Yassi - Revision history

Учхљёная: Учхљёная moved page Yassi language to Yassi

2018-12-19T14:46:20Z

Учхљёная moved page Yassi language to Yassi

← Older revision	Revision as of 14:46, 19 December 2018
(No difference)

Ciray Khan: /* Numerals */

2017-10-29T18:10:43Z

Numerals

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:10, 29 October 2017
Line 247:		Line 247:
	\| five \|\| wit \|\|		\| five \|\| wit \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| six \|\| ~~mǝkt~~ \|\| špaẓ̌		\| six \|\| \|\| špaẓ̌
	\|-		\|-
	\| seven \|\| ~~nkorǝ, nkor~~ \|\| ow		\| seven \|\| \|\| ow
	\|-		\|-
	\| eight \|\| ~~kcorǝy~~ \|\| at		\| eight \|\| \|\| at
	\|-		\|-
	\| nine \|\| ~~cowr, cwor~~ \|\| nǝ		\| nine \|\| \|\| nǝ
	\|-		\|-
	\| ten \|\| ~~kǝcwit~~ \|\| las		\| ten \|\| \|\| las
	\|-		\|-
	\| eleven \|\| \|\|		\| eleven \|\| \|\|

Ciray Khan: /* Loanwords */

2017-10-29T18:07:36Z

Loanwords

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:07, 29 October 2017
Line 229:		Line 229:
	pwaštay: book (< PI paustaka-)		pwaštay: book (< PI paustaka-)
	slǝ: hundred (< PI satam)		slǝ: hundred (< PI satam)

	~~In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there's a high degree of synonymity in Yassi vocabulary, i.e.:~~
	*eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)
	*liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)
	*love: anə (genuine) išq (Arabic)

	~~It goes without saying that Wakhi loans are far more widespread amoung Lower Yas Valley muslims than Upper Yas Valley non-muslims.~~

	=== Numerals ===		=== Numerals ===

Ciray Khan: /* Comparison with other Uralic languages */

2017-10-29T17:49:48Z

Comparison with other Uralic languages

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:49, 29 October 2017
Line 348:		Line 348:
	\| 'heart'		\| 'heart'
	! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śiδä\|*śiδä]]'''		! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śiδä\|*śiδä]]'''
	\| ~~šəl~~		\| sə
	\| sydän\|\| süda \|\|		\| sydän\|\| süda \|\|
	\| – \|\| – \|\| –		\| – \|\| – \|\| –
Line 362:		Line 362:
	\| 'ice'		\| 'ice'
	! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe\|*jäŋi]]'''		! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe\|*jäŋi]]'''
	\| -		\| yeh
	\| jää \|\| jää \|\| ijä		\| jää \|\| jää \|\| ijä
	\| jïenge<br/>{{IPA\|[jɨeŋə]}} \|\| jiekŋa \|\| īŋŋ		\| jïenge<br/>{{IPA\|[jɨeŋə]}} \|\| jiekŋa \|\| īŋŋ
Line 390:		Line 390:
	\| 'nest'		\| 'nest'
	! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä\|*pesä]]'''		! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä\|*pesä]]'''
	\| pā		\| pa(h)
	\| pesä \|\| pesa \|\| pesä		\| pesä \|\| pesa \|\| pesä
	\| biesie<br/>{{IPA\|[piesie]}} \|\| beassi \|\| piess’		\| biesie<br/>{{IPA\|[piesie]}} \|\| beassi \|\| piess’
Line 405:		Line 405:
	\| 'hand, arm'		\| 'hand, arm'
	! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte\|*käti]]'''		! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte\|*käti]]'''
	\| -		\| [əl]cəl
	\| käsi<br/>(käte-) \|\| käsi<br/>(käe-) \|\| käsi<br/>(käe-)		\| käsi<br/>(käte-) \|\| käsi<br/>(käe-) \|\| käsi<br/>(käe-)
	\| gïete<br/>{{IPA\|[kɨedə]}} \|\| giehta \|\| kīdt		\| gïete<br/>{{IPA\|[kɨedə]}} \|\| giehta \|\| kīdt
Line 447:		Line 447:
	\| 'vein / sinew'		\| 'vein / sinew'
	! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne\|*sï(x)ni]]'''		! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne\|*sï(x)ni]]'''
	\| un		\| an
	\| suoni<br/>(suone-) \|\| soon<br/>(soone-) \|\| suuń<br/>(soonõ-)		\| suoni<br/>(suone-) \|\| soon<br/>(soone-) \|\| suuń<br/>(soonõ-)
	\| soene<br/>{{IPA\|[suonə]}} \|\| suotna \|\| sūnn		\| soene<br/>{{IPA\|[suonə]}} \|\| suotna \|\| sūnn
Line 461:		Line 461:
	\| 'bone'		\| 'bone'
	! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe\|*luwi]]'''		! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe\|*luwi]]'''
	\| ~~rwə~~		\| raw
	\| luu \|\| luu \|\| luu		\| luu \|\| luu \|\| luu
	\| – \|\| – \|\| –		\| – \|\| – \|\| –
Line 475:		Line 475:
	\| 'blood'		\| 'blood'
	! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were\|*weri]]'''		! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were\|*weri]]'''
	\| -		\| war
	\| veri \|\| veri \|\| veri		\| veri \|\| veri \|\| veri
	\| vïrre<br/>{{IPA\|[vʲɨrrə]}} \|\| varra \|\| vē̮rr		\| vïrre<br/>{{IPA\|[vʲɨrrə]}} \|\| varra \|\| vē̮rr
Line 564:		Line 564:
	\| 'to wash'		\| 'to wash'
	! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-\|*mośki-]]'''		! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-\|*mośki-]]'''
	\| ~~muṣ̌t~~		\| mas
	\| – <!--Not cognate: pestä-->		\| – <!--Not cognate: pestä-->
	\| – <!--Not cognate: pesema-->		\| – <!--Not cognate: pesema-->

Ciray Khan: /* Loanwords */

2017-04-09T17:41:59Z

Loanwords

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:41, 9 April 2017
Line 230:		Line 230:
	slǝ: hundred (< PI satam)		slǝ: hundred (< PI satam)

	In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there's a high degree of synonymity in ~~Wakhi~~ vocabulary, i.e.:		In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there's a high degree of synonymity in Yassi vocabulary, i.e.:
	*eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)		*eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)
	*liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)		*liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)

Ciray Khan at 12:04, 27 July 2016

2016-07-27T12:04:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:04, 27 July 2016
Line 6:		Line 6:
	\|date=1979		\|date=1979
	\|ref=e18		\|ref=e18
	\|familycolor=Uralic ~~(?)~~		\|familycolor=Uralic
	\|fam2= (Para-?)~~Samoyedic~~		\|fam2= Para-Samoyedic (?)
	\|fam3=		\|fam3=
	\|fam4=		\|fam4=
Line 22:		Line 22:

	== Classification ==		== Classification ==
	For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it's ~~usually~~ classified as a [[w:Uralic language\|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic ~~languages~~ is a matter of debate.		For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it's classified as a [[w:Uralic language\|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic subgroups is a matter of debate.
	There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to ~~the~~ [[w:Samoyedic languages\|Samoyedic]] than to ~~the~~ [[w:Finno-Ugric languages\|Finno-Ugric]] ~~subgroup~~, like nǝk (PS näk- instead of FU kolme 'three'), mǝkt (PS mǝktut instead of FU kutte 'six') and wam (PS time instead of FU piŋe 'tooth'). However, research has shown that it's often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam 'tooth' and Proto-Samoyed time 'tooth' seem to go back to PU sewimä 'tooth'. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn 'comb' is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe 'tooth'. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic.		There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to [[w:Samoyedic languages\|Samoyedic]] than to [[w:Finno-Ugric languages\|Finno-Ugric]] languages, like nǝk (PS näk- instead of FU kolme 'three'), mǝkt (PS mǝktut instead of FU kutte 'six') and wam (PS time instead of FU piŋe 'tooth'). However, research has shown that it's often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam 'tooth' and Proto-Samoyed time 'tooth' seem to go back to PU sewimä 'tooth'. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn 'comb' is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe 'tooth'. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic.
	== Dialects ==		== Dialects ==
	Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley.		Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley.

	The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. ~~There~~ are gradually assimilating into the Muslim-majority religiously and linguistically~~. However, as far as the dichotomy in the vocabulary is concerned, it seems to have existed for a long time, because Iranian loanwords have undergone sound changes specific to Yassi~~. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.		The former dialect has preserved various conservative peculiarities, whereas the latter has been influenced more deeply by neighboring contemporary Iranian languages. Today there’s also a cultural barrier between the two dialects, as the Yassi people in the lower valley have adopted Islam in the last two centuries. They are gradually assimilating into the Muslim majority religiously and linguistically. The isolated Upper-Yassis preserve their traditional society, with both Yassi language and religion.
	=== Speakers ===		=== Speakers ===
	Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley~~. It’s~~ because Lower Yassis ~~are assimilating into the Muslim-majority society and~~ take over [[w:Wakhi language\|Wakhi]].		Nowadays, more speakers use Upper Yassi though its area is less populated than the Lower Yas valley because Lower Yassis take over [[w:Wakhi language\|Wakhi]].

	== Phonology ==		== Phonology ==

Ciray Khan at 13:07, 17 July 2016

2016-07-17T13:07:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 17 July 2016
Line 130:		Line 130:
	\|		\|
	\|s		\|s
	\|ʂ [x̌]		\|ʂ [ṣ̌]
	\|ʃ [š]		\|ʃ [š]
	\|ç [x]		\|ç [x]
Line 141:		Line 141:
	\|		\|
	\|z		\|z
	\|ʐ [ğ]		\|ʐ [ẓ̌]
	\|ʒ [ž]		\|ʒ [ž]
	\|ʝ [γ]		\|ʝ [γ]
Line 183:		Line 183:

	===== Singular =====		===== Singular =====
	* nominative: '''mǝ''' ('I') '''am''' ('mother') '''~~ix̌t~~''' ('son') (< PU *irkä)		* nominative: '''mǝ''' ('I') '''am''' ('mother') '''iṣ̌t''' ('son') (< PU *irkä)
	* accusative: '''mǝn''' ('me') '''am''' ('mother') '''~~ix̌t~~''' ('son') (< PU *irkä-m)		* accusative: '''mǝn''' ('me') '''am''' ('mother') '''iṣ̌t''' ('son') (< PU *irkä-m)
	* prepositional: '''min''' ('to me') '''mal''' ('to the mother') '''~~ix̌tal~~''' ('to the son') (< PU *irkä-tä)		* prepositional: '''min''' ('to me') '''mal''' ('to the mother') '''iṣ̌tal''' ('to the son') (< PU *irkä-tä)
	* genitive: '''mǝnǝy''' ('mine') '''amǝy''' ('mother's') '''~~ix̌tǝy~~''' ('son's') (< PU *irkä-k)		* genitive: '''mǝnǝy''' ('mine') '''amǝy''' ('mother's') '''iṣ̌tǝy''' ('son's') (< PU *irkä-k)

	===== Plural =====		===== Plural =====
	* nominative: '''amǝl''' (‘mothers’) '''~~ix̌tǝl~~''' ('sons') (< PU *irkä-t)		* nominative: '''amǝl''' (‘mothers’) '''iṣ̌tǝl''' ('sons') (< PU *irkä-t)
	* accusative: '''mal''' (‘mothers’) '''~~ix̌tal~~''' ('sons') (< PU *irkä-t-äm)		* accusative: '''mal''' (‘mothers’) '''iṣ̌tal''' ('sons') (< PU *irkä-t-äm)
	* prepositional: '''mat''' (‘to the mothers’) '''~~ix̌tat~~''' ('to the sons') (< PU *irkä-t-tä)		* prepositional: '''mat''' (‘to the mothers’) '''iṣ̌tat''' ('to the sons') (< PU *irkä-t-tä)
	* genitive: '''malǝy''' (‘of the mothers’) '''~~ix̌talǝy~~''' ('of the sons') (< PU *irkä-t-äk)		* genitive: '''malǝy''' (‘of the mothers’) '''iṣ̌talǝy''' ('of the sons') (< PU *irkä-t-äk)

	=== Verbs ===		=== Verbs ===
Line 231:		Line 231:

	In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there's a high degree of synonymity in Wakhi vocabulary, i.e.:		In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there's a high degree of synonymity in Wakhi vocabulary, i.e.:
	eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)		*eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)
	liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)		*liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)
	love: anə (genuine) išq (Arabic)		*love: anə (genuine) išq (Arabic)

	It goes without saying that Wakhi loans are far more widespread amoung Lower Yas Valley muslims than Upper Yas Valley non-muslims.		It goes without saying that Wakhi loans are far more widespread amoung Lower Yas Valley muslims than Upper Yas Valley non-muslims.
Line 254:		Line 254:
	\| five \|\| wit \|\|		\| five \|\| wit \|\|
	\|-		\|-
	\| six \|\| mǝkt \|\| ~~špağ~~		\| six \|\| mǝkt \|\| špaẓ̌
	\|-		\|-
	\| seven \|\| nkorǝ, nkor \|\| ow		\| seven \|\| nkorǝ, nkor \|\| ow
Line 345:		Line 345:
	\| –		\| –
	\| jiʔ		\| jiʔ
			\|-
			\| 'heart'
			! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śiδä\|*śiδä]]'''
			\| šəl
			\| sydän\|\| süda \|\|
			\| – \|\| – \|\| –
			\| śeďej
			\| šüm
			\| śe̮le̮m \|\|
			\| szív
			\|
			\| –
			\| –
			\| śej
	\|-		\|-
	\| 'ice'		\| 'ice'
Line 550:		Line 564:
	\| 'to wash'		\| 'to wash'
	! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-\|*mośki-]]'''		! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" \| '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-\|*mośki-]]'''
	\| ~~mux̌t~~		\| muṣ̌t
	\| – <!--Not cognate: pestä-->		\| – <!--Not cognate: pestä-->
	\| – <!--Not cognate: pesema-->		\| – <!--Not cognate: pesema-->
Line 566:		Line 580:

	Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr\|ž}} {{IPA\|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr\|š}} {{IPA\|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr\|č}} {{IPA\|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr\|ž}} {{IPA\|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr\|ś}} {{IPA\|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr\|ć}} {{IPA\|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr\|l}} {{IPA\|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr\|y}} and the letter {{angbr\|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA\|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr\|ä}} and {{angbr\|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA\|[æ]}} and {{IPA\|[ø]}}.		Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr\|ž}} {{IPA\|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr\|š}} {{IPA\|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr\|č}} {{IPA\|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr\|ž}} {{IPA\|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr\|ś}} {{IPA\|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr\|ć}} {{IPA\|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr\|l}} {{IPA\|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr\|y}} and the letter {{angbr\|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA\|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr\|ä}} and {{angbr\|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA\|[æ]}} and {{IPA\|[ø]}}.

	<!--(based on the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' and Hakkinen 1979)		<!--(based on the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' and Hakkinen 1979)
	{\| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3" class="wikitable IPA"		{\| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3" class="wikitable IPA"
Line 611:		Line 626:
	* What are they looking for? '''Mām srel?'''		* What are they looking for? '''Mām srel?'''
	* I don't know. '''Na rtlam.'''		* I don't know. '''Na rtlam.'''
	* What are you reading? '''Mām ~~x̌awal~~?'''		* What are you reading? '''Mām ṣ̌awal?'''
	* I read the book which my father gave me. '''Pwaštay ~~x̌awam~~ kəs mənəy ab min tame.'''		* I read the book which my father gave me. '''Pwaštay ṣ̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.'''

	[[Category:Uralic languages]]		[[Category:Uralic languages]]

Ciray Khan: /* Loanwords */

2016-07-15T21:16:01Z

Loanwords

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:16, 15 July 2016
Line 230:		Line 230:
	slǝ: hundred (< PI satam)		slǝ: hundred (< PI satam)

	In recent times, Yassi adopted ~~(via~~ Wakhi and ~~other adjacent languages) some~~ Perso-Arabic vocabulary ~~common to all idioms~~ in ~~the region~~. ~~They~~ are ~~naturally~~ more widespread ~~in the Muslim-majority~~ Lower Yas ~~valley~~.		In recent times, Yassi adopted lots of Wakhi words, and through that, Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan vocabulary. Because of this there's a high degree of synonymity in Wakhi vocabulary, i.e.:
	*dust: friend		eye: sirm (genuine) č̣eğm (Wakhi)
	*kitob: book		liver: māš (genuine) ǰigar (Persian)
			love: anə (genuine) išq (Arabic)

			It goes without saying that Wakhi loans are far more widespread amoung Lower Yas Valley muslims than Upper Yas Valley non-muslims.

	=== Numerals ===		=== Numerals ===

Ciray Khan: /* Consonants */

2016-07-15T20:57:56Z

Consonants

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:57, 15 July 2016
Line 107:		Line 107:
	\|t͡s [c]		\|t͡s [c]
	\|		\|
	\|		\|style="background:#EEE8AA" \|ʈ͡ʂ [č̣]
	\|t͡ʃ [č]		\|t͡ʃ [č]
	\|		\|
Line 118:		Line 118:
	\|d͡z [j]		\|d͡z [j]
	\|		\|
	\|		\|style="background:#EEE8AA" \|ɖ͡ʐ [ǰ̣]
	\|d͡ʒ [ǰ]		\|d͡ʒ [ǰ]
	\|		\|
Line 172:		Line 172:

	The <span style="background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;">consonants</span> that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.		The <span style="background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;">consonants</span> that have been borrowed and are non-native to Yassi, are colour coded. The phonemes /q/, /f/ tend to be replaced by /k/, /p/.

	== Grammar ==		== Grammar ==
	Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.		Yassi is a S-O-V language, though the word order is not as strict as in English . Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (sing./plur.) and case (nominative, accusative, prepositional and genitive). There is no gender distinction.

Ciray Khan: /* Phrases */

2016-06-19T08:30:23Z

Phrases

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:30, 19 June 2016
Line 606:		Line 606:
	* I am twenty four years old. '''Perwištəy purcorəy ram.'''		* I am twenty four years old. '''Perwištəy purcorəy ram.'''
	* What are they looking for? '''Mām srel?'''		* What are they looking for? '''Mām srel?'''
			* I don't know. '''Na rtlam.'''
			* What are you reading? '''Mām x̌awal?'''
			* I read the book which my father gave me. '''Pwaštay x̌awam kəs mənəy ab min tame.'''

	[[Category:Uralic languages]]		[[Category:Uralic languages]]