiers. However, within that framework, it is possible for VSO and SVO sentences to emerge as long branching is respected on a phrasal level. Note, however, that S and O are not strictly speaking the actor and patient in a sentence; see [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]] for more information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Nouns==&lt;br /&gt;
===Number===&lt;br /&gt;
Nouns can optionally be distinguished by number. The three numbers are singular, plural, and collective. Plural markers can come before or after case markers.&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;bluetable lightbluebg&amp;quot; &amp;lt;!--style=&amp;quot;text-align: left;&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Noun Number Suffixes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Number !! Suffix !! Example&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Singular&lt;br /&gt;
| Ø || k&amp;#039;ut = a house&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Plural&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-mE&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || k&amp;#039;utmö = the houses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Collective&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-kI&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || k&amp;#039;utkü = the &amp;#039;hood&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Verbs agree with nouns in number depending on what noun phrase is being focused (see [[#Verbs]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Case===&lt;br /&gt;
Nouns use case markers which agree with them in vowel harmony. These markers or particles are actually analysable as nouns in their own right, and thus in certain styles of speech can go before or after the noun they modify. But traditionally, they are marked after the noun. &amp;lt;!--or rather, a noun-phrase modifies a case marker by coming before it--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;code /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; tags on case forms for orthographic clarity:&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;bluetable lightbluebg&amp;quot; &amp;lt;!--style=&amp;quot;text-align: left;&amp;quot;--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Noun Cases&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Name !! Case Form !! Semantic role || Examples&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Actor &lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-nO&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || See [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]]&amp;lt;!--The doer of an action--&amp;gt; || murno = the river (does something)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Patient &lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-mU&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || See [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]]&amp;lt;!--The thing that has an action done to it--&amp;gt; || murmu = the river (has something done to it)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Direct &lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-(ʔ)Ap&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; or -Ø || See [[#Morphosyntactic alignment]]&amp;lt;!--Any actor, patient, dative etc that was left out of explicit marking--&amp;gt; || murap, mur = the river&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Oblique&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-(I)s&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || Can stand in for any of the following cases || murüs = (of/by/with/to/along) the river&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Genitive #1&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-nĮ&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; &amp;lt; Earlier &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-nIŋ&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; &amp;lt;!-- Stolen from Turkic --&amp;gt;|| &amp;quot;of X&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;belonging to X&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;to do with X&amp;quot; || murnį = of the river&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Genitive #2&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-kA&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-ŋA&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || &amp;quot;of X&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;belonging to X&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;to do with X&amp;quot; (Inalienable) || murka mitšəmitš = along the path of the river&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Lative&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-kE&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-ŋE&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || Lative (&amp;quot;to X&amp;quot;), Dative (&amp;quot;to X, for X&amp;quot;) || murkö &amp;lt;!-- Stolen from Turkic --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Instrumental&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-ŋI&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-mIx&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;--&amp;gt; || Instrumental (&amp;quot;by means of&amp;quot;), Comitative (&amp;quot;with&amp;quot;) || murŋü = by use of the river &amp;lt;!-- Stolen from Greenlandic -mik--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Locative&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-p&amp;#039;E&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || Locative (&amp;quot;at X&amp;quot;), Proximative (&amp;quot;near X&amp;quot;), Comitative (&amp;quot;with X&amp;quot;) ||  murp&amp;#039;ö = by the river &amp;lt;!-- mur(ə)p&amp;#039;ö = by the river --&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!-- Stolen from Japonic and Ainu --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--! Partitive&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-ła&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || Can be used in an ablative (&amp;quot;from&amp;quot;) sense too || murła = Of some rivers&lt;br /&gt;
|- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! Ablative&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-xU&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || Ablative (&amp;quot;from&amp;quot;), Abessive (&amp;quot;without&amp;quot;) || murxu &amp;lt;!-- Stolen from Nivkh -ux https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Нивхский_язык --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Equative&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-sĄ&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || &amp;quot;Like a X&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;as X as a&amp;quot;; a late innovation || mursą = like a river&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Prolative&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-mItš&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || &amp;quot;Via X&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;by way of X&amp;quot;; a late innovation || murmütš = via the river&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Reportative&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-jO&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || &amp;quot;Apparently like a X&amp;quot; || murjo = like a river, they say... &amp;lt;!-- Stolen from JP -you and JP -to iu - maybe change to tšʰO? --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Genitive #2 is used for inalienable possession - for example, family relationships, body parts, creations, actions, essential qualities and the like. The normal genitive (Genitive #1) can also be used in the same place, but does not carry the special meaning. Genitive #1 is simply the default genitive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The reportative is actually an evidentiality marker that can be affixed to &amp;#039;&amp;#039;any&amp;#039;&amp;#039; unit of speech, including verbs or even entire phrases and sentences.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Nominalisation===&lt;br /&gt;
There are a variety of suffixes that can be used for nominalisation. These include:&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;-mA&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, often used for nominalising verbs, adjectives and phrases,&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;-wE&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, used for nouns about people, and sometimes actor nouns&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;-mǫ&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, used for things, phenomena (which -mA is often used for too)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;-mIx&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, used for certain tools and helpful objects&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;-ti&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, a fossilised nominaliser of unknown meaning&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the masculine, feminine and inanimate suffixes might also be of use (see [[#Verbs]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In theory, any noun can be used to nominalise another phrase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Verbs==&lt;br /&gt;
 ## SHOULD BE UP TO DATE&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Verbs can mark for a range of categories, and are also pro-drop as far as some of these categories are concerned too. The categories are:&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gender:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; male, female, inanimate and honorific (note that verbs tend to only mark for a gender &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;or&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; honorific, thus its inclusion in this category)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Number:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; singular, plural, collective&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Person:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1st (I, we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, it) and 4th (one)&lt;br /&gt;
:: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;N.B.:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;since the language is pro-drop, 4th person can also be done by not marking at all in certain contexts&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Personal affixes are generally prefixed to the start of the verb. The honorific often overrides person affixes, resulting in listeners needing to use context to understand who the actor and patients are. Personal affixes can also be detached from the verb and treated as pronouns. In doing so, they may be suffixed.&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;bluetable lightbluebg&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: left;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Person Affixes for Verbs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 🦌 !! First !! Second !! Third !! Fourth&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Direct affix&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;mI-&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;nI-&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;mA-&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;A-&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The collective is interchangeable with both the plural and singular when appropriate.&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;bluetable lightbluebg&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: left;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Number Affixes for Verbs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 🦌 !! Affix !! Example Use Cases&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Singular&lt;br /&gt;
| -Ø || I, you, a bird&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Plural&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-mE&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || we, you all, the birds&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Collective&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-kI&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || we together, the flock of birds&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the honorific marker is a verbal prefix, and when not o- may be preceded by w- (e.g. wë-).&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;bluetable lightbluebg&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: left;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Gender Affixes for Verbs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 🦌 !! Affix !! Example Use Cases&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Male&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-nA&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || Father, son, boy, buck&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Female&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-mI&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || Mother, daughter, girl, doe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Inanimate&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-lų&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; || Rocks, grass, hydrodynamics&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Honorific&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;(w)O-&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; (prefix) || Anything including the above&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Auxiliary Verbs===&lt;br /&gt;
Verbs mark for tense, aspect and mood and other senses using auxiliary verbs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Either the main verb or the auxiliary verb can be marked for gender, number and person.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;bluetable lightbluebg&amp;quot; &amp;lt;!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Northwest_Caucasian_language --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Auxiliary Verbs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 🦌 !! Verb form !! Other uses&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Copula&lt;br /&gt;
| n(e)-  || Stative, Continuative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to work&lt;br /&gt;
| sąk- || Frequentative, Intensive&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to drive&lt;br /&gt;
| tšʰäy- || Causative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to find&lt;br /&gt;
| lu- || Perfect, Past tense&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to hold&lt;br /&gt;
| tʰas- || Historic past tense&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to rest&lt;br /&gt;
| imï- || Imperfect, Past tense&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to want&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;#039;aw- || Optative &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to go&lt;br /&gt;
| sąp- || Future tense&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to need&lt;br /&gt;
| höt&amp;#039;- || Necessitative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to be blessed&lt;br /&gt;
| są̈tʰi- || Benedictive&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! to exhort&lt;br /&gt;
| jëha- || Imperative, Jussive&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that the copula sometimes had different vowels. The semantic effects of this are unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Participles===&lt;br /&gt;
Standard verbal nouns, gerunds or participles end with &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;-mA&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Negatives===&lt;br /&gt;
Negatives either use &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;anna&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;ąna&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (orthographical variants of the same word) before the verb or any given word being negated, or they inflect &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;ąna&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; as though it were an auxiliary verb.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is also a prohibitive, which is &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;ją̈&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, which works similarly to &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;ąna&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Morphosyntactic alignment==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ## Austronesian type alignment&lt;br /&gt;
 # focus erg/acc/dir&lt;br /&gt;
 # can focus multiple at once for clarification but that&amp;#039;s really nom/acc then innit?&lt;br /&gt;
 # intr can use erg/acc/dir as necessary for semantic reasons (i break smthng, I break, I dance) (e.g. bridge-wo cross.verb in japanese?)&lt;br /&gt;
 # verb marking if necessary (cf. austronesian &amp;quot;passive&amp;quot; voice with C-um-VC)--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The language has something close to Austronesian type &amp;quot;direct&amp;quot; alignment. This means that either the actor or patient is marked with the actor or patient marker, and the one that &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;isn&amp;#039;t&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; marked as such is marked with a generic &amp;#039;&amp;#039;direct&amp;#039;&amp;#039; case marker ([[#Case]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example, given &amp;quot;the bird helps the warrior eat the leaves&amp;quot;, there are several ways for this to be phrased.&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;N.B.:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; For the sake of brevity I am truncating the direct to -p here.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;bird&amp;#039;&amp;#039; being marked with the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;actor&amp;#039;&amp;#039; case and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;warrior&amp;#039;&amp;#039; with the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;direct&amp;#039;&amp;#039; case&lt;br /&gt;
:: {| style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid black; background: lightyellow; text-align: center;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;kïłnë&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;k&amp;#039;osöp&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;tésikimï&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;kʰąplųkümas&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;matul&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kïł-nO || k&amp;#039;os-wE-Ap || tési-kI-mU || kʰąp-lŲ-kI-mA-s || mA-tul-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bird-ACT || fight-guy-DIR || leaf-COLL-PAT || eat-INAM-COLL-NMZ-OBL || 3-eat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=5 | &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The bird helps the warrior eat the leaves&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;warrior&amp;#039;&amp;#039; being marked with the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;patient&amp;#039;&amp;#039; case and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;bird&amp;#039;&amp;#039; with the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;direct&amp;#039;&amp;#039; case&lt;br /&gt;
:: {| style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid black; background: lightyellow;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;k&amp;#039;osömu&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;kïłap&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;tésikimï&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;kʰąplųkümas&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;matul&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| k&amp;#039;os-wE-mU || kïł-Ap || tési-kI-mU || kʰąp-lŲ-kI-mA-s || mA-tul-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| fight-guy-PAT || bird-DIR || leaf-COLL-PAT || eat-INAM-COLL-NMZ-OBL || 3-eat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=5 | &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The warrior is helped by the bird to eat the leaves&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* both being marked with their appropriate &amp;#039;&amp;#039;actor&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;patient&amp;#039;&amp;#039; cases, and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;direct&amp;#039;&amp;#039; being used for something else.&lt;br /&gt;
:: {| style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid black; background: lightyellow;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;kïłnë&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;k&amp;#039;osömu&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;tésikimï&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;kʰąplųkümap&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;matul&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kïł-nO || k&amp;#039;os-wE-mU || tési-kI-mU || kʰąp-lŲ-kI-mA-Ap || mA-tul-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bird-ACT || fight-guy-DIR || leaf-COLL-PAT || eat-INAM-COLL-NMZ-DIR || 3-eat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=5 | &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The bird helps the warrior eat the leaves&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* And then there&amp;#039;s other crazy arrangements like:&lt;br /&gt;
:: {| style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid black; background: lightyellow;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;kïłnë&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;(o)k&amp;#039;osöp&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;tésiki&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;okʰąpma&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; || &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;tul&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| kïł-nO || (o)k&amp;#039;os-wE-Ap || tési-kI- || kʰąp-na-mA- || mA-tul-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| bird-ACT || (HON)-fight-guy-DIR || leaf-COLL-(DIR)|| HON-eat-NMZ-(DIR) || 3-eat&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=5 | &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The bird helps the honourable warrior eat the leaves (honourably)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An example using only person affixes, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;We will fight you for it&amp;quot;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
* Nimemï map mük&amp;#039;os sąp – &amp;#039;&amp;#039;You will be fought by us for it&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Mimenë map nük&amp;#039;os sąp – &amp;#039;&amp;#039;We will fight you for it&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Mas münük&amp;#039;os sąpme – &amp;#039;&amp;#039;We(.INCL) will fight you for it&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* Mas nük&amp;#039;os müsąpme - &amp;#039;&amp;#039;For it, we will bring the fight to you&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
* Minë nimï maŋe k&amp;#039;osme sąp – &amp;#039;&amp;#039;We(.FOC) will fight you(.FOC) for it(.FOC)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Particles==&lt;br /&gt;
 ## TODO?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Adjectives==&lt;br /&gt;
Adjectives are generally morphologically indistinguishable from verbs or from nouns followed by verbs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To form an adjective from a noun, simply place the copula &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;n-&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; or any other suitable auxiliary verb between it and the noun being modified.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To form an adjective from a verb, simply place the verb before the noun it is modifying, or turn the verb into a participle and follow the above advice for a noun.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Adverbs==&lt;br /&gt;
Adverbs are formed using various case markers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Texts=&lt;br /&gt;
==Not-Quite Schleicher&amp;#039;s Fable==&lt;br /&gt;
===Conlang===&lt;br /&gt;
# Hnuskap&amp;#039;ö, tšʰełaxï hŋeminë pulmöp sar ŋemi-tʰas:&lt;br /&gt;
# omüsno kʰąta tl&amp;#039;arka orunamas, omüsno doł t&amp;#039;uxmǫ otuxmas,&lt;br /&gt;
# omüsno saywe käysäs otʰǫsamas wa neme-tʰas.&lt;br /&gt;
# Hŋeminë susąmǫ pulmöp pëš-tʰas: &amp;quot;Saywenë otʰošmö tšʰäyma ŋemimas, minį tšo tʰär&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
# Pulmöp šątis apëš-tʰas:&amp;quot;K&amp;#039;ötšəjoha, hŋemi: –&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;quot;Osaywenë, otʰǫsano, hŋeminį tšʰełap topxa kʰarxįs mas oyar.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;quot;Mamitšwa, hŋeminë tšʰełaŋi ąna-ne. Manë minį tšome ų̈mü tʰärme&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
# Įma k&amp;#039;ötǫtəp&amp;#039;e, hŋemi wëtškïsŋe tełkäyur-tʰas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===English===&lt;br /&gt;
# On a hill, a sheep without wool saw three dogs:&lt;br /&gt;
# one of them pulling a heavy sled, one of them carrying a big load,&lt;br /&gt;
# and one of them leading a man quickly.&lt;br /&gt;
# The sheep said the following: &amp;quot;My heart hurts, seeing a man driving such noble wolves&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
# The dogs said this in return: &amp;quot;Listen, sheep: –&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;quot;The man, the honourable master, makes the sheep&amp;#039;s wool into a warm garment for himself.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;quot;And because of that, the sheep has no wool. That certainly hurts our hearts.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
# Upon hearing this, the sheep fled into the plain.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Original===&lt;br /&gt;
[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: &amp;quot;My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses.&amp;quot; The horses said: &amp;quot;Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool.&amp;quot; Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Vocabulary=&lt;br /&gt;
==Word List==&lt;br /&gt;
[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1J1P7n03eDCGcB-ZBQFDoeefRG58l1E-njzhHOBE5xUM/pubhtml  Google Sheets Wordlist]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--* kʰałta = drawing&lt;br /&gt;
* k&amp;#039;ut = house&lt;br /&gt;
* kïł = bird &amp;lt;!-- inspired by Turkic -/-&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* mur = river &amp;lt;!-- inspired by Amur river article -/-&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* pʰer = to plant&lt;br /&gt;
* pąt = wall&lt;br /&gt;
* pątmolt = enclosure, fortified area&lt;br /&gt;
* pątk&amp;#039;utolt = fortified town&lt;br /&gt;
* pęsä = limb&lt;br /&gt;
* są̈tʰi = healthy&lt;br /&gt;
* sępi = fruit, nut, seed&lt;br /&gt;
* sko = to brew something &amp;lt;!-- scone ~&amp;gt; bread &amp;lt; braw-d-ą?-/-&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* stak- = to fight, engage (?)&lt;br /&gt;
* stakma = fight, engagement&lt;br /&gt;
* stakwa = warrior&lt;br /&gt;
* t&amp;#039;äni = stone &amp;lt;!-- inspired by some random JP word also stainaz -/-&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* tul = to help&lt;br /&gt;
* tulma = help&lt;br /&gt;
* tlʰa = hoof&lt;br /&gt;
* tšąka = forest--&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Chrysophylax</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>